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Astronomy and space exploration

• February 7 – Pluto enters a 20-year period inside the orbit of Neptune for the first time in 230 years.
• March 7 – The largest magnetar (soft gamma repeater) event is recorded.
• July 11 – America's first space station, Skylab, is deliberately allowed to burn up on atmospheric entry over the Indian Ocean due to its decaying orbit and the lack of time to build a new spaceship to boost it up.
• September 1 – The American Pioneer 11 becomes the first spacecraft to visit Saturn when it passes the planet at a distance of 21,000 km.
• December 24 – The maiden launch of Ariane 1, the first rocket in the Ariane launcher family.
• Amateur Achievement Award of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific given for the first time.

Biology

• Arthur William Baden Powell publishes New Zealand Mollusca.

Computer science

• May 8 - Radio Shack releases TRSDOS 2.3
• VisiCalc becomes the first spreadsheet program.
• The US Federal Government releases the initial, draft version of Ada (programming language), a strongly typed, comb-structured language with exception handlers, for embedded systems.

Conservation

• April 5 – First stage of Kakadu National Park declared in Australia.

Earth sciences

• The RISE project first discovers hydrothermal vents known as 'black smokers', on a mid-ocean ridge in the Pacific Ocean.

History of science

• Robert Gwyn Macfarlane publishes Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist.

Mathematics

• 'Monstrous moonshine': John Conway and Simon P. Norton prove there is a connection between the Monster group M and the j-function in number theory.¹
• The first modern Sudoku, known as Number Place, appears in Dell Pencil Puzzles and Word Games (United States), devised by Howard Garns.²

Medicine

• August – The eating disorder Bulimia nervosa is first described and named by British psychiatrist Gerald Russell.³⁴
• December 9 – The World Health Organization certifies the global eradication of smallpox.⁵
• The last naturally occurring cases of polio are reported in the United States.
• Tumor protein p53 is identified by Lionel Crawford, David Lane, Arnold J. Levine and Lloyd J. Old.

Paleontology

• Dinosaur eggs found in the Two Medicine Formation of Montana.

Technology

• March 1 – Philips publicly demonstrate a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference in Eindhoven, Netherlands.
• June 12 – Human-powered aircraft Gossamer Albatross, built by an American team led by Paul MacCready and piloted by Bryan Allen, makes a successful crossing of the English Channel to win the second Kremer prize.
• First sale of Post-It Notes in Boise, Idaho.

Awards

• Nobel Prizes
  • Physics – Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg
  • Chemistry – Herbert C. Brown, Georg Wittig
  • Medicine – Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield
• Turing Award – Kenneth E. Iverson

Births

• June 29 – Artur Avila, Brazilian-born mathematician.

Deaths

• January – Oscar H. Banker (b. 1895), Armenian American inventor.
• March 11 – Noël Poynter (b. 1908), English medical historian.
• March 17 – Henry Aaron Hill (b. 1915), American fluorocarbon chemist, first African American president of the American Chemical Society.
• April 5 – Eugène Gabritschevsky (b. 1893), Russian biologist and artist.
• May 6 – Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth (b. 1892), German astronomer.
• June 1 – Werner Forssmann (b. 1904), German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• September 26 – Sir Barnes Wallis (b. 1887), English aeronautical engineer.
• October 10 – Guido Fanconi (b. 1892), Swiss pediatrician.
• October 12 – Katharine Burr Blodgett (b. 1898), American physicist and chemist.
• December 7 – Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (b. 1900), English-born American astronomer and astrophysicist.⁶

References

1. Conway, J. H.; Norton, S. P. (1979). "Monstrous Moonshine". Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society. 11 (3): 308–339. doi:10.1112/blms/11.3.308. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

2. Pegg, Ed Jr. (2005-09-15). "Ed Pegg Jr.'s Math Games: Sudoku Variations". MAA Online. The Mathematical Association of America. Retrieved 2006-10-03. http://www.maa.org/editorial/mathgames/mathgames_09_05_05.html ↩

3. Russell, Gerald (August 1979). "Bulimia nervosa: an ominous variant of anorexia nervosa". Psychological Medicine. 9 (3): 429–48. doi:10.1017/S0033291700031974. PMID 482466. S2CID 23973384. /wiki/Psychological_Medicine ↩

4. Palmer, Robert (December 2004). "Bulimia nervosa: 25 years on". British Journal of Psychiatry. 185 (6): 447–8. doi:10.1192/bjp.185.6.447. PMID 15572732. https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.185.6.447 ↩

5. "Smallpox". WHO Factsheet. Archived from the original on 2007-09-21. Retrieved 2007-09-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/ ↩

6. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. 2007. ISBN 9780387304007. 9780387304007 ↩