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CentOS
Linux distribution based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux

CentOS Stream succeeded the discontinued CentOS, which was a free and open-source Linux distribution compatible with Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). Initially released in 2004, CentOS supported various architectures including x86-64, ARM64, and POWER8. In 2014, CentOS joined Red Hat but remained independent from RHEL. After Red Hat ended CentOS development in 2020, new RHEL derivatives emerged, such as AlmaLinux by CloudLinux and Rocky Linux, founded by one of CentOS’s original creators, continuing CentOS’s mission as community-supported platforms.

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History

CentOS originated as a build of CAOS Linux, an RPM-based Linux distribution started by Gregory Kurtzer in 2002.192021 Infiscale described its GravityOS as "[including] the small footprint of Caos",22 indicating a certain level of influence from the discontinued distribution.

In June 2006, David Parsley, the primary developer of Tao Linux (another RHEL clone), announced the retirement of Tao Linux and its rolling into CentOS development. Tao users migrated to the CentOS release via yum update.23

In July 2009, it was reported in an open letter on the CentOS Project web site that one of CentOS's founders, Lance Davis, had disappeared in 2008. Davis had ceased contribution to the project, but continued to hold the registration for the CentOS domain and PayPal account. In August 2009, the CentOS team reportedly made contact with Davis and obtained the centos.info and centos.org domains.24

In July 2010, CentOS overtook Debian to become the most popular Linux distribution for web servers, with almost 30% of all Linux web servers using it.25 Debian retook the lead in January 2012.26

In January 2014, Red Hat announced that it would sponsor the CentOS Project, "helping to establish a platform well-suited to the needs of open source developers that integrate technologies in and around the operating system".27 As a result of these changes, ownership of CentOS trademarks was transferred to Red Hat,28 which now employs most of the CentOS head developers; however, they work as part of Red Hat's Open Source and Standards team, which operates separately from the Red Hat Enterprise Linux team.29 A new CentOS governing board was also established.30

On 8 December 2020, the CentOS Project announced that the distribution would be discontinued at the end of 2021 in order to focus on CentOS Stream.31 The community's response to this announcement was overwhelmingly negative. Soon thereafter, Gregory Kurtzer (one of CentOS's founders) announced a new project to continue the original CentOS focus, which became known as Rocky Linux.32 CloudLinux created AlmaLinux to provide a community-supported successor to CentOS Linux, aiming for binary-compatibility with the current version of RHEL.33 A beta version of AlmaLinux was first released on February 1, 2021,34 and the first stable release of AlmaLinux was published on March 30, 2021.35 A beta version of Rocky Linux was released on April 30, 2021,36 and subsequently on June 21, 2021, the stable release of Rocky Linux 8.4 was released.37

Design

CentOS developers use Red Hat's source code to create a final product very similar to RHEL. Red Hat's branding and logos are changed because Red Hat does not allow them to be redistributed.38 CentOS is available free of charge. Technical support is primarily provided by the community via official mailing lists, web forums, and chat rooms.

The project is affiliated with Red Hat but aspires to be more public, open, and inclusive. While Red Hat employs most of the CentOS head developers, the CentOS Project itself relies on donations from users and organizational sponsors.39

Versioning and releases

CentOS releases

CentOS version numbers for releases older than 7.0 have two parts, a major version and a minor version, which correspond to the major version and update set of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) used to build a particular CentOS release. For example, CentOS 6.5 is built from the source packages of RHEL 6 update 5 (also known as RHEL version 6.5), which is a so-called "point release" of RHEL 6.40

Starting with version 7.0, CentOS version numbers also include a third part that indicates the monthstamp of the source code the release is based on. For example, version number 7.0-1406 still maps this CentOS release to the zeroth update set of RHEL 7, while "1406" indicates that the source code this release is based on dates from June 2014. Using the monthstamp allows installation images to be reissued for (as of July 2014[update]) oncoming container and cloud releases, while maintaining a connection to the related base release version.41

Since mid-2006 and starting with RHEL version 4.4, which is formally known as Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.0 update 4, Red Hat has adopted a version-naming convention identical to that used by CentOS (for example, RHEL 4.5 or RHEL 6.5).42

On 10 September 2019 CentOS deferred CentOS 8.1 work for CentOS 7.7 since CentOS 7.x was in production and CentOS 8.x was not in production. Once CentOS 7.7 was released resources moved back to CentOS 8.0.

On 24 September 2019 CentOS officially released CentOS version 8.0. Since CentOS was discontinued at the end of 2021, its final release was version 8.5 (2021-11-16). In contrast, its RHEL counterpart continued to version 8.10 (as of 2024-09).

End-of-support schedule

According to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) life cycle,43 CentOS 5, 6 and 7 will be "maintained for up to 10 years" as it is based on RHEL.44 Previously, CentOS 4 had been supported for seven years.45

CentOSversionReleasedateFullupdates4647Maintenanceupdates4849
32004-03-192006-07-202010-10-31 50
42005-03-092009-03-312012-02-295152
52007-04-122014-01-312017-03-315354
62011-11-272017-05-102020-11-3055
72014-07-072020-08-062024-06-3056
82019-09-242021-12-3157

Older version information

CentOS versionArchitecturesRHEL baseKernelCentOS release dateRHEL release dateDelay (days)
2.1IA-322.12.4.92004-05-14582002-05-1759728
3.1IA-32, x86-64, IA-64, s390, s390x3.12.4.21-152004-03-19602003-10-2361148
3.3IA-32, x86-64, IA-64, s390, s390x3.32.4.21-202004-09-172004-09-0314
3.4IA-32, x86-64, IA-64, s390, s390x3.42.4.21-272005-01-232004-12-1242
3.5IA-323.52.4.21-322005-06-10622005-05-1823
3.6IA-323.62.4.21-372005-11-01632005-09-2834
3.7IA-32, x86-64, IA-64, s390, s390x3.72.4.21-402006-04-10642006-03-1723
3.8IA-32, x86-643.82.4.21-472006-08-25652006-07-2036
3.9IA-32, x86-64, IA-64, s390, s390x3.92.4.21-502007-07-26662007-06-1541
4.0IA-32, x86-64, various4.02.6.9-52005-03-09672005-02-146823
4.1IA-32, IA-64, s3904.12.6.9-112005-06-12692005-06-084
4.2IA-32, x86-64, IA-64, s390, s390x, alpha4.22.6.9-222005-10-13702005-10-058
4.3IA-32, x86-64, IA-64, s390, s390x4.32.6.9-342006-03-21712006-03-129
4.4IA-32, x86-644.42.6.9-422006-08-30722006-08-1020
4.5IA-32, x86-64, IA-644.52.6.9-552007-05-17732007-05-0116
4.6IA-32, x86-64, IA-64, Alpha, s390, s390x, PowerPC (beta), SPARC (beta)4.62.6.9-672007-12-16742007-11-167530
4.7IA-32, x86-644.72.6.9-782008-09-13762008-07-247751
4.8IA-32, x86-644.82.6.9-892009-08-21782009-05-187995
4.9IA-32, x86-644.92.6.9-1002011-03-02802011-02-168114
5.0IA-32, x86-645.02.6.18-82007-04-12822007-03-148328
5.1IA-32, x86-645.12.6.18-532007-12-02842007-11-078525
5.2IA-32, x86-645.22.6.18-922008-06-24862008-05-218734
5.3IA-32, x86-645.32.6.18-1282009-03-31882009-01-208969
5.4IA-32, x86-645.42.6.18-1642009-10-21902009-09-029149
5.5IA-32, x86-645.52.6.18-1942010-05-14922010-03-319344
5.6IA-32, x86-645.62.6.18-2382011-04-08942011-01-139585
5.7IA-32, x86-645.72.6.18-2742011-09-13962011-07-219754
5.8IA-32, x86-645.82.6.18-3082012-03-07982012-02-219915
5.9IA-32, x86-645.92.6.18-3482013-01-171002013-01-0710110
5.10IA-32, x86-645.102.6.18-3712013-10-191022013-09-3010319
5.11IA-32, x86-645.112.6.18-3982014-09-301042014-09-1610514
6.0106IA-32, x86-646.02.6.32-712011-07-101072010-11-10108242
6.1IA-32, x86-646.12.6.32-1312011-12-091092011-05-19110204
6.2IA-32, x86-646.22.6.32-2202011-12-201112011-12-0611214
6.3113IA-32, x86-646.32.6.32-2792012-07-091142012-06-2111518
6.4IA-32, x86-646.42.6.32-3582013-03-091162013-02-2111715
6.5IA-32, x86-646.52.6.32-4312013-12-011182013-11-2111910
6.6IA-32, x86-646.62.6.32-5042014-10-281202014-10-1412114
6.7IA-32, x86-646.72.6.32-5732015-08-071222015-07-2212316
6.8IA-32, x86-646.82.6.32-6422016-05-251242016-05-1012515
6.9IA-32, x86-646.92.6.32-6961262017-04-051272017-03-2112815
6.10129IA-32, x86-646.102.6.32-7541302018-07-031312018-06-1913214
CentOS version 7
CentOS versionArchitecturesRHEL baseKernelCentOS release dateRHEL release dateDelay (days)
7.0-1406133x86-641341357.03.10.0-1232014-07-071362014-06-1013727
7.1-1503x86-647.13.10.0-2292015-03-311381392015-03-0514026
7.2-1511x86-647.23.10.0-3272015-12-141411422015-11-1914325
7.3-1611x86-647.33.10.0-5142016-12-121442016-11-0314539
7.4-1708x86-647.43.10.0-6932017-09-131462017-07-3114714843
7.5-1804x86-647.53.10.0-8622018-05-101492018-04-1015015131
7.6-1810x86-647.63.10.0-9572018-12-031522018-10-3015315434
7.7-1908x86-647.73.10.0-10622019-09-171552019-08-0615615742
7.8-2003x86-647.83.10.0-11272020-04-271582020-03-3015916028
7.9-2009x86-647.93.10.0-11602020-11-121612020-09-2916216344

Latest version information

CentOS version 8
CentOS versionArchitecturesRHEL baseKernelCentOS release dateRHEL release dateDelay (days)
8.0-1905x86-64, ppc64le, AArch648.04.18.0-802019-09-241642019-05-07165166140
8.1-19118.14.18.0-1472020-01-151672019-11-0516816971
8.2-20048.24.18.0-1932020-06-151702020-04-2817117248
8.3-20118.34.18.0-2402020-12-071732020-11-0317417534
8.4-21058.44.18.0-3052021-06-031762021-05-1817717816
8.5-21118.54.18.0-3482021-11-162021-11-097

AltArch releases

AltArch releases are released by the Alternative Architecture Special Interest Group (AltArch SIG) to support architectures that are not supported by the base CentOS releases.

CentOS versionArchitecturesRHEL baseCentOS release date
7.1-1503AArch647.12015-08-04179
IA-322015-10-12180
7.2-1511IA-327.22015-12-19181
ARMv7hl2015-12-19182
PowerPC64 (TechPreview)2015-12-19183
POWER8 (le) (TechPreview)2015-12-19184
7.3-1611ARMv7hl7.32016-12-14
POWER8 (le)2016-12-22
AArch642017-01-04
IA-322017-01-27
7.4-1708ARMv7hl7.42017-09-13185
POWER8 (le)2017-09-14186
POWER72017-09-14187
AArch642017-09-13188
IA-322017-10-12189
7.5-1804ARMv7hl7.52018-05-10190
POWER8 LE2018-05-10191
POWER72018-05-10192
AArch642018-05-10193
IA-322018-05-10194
7.6-1810ARMv7hl7.62018-12-03195
POWER8 (le)2018-12-03196
PowerPC92018-12-03197
AArch642018-12-03198
IA-322018-12-03199
7.7-1908ARMv7hl7.72019-09-17200
POWER72019-09-17201
POWER8 (le)2019-09-17202
POWER92019-09-17203
AArch642019-09-17204
IA-322019-09-17205

Add-ons releases

Software Collections (SCL) is a CentOS repository that provides a set of programming languages, database servers, and various related packages. Provided software versions are either more recent than their equivalent versions included in the base CentOS distribution, or are made available as official CentOS packages for the first time.206 (See also the list of CentOS repositories below.)

Packages available from the SCL do not replace the default system tools provided with CentOS. Instead, a parallel set of tools is installed in the /opt directory, and can be optionally enabled per application by using supplied scl utility. For example, the default versions of Perl or MySQL remain those provided by the base CentOS installation.207

Add-on nameArchitecturesBase CentOS versionCentOS release dateRHEL release dateDelay (days)
Software Collections (SCL) 1.0208x86-646.4, 6.52092014-02-192102013-09-12211160
Developer Toolset 2.0212IA-32, x86-646.42132013-09-12214

Releases without upstream equivalents

Some of the ISO images released by the CentOS Project have no direct upstream equivalents. They are created for specific purposes, such as for providing a live bootable image, or for providing a reduced-size installation medium. In addition to those listed below, there are also AltArch releases, which also have no direct upstream equivalents.

LiveCD and LiveDVD images contain a bootable compressed file system, created by a set of custom scripts215 using a kickstart configuration file.216 These live images can be also installed to hard disk, thus obtaining a fully functional CentOS installation. The set of packages installed that way on a hard disk can not be adjusted during the installation, as that is a simple transfer of the image existing on CD/DVD, to a hard disk. After booting from hard disk, yum can be used for adding or removing packages.217

MinimalCD images contain a minimum of packages required for a functional installation, with no compromises in security or network usability. These minimal images use the standard CentOS installer with all of its regular features minus the selection of packages. Yum can be used after the installation is completed to add or remove packages.218219

CentOS versionRelease nameArchitecturesRHEL baseCentOS release date
4.7ServerIA-32, x86-644.72008-10-17220
5.1Live CDIA-325.12008-02-18221
5.2Live CDIA-325.22008-07-17222
5.3Live CDIA-325.32009-05-27223
5.5Live CDIA-32, x86-645.52010-05-14224
5.6Live CDIA-32, x86-645.62011-04-08225
6.0Live CDIA-32, x86-646.02011-07-25226
Live DVD2011-07-27227
Minimal CD2011-07-28228
6.1Live CDIA-32, x86-646.12011-12-09229
Live DVD2011-12-09230
Minimal CD2011-12-09231
6.2Live CDIA-32, x86-646.22011-12-20232
Live DVD2011-12-20233
Minimal CD2011-12-20234
6.3Minimal CDIA-32, x86-646.32012-07-09235
Live CD2012-07-15
Live DVD2012-07-15
6.4Minimal CDIA-32, x86-646.42013-03-09236
Live CD2013-05-22237
Live DVD2013-05-22238
6.5Minimal CDIA-32, x86-646.52013-12-01239
Live CD2013-12-01240
Live DVD2013-12-01241
6.6Minimal CDIA-32, x86-646.62014-10-28242
6.7Minimal CDIA-32, x86-646.72015-08-07243
Live CD2015-08-11244
Live DVD2013-08-11245
6.8Minimal CDIA-32, x86-646.82016-05-25246
Live CD2016-05-25247
Live DVD2016-05-25248
6.9Minimal CDIA-32, x86-646.92017-04-05249
Live DVD2017-04-05250
6.10Minimal CDIA-32, x86-646.102018-07-03251
Live DVD2018-07-03252
7.0-1406253Minimalx86-647.02014-07-21254
Live CD2014-07-07255
Gnome Live2014-07-07256
KDE Live2014-07-07257
7.1-1503258Minimalx86-647.12015-03-31259
Live CD2015-03-31260
Gnome Live2015-03-31261
KDE Live2015-03-31262
7.2-1511263Minimalx86-647.22015-12-14264
Gnome Live2015-12-14265
KDE Live2015-12-14266
7.3-1611267Minimalx86-647.32016-12-12268
Gnome Live2016-12-12269
KDE Live2016-12-12270
7.4-1708271Minimalx86-647.42017-09-13272
Gnome Live2017-09-13273
KDE Live2017-09-13274
7.5-1804275Minimalx86-647.52018-05-10276
Gnome Live2018-05-10277
KDE Live2018-05-10278
7.6-1810279Minimalx86-647.62018-12-03280
Gnome Live2018-12-03281
KDE Live2018-12-03282
7.7-1908283Minimalx86-647.72019-09-17284
Gnome Live2019-09-17285
KDE Live2019-09-17286

Special interest groups

Special interest groups (SIGs) are organized portions of the CentOS community that open paths for building specialized variants of CentOS, which fulfill specific sets of requirements. SIGs have the freedom to modify and enhance CentOS in various ways, including adding more cutting-edge software, rebuilding existing packages depending on the requirements, providing alternative desktop environments, or making CentOS available on otherwise unsupported architectures.287

Architectures

As of version 8, CentOS fully supports x86-64, POWER8 and 64-bit ARM architectures,288 while the following architectures are not supported:

As of December 2015[update], AltArch releases of CentOS 7 are available for the ARMv7hl and AArch64 variants of the ARM architecture,289 and plans exist for supporting other variants of the ARM architecture. ARM support is a community effort coordinated through the AltArch SIG.290291 AltArch releases of CentOS 7 are also available for the IA-32 architecture and Power ISA (POWER7 and POWER8 chips).292

A Live CD version of CentOS is available at mirror.centos.org. A bootable Live USB image of CentOS can be created manually or with UNetbootin.

CentOS images are also available on Amazon's EC2 cloud, in form of prebuilt and already published Amazon Machine Images (AMIs).293294

Repositories

There are three primary CentOS repositories (also known as channels), containing software packages that make up the main CentOS distribution:295

  • base : contains packages that form CentOS point releases, and gets updated when the actual point release is formally made available in form of ISO images.
  • updates : contains packages that serve as security, bugfix or enhancement updates, issued between the regular update sets for point releases. Bugfix and enhancement updates released this way are only those unsuitable to be released through the CentOS-Fasttrack repository described below.296297
  • addons : provides packages required for building the packages that make up the main CentOS distribution, but are not provided by the upstream.298

The CentOS Project provides several additional repositories that contain software packages not provided by the default base and updates repositories. Those repositories include the following:299

  • CentOS Extras : contains packages that provide additional functionality to CentOS without breaking its upstream compatibility or updating the base components.
  • CentOSPlus : contains packages that actually upgrade certain base CentOS components, changing CentOS so that it is not exactly like the upstream provider's content.
  • CentOS-Testing : serves as a proving ground for packages on their way to CentOSPlus and CentOS Extras. Offered packages may or may not replace core CentOS packages, and are not guaranteed to work properly.
  • CentOS-Fasttrack : contains bugfix and enhancement updates issued from time to time, between the regular update sets for point releases. The packages released this way serve as close candidates for the inclusion into the next point release. This repository does not provide security updates, and does not contain packages unsuitable for uncertain inclusion into point releases.300301302
  • CR (Continuous Release) : makes generally available packages that will appear in the next point release of CentOS. The packages are made available on a testing and hotfix basis, until the actual point release is formally released in form of ISO images.303
  • debuginfo : Contains packages with debugging symbols generated when the primary packages were built.
  • contrib : Contains packages contributed by CentOS users that do not overlap with any of the core distribution packages.
  • Software Collections : Provides versions of software newer than those provided by the base distribution, see above for more details.

CentOS Stream

Main article: CentOS Stream

Wikinews has related news:
  • Red Hat to move focus away from CentOS in favour of Stream; CentOS team discuss implications with Wikinews

CentOS Stream is a "continuously delivered distro that tracks just ahead of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) development, positioned as a midstream between Fedora Linux and RHEL."304 which is designed for "anyone interested in participating and collaborating in the RHEL ecosystem".305

Because prior CentOS releases were derived directly from RHEL (RHEL was essentially upstream of CentOS), Stream thus represents a change from prior CentOS releases, being situated between the upstream development in Fedora and the downstream development for RHEL. That said, CentOS Stream 9 and RHEL 9 started from the same codebase306 and thus CentOS Stream could reasonably be seen as "closer" to RHEL than Fedora.

The initial release, CentOS Stream 8, was released on 24 September 2019, at the same time as CentOS 8.307 As CentOS 8 became unsupported, The CentOS Project provided a simple means of converting from CentOS Linux 8 to CentOS Stream 8.308

Notes

Further reading

  • Membrey, Peter (2009). The Definitive Guide to CentOS. Apress. ISBN 978-1-4302-1930-9.
  • Negus, Christopher; Timothy Boronczyk (2009). CentOS Bible. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-48165-3.

References

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  2. "CentOS Forums - Index page". centos.org. Retrieved 10 September 2019. https://www.centos.org/forums/

  3. "Frequently Asked Questions about CentOS in general: 1. What is CentOS Linux?". centos.org. 12 October 2014. Archived from the original on 12 September 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20190912091748/https://wiki.centos.org/FAQ/General#head-4b2dd1ea6dcc1243d6e3886dc3e5d1ebb252c194

  4. "Red hat + CentOS". Red Hat. Retrieved 15 April 2014. https://community.redhat.com/centos-faq/

  5. Karanbir Singh (7 January 2014). "CentOS Project joins forces with Red Hat". centos.org. Retrieved 8 January 2014. http://lists.centos.org/pipermail/centos-announce/2014-January/020100.html

  6. "CentOS Governance". centos.org. 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014. http://www.centos.org/about/governance/

  7. Karanbir Singh (9 December 2014). "Karanbir Singh: CentOS Linux: A Continuously integrating platform". Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2016 – via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jhHtpdQQEPY

  8. John Newbigin (14 May 2004). "CentOS-2 Final finally released". centos.org. Retrieved 1 June 2008. http://lists.centos.org/pipermail/centos/2004-May/000153.html

  9. Singh, Karanbir (19 December 2015). "[CentOS-announce] Release for CentOS AltArch 7 (1511)". Retrieved 24 December 2015. https://lists.centos.org/pipermail/centos-announce/2015-December/021556.html

  10. Perrin, Jim (4 August 2015). "[CentOS-announce] Release for CentOS 7 on AArch64". Retrieved 1 November 2015. https://lists.centos.org/pipermail/centos-announce/2015-August/021275.html

  11. Karanbir Singh (24 September 2019). "[CentOS-announce] Release for CentOS Linux 8 and CentOS Streams". centos.org. Retrieved 26 September 2019. https://lists.centos.org/pipermail/centos-announce/2019-September/023449.html

  12. "The killing of CentOS Linux: 'The CentOS board doesn't get to decide what Red Hat engineering teams do'". The Register. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021. https://www.theregister.com/2021/01/26/killing_centos/

  13. "CentOS Linux is dead—and Red Hat says Stream is "not a replacement"". 10 December 2020. https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2020/12/centos-shifts-from-red-hat-unbranded-to-red-hat-beta/

  14. "Where do I go now that CentOS Linux is gone? Check our list". 11 December 2020. https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2020/12/centos-linux-is-gone-but-its-refugees-have-alternatives/

  15. "Why Red Hat killed CentOS—a CentOS board member speaks". 26 January 2021. https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/01/on-the-death-of-centos-red-hat-liaison-brian-exelbierd-speaks/

  16. Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. "CentOS Linux 8 is about to die. What do you do next?". ZDNet. Retrieved 22 December 2021. https://www.zdnet.com/article/centos-linux-8-is-about-to-die-what-do-you-do-next/

  17. Vinogradov, Alexander. "Announcing Open-sourced & Community-Driven RHEL Fork by CloudLinux". cloudlinux.com. Retrieved 28 January 2021. https://blog.cloudlinux.com/announcing-open-sourced-community-driven-rhel-fork-by-cloudlinux

  18. Anderson, Tim (10 December 2020). "Rocky Linux is go: CentOS founder's new project aims to be 100% compatible with Red Hat Enterprise Linux". The Register. Retrieved 12 December 2020. https://www.theregister.com/2020/12/10/rocky_linux

  19. Jeffrey B. Layton (5 February 2009). "Caos NSA and Perceus: All-in-one Cluster Software Stack". Linux Magazine. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20150210040738/http://www.linux-mag.com/id/7239/

  20. "Gregory M. Kurtzer". gmkurtzer.github.io. https://gmkurtzer.github.io/

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