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Events

January–March

• January 3 – Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther, in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.¹
• January 22 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, opens the Diet of Worms in Worms, Germany.²
• January 27 – Suleiman the Magnificent suppresses a revolt by the ruler of Damascus, Janbirdi al-Ghazali.³
• February 2 – The Nydala Abbey Bloodbath takes place at Nydala Abbey, Sweden; the abbot and many monks are murdered by Danes.⁴
• March 6
  • Ferdinand Magellan makes the first European contact with Guam,⁵ most likely landing in Tumon.⁶
  • Martin Luther is summoned to appear before the Diet of Worms.⁷
• March 16 – Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Philippines, in eastern Samar.⁸
• March 31 – The First Mass in the Philippines is held.⁹

April–June

• April 7
  • Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Cebu.¹⁰
  • Martin Luther preaches an inflammatory sermon to students at Erfurt, while on his way to Worms.¹¹
• April 16–18 – Martin Luther is examined before Emperor Charles V and the Diet of Worms, where he refuses to recant his writings and allegedly proclaims, "Here I stand", regarding his belief in the Bible alone, as the standard of Christian doctrine.
• April 23 – Revolt of the Comuneros – Battle of Villalar: Castilian royalists defeat the rebels.¹² Juan López de Padilla, Francisco Maldonado, and Juan Bravo are executed the following day as the leaders of the rebels.
• April 26 – Martin Luther leaves Worms and disappears for around a year¹³ – he is rumored to be murdered, but is actually in hiding at the Wartburg castle.¹⁴
• April 27 – Battle of Mactan: Ferdinand Magellan is killed in the Philippines when he confronts Lapulapu, the chief of the island.¹⁵
• April or May – Battle of Tunmen in Tuen Mun (present-day Hong Kong): The Ming Dynasty navy defeats the Portuguese navy¹⁶ (arguably the first Sino-European battle in world history).
• May 17 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason in Tower Hill.¹⁷
• May 20 – At the Battle of Pampeluna in Italy, and alliance of forces from French and the Kingdom of Navarre forces defeat those of Spain.¹⁸
• May 25 – The Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw and banning his literature.¹⁹
• May 27 – After death of his cousin, Jiajing, Prince Zhu Houcong became the new Ming dynasty Emperor of China, taking the imperial name of the Emperor Jiajing becomes the new.²⁰
• June 25 – Suleiman the Magnificent begins the siege of Belgrade.
• June 29 or 30 – The oldest surviving dateable document written primarily in the Romanian language: Neacșu's letter, written by a trader from Câmpulung, to Johannes Benkner, the mayor of Brașov, warning that the Ottoman Empire is preparing its troops to cross into Wallachia and Transylvania; the script used is Romanian Cyrillic.
• June 30 – Battle of Esquiroz: French forces under André de Foix, fighting for the exiled King of Navarre Henri d'Albret, are defeated by the Spanish, and forced to abandon their attempt to recover Henri's kingdom.²¹

July–September

• July 15 — San Juan Bautista is founded as the new capital of the archipelago of Puerto Rico.
• August 13 – Fall of Tenochtitlan: Cuauhtémoc surrenders to Cortés,²² thus incorporating the Aztec Empire into the Spanish Empire and ending the Late Postclassic period in Mesoamerica.
• August 20 – The Italian War of 1521–1526 breaks out between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Francis I of France as Henry III of Nassau-Breda leads Imperial troops on an invasion of northeastern France.²³
• August 29 – Belgrade is captured by the Ottoman army of Suleiman the Magnificent.²⁴²⁵

October–December

• October 25 – The Revolt of the Comuneros, an uprising by citizens of the Kingdom of Castile against the rule of Spain's King Carlos I, ends as the comuneros surrender Toledo.²⁶
• November 23 – Spanish–German–Papal forces under Prospero Colonna force French Marshal Odet de Lautrec to abandon Milan.
• December 27 – The Zwickau prophets arrive in Wittenberg, disturbing the peace and spreading the idea of rejecting infant baptism.²⁷

Date unknown

• Jacopo Berengario da Carpi publishes Commentaria cum amplissimus additionibus super anatomiam Mundini in Bologna, including observation of the vermiform appendix.²⁸
• The Grand Duchy of Ryazan is annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow.²⁹

Births

• March 21 – Maurice, Elector of Saxony (d. 1553)³⁰
• April 5 – Francesco Laparelli, Italian architect (d. 1570)³¹
• April 14 – Johann Marbach, German theologian (d. 1581)³²
• April 18 – François de Coligny d'Andelot, French general (d. 1569)³³
• May 8 – Petrus Canisius, Dutch Jesuit (d. 1597)³⁴
• May 10 – John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg, (d. 1553)³⁵
• June 8 – Maria of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu, daughter of King Manuel I (d. 1577)³⁶
• June 21 – John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev (d. 1580)³⁷
• August 4 – Pope Urban VII (d. 1590)³⁸
• August 19 – Lodovico Guicciardini, Italian historian (d. 1589)³⁹⁴⁰
• October 1 – Frederick Magnus I, Count of Solms-Laubach, (d. 1561)
• November 21 – Edmund Sheffield, 1st Baron Sheffield, English baron (d. 1549)⁴¹
• November 29 – Marcantonio Maffei, Italian Catholic archbishop and cardinal (d. 1583)⁴²
• December 1 – Takeda Shingen, Japanese warlord (d. 1573)
• December 13 – Pope Sixtus V (d. 1590)⁴³
• date unknown
  • Anne Askew, English Protestant martyr (d. 1546)⁴⁴
  • John Aylmer, English divine (d. 1594)⁴⁵
  • Sue Harukata, Japanese retainer and later daimyō under Ōuchi Yoshitaka (d. 1555)⁴⁶
  • Thomas Chaloner, English statesman and poet (d. 1565)⁴⁷
  • Philippe de Monte, Flemish composer (d. 1603)⁴⁸
  • Rokkaku Yoshikata, Japanese daimyō (d. 1598)⁴⁹
  • Thomas Wyatt the Younger, English rebel (d. 1554)⁵⁰
• possible
  • Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII of England, (b. between 1518 and 1524; d. 1542)⁵¹

Deaths

• January 6 – Cardinal William de Croÿ (b. 1497)⁵²
• January 15 – John II, Duke of Cleves (b. 1458)⁵³
• April 20 – Zhengde Emperor of China (b. 1491)⁵⁴
• April 24 – Spanish rebels (executed)⁵⁵
  • Juan López de Padilla
  • Juan Bravo
  • Francisco Maldonado
• April 27 – Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese explorer (b. 1480)⁵⁶
• April 28 – Suzanne, Duchess of Bourbon (b. 1491)⁵⁷
• May 10 – Sebastian Brant, German humanist and satirist (b. 1457)⁵⁸
• May 17 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham (executed) (b. 1478)⁵⁹
• June 15 – Tamás Bakócz, Hungarian Catholic cardinal and statesman (b. 1442)⁶⁰
• June 22 – Leonardo Loredan, Doge of Venice (b. 1436)⁶¹
• July – Juan Ponce de León, Spanish conquistador (b. 1460)⁶²
• July 9 – Raffaele Riario, Italian cardinal (b. 1461)⁶³
• August 27 – Josquin des Prez, Flemish composer (b. c. 1450)⁶⁴
• September 12 – In the Italian War, the Holy Roman Empire abandons its siege of the French-controlled city of Parma after 17 days.⁶⁵
• September 15 –
  • Gazi Husrev Bey replaces Bali-beg Jahjapašić as the Ottoman Governor of Bosnia.
  • Teodosie becomes the new Voivode of Wallachia, at the capital, Targoviste, now in Romania.
• October 7 – Margaret of Anhalt-Köthen, Princess of Anhalt by birth, Duchess consort of Saxony (b. 1494)⁶⁶
• October 22 – Edward Poynings, Lord Deputy to King Henry VII of England (b. 1459)⁶⁷
• October 24 – Robert Fayrfax, English Renaissance composer (b. 1464)⁶⁸
• November 2 – Margaret of Lorraine, French Duchess of Alençon, Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1463)⁶⁹
• December 1 – Pope Leo X (b. 1475)⁷⁰
• December 13 – King Manuel I of Portugal (b. 1469)⁷¹
• December 21 – Domenico Spadafora, Italian Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1450)⁷²

References

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