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Archived Web Articles Add Article

Apple Watch Series 8 Announced With New Body Temperature Sensor, Car Crash Detection, and More

Sep 7 2022

Apple is switching Macs to its own processors starting later this year

Jun 22 2020

[Update: Confirmed] Report claims new iPad Pro's A12Z Bionic chip is just a 'renamed A12X' with additional GPU core

Apr 13 2020

iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus have a new faster A8 processor

Sep 9 2014

Apple unveils 64-bit iPhone 5S with fingerprint scanner, $199 for 16GB

Sep 10 2013

Apple's A15 Bionic chip powers iPhone 13 with 15 billion transistors, new graphics and AI

cnet.com

A series SoCs

The A series is a family of SoCs used in the iPhone, certain iPad models (including iPad Mini and entry-level iPad), and the Apple TV. A-series chips were also used in the discontinued iPod Touch line and the original HomePod. They integrate one or more ARM-based processing cores (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), cache memory and other electronics necessary to provide mobile computing functions within a single physical package.⁴

Apple A4

Main article: Apple A4

The Apple A4 is a PoP SoC manufactured by Samsung, the first SoC Apple designed in-house.⁵ It combines an ARM Cortex-A8 CPU – also used in Samsung's S5PC110A01 SoC⁶⁷ – and a PowerVR SGX 535 graphics processor (GPU),⁸⁹¹⁰ all built on Samsung's 45-nanometer silicon chip fabrication process.¹¹¹² The design emphasizes power efficiency.¹³ The A4 commercially debuted in 2010, in Apple's iPad tablet,¹⁴ and was later used in the iPhone 4 smartphone,¹⁵ the fourth-generation iPod Touch, and the 2nd-generation Apple TV.¹⁶

The Cortex-A8 core used in the A4, dubbed Hummingbird, is thought to use performance improvements developed by Samsung in collaboration with chip designer Intrinsity, which was subsequently acquired by Apple¹⁷¹⁸ It can run at far higher clock rates than other Cortex-A8 designs yet remains fully compatible with the design provided by ARM.¹⁹ The A4 runs at different speeds in different products: 1 GHz in the first iPads,²⁰ 800 MHz in the iPhone 4 and fourth-generation iPod Touch, and an undisclosed speed in the 2nd-generation Apple TV.

The A4's SGX535 GPU could theoretically push 35 million polygons per second and 500 million pixels per second, although real-world performance may be considerably less.²¹ Other performance improvements include additional L2 cache.

The A4 processor package does not contain RAM, but supports PoP installation. The 1st-generation iPad, fourth-generation iPod Touch,²² and the 2nd-generation Apple TV²³ have an A4 mounted with two low-power 128 MB DDR SDRAM chips (totaling 256 MB), while the iPhone 4 has two 256 MB packages for a total of 512 MB.²⁴²⁵²⁶ The RAM is connected to the processor using ARM's 64-bit-wide AMBA 3 AXI bus. To give the iPad high graphics bandwidth, the width of the RAM data bus is double that used in previous ARM11- and ARM9-based Apple devices.²⁷

Apple A5

Main article: Apple A5

The Apple A5 is an SoC manufactured by Samsung²⁸ that replaced the A4. The chip commercially debuted with the release of Apple's iPad 2 tablet in March 2011,²⁹ followed by its release in the iPhone 4S smartphone later that year. Compared to the A4, the A5 CPU "can do twice the work" and the GPU has "up to nine times the graphics performance",³⁰ according to Apple.

The A5 contains a dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 CPU³¹ with ARM's advanced SIMD extension, marketed as NEON, and a dual core PowerVR SGX543MP2 GPU. This GPU can push between 70 and 80 million polygons/second and has a pixel fill rate of 2 billion pixels/second. The iPad 2's technical specifications page says the A5 is clocked at 1 GHz,³² though it can adjust its frequency to save battery life.³³³⁴ The clock speed of the unit used in the iPhone 4S is 800 MHz. Like the A4, the A5 process size is 45 nm.³⁵

An updated 32 nm version of the A5 processor was used in the third-generation Apple TV, the fifth-generation iPod Touch, the iPad Mini, and the new version of iPad 2 (version iPad2,4).³⁶ The chip in the Apple TV has one core locked.³⁷³⁸ Markings on the square package indicate that it is named APL2498, and in software, the chip is called S5L8942. The 32 nm variant of the A5 provides around 15% better battery life during web browsing, 30% better when playing 3D games and about 20% better battery life during video playback.³⁹

In March 2013, Apple released an updated version of the 3rd-generation Apple TV (Rev A, model A1469) containing a smaller, single-core version of the A5 processor. Unlike the other A5 variants, this version of the A5 is not a PoP, having no stacked RAM. The chip is very small, just 6.1×6.2 mm, but as the decrease in size is not due to a decrease in feature size (it is still on a 32 nm fabrication process), this indicates that this A5 revision is of a new design.⁴⁰ Markings tell that it is named APL7498, and in software, the chip is called S5L8947.⁴¹⁴²

Apple A5X

Main article: Apple A5X

The Apple A5X is an SoC announced on March 7, 2012, at the launch of the third-generation iPad. It is a high-performance variant of the Apple A5; Apple claims it has twice the graphics performance of the A5.⁴³ It was superseded in the fourth-generation iPad by the Apple A6X processor.

The A5X has a quad-core graphics unit (PowerVR SGX543MP4) instead of the previous dual-core as well as a quad-channel memory controller that provides a memory bandwidth of 12.8 GB/s, roughly three times more than in the A5. The added graphics cores and extra memory channels add up to a very large die size of 165 mm2,⁴⁴ for example twice the size of Nvidia Tegra 3.⁴⁵ This is mainly due to the large PowerVR SGX543MP4 GPU. The clock frequency of the dual ARM Cortex-A9 cores have been shown to operate at the same 1 GHz frequency as in A5.⁴⁶ The RAM in A5X is separate from the main CPU package.⁴⁷

Apple A6

Main article: Apple A6

The Apple A6 is a PoP SoC introduced on September 12, 2012, at the launch of the iPhone 5, then a year later was inherited by its minor successor the iPhone 5C. Apple states that it is up to twice as fast and has up to twice the graphics power compared to its predecessor the Apple A5.⁴⁸ It is 22% smaller and draws less power than the 45 nm A5.⁴⁹

The A6 is said to use a 1.3 GHz⁵⁰ custom⁵¹ Apple-designed ARMv7 based dual-core CPU, called Swift,⁵² rather than a licensed CPU from ARM like in previous designs, and an integrated 266 MHz triple-core PowerVR SGX 543MP3⁵³ graphics processing unit (GPU). The Swift core in the A6 uses a new tweaked instruction set, ARMv7s, featuring some elements of the ARM Cortex-A15 such as support for the Advanced SIMD v2, and VFPv4.⁵⁴ The A6 is manufactured by Samsung on a high-κ metal gate (HKMG) 32 nm process.⁵⁵

Apple A6X

Main article: Apple A6X

Apple A6X is an SoC introduced at the launch of the fourth-generation iPad on October 23, 2012. It is a high-performance variant of the Apple A6. Apple claims the A6X has twice the CPU performance and up to twice the graphics performance of its predecessor, the Apple A5X.⁵⁶

Like the A6, this SoC continues to use the dual-core Swift CPU, but it has a new quad core GPU, quad channel memory and slightly higher 1.4 GHz CPU clock rate.⁵⁷ It uses an integrated quad-core PowerVR SGX 554MP4 graphics processing unit (GPU) running at 300 MHz and a quad-channel memory subsystem.⁵⁸⁵⁹ Compared to the A6 the A6X is 30% larger, but it continues to be manufactured by Samsung on a high-κ metal gate (HKMG) 32 nm process.⁶⁰

Apple A7

Main article: Apple A7

The Apple A7 is a 64-bit PoP SoC whose first appearance was in the iPhone 5S, which was introduced on September 10, 2013. The chip would also be used in the iPad Air, iPad Mini 2 and iPad Mini 3. Apple states that it is up to twice as fast and has up to twice the graphics power compared to its predecessor the Apple A6.⁶¹ The Apple A7 chip is the first 64-bit chip to be used in a smartphone and later a tablet computer.⁶²

The A7 features an Apple-designed 1.3⁶³–1.4⁶⁴ GHz 64-bit⁶⁵ ARMv8-A⁶⁶⁶⁷ dual-core CPU,⁶⁸ called Cyclone,⁶⁹ and an integrated PowerVR G6430 GPU in a four cluster configuration.⁷⁰ The ARMv8-A architecture doubles the number of registers of the A7 compared to the A6.⁷¹ It now has 31 general-purpose registers that are each 64-bits wide and 32 floating-point/NEON registers that are each 128-bits wide.⁷² The A7 is manufactured by Samsung on a high-κ metal gate (HKMG) 28 nm process⁷³ and the chip includes over 1 billion transistors on a die 102 mm2 in size.⁷⁴

Apple A8

Main article: Apple A8

The Apple A8 is a 64-bit PoP SoC manufactured by TSMC. Its first appearance was in the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, which were introduced on September 9, 2014.⁷⁵ A year later it would drive the iPad Mini 4. Apple states that it has 25% more CPU performance and 50% more graphics performance while drawing only 50% of the power compared to its predecessor, the Apple A7.⁷⁶ On February 9, 2018, Apple released the HomePod, which is powered by an Apple A8 with 1 GB of RAM.⁷⁷

The A8 features an Apple-designed 1.4⁷⁸ GHz 64-bit⁷⁹ ARMv8-A⁸⁰ dual-core CPU, and an integrated custom PowerVR GX6450 GPU in a four cluster configuration.⁸¹ The GPU features custom shader cores and compiler.⁸² The A8 is manufactured on a 20 nm process⁸³ by TSMC,⁸⁴ which replaced Samsung as the manufacturer of Apple's mobile device processors. It contains 2 billion transistors. Despite that being double the number of transistors compared to the A7, its physical size has been reduced by 13% to 89 mm2 (consistent with a shrink only, not known to be a new microarchitecture).⁸⁵

Apple A8X

Main article: Apple A8X

The Apple A8X is a 64-bit SoC introduced at the launch of the iPad Air 2 on October 16, 2014.⁸⁶ It is a high performance variant of the Apple A8. Apple states that it has 40% more CPU performance and 2.5 times the graphics performance of its predecessor, the Apple A7.⁸⁷⁸⁸

Unlike the A8, this SoC uses a triple-core CPU, a new octa-core GPU, dual channel memory and slightly higher 1.5 GHz CPU clock rate.⁸⁹ It uses an integrated custom octa-core PowerVR GXA6850 graphics processing unit (GPU) running at 450 MHz and a dual-channel memory subsystem.⁹⁰ It is manufactured by TSMC on their 20 nm fabrication process, and consists of 3 billion transistors.

Apple A9

Main article: Apple A9

The Apple A9 is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus, which were introduced on September 9, 2015.⁹¹ Apple states that it has 70% more CPU performance and 90% more graphics performance compared to its predecessor, the Apple A8.⁹² It is dual sourced, a first for an Apple SoC; it is manufactured by Samsung on their 14 nm FinFET LPE process and by TSMC on their 16 nm FinFET process. It was subsequently included in the first-generation iPhone SE, and the iPad (5th generation). The Apple A9 was the last CPU that Apple manufactured through a contract with Samsung, as all A-series chips after are manufactured by TSMC.

Apple A9X

Main article: Apple A9X

The Apple A9X is a 64-bit SoC that was announced on September 9, 2015, and released on November 11, 2015, and first appeared in the iPad Pro.⁹³ It offers 80% more CPU performance and two times the GPU performance of its predecessor, the Apple A8X. It is manufactured by TSMC using a 16 nm FinFET process.⁹⁴

Apple A10 Fusion

Main article: Apple A10

The Apple A10 Fusion is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, which were introduced on September 7, 2016.⁹⁵ The A10 is also featured in the sixth-generation iPad, seventh-generation iPad and seventh-generation iPod Touch.⁹⁶ It has a new ARM big.LITTLE quad core design with two high performance cores, and two smaller highly efficient cores. It is 40% faster than the A9, with 50% faster graphics. It is manufactured by TSMC on their 16 nm FinFET process.

Apple A10X Fusion

Main article: Apple A10X

The Apple A10X Fusion is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the 10.5″ iPad Pro and the second generation of the 12.9″ iPad Pro, which were both announced on June 5, 2017.⁹⁷ It is a variant of the A10 and Apple claims that it has 30 percent faster CPU performance and 40 percent faster GPU performance than its predecessor, the A9X.⁹⁸ On September 12, 2017, Apple announced that the Apple TV 4K would be powered by an A10X chip. It is made by TSMC on their 10 nm FinFET process.⁹⁹

Apple A11 Bionic

Main article: Apple A11

The Apple A11 Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC¹⁰⁰ that first appeared in the iPhone 8, iPhone 8 Plus, and iPhone X, which were introduced on September 12, 2017.¹⁰¹ It has two high-performance cores, which are 25% faster than the A10 Fusion, four high-efficiency cores, which are 70% faster than the energy-efficient cores in the A10, and for the first time an Apple-designed three-core GPU with 30% faster graphics performance than the A10.¹⁰²¹⁰³ It is also the first A-series chip to feature Apple's "Neural Engine," which enhances artificial intelligence and machine learning processes.¹⁰⁴

Apple A12 Bionic

Main article: Apple A12

The Apple A12 Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the iPhone XS, XS Max and XR, which were introduced on September 12, 2018. It is also used in the third-generation iPad Air, fifth-generation iPad Mini, and the eighth-generation iPad. It has two high-performance cores, which are 15% faster than the A11 Bionic, and four high-efficiency cores, which have 50% lower power usage than the energy-efficient cores in the A11 Bionic.¹⁰⁵ The A12 is manufactured by TSMC¹⁰⁶ using a 7 nm¹⁰⁷ FinFET process, the first to ship in a smartphone.¹⁰⁸¹⁰⁹ It is also used in the 6th generation Apple TV.

Apple A12X Bionic

Main article: Apple A12X

The Apple A12X Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the 11.0″ iPad Pro and the third generation of the 12.9″ iPad Pro, which were both announced on October 30, 2018.¹¹⁰ It offers 35% faster single-core and 90% faster multi-core CPU performance than its predecessor, the A10X. It has four high-performance cores and four high-efficiency cores. The A12X is manufactured by TSMC using a 7 nm FinFET process.

Apple A12Z Bionic

The Apple A12Z Bionic is an updated version of the A12X Bionic, first appearing in the fourth generation iPad Pro, which was announced on March 18, 2020.¹¹¹ It adds an additional GPU core, compared to the A12X, for improved graphics performance.¹¹² The A12Z is also used in the Developer Transition Kit prototype computer that helps developers prepare their software for Macs based on Apple silicon.¹¹³

Apple A13 Bionic

Main article: Apple A13

The Apple A13 Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the iPhone 11, 11 Pro, and 11 Pro Max, which were introduced on September 10, 2019. It is also featured in the second-generation iPhone SE (released April 15, 2020), the 9th generation iPad (announced September 14, 2021) and in the Studio Display (announced March 8, 2022)

The entire A13 SoC features a total of 18 cores – a six-core CPU, four-core GPU, and an eight-core Neural Engine processor, which is dedicated to handling on-board machine learning processes; four of the six cores on the CPU are low-powered cores that are dedicated to handling less CPU-intensive operations, such as voice calls, browsing the Web, and sending messages, while two higher-performance cores are used only for more CPU-intensive processes, such as recording 4K video or playing a video game.¹¹⁴

Apple A14 Bionic

Main article: Apple A14

The Apple A14 Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the fourth-generation iPad Air and iPhone 12, released on October 23, 2020. It is the first commercially available 5 nm chipset and it contains 11.8 billion transistors and a 16-core AI processor.¹¹⁵ It includes Samsung LPDDR4X DRAM, a 6-core CPU, and 4-Core GPU with real time machine learning capabilities. It was later used in the tenth-generation iPad, released on October 26, 2022.

Apple A15 Bionic

Main article: Apple A15

The Apple A15 Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the iPhone 13, unveiled on September 14, 2021. The A15 is built on a 5-nanometer manufacturing process with 15 billion transistors. It has 2 high-performance processing cores, 4 high-efficiency cores, a new 5-core graphics for iPhone 13 Pro series (4-core for iPhone 13 and 13 mini) processing unit, and a new 16-core Neural Engine capable of 15.8 trillion operations per second.¹¹⁶¹¹⁷ It is also used in the third-generation iPhone SE, iPhone 14, iPhone 14 Plus and the sixth-generation iPad Mini.¹¹⁸

Apple A16 Bionic

Main article: Apple A16

The Apple A16 Bionic is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the iPhone 14 Pro, unveiled on September 7, 2022. The A16 has 16 billion transistors and is built on TSMC's N4P fabrication process, being touted by Apple as the first 4 nm processor in a smartphone.¹¹⁹¹²⁰ However, N4 is an enhanced version of N5 technology, a de facto fourth-generation 5 nm manufacturing process.^121122123 The chip has 2 high-performance processing cores, 4 high-efficiency cores and 5-core graphics for iPhone 14 Pro series. Memory is upgraded to LPDDR5 for 50% higher bandwidth and a 7% faster 16-core Neural Engine capable of 17 trillion operations per second. The chip was later used in the iPhone 15 and iPhone 15 Plus.¹²⁴

Apple A17 Pro

Main article: Apple A17

The Apple A17 Pro is a 64-bit ARM-based SoC that first appeared in the iPhone 15 Pro, unveiled on September 12, 2023. It is Apple's first 3 nm SoC. The chip has 2 high-performance processing cores, 4 high-efficiency cores, a 6-core GPU for iPhone 15 Pro series, and a 16-core Neural Engine capable of 35 trillion operations per second. The GPU was described as their biggest redesign in the history of Apple GPUs, adding hardware accelerated ray tracing and mesh shading support.¹²⁵

Apple A18 and Apple A18 Pro

Main article: Apple A18

The Apple A18 and Apple A18 Pro are 64-bit ARM-based SoCs designed by Apple that first appeared in the iPhone 16 and iPhone 16 Pro respectively, unveiled on September 9, 2024. Both SoCs are built on TSMC's N3E process and have 2 high-performance cores and 4 high-efficiency cores. The A18 has 5-core graphics (4-core for iPhone 16e), while the A18 Pro has 6-core graphics. The A18 and A18 Pro use LPDDR5X for 17% higher memory bandwidth, and the 16-core Neural Engine has the same quoted power as the A17 Pro.

Comparison of A-series processors

M series SoCs

The Apple M series is a family of systems on a chip (SoC) used in Mac computers from November 2020 or later, iPad Pro tablets from April 2021 or later, iPad Air tablets from March 2022 or later, and Vision Pro. The M designation was previously used for Apple motion coprocessors.

Apple M1

Main article: Apple M1

The M1, Apple's first system on a chip designed for use in Macs, is manufactured using TSMC's 5 nm process. Announced on November 10, 2020, it was first used in the MacBook Air, Mac mini and 13-inch MacBook Pro, and later used in the iMac, 5th-generation iPad Pro and 5th-generation iPad Air. It comes with 4 performance cores and 4 efficiency cores, for a total of 8 CPU cores. It comes with up to 8 GPU cores, with the entry level MacBook Air having only 7 GPU cores. The M1 has 16 billion transistors.²⁷⁹

Apple M1 Pro

The M1 Pro is a more powerful version of the M1, with six to eight performance cores, two efficiency cores, 14 to 16 GPU cores, 16 Neural Engine cores, up to 32 GB unified RAM with up to 200 GB/s memory bandwidth, and more than double the transistors. It was announced on October 18, 2021, and is used in the 14- and 16-inch MacBook Pro. Apple claimed the CPU performance is about 70% faster than the M1, and that its GPU performance is about double. Apple claims the M1 Pro can deliver up to 20 streams of 4K or 7 streams of 8K ProRes video playback (up from 6 offered by Afterburner card for 2019 Mac Pro).

Apple M1 Max

The M1 Max is a larger version of the M1 Pro chip, with eight performance cores, two efficiency cores, 24 to 32 GPU cores, 16 Neural Engine cores, up to 64 GB unified RAM with up to 400 GB/s memory bandwidth, and more than double the number of transistors. It was announced on October 18, 2021, and is used in the 14- and 16-inch MacBook Pro, as well as the Mac Studio. Apple claims the M1 Max can deliver up to 30 streams of 4K (up from 23 offered by Afterburner card for 2019 Mac Pro) or 7 streams of 8K ProRes video playback.

Apple M1 Ultra

The M1 Ultra consists of two M1 Max dies connected together by a silicon interposer through Apple's UltraFusion interconnect.²⁸⁰ It has 114 billion transistors, 16 performance cores, 4 efficiency cores, 48 to 64 GPU cores and 32 Neural Engine cores; it can be configured with up to 128 GB unified RAM of 800 GB/s memory bandwidth. It was announced on March 8, 2022, as an optional upgrade for the Mac Studio. Apple claims the M1 Ultra can deliver up to 18 streams of 8K ProRes video playback.²⁸¹

Apple M2

Main article: Apple M2

Apple announced the M2 SoC on June 6, 2022, at WWDC, along with a redesigned MacBook Air and a revised 13-inch MacBook Pro and later the sixth-generation iPad Pro and the sixth-generation iPad Air. The M2 is made with TSMC's "enhanced 5-nanometer technology" N5P process and contains 20 billion transistors, a 25% increase from the previous generation M1. The M2 can be configured with up to 24 gigabytes of RAM and 2 terabytes of storage. It has 8 CPU cores (4 performance and 4 efficiency) and up to 10 GPU cores. The M2 also increases the memory bandwidth to 100 GB/s. Apple claims CPU improvements up to 18% and GPU improvements up to 35% compared to the previous M1.²⁸²

Apple M2 Pro

The M2 Pro is a more powerful version of the M2, with six to eight performance cores, four efficiency cores, 16 to 19 GPU cores, 16 Neural Engine cores, up to 32 GB unified RAM with up to 200 GB/s memory bandwidth, and double the transistors. It was announced on January 17, 2023, in a press release and it is used in the 14- and 16-inch 2023 MacBook Pro as well as the Mac Mini. Apple claims the CPU performance is 20 percent faster than the M1 Pro and the GPU is 30 percent faster than the M1 Pro.²⁸³

Apple M2 Max

The M2 Max is a larger version of the M2 Pro, with eight performance cores, four efficiency cores, 30 to 38 GPU cores, 16 Neural Engine cores, up to 96 GB unified RAM with up to 400 GB/s memory bandwidth, and more than double the transistors. It was announced on January 17, 2023, in a press release and it is used in the 14- and 16-inch 2023 MacBook Pro, as well as the Mac Studio.²⁸⁴ Apple claims the CPU performance is 20 percent faster than M1 Max and the GPU is 30 percent faster than the M1 Max.²⁸⁵

Apple M2 Ultra

The M2 Ultra consists of two M2 Max dies connected together by a silicon interposer through Apple's UltraFusion interconnect. It has 134 billion transistors, 16 performance cores, 8 efficiency cores, 60 to 76 GPU cores and 32 Neural Engine cores; it can be configured with up to 192 GB unified RAM of 800 GB/s memory bandwidth. It was announced on June 5, 2023, as an optional upgrade for the Mac Studio and the sole processor for the Mac Pro. Apple claims the M2 Ultra can deliver up to 22 streams of 8K ProRes video playback.²⁸⁶

Apple M3

Main article: Apple M3

Apple announced the M3 series of chips on October 30, 2023, along with the new MacBook Pro and iMac, and later used in the MacBook Air and the seventh-generation iPad Air. The M3 is based on the 3 nm process and contains 25 billion transistors, a 25% increase from the previous generation M2. It has 8 CPU cores (4 performance and 4 efficiency) and up to 10 GPU cores. Apple claims CPU improvements up to 35% and GPU improvements up to 65% compared to the M1.²⁸⁷

Apple M3 Pro

The M3 Pro is a more powerful version of the M3, with five or six performance cores, six efficiency cores, 14 to 18 GPU cores, 16 Neural Engine cores, up to 36 GB unified RAM with 150 GB/s memory bandwidth, and 48% more transistors. It is used in the 14- and 16-inch MacBook Pro. Apple claims the CPU performance is 30 percent faster than the M1 Pro and the GPU is 40 percent faster than the M1 Pro.²⁸⁸

Apple M3 Max

The M3 Max is a larger version of the M3 Pro, with ten or twelve performance cores, four efficiency cores, 30 to 40 GPU cores, 16 Neural Engine cores, up to 128 GB unified RAM with up to 400 GB/s memory bandwidth, and more than double the transistors. It is used in the 14- and 16-inch MacBook Pro. Apple claims the CPU performance is 80 percent faster than the M1 Max and the GPU is 50 percent faster than the M1 Max.²⁸⁹

Apple M3 Ultra

The M3 Ultra consists of two M3 Max dies connected together by a silicon interposer through Apple's UltraFusion interconnect. It has 184 billion transistors, 20 or 24 performance cores, 8 efficiency cores, 60 to 80 GPU cores and 32 Neural Engine cores; it can be configured with up to 512 GB unified RAM of 800 GB/s memory bandwidth. It was announced on March 5, 2025, as an optional upgrade for the Mac Studio. Apple claims the M3 Ultra can deliver up to 24 streams of 8K ProRes video playback.²⁹⁰

Apple M4

Main article: Apple M4

Apple announced the M4 chip on May 7, 2024, along with the seventh-generation iPad Pro; it would later be used for the iMac, Mac Mini, MacBook Pro and MacBook Air. The M4 is based on a "second-generation 3-nanometer" process and contains 28 billion transistors. It has up to 10 CPU cores (3 or 4 performance and 4 or 6 efficiency) and up to 10 GPU cores. Apple claims the M4 has up to 1.5x faster CPU performance compared to the M2.²⁹¹

Apple M4 Pro

The M4 Pro is a more powerful version of the M4, with eight or ten performance cores, four efficiency cores, 16 to 20 GPU cores, 16 Neural Engine cores, and up to 64 GB unified RAM with 273 GB/s memory bandwidth. It is used in the 14- and 16-inch MacBook Pro as well as the Mac Mini. Apple claims the CPU performance is 1.9x faster than the M1 Pro and the GPU is 2x faster than the M1 Pro.²⁹²

Apple M4 Max

The M4 Max is a larger version of the M4 Pro, with ten or twelve performance cores, four efficiency cores, 32 to 40 GPU cores, 16 Neural Engine cores, and up to 128 GB unified RAM with up to 546 GB/s memory bandwidth. It is used in the 14- and 16-inch MacBook Pro as well as the Mac Studio. Apple claims the CPU performance is 2.2x faster than the M1 Max and the GPU is 1.9x faster than the M1 Max.²⁹³

Comparison of M-series processors

R series SoCs

The R series is a family of low-latency system on a chips (SoCs) for real-time processing of sensor inputs.

Apple R1

The Apple R1 was announced by Apple on June 5, 2023, at its Worldwide Developers Conference. It is used in the Apple Vision Pro headset. The Apple R1 is dedicated to the real time processing of sensor inputs and delivering extremely low-latency images to the displays.

S series SiPs

The Apple S series is a family of systems in a package (SiP) used in the Apple Watch and HomePod. It uses a customized application processor that together with memory, storage and support processors for wireless connectivity, sensors, and I/O form a complete computer in a single package.

Apple S1

Main article: Apple S1

The Apple S1 is an integrated computer. It includes memory, storage and support circuits like wireless modems and I/O controllers in a sealed integrated package. It was announced on September 9, 2014, as part of the "Wish we could say more" event. It was used in the first-generation Apple Watch.³¹⁵

Apple S1P

Used in Apple Watch Series 1. It has a dual-core processor identical to the S2, with the exception of the built-in GPS receiver. It contains the same dual-core CPU with the same new GPU capabilities as the S2, making it about 50% faster than the S1.³¹⁶³¹⁷

Apple S2

Main article: Apple S2

Used in the Apple Watch Series 2. It has a dual-core processor and a built-in GPS receiver. The S2's two cores deliver 50% higher performance and the GPU delivers twice as much as the predecessor,³¹⁸ and is similar in performance to the Apple S1P.³¹⁹

Apple S3

Used in the Apple Watch Series 3. It has a dual-core processor that is 70% faster than the Apple S2 and a built-in GPS receiver.³²⁰ There is also an option for a cellular modem and an internal eSIM module.³²¹ It also includes the W2 chip.³²² The S3 also contains a barometric altimeter, the W2 wireless connectivity processor, and in some models UMTS (3G) and LTE (4G) cellular modems served by a built-in eSIM.³²³

Apple S4

Used in the Apple Watch Series 4. It introduced 64-bit ARMv8 cores to the Apple Watch through two Tempest cores,³²⁴³²⁵ which are also found in the A12 as energy-efficient cores. Despite its small size, Tempest uses a 3-wide decode out-of-order superscalar design, which makes it much more powerful than preceding in-order cores.

The S4 contains a Neural Engine that is able to run Core ML.³²⁶ Third-party apps can use it starting from watchOS 6. The SiP also includes new accelerometer and gyroscope functionality that has twice the dynamic range in measurable values of its predecessor, as well as being able to sample data at 8 times the speed.³²⁷ It contains the W3 wireless chip, which supports Bluetooth 5. It also contains a new custom GPU, which can use the Metal API.³²⁸

Apple S5

Used in the Apple Watch Series 5, Watch SE, and HomePod mini.³²⁹ It adds a built-in magnetometer to the custom 64-bit dual-core processor and GPU of the S4.³³⁰

Apple S6

Used in the Apple Watch Series 6. It has a custom 64-bit dual-core processor that runs up to 20 percent faster than the S5.³³¹³³² The dual-cores in the S6 are based on the A13 Bionic's energy-efficient "little" Thunder cores at 1.8 GHz.³³³ Like the S4 and S5, it also contains the W3 wireless chip.³³⁴ The S6 adds the new U1 ultrawide band chip, an always-on altimeter, and 5 GHz WiFi.³³⁵³³⁶

Apple S7

Used in the Apple Watch Series 7 and second-generation HomePod. The S7 CPU has the same T8301 identifier and quoted performance as the S6. It is the second time utilizing the energy-efficient "little" Thunder cores of the A13 Bionic.³³⁷

Apple S8

Used in the Apple Watch SE (2nd generation), Watch Series 8, and Watch Ultra.³³⁸ The S8 CPU has the same T8301 identifier and quoted performance as the S6 and S7. It is the final CPU to utilize the energy-efficient "little" Thunder cores of the A13 Bionic.³³⁹

Apple S9

Used in the Apple Watch Series 9 and Watch Ultra 2. The S9 CPU has a new dual-core CPU with 60 percent more transistors than the S8, a new four-core Neural Engine and the new U2 ultra-wide band chip. The dual-cores in the S9 are based on the A16 Bionic's energy efficient "little" Sawtooth cores.³⁴⁰

Apple S10

Used in the Apple Watch Series 10. The S10 CPU is the second time utilizing the energy-efficient "little" Sawtooth cores of the A16 Bionic.

Comparison of S-series processors

Secure Enclaves

The T series operates as a secure enclave on Intel-based MacBook and iMac computers released from 2016 onwards. The chip processes and encrypts biometric information (Touch ID) and acts as a gatekeeper to the microphone and FaceTime HD camera, protecting them from hacking. The chip runs bridgeOS, a purported variant of watchOS.³⁷⁰ The functions of the T-series processor were built into the M-series CPUs, thus ending the need for the T series.

Apple T1

The Apple T1 chip is an ARMv7 SoC (derived from the processor in the Apple Watch's S2) that drives the System Management Controller (SMC) and Touch ID sensor of the 2016 and 2017 MacBook Pro with Touch Bar.³⁷¹

Apple T2

Main article: Apple T2

The Apple T2 security chip is a SoC first released in the iMac Pro. It is a 64-bit ARMv8 chip (a variant of the A10 Fusion, or T8010).³⁷² It provides a secure enclave for encrypted keys, enables users to lock down the computer's boot process, handles system functions like the camera and audio control, and handles on-the-fly encryption and decryption for the solid-state drive.^373374375 T2 also delivers "enhanced imaging processing" for the iMac Pro's FaceTime HD camera.³⁷⁶³⁷⁷

Comparison of T-series processors

Cellular Modems

The Apple C series is a family of cellular modem chips.

Apple C1

Apple C1 is a cellular modem chip introduced in the iPhone 16e.³⁸⁵ It is built on the N4 process node by TSMC.³⁸⁶ It supports UMTS/HSPA+ and 5G (sub-6 GHz), but lacks DC-HSDPA and mmWave, which are supported by other iPhone 16 models. Apple claims that the C1 is more power efficient than previous iPhone modems and consumes 20–25% less power than the Qualcomm modems used in other iPhone 16 models.³⁸⁷³⁸⁸

Ultra-Wideband

The Apple U series is a family of systems in a package (SiP) implementing ultra-wideband (UWB) radio.

Apple U1

The Apple U1 is used in the iPhone 11 series through the iPhone 14 series (excluding the second and third generation iPhone SE); Apple Watch Series 6 through the Apple Watch Series 8 and Apple Watch Ultra (1st generation); HomePod (2nd generation) and HomePod Mini; AirTag trackers; and the charging case for AirPods Pro (2nd generation).³⁸⁹

Apple U2

The Apple U2 (referred to by Apple as its "Second-generation Ultra Wideband chip") is used in the iPhone 15 series, iPhone 16 series (excluding iPhone 16e), Apple Watch Series 9, Apple Watch Ultra 2 and Apple Watch Series 10.

Comparison of U-series processors

Connectivity (Bluetooth/Wi-Fi)

The Apple W series, starting with the W2, are a family of RF SoCs used for Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connectivity.

Apple W2

The Apple W2, used in the Apple Watch Series 3, is integrated into the Apple S3 SiP. Apple claimed the chip makes Wi-Fi 85% faster and allows Bluetooth and Wi-Fi to use half the power of the W1 implementation.³⁹²

Apple W3

The Apple W3 is used in the Apple Watch Series 4,³⁹³ Series 5,³⁹⁴ Series 6,³⁹⁵ SE (1st generation),³⁹⁶ Series 7, Series 8, SE (2nd generation), Ultra, Series 9, Ultra 2, and Series 10. It is integrated into the Apple S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, and S10 SiPs. It supports Bluetooth 5.0/5.3.

Comparison of W-series processors

Bluetooth Audio

The Apple W1 and the H series are a family of SoCs with Bluetooth wireless connectivity and low-power audio processing for use in headphones and speakers.

Apple W1

The Apple W1 is a SoC used in the 2016 AirPods and select Beats headphones.³⁹⁹⁴⁰⁰ It maintains a Bluetooth⁴⁰¹ Class 1 connection with a computer device and decodes the audio stream that is sent to it.⁴⁰² Its die size is 14.3 mm2.⁴⁰³

Apple H1

The Apple H1 chip was used in the second and third generation AirPods and the first generation AirPods Pro. It was also used in the Powerbeats Pro, the Beats Solo Pro, Beats Fit Pro, the 2020 Powerbeats, and AirPods Max.⁴⁰⁴ Specifically designed for headphones, it has Bluetooth 5.0, supports hands-free "Hey Siri" commands,⁴⁰⁵ and offers 30 percent lower latency than the W1 chip used in earlier AirPods.⁴⁰⁶

Apple H2

The Apple H2 chip was used in the fourth generation AirPods and second generation AirPods Pro. It has Bluetooth 5.3, and implements 48 kHz noise reduction in hardware. The 2022 version of the H2 operates only on the 2.4 GHz frequency, while the 2023 version adds support for audio transmission using a proprietary protocol in two specific frequency ranges of the 5 GHz band.⁴⁰⁷

Comparison of Bluetooth audio processors

Motion Coprocessors

Further information: Apple motion coprocessors

The Apple M-series coprocessors are motion coprocessors used by Apple Inc. in their mobile devices. First released in 2013, their function is to collect sensor data from integrated accelerometers, gyroscopes and compasses and offload the collecting and processing of sensor data from the main central processing unit (CPU).

Only the M7 and M8 coprocessors were housed on separate chips; the M9, M10, and M11 coprocessors were embedded in their corresponding A-series chips. Beginning with the A12 Bionic chip in 2018, the motion coprocessors were fully integrated into the SoC. Apple eventually reused the M-series codename for their desktop SoCs.

Comparison of M-series coprocessors

Miscellaneous devices

This segment is about Apple-designed processors that are not easily sorted into another section.

Early series

See also: Early iPhone systems-on-chip

Apple first used Samsung-developed SoCs in early versions of the iPhone and iPod Touch. They combine in one package a single ARM-based processing core (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), and other electronics necessary for mobile computing.

The APL0098 (also 8900B⁴¹⁵ or S5L8900) is a package on package (PoP) system on a chip (SoC) that was introduced on June 29, 2007, at the launch of the original iPhone. It includes a 412 MHz single-core ARM11 CPU and a PowerVR MBX Lite GPU. It was manufactured by Samsung on a 90 nm process.⁴¹⁶ The iPhone 3G and the first-generation iPod Touch also use it.⁴¹⁷

The APL0278⁴¹⁸ (also S5L8720) is a PoP SoC introduced on September 9, 2008, at the launch of the second-generation iPod Touch. It includes a 533 MHz single-core ARM11 CPU and a PowerVR MBX Lite GPU. It was manufactured by Samsung on a 65 nm process.⁴¹⁹⁴²⁰

The APL0298 (also S5L8920) is a PoP SoC introduced on June 8, 2009, at the launch of the iPhone 3GS. It includes a 600 MHz single-core Cortex-A8 CPU and a PowerVR SGX535 GPU. It was manufactured by Samsung on a 65 nm process.⁴²¹

The APL2298 (also S5L8922) is a 45 nm die shrunk version of the iPhone 3GS SoC⁴²² and was introduced on September 9, 2009, at the launch of the third-generation iPod Touch.

Other

The Samsung S5L8747 is an ARM-based microcontroller used in Apple's Lightning Digital AV Adapter, a Lightning-to-HDMI adapter. This is a miniature computer with 256 MB RAM, running an XNU kernel loaded from the connected iPhone, iPod Touch, or iPad, then taking a serial signal from the iOS device translating that into a proper HDMI signal.⁴²³⁴²⁴

See also

• ARM Cortex-A9
• List of iPhone models
• List of iPad models
• List of Mac models grouped by CPU type
• List of Samsung platforms (SoCs):
  • Exynos (none have been used by Apple)
  • historical (some were used in Apple products)
• PowerVR SGX GPUs were also used in the iPhone 3GS and the third-generation iPod Touch
• PWRficient, a processor designed by P.A. Semi, a company Apple acquired to form an in-house custom chip design department

Similar platforms

• A31 by AllWinner
• Atom by Intel
• BCM2xxxx by Broadcom
• eMAG and Altra by Ampere Computing
• Exynos by Samsung
• i.MX by Freescale Semiconductor
• Jaguar and Puma by AMD
• Kirin by HiSilicon
• MTxxxx by MediaTek
• NovaThor by ST-Ericsson
• OMAP by Texas Instruments
• RK3xxx by Rockchip
• Snapdragon by Qualcomm
• Tegra by Nvidia

Notes

Further reading

• Gurman, Mark (January 29, 2018). "How Apple Built a Chip Powerhouse to Threaten Qualcomm and Intel". Bloomberg Businessweek.

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