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China Mobile
Chinese state-owned enterprise

China Mobile, a state-owned telecommunications company, operates the largest mobile telecommunications network across mainland China and Hong Kong, serving 945.50 million subscribers as of June 2021. Listed on both the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Hong Kong Stock Exchange, it is the world's largest mobile network operator by subscribers and the largest telecommunications company by revenue. Ranked #25 in Forbes' Global 2000 in 2023, China Mobile had a market value of HK$965 billion as of October 2020, making it the largest red chip company and the largest wireless carrier in China.

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History

Incorporated in 1997 as China Telecom (Hong Kong) Limited,8 China Mobile was born from the 1999 break-up of China Telecommunications Corporation.9 This company continues to provide mobile services, however.10

In May 2008, the company took over China Tietong, a fixed-line telecom11 and the then third-largest broadband ISP in China12 adding Internet services to its core business of mobile services.

In October 2014, Nokia and China Mobile signed a $970 million framework deal for delivery between 2014 and 2015.13

China Mobile is among the state entities which contribute to the China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund, which was established in an effort to decrease China's reliance on foreign semiconductor companies.14: 274  The fund was established in 2014.15: 274 

In December 2021, China Mobile announced that its international arm would cease operations in Canada due to national security concerns by the Canadian government.16

U.S. sanctions

In November 2020, President Donald Trump issued an executive order prohibiting any American company or individual from owning shares in companies that the United States Department of Defense has listed as having links to the People's Liberation Army, which included China Mobile.171819 On 31 December 2020, the New York Stock Exchange announced that it would suspend trading in China Mobile, China Telecom, and China Unicom from 7 to 11 January 2021 and start the delisting process, causing stock values to drop.20 On 4 January the decision to delist was suddenly reversed; two days later, the NYSE said that the delistings would proceed.21 In the aftermath of the delisting, the company announced its decision to raise up to US$8.8 billion ahead of the Shanghai stock exchange listing, according to an official Weibo post by the company.22

In March 2022, the Federal Communications Commission designated China Mobile's U.S. subsidiary, China Mobile International USA, a national security threat.23 In March 2025, the United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party initiated an inquiry into China Mobile and issued subpoenas for company records in April 2025 over security concerns.2425 In June 2025, the FCC stated that China Mobile had failed to cooperate with its probe to determine whether it had evaded sanctions.26

Operations in Russia amid sanctions

China Mobile has faced criticism for continuing its operations in Russia despite the international sanctions imposed on the country following its invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The company's decision aligns with the broader trend of major Chinese firms maintaining business as usual in Russia, as noted by monitoring projects such as Yale's CELI list and the KSE Institute's "Leave Russia" project.272829 Critics argue that this approach undermines global efforts to isolate Russia economically and politically for its actions in Ukraine. Furthermore, concerns have been raised regarding China Mobile's connections to state-owned entities and its role in facilitating cooperation between China and Russia in the telecommunications and media sectors. Such collaborations have been implicated in supporting disinformation campaigns and propaganda, further complicating China Mobile's controversial position in the international arena.303132 International authorities and digital security experts have raised concerns about the widespread use of Hikvision and Dahua (of which China Mobile is a significant shareholder)33 surveillance cameras. According to Ukraine's State Security Service (SBU), hacked cameras have been used to gather intelligence on critical infrastructure and military movements, posing risks during the ongoing conflict with Russia. For instance, in a missile attack on Kyiv on January 2, 2024, two compromised outdoor cameras were allegedly used to guide the strikes.34

Ownership and control

A state-owned enterprise directly controlled by the government of the People's Republic of China35 and also a public company which is listed on the NYSE and the Hong Kong stock exchanges,36 China Mobile has dominated Chinese mobile services since its inception for civilian and military purposes. According to the United States Department of Defense, the company has links to the People's Liberation Army.37 As of 2010, China Mobile controls the vast majority of its domestic mobile services market with a 70% market share.38 China Unicom and China Telecom have 20% and 10% shares, respectively.39

The company likely enjoys substantial protectionist benefits from China's government40 but also experiences frequent government intervention in its business affairs.41 Government control is maintained through a presumably government-owned holding company, China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd. (formerly: China Mobile Communications Corporation; CMCC), that owns 100 percent ownership of China Mobile (HK) Group Limited,42 which in turn holds over seventy percent ownership of China Mobile–the remainder being controlled by public investors.43 Established in 2000,44 CMCC is China Mobile Ltd's current parent company as of 2019.45

China Mobile is one of the "core" central SOEs overseen by State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC).46: 10 

Finances

The key trends for China Mobile are (as of the financial year ending December 31):47

Revenue(HKD billions)Net income(HKD billions)Total assets(HKD billions)Employees(thousands)
20188731401,752459
20198461211,822456
20208631212,049454
20211,0221402,252450
20221,0901462,173451
20231,1151462,193452
20241,1281502,243455

Services

Rural services

China Mobile was one of six state-owned companies that implemented the Connecting Every Village Project, which the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology began in 2004 to promote universal access to telecommunication and internet services in rural China.48: 24–25  The MIIT required that China Mobile and the other state-owned companies build the communications infrastructure and assist in financing the project.49: 25  As of December 2019, 135 million rural households had used broadband internet.50: 25  The program successfully extended internet infrastructure throughout rural China and promoted development of the internet.51: 25 

China Mobile has historically held a greater share of the rural market than competitors.52 By 2006, its network had expanded to provide reception to 97% of the Chinese population,53 and the company has since seen a sustained stream of new, rural mobile customers.54

It also offers services targeted at the rural market including an agricultural information service, which facilitates a variety of activities such as the sale and purchase of agricultural products, access to market prices for produce and crops, wire transfers, bank withdrawals, and payments, etc.55

Overseas activities

The company branched out in 2007 with the purchase of Paktel in Pakistan56 launching the Zong brand there a year later.57

In 2013, China Mobile eyed expansion into Myanmar expressing interest in bidding for one of two licences on offer in a partnership with Vodafone although this plan ultimately fell through.58

Digital barrier removal

In 2023, China Mobile's digital wallet users were able to make payments by scanning WeChat QR codes as part of a program to remove barriers between the ecosystems of technology companies in China.59

Brands

Mainland China

Mobile services are available in Mainland China under several brands as of 2007.60 As of 2013, the below brands are scheduled to be slowly phased out and replaced by an all-encompassing new brand name—And61—whose logo combines an exclamation point, the Chinese character for "peace" (和; Hé), as well as the English word "and".62

GoTone

(Chinese: 全球通; pinyin: Quánqiútōng Rough translation: "Global Connect"): subscription63 flagship brand64

M-zone

(Chinese: 动感地带; pinyin: Dònggǎndìdài Rough translation: "Dynamic Area"): a premium prepaid service popular with youths65

Easyown

(Chinese: 神州行; pinyin: Shénzhōuxíng Rough translation: "Travel across China"66 (lit. "travel the holy states")): a basic prepaid mobile phone service more heavily marketed in rural areas67

G3

A 3G service brand using TD-SCDMA68 (likely introduced post-2007)

and!和

A 4G/LTE service brand using TD-LTE

Hong Kong

CMHK is a wholly owned subsidiary of China Mobile. It offers GSM, GPRS, EDGE, HSPA+ (MVNO), FD-LTE and TD-LTE technologies to customers in this the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.69

Pakistan

Main article: Zong Pakistan

Zong is China Mobile's brand in Pakistan and is operated by China Mobile Pakistan (CMPak), a subsidiary.70

United Kingdom

In December 2017, China Mobile launched a MVNO service in the UK called CMLink. CMLink is aimed at the Chinese population living in the UK and Chinese visitors and students. Plans include free calls to China Mobile phones in China.71

Singapore

In June 2020, China Mobile launched a MVNO service called CMLink. It uses Singtel networks, which is one of Singapore's largest mobile network operator.

CMLink is aimed at the Chinese population living in the Singapore and Chinese visitors and students. Plans include free calls to China Mobile phones in China.72

Network

China Mobile operates a GSM network,73 which encompasses all 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and directly administered municipalities in mainland China and includes Hong Kong, too.74 GPRS is utilized for data transmission.75

3G

Marketed as "G3", the company controls 70% of the Chinese mobile market but a far smaller percentage of the 3G market.76 As of May 2012, its nearly 60 million 3G subscribers account for roughly 9% of its total subscriber base,77 which is an increase from 3% in 2010.78

Its 3G network, still under construction in 2010, utilizes the TD-SCDMA standard, which China Mobile helped develop. 3G service is available in all of the 4 direct-controlled municipalities and most of the 283 prefecture-level cities in China as of 2010.79

4G

Marketed as "and和", as of 2010, China Mobile has debuted small-scale 4G demonstration networks using a variant of 3GPP's Long Term Evolution, TD-LTE, and has plans for larger, citywide demonstration networks in the future.80 As of May 2012, such networks are in operation.81

While prior iPhone models could not use the China Mobile network due to the chipset relying on WCDMA-based networks, talks to carry the then unreleased 4G iPhone (iPhone 5) began in mid-2012.82 The iPhone 5c and iPhone 5s were sold through China Mobile starting in January 2014.83

5G

China Mobile is developing a 5G service. As part of this development, Huawei has been awarded 52 percent of 5G contracts in 2023 (estimated at 45,426 base stations).84

Everest

In 2003 and again in 2007, China Mobile provided mobile services on Mount Everest.85

Spratly Isles coverage

In May 2011, China Mobile announced its network now includes the controversial Spratly Islands.86

See also

  • Companies portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to China Mobile.

References

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