1250 - Reference.org

February 2 – King Erik Eriksson of Sweden dies. The ten-year-old Valdemar, the eldest son of Birger Jarl, is elected King of Sweden, and becomes the first king from the House of Bjälbo.
October 12 – A great storm shifts the mouth of the River Rother in England 12 miles (20 km) to the west; a battering series of strong storms significantly alters other coastal geography around Romney Marsh.
December 13 – Emperor Frederick II dies, beginning the 23-year-long "Great Interregnum". Frederick is the last Holy Roman Emperor of the Hohenstaufen dynasty; after the interregnum, the empire passes to the Habsburgs.
The Lombard League dissolves upon the death of its member states' nemesis, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.
King Afonso III (the Boulonnais) captures the Algarve from the Moors, thus completing the expulsion of the Moors from Portugal.
Albertus Magnus isolates the element arsenic, as the 8th discovered metal. He also first uses the word "oriole" to describe a type of bird (most likely the golden oriole).
The Rialto Bridge in Venice (in modern-day Italy) is converted from a pontoon bridge to a permanent, raised wooden structure.
The Ponts Couverts fortified bridges of Strasbourg (in modern-day France) are completed.
Vincent of Beauvais completes his proto-encyclopedic work Speculum Maius ("Greater mirror").
The first of the Parlements of Ancien Régime France is established.
Villard de Honnecourt draws the first known image of a sawmill.
The first usage is made of the English word "cuckold", according to the Oxford English Dictionary.
Medieval music: The Notre Dame school of polyphony ends.

Asia

July 9 – The Qaymariyya tribe engineers a coup d'état to hand over Damascus to An-Nasir Yusuf. The garrison in the citadel surrenders later to him.²
A kurultai is called by Batu Khan in Siberia as part of maneuverings which will elect Möngke Khan as khan of the Mongol Empire in 1251.
Starting in this year and ending in 1275, the Muslim Shougeng Pu, likely a Persian or an Arab, serves as the Commissioner of Merchant Shipping for the Song dynasty Chinese seaport at Quanzhou, due to his effort in defeating pirates.³

Africa

April 8 – Battle of Fariskur: Louis IX (the Saint) is captured by Baibars' Mamluk army while he is in Egypt conducting the Seventh Crusade; he later has to ransom himself.
April 30 – King Louis IX (the Saint) is released by his Egyptian captors after paying a ransom of one million dinars and turning over the city of Damietta.
May 2 – Al-Muazzam Turanshah, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt, is murdered, ending effective Ayyubid Dynasty rule in the country. He is briefly succeeded by his widow, Sultana Shajar al-Durr.⁴
July 21 – Aybak becomes ruler of Egypt, beginning the Bahri Dynasty of the Mamluk Sultanate. After 5 days he stands down and the six-year-old Al-Ashraf Musa is nominally proclaimed sultan.⁵
The Welayta state is founded in modern-day Ethiopia.
In Tunis, a popular rebellion against newly arrived, wealthy and influential Andalusian refugees breaks out, and is violently put down.⁶
The Hafsid caliph al-Mustansir enforces laws of ghiyar, or differentiation for non-Muslims. As such, Jews have to wear a distinguishing badge (shikla) which Tunisian Jews will have to wear into the nineteenth century.⁷ ⁸

Oceania

Samoa frees itself from Tongan rule, which begins the Malietoa dynasty in Samoa (approximate date).

By topic

Markets

The Flemish town of Douai emits the first recorded redeemable annuities in medieval Europe, confirming a trend of consolidation of local public debt started in 1218, in Rheims.⁹
The Sienese bankers belonging to the firm known as the Gran Tavola, under the steering of the Bonsignori Brothers, become the main financiers of the Papacy.¹⁰

Births

April 8 – John Tristan, son of Louis IX (d. 1270)
Adolf II of Waldeck, prince-bishop of Liège (d. 1302)
Agnes of Baden, German noblewoman (d. 1295)
Albert II of Saxony, German nobleman (d. 1298)
Albert III, German nobleman and knight (d. 1300)
Albertus de Chiavari, Italian Master General (d. 1300)
Allamah al-Hilli, Persian Shia theologian (d. 1325)
Asher ben Jehiel, German Jewish rabbi (d. 1327)
Beatrice of Savoy, Swiss noblewoman (d. 1292)
Bonconte I da Montefeltro, Italian general (d. 1289)
Diether of Nassau, archbishop of Trier (d. 1307)
Dmitry of Pereslavl, Kievan Grand Prince (d. 1294)
Esclaramunda of Foix, queen of Majorca (d. 1315)
Fra Dolcino, Italian priest and reformist (d. 1307)
Grigorije II of Ras, Serbian monk-scribe (d. 1321)
Guido Cavalcanti, Italian poet and writer (d. 1300)
Jeanne de Montfort, Swiss noblewoman (d. 1300)
John IV (Laskaris), emperor of Nicaea (d. 1305)
Konrad II of Masovia, Polish nobleman (d. 1294)
Margaret of Burgundy, queen of Sicily (d. 1308)
Matteo I Visconti, Italian imperial vicar (d. 1322)
Mordechai ben Hillel, German scholar (d. 1298)
Nijō Tameyo, Japanese official and poet (d. 1338)
Niklot I, German nobleman and knight (d. 1323)
Rhys ap Maredudd, Welsh nobleman (d. 1292)
Robert II, French nobleman and knight (d. 1302)
Sancho of Aragon, Spanish archbishop (d. 1275)
Theodoric of Freiberg, German physicist (d. 1311)
Záviš of Falkenstein, Bohemian nobleman (d. 1290)

Deaths

February 2 – Erik Eriksson, king of Sweden (b. 1216)
February 6 – Geoffrey VI, French nobleman and knight
February 8
- Andrew III, French nobleman and knight (b. 1200)
- Fakhr ad-Din, Egyptian ruler and military leader
- Robert I (the Good), French nobleman (b. 1216)
- William Longespée (the Younger), English knight
February 11 – Jean de Ronay, French Grand Master
March 29 – Ludolph of Ratzeburg, German bishop
April 6
- Guillaume de Sonnac, French Grand Master
- Hugh XI of Lusignan, French nobleman (b. 1221)
May 2 – Al-Muazzam Turanshah, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt ¹¹
May 21 – Humbert V, French nobleman and knight (b. 1198)
May 26 – Peter I (Mauclerc), French nobleman (b. 1187)
May 27 – Raniero Capocci, Italian priest and cardinal
June 7 – Vitslav I, Danish nobleman and knight (b. 1180)
June 18 – Theresa of Portugal, queen of León (b. 1176)
August 10 – Eric IV (Ploughpenny), king of Denmark
October 4 – Herman VI, German nobleman and knight
October 12 – Richard Wendene, English bishop (b. 1219)
December 13 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1194)¹²
Alice of Schaerbeek, Flemish Cistercian lay sister (b. 1220)
Gilbertus Anglicus, English physician and writer (b. 1180)
Julian of Speyer, German Franciscan composer and poet
Leonardo of Pisa, Italian mathematician and writer (b. 1170)
Romée de Villeneuve, French nobleman and seneschal
Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi, Persian biographer
Walter of Serviliano, Italian Benedictine hermit and abbot
Yang Miaozhen, Chinese female military leader (b. 1193)

References

Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel; Bray, Barbara (1971). Times of Feast, Times of Famine: a History of Climate Since the Year 1000. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ISBN 0-374-52122-0. OCLC 164590. 0-374-52122-0 ↩
Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260, pp. 305–307. State University of New York Press. ↩
According to a monograph on the maritime economy of the Song dynasty written by Jitsuzo Kuwabara (桑原騭藏, 1870–1931). /wiki/Economy_of_the_Song_dynasty ↩
Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780873952637. 9780873952637 ↩
Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780873952637. 9780873952637 ↩
de Epalza, Miguel (1999). Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror. Brill. p. 106. ISBN 90-04-11244-8. 90-04-11244-8 ↩
Stillman, Norman (June 8, 2022). Arab Dress, A Short History: From the Dawn of Islam to Modern Times. BRILL. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-90-04-49162-5. Retrieved October 3, 2024. 978-90-04-49162-5 ↩
Joffé, George (November 20, 2023). Routledge Handbook on the Modern Maghrib. Taylor & Francis. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-429-99964-2. Retrieved October 3, 2024. 978-0-429-99964-2 ↩
Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009). Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550). Leiden/Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17565-5. 978-90-04-17565-5 ↩
Catoni, Giuliano. "Bonsignori". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Retrieved December 20, 2011. http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ ↩
Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780873952637. 9780873952637 ↩
"Frederick II | Biography, Accomplishments, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved September 29, 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-II-Holy-Roman-emperor ↩