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Biology

• "Rostocker Pfeilstorch", a white stork, is found in northern Germany with an arrow from central Africa through its neck, demonstrating the fact of bird migration.

Geology

• Georges Cuvier establishes new standards and methods in stratigraphy and paleontology.
• Gideon Mantell discovers the first fossil of the iguanodon.
• John Phillips and William Conybeare identify the Carboniferous Period.
• Jean Baptiste Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy identifies the Cretaceous Period. He also proposes the Jurassic System.

Mathematics

• July 3 – Charles Babbage publishes a proposal for a "difference engine", a mechanical forerunner of the modern computer for calculating logarithms and trigonometric functions. Construction of an operational version will proceed under British Government sponsorship 1823–32 but it will never be completed.¹
• Karl Feuerbach describes the nine-point circle of a triangle.²
• William Farish of the University of Cambridge publishes a systematization of the rules for isometric drawing.³⁴⁵

Medicine

• United States Army surgeon William Beaumont pioneers human gastric endoscopy on Alexis St. Martin.⁶
• Scottish surgeon John Henry Wishart gives the first description in England of neurofibromatosis type II.⁷⁸

Physics

• Navier–Stokes equations in fluid dynamics first formulated.

Technology

• May 23 – HMS Comet launched at Deptford Dockyard in the United Kingdom, the first steamboat commissioned by the Royal Navy.
• June 10 – The Aaron Manby crosses the English Channel, making her the first seagoing iron steamboat.
• French civil engineer Louis Vicat completes construction of a concrete viaduct across the Dordogne at Souillac, Lot.⁹

Events

• September 11 – Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632) is permitted by the Roman Catholic Church to be published.

Awards

• June 12 – Edward Banks knighted, the first such honour for work in civil engineering.¹⁰
• Copley Medal: William Buckland¹¹

Births

• January 2 – Rudolf Clausius, German physicist (died 1888)
• January 6 – Heinrich Schliemann, German archaeologist (died 1890)
• January 12 – Étienne Lenoir, Belgian mechanical engineer (died 1900)
• February 16 – Sir Francis Galton, English explorer, biologist (died 1911)
• April 18 – August Heinrich Petermann, German cartographer (died 1878)
• June 10 – Lydia White Shattuck, American botanist (died 1889)
• July 22 – Gregor Mendel, Silesian geneticist (died 1884)
• October 13 (O.S. October 1) – Lev Tsenkovsky, Polish-Ukrainian biologist (died 1887)
• December 27 – Louis Pasteur, French biologist (died 1895)

Deaths

• January 21 – Marie-Aimée Lullin, Swiss entomologist (born 1751)
• February 23 – Johann Matthäus Bechstein, German naturalist (born 1757)
• June 23 – René Just Haüy, French mineralogist (born 1743)
• August 13 – Jean-Robert Argand, Swiss-born mathematician (born 1768)
• August 25 – William Herschel, German-born British astronomer (born 1738)
• November 6 – Claude Louis Berthollet, French chemist (born 1748)

References

1. Hyman, Anthony (1982). Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer. Oxford University Press. p. 51ff. ISBN 0-19-858170-X. 0-19-858170-X ↩

2. Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas You Really Need to Know. London: Quercus. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8. 978-1-84724-008-8 ↩

3. Farish, William (1822). "On Isometrical Perspective" (PDF). Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 1: 1–19. Retrieved 2012-05-29. http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/N12657793.pdf ↩

4. Jones, Barclay G. (1986). Protecting historic architecture and museum collections from natural disasters. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. p. 243. ISBN 0-409-90035-4. 0-409-90035-4 ↩

5. Moorhouse, Charles Edmund (1974). Visual messages: graphic communication for senior students. ↩

6. Beaumont, William; Combe, Andrew (1838). Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice, and the Physiology of Digestion (reprint ed.). Edinburgh: MacLachlan & Stewart. ISBN 0-486-69213-2. Retrieved 2010-09-06. 0-486-69213-2 ↩

7. Wishart, J. H. (1822-07-01). "Case of Tumours in the Skull, Dura Mater, and Brain". Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal. 18 (72): 393–397. ISSN 0963-4932. PMC 5828850. PMID 30332030. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5828850 ↩

8. Ramsden, R. T.; Birch, J. M.; Evans, D. G. R. (1999-12-01). "Paediatric presentation of type 2 neurofibromatosis". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 81 (6): 496–499. doi:10.1136/adc.81.6.496. ISSN 0003-9888. PMC 1718148. PMID 10569966. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1718148 ↩

9. Clermontel, Danièle; Clermontel, Jean-Claude (2009). Chronologie scientifique, technologique et économique de la France. Paris: Publibook. p. 241. ↩

10. Port, M. H. (2004). "Banks, Sir Edward (1770–1835)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1294. Retrieved 2010-10-31. (subscription or UK public library membership required) http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1294 ↩

11. "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020. https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal ↩