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Arthur Getis
American geographer and spatial statistician

Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022) was an American geographer known for his significant contributions to spatial statistics and geographic information science (GIScience). With a career spanning over four decades, Getis authored more than one hundred peer-reviewed papers and book chapters, greatly influencing GIScience and geography as a whole. The Getis-Ord family of statistics, one of the most commonly used in spatial analysis, is based on his and J. Keith Ord's work and is still widely used in the creation of hot spot maps.

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Education and field

Arthur Getis earned both his B.S. and M.S. in Geography from Pennsylvania State University.101112 In 1961, he earned his Ph.D. in geography at University of Washington Department of Geography.131415 Here, he worked as a doctoral student under William Garrison, a prominent geographer and leader of the quantitative revolution in geography.161718 His doctoral dissertation focused on individual behaviors and how they manifest as collective spatial patterns.1920 This experience would set him on a path to researching spatial statistics as they apply to fields such as retail, public health, and crime clustering, among others.2122

Career

Arthur Getis held many academic positions during his four decades-long career. After graduating from the University of Washington, Getis took a position at Michigan State University as an assistant professor where he worked from 1961 to 1963.23 While at Michigan State University, Getis served on the Social Science College Research Committee, and invented a Cartogram that was designed to focus the eye on a particular feature.2425 Getis left MSU for a position at Rutgers University Livingston College in 1963, where he did groundbreaking research in the discipline of spatial analysis.26 In 1977, Gettis took a position in the geography department at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, where he served as department head.27 In 1990, Getis left University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign to work at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he headed a new joint Ph.D. program.2829 In addition to these academic positions, he also held visiting professorships at the University of Bristol and the University of Cambridge.30

During his career, Getis focused his research on spatial descriptive statistics, where he focused on topics like spatial autocorrelation, k-function analysis, and their applications to real-world problems.3132 Working with Keith Ord, he created the innovative and highly influential Getis-Ord family of statistics.333435

Getis collaborated with numerous geographers throughout his career to advance GIScience, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and geography as a whole. With Luc Anselin, Getis worked to explore the then-new technology of GIS. As the concept of computer cartography was only introduced in 1959 by Waldo Tobler, and the term "geographic information systems" introduced in the 1960s by Roger Tomlinson, this research was extremely influential in laying the foundation for GIS, and modern cartography.363738 Getis worked with geographer Michael Goodchild to establish GIScience foundations in academia, advancing the discipline.3940

Getis worked with Manfred M. Fischer to found the Journal of Geographical Systems in 1994.41 This journal focuses on both theoretical and applied spatial modeling, methods, and results.42 Getis served as one of the editors-in-chief for this journal from 1994 to 2007, and as an honorary editor from 2008 until his death in 2022.43

Getis served on the board of directors for the University Consortium for Geographic Information Science (UCGIS) from 1997 to 2001, when he was elected the organization's president, serving between 2001 and 2002.4445 After serving as president of UCGIS, Getis was on the executive committee until 2004.46

Publications

Getis published more than 100 peer-reviewed journals and book chapters during his career that have been cited over 25,000 times, giving him an h-index of 53.4748 His 1963 publication Temporal Land Use Pattern Analysis With the Use of Nearest Neighbor and Quadrat Methods is noteworthy for appearing in the first Michigan Inter-University Community of Mathematical Geographers (MICMOG) series.49 His most influential, and highly cited paper, "Analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics" lead to the creation of the Getis-Ord family of statistics.505152 In addition to these, Getis helped author or edit eleven books, many still widely in use in geography classes.5354 Several of these books were co-authored with his wife, Judy (Marckwardt) Getis, who held a master's degree in geography from Michigan State University and was a respected author.5556

These books include:

  • Getis, Arthur; Bjelland, Mark; Getis, Victoria (2018). Introduction to Geography (15th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-1-259-57000-1.57
  • Fischer, Manfred M.; Getis, Arthur (2010). Handbook of Applied Spatial Analysis: Software Tools, Methods and Applications. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-642-03646-0.
  • Fellmann, Jerome; Bjelland, Mark; Getis, Arthur; Getis, Judith (2009). Human Geography (11 ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-0073522852.
  • Getis, Arthur; Lacambra, J.; Zoller, H., eds. (2004). Spatial Econometrics and Spatial Statistics. Palgrave Macmillan London. ISBN 978-1-4039-0797-4.
  • Getis, Arthur; Getis, Judith; Quastler, Imre (2000). The United States and Canada: The Land and the People (2 ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0072356779.
  • Boots, Barry; Getis, Arthur (1988). Point Pattern Analysis (Scientific Geography Series) (1 ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-0803925885.58
  • Getis, Arthur; Boots, Barry (1978). Models of Spatial Processes: An Approach to the Study of Point, Line and Area Patterns (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521103541.59

Getis-Ord family of statistics

Main article: Getis-Ord Statistics

The most influential work of Getis is his and Keith Ord's creation of the Getis-Ord family of statistics, which includes the Getis-Ord General G60 and Getis-Ord Gi*61 statistic.6263 Based on a 1992 paper titled "The Analysis of Spatial Association by Use of Distance Statistics"64 and a 1995 paper titled "Local Spatial Autocorrelation: Distributional Issues and an Application",65 the Getis-Ord family of statistics are used extensively in spatial statistics.666768 These are used to detect clustering of high or low values within a study area.69 The Getis-Ord family of statistics compliment Moran's I and Geary's C in looking at the spatial autocorrelation of phenomena in a study area.70

The Getis-Ord family of statistics has been applied across a variety of disciplines, including epidemiology/public health, land use, crime analysis, and economics.71 They are used as the basis for "Hot spot analysis," "High/Low clustering analysis," and the creation of "Hot spot" maps by Esri software, such as ArcGIS.727374

Awards and honors

During his career, Getis received many honors and awards.75 These awards include:

Memorials

The Journal of Geographical Systems, and Journal Regional Geography both published memorials for Getis.8283 In 2024, the Journal of Geographical Systems published a special issue titled "Arthur Getis: A LEGEND in Geographical Systems."84

Personal life

Getis was born and raised in Pennsylvania and was the youngest child of Samuel and Sophie (Zeitzew) Getis.85 He met Judith (Marckwardt) Getis while at the University of Washington, who he married in 1961 and had three daughters with.8687 He enjoyed traveling, tennis, bridge, and scrabble.88

See also

References

  1. Fischer, Manfred M. (2022). "In memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)". Journal of Geographical Systems. 24 (3): 281–283. Bibcode:2022JGS....24..281F. doi:10.1007/s10109-022-00390-w. S2CID 250510161. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  2. Fischer, Manfred M. "In Memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)". Regional Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://regionalscience.org/index.php/news/obituaries/item/3035-in-memoriam-professor-arthur-getis-july-6,-1934-%E2%80%93-may-13,-2022.html ↩

  3. Hewings, Geoff. "Dr. Arthur Getis (1934–2022)". UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA-CHAMPAIGN: Department of Geography & Geographic Information Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://ggis.illinois.edu/news/2022-05-18/dr-arthur-getis-1934-2022 ↩

  4. "OBITUARY: Arthur Getis". Dignity Memorial. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/san-diego-ca/arthur-getis-10752410 ↩

  5. Warf, Barney, ed. (2010). "Getis, Arthur (1934-)". Encyclopedia of Geography. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 1275–1275. Retrieved 27 April 2025. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412939591.n498 ↩

  6. "Arthur Getis". University Consortium for Geographic Information Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://www.ucgis.org/arthur-getis ↩

  7. Mitchell, Andy (2005). The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 2 (1 ed.). Esri Press. ISBN 978-1589481169. 978-1589481169 ↩

  8. Getis, Arthur A.; Ord, J. K. (1992). "The Analysis of Spatial Association by Use of Distance Statistics". Geographical Analysis. 24 (3): 189–206. Bibcode:1992GeoAn..24..189G. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  9. Ord, J.K.; Getis, Arthur (1995). "Local Spatial Autocorrelation Statistics: Distributional Issues and an Application". Geographical Analysis. 27 (4): 286–306. Bibcode:1995GeoAn..27..286O. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x ↩

  10. Fischer, Manfred M. (2022). "In memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)". Journal of Geographical Systems. 24 (3): 281–283. Bibcode:2022JGS....24..281F. doi:10.1007/s10109-022-00390-w. S2CID 250510161. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  11. Fischer, Manfred M. "In Memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)". Regional Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://regionalscience.org/index.php/news/obituaries/item/3035-in-memoriam-professor-arthur-getis-july-6,-1934-%E2%80%93-may-13,-2022.html ↩

  12. "OBITUARY: Arthur Getis". Dignity Memorial. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/san-diego-ca/arthur-getis-10752410 ↩

  13. Fischer, Manfred M. (2022). "In memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)". Journal of Geographical Systems. 24 (3): 281–283. Bibcode:2022JGS....24..281F. doi:10.1007/s10109-022-00390-w. S2CID 250510161. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  14. Fischer, Manfred M. "In Memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)". Regional Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://regionalscience.org/index.php/news/obituaries/item/3035-in-memoriam-professor-arthur-getis-july-6,-1934-%E2%80%93-may-13,-2022.html ↩

  15. "OBITUARY: Arthur Getis". Dignity Memorial. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/san-diego-ca/arthur-getis-10752410 ↩

  16. Warf, Barney, ed. (2010). "Getis, Arthur (1934-)". Encyclopedia of Geography. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 1275–1275. Retrieved 27 April 2025. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412939591.n498 ↩

  17. Murray, Alan T. (2023). "The Art of Geographical Analysis". Geographical Analysis. 55 (4): 759–768. Bibcode:2023GeoAn..55..759M. doi:10.1111/gean.12359. S2CID 257360246. Retrieved 9 February 2024. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gean.12359 ↩

  18. "William L. Garrison Award for Best Dissertation in Computational Geography". American Association of Geographers. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://www.aag.org/award-grant/william-l-garrison-award-for-best-dissertation-in-computational-geography/ ↩

  19. Fischer, Manfred M. (2022). "In memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)". Journal of Geographical Systems. 24 (3): 281–283. Bibcode:2022JGS....24..281F. doi:10.1007/s10109-022-00390-w. S2CID 250510161. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  20. Fischer, Manfred M. "In Memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)". Regional Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://regionalscience.org/index.php/news/obituaries/item/3035-in-memoriam-professor-arthur-getis-july-6,-1934-%E2%80%93-may-13,-2022.html ↩

  21. Fischer, Manfred M. (2022). "In memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)". Journal of Geographical Systems. 24 (3): 281–283. Bibcode:2022JGS....24..281F. doi:10.1007/s10109-022-00390-w. S2CID 250510161. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  22. "Arthur Getis". University Consortium for Geographic Information Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://www.ucgis.org/arthur-getis ↩

  23. Arthur, Getis. "Arthur Getis CV" (PDF). Department of Geography. San Diego State University. Retrieved 27 April 2025. https://geog.sdsu.edu/People/Pages/getis/getis_cv.pdf ↩

  24. Arthur, Getis. "Arthur Getis CV" (PDF). Department of Geography. San Diego State University. Retrieved 27 April 2025. https://geog.sdsu.edu/People/Pages/getis/getis_cv.pdf ↩

  25. Bunge, William (1962). Theoretical Geography. Lund Series in Geography. p. 43. ISBN 9789140024565. Retrieved 27 April 2025. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) 9789140024565 ↩

  26. Fischer, Manfred M. (2022). "In memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)". Journal of Geographical Systems. 24 (3): 281–283. Bibcode:2022JGS....24..281F. doi:10.1007/s10109-022-00390-w. S2CID 250510161. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  27. Fischer, Manfred M. (2022). "In memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)". Journal of Geographical Systems. 24 (3): 281–283. Bibcode:2022JGS....24..281F. doi:10.1007/s10109-022-00390-w. S2CID 250510161. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  28. Fischer, Manfred M. (2022). "In memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)". Journal of Geographical Systems. 24 (3): 281–283. Bibcode:2022JGS....24..281F. doi:10.1007/s10109-022-00390-w. S2CID 250510161. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  29. Hewings, Geoff. "Dr. Arthur Getis (1934–2022)". UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA-CHAMPAIGN: Department of Geography & Geographic Information Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://ggis.illinois.edu/news/2022-05-18/dr-arthur-getis-1934-2022 ↩

  30. "OBITUARY: Arthur Getis". Dignity Memorial. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/san-diego-ca/arthur-getis-10752410 ↩

  31. Fischer, Manfred M. (2022). "In memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)". Journal of Geographical Systems. 24 (3): 281–283. Bibcode:2022JGS....24..281F. doi:10.1007/s10109-022-00390-w. S2CID 250510161. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  32. Getis, Arthur (16 July 2008). "A History of the Concept of Spatial Autocorrelation: A Geographer's Perspective". Geographical Analysis. 40 (3): 297–309. Bibcode:2008GeoAn..40..297G. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.2008.00727.x. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1538-4632.2008.00727.x ↩

  33. Warf, Barney, ed. (2010). "Getis, Arthur (1934-)". Encyclopedia of Geography. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 1275–1275. Retrieved 27 April 2025. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412939591.n498 ↩

  34. Fischer, Manfred M. (2022). "In memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)". Journal of Geographical Systems. 24 (3): 281–283. Bibcode:2022JGS....24..281F. doi:10.1007/s10109-022-00390-w. S2CID 250510161. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  35. Mitchell, Andy (2005). The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 2 (1 ed.). Esri Press. ISBN 978-1589481169. 978-1589481169 ↩

  36. Waldo, Tobler (1959). "Automation and Cartography". Geographical Review. 49 (4): 526–534. Bibcode:1959GeoRv..49..526T. doi:10.2307/212211. JSTOR 212211. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  37. Greiner, Lynn (17 December 2007). "Putting Canada on the map: Father of digitized mapping recounts how a stroke of luck led him to develop the world's first geographic information system". The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/putting-canada-on-the-map/article1092101/ ↩

  38. Fischer, Manfred M. (2022). "In memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)". Journal of Geographical Systems. 24 (3): 281–283. Bibcode:2022JGS....24..281F. doi:10.1007/s10109-022-00390-w. S2CID 250510161. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  39. Fischer, Manfred M. (2022). "In memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)". Journal of Geographical Systems. 24 (3): 281–283. Bibcode:2022JGS....24..281F. doi:10.1007/s10109-022-00390-w. S2CID 250510161. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  40. "Arthur Getis". University Consortium for Geographic Information Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://www.ucgis.org/arthur-getis ↩

  41. Warf, Barney, ed. (2010). "Getis, Arthur (1934-)". Encyclopedia of Geography. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 1275–1275. Retrieved 27 April 2025. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412939591.n498 ↩

  42. "Journal of Geographical Systems". Springer. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://www.springer.com/journal/10109 ↩

  43. "Journal of Geographical Systems: Editors". Springer. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://www.springer.com/journal/10109/editors ↩

  44. "Arthur Getis". University Consortium for Geographic Information Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://www.ucgis.org/arthur-getis ↩

  45. Fischer, Manfred M. "In Memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)". Regional Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://regionalscience.org/index.php/news/obituaries/item/3035-in-memoriam-professor-arthur-getis-july-6,-1934-%E2%80%93-may-13,-2022.html ↩

  46. "Arthur Getis". University Consortium for Geographic Information Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://www.ucgis.org/arthur-getis ↩

  47. "Arthur Getis". University Consortium for Geographic Information Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://www.ucgis.org/arthur-getis ↩

  48. Arthur Getis publications indexed by Google Scholar https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=O3aZnqIAAAAJ ↩

  49. Warf, Barney, ed. (2010). "Getis, Arthur (1934-)". Encyclopedia of Geography. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 1275–1275. Retrieved 27 April 2025. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412939591.n498 ↩

  50. Warf, Barney, ed. (2010). "Getis, Arthur (1934-)". Encyclopedia of Geography. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 1275–1275. Retrieved 27 April 2025. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412939591.n498 ↩

  51. Getis, Arthur A.; Ord, J. K. (1992). "The Analysis of Spatial Association by Use of Distance Statistics". Geographical Analysis. 24 (3): 189–206. Bibcode:1992GeoAn..24..189G. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  52. "Arthur Getis". University Consortium for Geographic Information Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://www.ucgis.org/arthur-getis ↩

  53. "OBITUARY: Arthur Getis". Dignity Memorial. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/san-diego-ca/arthur-getis-10752410 ↩

  54. "Arthur Getis". University Consortium for Geographic Information Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://www.ucgis.org/arthur-getis ↩

  55. Hewings, Geoff. "Dr. Arthur Getis (1934–2022)". UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA-CHAMPAIGN: Department of Geography & Geographic Information Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://ggis.illinois.edu/news/2022-05-18/dr-arthur-getis-1934-2022 ↩

  56. "JUDITH GETIS Obituary". Legacy. San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/sandiegouniontribune/name/judith-getis-obituary?id=21539258 ↩

  57. Warf, Barney, ed. (2010). "Getis, Arthur (1934-)". Encyclopedia of Geography. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 1275–1275. Retrieved 27 April 2025. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412939591.n498 ↩

  58. Warf, Barney, ed. (2010). "Getis, Arthur (1934-)". Encyclopedia of Geography. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 1275–1275. Retrieved 27 April 2025. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412939591.n498 ↩

  59. Warf, Barney, ed. (2010). "Getis, Arthur (1934-)". Encyclopedia of Geography. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 1275–1275. Retrieved 27 April 2025. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412939591.n498 ↩

  60. "How High/Low Clustering (Getis-Ord General G) works". Esri. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/tool-reference/spatial-statistics/h-how-high-low-clustering-getis-ord-general-g-spat.htm ↩

  61. "How Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) works". Esri. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/tool-reference/spatial-statistics/h-how-hot-spot-analysis-getis-ord-gi-spatial-stati.htm ↩

  62. Hewings, Geoff. "Dr. Arthur Getis (1934–2022)". UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA-CHAMPAIGN: Department of Geography & Geographic Information Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://ggis.illinois.edu/news/2022-05-18/dr-arthur-getis-1934-2022 ↩

  63. Mitchell, Andy (2005). The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 2 (1 ed.). Esri Press. ISBN 978-1589481169. 978-1589481169 ↩

  64. Getis, Arthur A.; Ord, J. K. (1992). "The Analysis of Spatial Association by Use of Distance Statistics". Geographical Analysis. 24 (3): 189–206. Bibcode:1992GeoAn..24..189G. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  65. Ord, J.K.; Getis, Arthur (1995). "Local Spatial Autocorrelation Statistics: Distributional Issues and an Application". Geographical Analysis. 27 (4): 286–306. Bibcode:1995GeoAn..27..286O. doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x ↩

  66. Fischer, Manfred M. (2022). "In memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)". Journal of Geographical Systems. 24 (3): 281–283. Bibcode:2022JGS....24..281F. doi:10.1007/s10109-022-00390-w. S2CID 250510161. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  67. Hewings, Geoff. "Dr. Arthur Getis (1934–2022)". UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA-CHAMPAIGN: Department of Geography & Geographic Information Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://ggis.illinois.edu/news/2022-05-18/dr-arthur-getis-1934-2022 ↩

  68. "Arthur Getis". University Consortium for Geographic Information Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://www.ucgis.org/arthur-getis ↩

  69. Mitchell, Andy (2005). The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 2 (1 ed.). Esri Press. ISBN 978-1589481169. 978-1589481169 ↩

  70. Fischer, Manfred M. (2022). "In memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)". Journal of Geographical Systems. 24 (3): 281–283. Bibcode:2022JGS....24..281F. doi:10.1007/s10109-022-00390-w. S2CID 250510161. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  71. Fischer, Manfred M. (2022). "In memoriam: Professor Arthur Getis (July 6, 1934 – May 13, 2022)". Journal of Geographical Systems. 24 (3): 281–283. Bibcode:2022JGS....24..281F. doi:10.1007/s10109-022-00390-w. S2CID 250510161. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  72. Mitchell, Andy (2005). The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis, Volume 2 (1 ed.). Esri Press. ISBN 978-1589481169. 978-1589481169 ↩

  73. "How High/Low Clustering (Getis-Ord General G) works". Esri. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/tool-reference/spatial-statistics/h-how-high-low-clustering-getis-ord-general-g-spat.htm ↩

  74. "How Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) works". Esri. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/tool-reference/spatial-statistics/h-how-hot-spot-analysis-getis-ord-gi-spatial-stati.htm ↩

  75. Hewings, Geoff. "Dr. Arthur Getis (1934–2022)". UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA-CHAMPAIGN: Department of Geography & Geographic Information Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://ggis.illinois.edu/news/2022-05-18/dr-arthur-getis-1934-2022 ↩

  76. "RSAI Founder's Medal". Regional Science Association International. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://regionalscience.org/index.php/awards/rsai-founder-s-medal.html ↩

  77. "Arthur Getis". University Consortium for Geographic Information Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023. https://www.ucgis.org/arthur-getis ↩

  78. Warf, Barney, ed. (2010). "Getis, Arthur (1934-)". Encyclopedia of Geography. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 1275–1275. Retrieved 27 April 2025. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412939591.n498 ↩

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