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Comparison of video container formats
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These tables compare features of multimedia container formats, most often used for storing or streaming digital video or digital audio content. To see which multimedia players support which container format, look at comparison of media players.

General information

General information about video container formats
FormatFilename extensionOwner or creatorInitial releaseLicense1VBR audioVFRHardware playersStreaming2Metadata3Chapters
Matroska.mkv, .mk3d4CoreCodec52002-12Freely licensed6Yes7Yes8Yes9Yes10Yes11Yes12
MPEG-4 Part 14 (MP4).mp4, .m4v13MPEG2001-10Patent encumbered14YesYesYesYesYesNot standard15
QuickTime File Format (QTFF).mov, .qtApple Inc.1991-12Proprietary16YesYesYesYesYesYes
Advanced Systems Format (ASF).asf, .wmv17Microsoft1996-09Royalties on codecs18YesYesYesYes19YesYes
Audio Video Interleave (AVI).aviMicrosoft1992-11Proprietary20Yes21Yes22YesNoYesNeeds alterations
Material Exchange Format (MXF).mxfSMPTE2004-09Patent-free23YesYesNoYes24YesNo
MPEG program stream (PS).m2p, .ps25MPEG1993-08Patent-free26YesYes27YesNoNoNo
MPEG transport stream (TS).ts, .tsv2829MPEG1995-07Patent-free30YesYesYesYesNoNo
BDAV MPEG-2 transport stream (M2TS).m2ts, .mtsBDA2004-08Patent encumberedYesYesYesWith DVB31Needs multiple files32Needs multiple files33
Video Object (VOB).vobDVD Forum1996-11Patent encumberedYesYesYesNoNoNeeds multiple files34
Enhanced VOB (EVO).evoDVD Forum2006-03Patent encumbered35YesYesYesNoNoNeeds multiple files36
3GPP (3GP).3gp3GPP2003-04Patent encumberedYesYesYesYes37YesNo
3GPP2 (3G2).3g23GPP22004-01Patent encumberedYesYesYesYesYesNo
Flash Video (F4V).f4v38Adobe Inc.2007-12Patent encumberedYesYesYesYesYesYes39
Flash Video (FLV).flvAdobe Inc.2003-09Proprietary40Yes41YesYesWith RTMPYesYes42
Ogg.ogv, .ogx43Xiph.Org2003-05Open source44YesYesYesYes45Yes46As Vorbis comments47
WebM.webmGoogle2010-05Royalty-free48YesYesYesYesYes49Yes50
RealMedia Variable Bitrate (RMVB).rmvbRealNetworks2003ProprietaryYesYesYesYesYes51No
DivX Media Format (DMF).divxDivX, Inc.2005-06ProprietaryYesYesYesYesYesYes

Support level legend:  Full   Indirect, lossless   Partial   Depends on setup   None 

Some features are only supported by a few containers:

  • Attachments (additional files, such as fonts for subtitles) are only supported in Matroska,52 MP4 and QTFF. M2TS supports attachments as multiple files in a specific file structure: fonts for subtitles are in .otf files in the /BDMV/AUXDATA/ directory.
  • Interactive menus are only supported in MP4, QTFF, M2TS, EVO and DMF. VOB supports interactive menus as multiple files in a specific file structure for encoding DVD content, requiring a companion .ifo file. Matroska has been planning to support interactive menus as part of a draft specification since 2004.53
  • Digital 3D is only supported at the container format level in Matroska,54 MXF55 and WebM (some stereo modes).56 M2TS supports Digital 3D as multiple files in a specific file structure for encoding stereoscopic video: MVC stereoscopic data is in .ssif files in the /BDMV/STREAM/SSIF/ directory and require a respective base .m2ts file. Digital 3D in QTFF and ASF is possible, but not standard. MP4 only supports Digital 3D at the video format level.57

Some common multimedia file formats are not completely distinct container formats. Some are containers for specific audio and video coding formats, such as WebM, a subset of Matroska. Some are combinations of common container formats and audio and video coding profiles, such as AVCHD and DivX formats. Although sometimes compared to DivX products, Xvid is neither a container format nor a video format, it is a software library that encodes video using specific coding profiles of the common MPEG-4 ASP video format. Those types of restrictions are intended to simplify the construction of multimedia recorders and players.

Video coding formats support

See also: Comparison of video codecs

Video container support for video coding formats
FormatTypeInitial releaseLicense58MKVMP459QTFF60ASF61AVI62MXFPS, TS633GP, 3G2
MPEG-H HEVC (H.265)Lossy or losslessJune 2013Patent encumbered64Yes65YesYes66YesYesYes67YesYes
MPEG-4 AVC (H.264)Lossy or losslessAugust 2004Patent encumbered68YesYesYesYesYes69YesYes70Yes
AV1Lossy or losslessMarch 2018Patent claimsYes7172YesNoNoNoNoPlannedNo
VP9Lossy or losslessJune 2013Patent claimsYesYesNoYesYesNoNoNo
VP8Lossy or losslessSeptember 2008Patent claimsYesYesNoYesYesNoNoNo
DiracLossy or losslessMarch 2008Patent-free73VCM74NoYesNoNeeds Dirac75NoPrivateNo
MVCStereoscopicMay 2009Patent encumberedYes76NoNoNoNoNo7778NoYes
MPEG-1 VideoLossyAugust 1993Expired patents7980YesYesYesYesYesYesYesNo
MPEG-2 VideoLossyMay 1996Expired patentsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesNo
MPEG-4 VisualLossyDecember 1999Expired patentsYesYesFirst editionYesYesYesYesYes
Microsoft MPEG4 V2LossyApril 2003Patent encumbered, proprietaryYesNot standardNot standardYesYesNoNoNo
VC-1LossyFebruary 2006Patent encumbered81VCM82Yes83YesYesYesYesNoNo
H.263LossyMarch 1996Patent encumbered84NoYesYesYesYesNoNoYes
TheoraLossyJune 2004Free license85YesNoNoNoNeeds ffdshowNoNoNo
CinepakLossyApril 1991ProprietaryYesNoYesNoYesNoNoNo
SorensonLossyMarch 1998ProprietaryYesNoVersions 1 and 3NoVersion 1NoNoNo
RealVideoLossyFebruary 1997ProprietaryRV10, RV20, RV30, RV40RV60NoNoNot standardNoNoNo
VP6LossyMay 2003ProprietaryNoNoNoNoNeeds VP68687NoNoNo
DVIntra-frameApril 1995ProprietaryVCM88DVCPRO HDDV 25YesYesYes8990NoNo
M-JPEGIntra-frameMay 1994Expired patents91VCM92YesYesYesYesNoNoNo
MJ2Intra-frameDecember 2003Patent encumbered93NoYesNoNoNot standardYesNoNo
Apple ProResIntra-frameApril 2007ProprietaryNoNoYes94NoNoYes95NoNo
HuffYUVLosslessApril 2000Open sourceVCM96NoNoNoNeeds HuffYUV97NoNoNo
YCbCr98UncompressedApril 1982Patent-freeYesSheerVideoYesYesYesYes99NoNo
OtherOther—Varies——DVC Pro 50, Photo JPEG, Graphics, QuickTime Animation—Indeo—JPEG 2000, TICO—

Support level legend:  Full   Indirect, lossless   Partial   Depends on setup   None 

Some containers only support a restricted set of video formats:

Audio coding formats support

See also: Comparison of audio coding formats

Video container support for audio coding formats
FormatTypeInitial releaseLicense109MKVMP4110QTFF111ASF112AVI113MXFPS, TS1143GP3G2
AACLossy1997-12Royalties on codecs115YesYesYesAAC-LC, HE-AAC116AAC-LC, HE-AAC117118YesPrivateAAC-LC, HE-AACAAC-LC, HE-AAC v1
MP3Lossy1991-12Expired patents119YesYesMPEG-1 AudioYesYes120YesYesNoNo
AC-3Lossy1991-02Expired patentsYesYes121YesYesYesYesPrivateNoNo
E-AC-3Lossy2005-02Patent encumberedQuickTime122YesYesYesNoNoNoNoNo
DTSLossy1993-06ProprietaryYesYesNoYesYesNoPrivateNoNo
WMALossy or Lossless1999-08Proprietary123ACM124NoNoYesYesNoNoNoNo
OpusLossy2012-09Royalty-freeYesYesYesYesYesNoYesNoNo
VorbisLossy2000-05Open source125YesPrivateNoNoTricky126NoNoNoNo
MP2Lossy1991-12Patent-free127YesYesNoYesYesYesYesNoNo
MP1Lossy1991-12Expired patentsYesYesNoYesYesYesYesNoNo
QDesign Music 1 and 2Lossy1998ProprietaryQuickTime128NoYesNoNoNoNoNoNo
ATRAC3Lossy2000-09ProprietaryYesNoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
FLACLossless2001-07Open sourceYesYesNoYesYesNoNoNoNo
ALACLossless2004-04Open sourceYesYesYesYesYesNoNoNoNo
WMA LosslessLossless2003-01Proprietary129ACM130NoNoYesYesNoNoNoNo
DTS-HDLossless2011-08ProprietaryYesYes131YesNoNoNoNoNoNo
Dolby TrueHDLossless2006-04ProprietaryMature132YesNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
MLPLossless1999-03ProprietaryNoYes133NoNoNoNoPrivateNoNo
ALSLossless2006-03Patent encumberedNoYesNoNoNoNoYesNoNo
SLSLossless2006-06Patent encumberedNoYesNoNoNoNoYesNoNo
LPCMNot compressed1979Patent-free134YesYesYesYesYesYesPrivateNoNo
A-law PCMNot compressed1972-12Expired patents135ACM136NoYesNoYesYesNoNoNo
μ-law PCMNot compressed1972-12Expired patents137ACM138NoYesYesYesNoNoNoNo
IEEE floating-point PCMNot compressed≥1985Patent-free139YesNoYesYesYesNoNoNoNo
Microsoft ADPCMNot compressed1992-05ProprietaryACM140NoYesYes141YesNoNoNoNo
DV AudioNot compressed1995ProprietaryNoYesYesNoNoYes142NoNoNo
AMRSpeech1999-06Patent encumberedNoYesNoYesYesNoNoYesAMR-NB, AMR-WB
G.728Speech1992-09Expired patentsNoNoNoNoYesNoNoNoNo
SpeexSpeech2003-03Open source143ACM144NoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
QCELPSpeech1994ProprietaryNoNoYesYesNoNoNoNo13K
OtherOther—VariesMusepack, WavPack, TTA, any format supported by ACM—IMA 4:1, non-IEEE floating-point PCM, integer PCMMicrosoft GSM 6.10G.721, G.722, G.723, G.726, G.729a, CVSD, ATRAC1, Dolby AC-2——EVSEVRC, EVRC-B, EVRC-WB, SMV, VMR-WB
ObsoleteOther—Varies——MACE 3:1, MACE 6:1—Truespeech, many others————

Support level legend:  Full   Indirect, lossless   Partial   Depends on setup   None 

Some containers only support a restricted set of audio formats:

Audio-only content can sometimes be placed in a simpler audio-only container, such as Native FLAC for FLAC151 and ADTS for AAC.

Subtitle formats support

See also: Subtitles § Subtitle formats

Video container support for subtitle formats
FormatTypeInitial releaseLicense152MKV153MP4QTFF154ASF155AVI156MXF157PS, TS1583GP, 3G2
SubRip159Formatted text2000-03Open sourceYes160As TTXT161As TTXT162As SAMI163Needs alterations164As SMPTE-TTNoAs TTXT165
WebVTTFormatted text2010-08Open sourceYes166Yes167As TTXT168NoNoAs SMPTE-TTNoAs TTXT169
ASS, SSAFormatted text1996Open sourceYes170NoNoNoNeeds alterations171As SMPTE-TTNoNo
TTXT172XML2006-04Patent encumberedNo173YesYes174NoNoNoNoYes
USFXML2002-11ProprietaryPlannedNoNoNoNeeds alterationsNoNoNo
SAMIHTML1998-06ProprietaryNoNoNoYesNeeds alterationsAs SMPTE-TTNoNo
VobSubPicture2001Patent encumberedMature175YesNot standardNoNeeds alterationsNoNoNo
PGS176Picture2006-03Patent encumberedMature177As VobSub178NoNoNoNoNoNo
DVB-SUB179Picture1997-09Patent encumberedMature180NoNoNoNoYes181YesNo
Ogg Kate182Picture or formatted text2008-03Open sourceMature183NoNoNoNoNoNoNo
TextST184Text stream2006-03Patent encumberedBetaNoNoNoNoNoNoNo
MicroDVDPlain text2000-03ProprietaryNoNoNoNoNeeds alterationsNoNoNo
OtherOther—VariesGeneric bitmap images, generic plain text185BIFSQuicktime SMIL, EIA-608, CTA-708—XSUB186SMPTE-TT, EBU-TT187188CTA-708—

Support level legend:  Full   Indirect, lossless   Partial, lossy   Depends on setup   None 

Some containers only support a restricted set of subtitle formats:

  • DMF only supports XSUB.
  • EVO only supports HD DVD PGS.
  • F4V only supports TTXT. SubRip and WebVTT can be converted losslessly to TTXT.189
  • FLV only supports loading subtitles with ActionScript,190 but this functionality may be restricted to the official Adobe Flash Player. WebVTT can be converted losslessly to ActionScript.
  • M2TS only supports Blu-ray PGS. VobSub can be partially converted to PGS using tools that are not officially related to the container format.191
  • Ogg only supports Ogg Kate and CMML.192 SubRip can be converted losslessly to Ogg Kate.193 Ogg Writ194 is well supported in Ogg in common tools such as OGMtools195 and VLC, but there's no intention to turn its draft into a fully supported specification. Xiph recommends using Kate for subtitles.196 MicroDVD can be converted to Ogg Writ.
  • RMVB only supports RealText. SMIL can be partially converted to RealText.
  • VOB only supports VobSub. PGS can be partially converted to VobSub using tools that are not officially related to the container format.197
  • WebM only supports WebVTT.198 SubRip can be converted losslessly to WebVTT.

Converting image subtitles to text formats is possible using third-party tools199 but relies on optical character recognition, which is not perfectly accurate and can at best extract basic formatting. Conversion of text to images is possible while preserving content and style. Round-trip format conversion between text formats may not be possible without losing some formatting features.

Overhead

Multimedia containers interleave data in media streams to enable efficient playback using fewer computational resources, such as time spent reading from the storage drive, memory needed to buffer selected media streams, and time spent decoding when seeking to a different position in time. In this sense, muxing overhead is the control information added by the container to carry interleaved streams. A smaller overhead results in a smaller file when carrying the same streams with the same data. Overhead is affected by the total number of packets and by the size of stream packet headers. In high bitrate encodings, the content payload is usually large enough to make the overhead data relatively insignificant, but in low bitrate encodings, the inefficiency of the overhead can significantly affect the resulting file size if the container uses large stream packet headers or a large number of packets.

In general, Matroska200 requires the least overhead, followed by MP4, AVI and Ogg.201

See also

  • Free and open-source software portal

Notes

References

  1. Indicates whether the standard is open or proprietary, patent-free or encumbered, whether royalty payments are required for streaming and codec implementation, and may indicate the availability of free tools for it.[1] /wiki/Royalty_payment ↩

  2. Indicates if the container can be used for a container bitstream, for example, for use as an RTP payload format. Some technologies, such as WebRTC, do not use any container formats for streaming. Some use fragmented MP4 (fMP4) or MPEG-TS segment files, such as HLS and MPEG-DASH.[2] /wiki/RTP_payload_formats ↩

  3. Tags. ↩

  4. Also .mka for content that is primarily audio or .mks for subtitles only.[3] ↩

  5. Although CoreCodec, Inc. holds the copyrights and trademarks for the Matroska specification, the specifications are open to everybody. The source code of the libraries developed by the Matroska team is licensed under the LGPL and BSD licenses. /wiki/LGPL ↩

  6. Anyone can use it or modify it for their own needs without paying any license or patents.[4][5] ↩

  7. Matroska is designed to store VBR and VFR content.[6] ↩

  8. Matroska is designed to store VBR and VFR content.[6] ↩

  9. Companies producing Matroska-supporting hardware include Asus,[7] OPPO Digital,[8] Samsung,[9] and LG[10] /wiki/Asus ↩

  10. Matroska can be streamed over HTTP and RTP/RTSP, through it is not meant to be streamed over RTP, as the two have duplicate features.[11] ↩

  11. Tag Specifications (Specification). Matroska. 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://www.matroska.org/technical/specs/tagging/index.html ↩

  12. Chapter Specifications (Specification). Matroska. 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://www.matroska.org/technical/specs/chapters/index.html ↩

  13. Also .m4a, .m4b or .m4p for audio-only content. ↩

  14. MPEG-4 File Format, Version 2 (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2021. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000155.shtml ↩

  15. There are two popular representations: text track (QuickTime), and userdata atom (Nero).[15][16] ↩

  16. QuickTime File Format (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 14 February 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000052.shtml ↩

  17. Also .wma for audio-only content. ↩

  18. License required from manufacturers or developers of codecs, but no license fees for the distribution of content.[18] ↩

  19. "Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) – Relationship to Other Protocols" (Guide). Microsoft. 14 February 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2021. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-rtsp/6cc00ee9-a5e7-49f2-8358-f9c449946e59 ↩

  20. AVI (Audio Video Interleaved) File Format (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000059.shtml ↩

  21. ACM cannot handle VBR audio streams in AVI files. Thus, software using ACM to read audio from AVI files will not be able to handle VBR audio streams correctly, even though such files are compliant to the AVI file specification. This is a limitation of the ACM, not of the AVI file format. /wiki/Audio_Compression_Manager ↩

  22. Although AVI is not designed for variable framerates, it is possible to use them without creating a non-standard file by using 0-byte chunks for skipped frames. However, it requires the framerate to be set to the least common multiple of all framerates used, and produces slight overhead compared to true VFR. /wiki/Least_common_multiple ↩

  23. Material Exchange Format (MXF) (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000013.shtml ↩

  24. Material Exchange Format (MXF) (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000013.shtml ↩

  25. The following extensions are also often used for an MPEG program or a transport stream: .mpg, .mpeg, .mpv, .m1v; also .mpa, .mp3, .mp2, .mp1, .m2a or .m1a for audio-only content. /wiki/MPEG_program_stream ↩

  26. MPEG-2 Encoding Family (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 14 February 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2021. Licenses pertain to tools and not to streams or files per se. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000335.shtml ↩

  27. MPEG-2 Part 1 specification,[23] p. 64, sec. 2.6.3. /wiki/MPEG-2#ISO/IEC_13818 ↩

  28. Also .tsa for audio-only content. ↩

  29. The following extensions are also often used for an MPEG program or a transport stream: .mpg, .mpeg, .mpv, .m1v; also .mpa, .mp3, .mp2, .mp1, .m2a or .m1a for audio-only content. /wiki/MPEG_program_stream ↩

  30. MPEG-2 Encoding Family (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 14 February 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2021. Licenses pertain to tools and not to streams or files per se. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000335.shtml ↩

  31. "Questions on m2ts". Doom9's Forum (Forum message). 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2021. https://forum.doom9.org/showthread.php?p=1722710 ↩

  32. Blu-ray adopts a specific file structure. Simple title metadata are stored in the /BMDV/index.bdmv file. /wiki/Blu-ray ↩

  33. Blu-ray adopts a specific file structure. Chapters require a companion .mpls file in the /BDMV/PLAYLIST/ directory. /wiki/Blu-ray ↩

  34. VOB adopts a specific file structure to encode DVD content. Chapters and menus require a companion .ifo file. /wiki/VOB ↩

  35. Caulfield I (16 January 2007). "Support for HDDVD .evo files (MPG PS variant) in ffmpeg". ffmpeg-devel (Mailing list). https://ffmpeg.org/pipermail/ffmpeg-devel/2007-January/027448.html ↩

  36. EVO adopts a specific file structure to encode HD DVD content. Chapters require companion .xpl file.[26] /wiki/Enhanced_VOB ↩

  37. Transparent end-to-end packet switched streaming service (PSS); 3GPP file format (3GP) (Specification). Version 15.0.0 (2018-06). Valbonne, France: 3GPP. 22 June 2018. 3GPP TS 26.244. Retrieved 20 July 2019. https://portal.3gpp.org/desktopmodules/Specifications/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=1441 ↩

  38. Also .f4a, .f4b and .f4p for audio-only content. ↩

  39. "Understanding cue points" (Guide). Adobe Inc. 10 September 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2021. https://help.adobe.com/en_US/as3/dev/WS5b3ccc516d4fbf351e63e3d118a9b90204-7d36.html ↩

  40. Macromedia Flash FLV Video File Format (Partial draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2021. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000131.shtml ↩

  41. Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification,[30] p. 1. SWF File Format Specification,[31] p. 188. ↩

  42. "Understanding cue points" (Guide). Adobe Inc. 10 September 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2021. https://help.adobe.com/en_US/as3/dev/WS5b3ccc516d4fbf351e63e3d118a9b90204-7d36.html ↩

  43. Also .oga, .ogg or .opus for audio-only content.[32][33] ↩

  44. Ogg File Format (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 19 February 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2021. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000026.shtml ↩

  45. "Ogg bitstream overview". Xiph.org. 2016. Archived from the original on 2000-01-18. Retrieved 3 December 2021. https://xiph.org/ogg/doc/oggstream.html ↩

  46. Metadata (Specification). Xiph.Org Foundation. 24 July 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://wiki.xiph.org/Metadata ↩

  47. Chapters stored as Vorbis comments[37] are well supported by common tools such as FFmpeg and VLC. /wiki/Vorbis_comment ↩

  48. WebM (Partial draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 19 August 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2021. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000518.shtml ↩

  49. WebM Container Guidelines (Specification). WebM Project. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://www.webmproject.org/docs/container/ ↩

  50. WebM Container Guidelines (Specification). WebM Project. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://www.webmproject.org/docs/container/ ↩

  51. "RealMedia". MultimediaWiki (Guide). 28 November 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2021. https://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php/RealMedia ↩

  52. "Elements semantic". Specifications (Draft). Matroska. 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://www.matroska.org/technical/specs/index.html ↩

  53. Menu Specifications (Draft). Matroska. 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://www.matroska.org/technical/menu/index.html ↩

  54. "Elements semantic". Specifications (Draft). Matroska. 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://www.matroska.org/technical/specs/index.html ↩

  55. Stereoscopic 3D in MXF for Operations – Common Provisions (Standard). White Plains, NY: SMPTE. 13 May 2014. doi:10.5594/SMPTE.ST2070-1.2014. ISBN 978-1-61482-808-2. ST 2070-1:2014 – via IEEE Xplore Digital Library. 978-1-61482-808-2 ↩

  56. WebM Container Guidelines (Specification). WebM Project. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://www.webmproject.org/docs/container/ ↩

  57. Gavrilov K (2017). "Stereoscopic Formats". sView (Guide). Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2019. http://www.sview.ru/en/help/input/ ↩

  58. Indicates whether the standard is open or proprietary, patent-free or encumbered, whether royalty payments are required for streaming and codec implementation, and may indicate the availability of free tools for it.[1] /wiki/Royalty_payment ↩

  59. "Codecs". The 'MP4' Registration Authority (Registry). ISO. Retrieved January 23, 2025. https://mp4ra.org/registered-types/codecs ↩

  60. See the QuickTime File Format Specification[46] and MP4RA's Entry Codes Registered for QuickTime.[45] /wiki/QuickTime_File_Format ↩

  61. "Media Types" (Index). Microsoft. May 30, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2019. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/medfound/media-types ↩

  62. AVI officially supports all codecs in the Media Foundation[48][47] which is an evolution of VCM and ACM, both of which are now obsolete. Some older codecs used to be officially supported,[49] and there are many known non-standard third-party extensions.[50] /wiki/Media_Foundation ↩

  63. See the MPEG-2 Part 1 specification[23] and registered TS identifiers.[51] /wiki/MPEG-2#ISO/IEC_13818 ↩

  64. High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Family, H.265, MPEG-H Part 2 (Preliminary draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. November 19, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2021. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000530.shtml ↩

  65. HEVC is mentioned in the latest (2007) draft of Matroska,[53] MKVToolNix and VLC already support it.[54] /wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding ↩

  66. "Using HEIF or HEVC media on Apple devices". Apple Support (Knowledge base article). Cupertino: Apple, Inc. April 12, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2019. https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT207022 ↩

  67. Material Exchange Format – Mapping HEVC Streams into the MXF Generic Container (Standard). White Plains: SMPTE. November 5, 2020. doi:10.5594/SMPTE.ST381-5.2020. ISBN 978-1-68303-227-4. SMPTE ST 381-5:2020 – via IEEE Xplore Digital Library. 978-1-68303-227-4 ↩

  68. MPEG-4, Advanced Video Coding (Part 10) (H.264) (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. December 5, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2021. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000081.shtml ↩

  69. B-frames in an AVI file are a problem only for the ancient Video-for-Windows API, not for the AVI container itself. ↩

  70. Lee, J.; Kalva, H. (August 19, 2008). The VC-1 and H.264 Video Compression Standards for Broadband Video Services (1st ed.). Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-387-71042-6. Retrieved July 22, 2019. 978-0-387-71042-6 ↩

  71. AOM AV1 codec mapping in Matroska/WebM. GitHub (Draft). Version 1. IETF CELLAR Working Group. November 23, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2025. https://github.com/ietf-wg-cellar/matroska-specification/blob/0c8a4aac1a1ae469aff60ebe1e40c9d8475ef8db/codec/av1.md ↩

  72. Lhomme, Steve (December 15, 2024). "Issue #316: Will codec spec update future?". GitHub. Retrieved January 23, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) https://github.com/ietf-wg-cellar/matroska-specification/issues/316#issuecomment-2543553270 ↩

  73. "FAQ". Dirac Video Compression. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090302185032if_/http://diracvideo.org/wiki/FAQ ↩

  74. Matroska can support some codecs when wrapped in two specific Video for Windows data structures, VCM and ACM,[73] but support outside Windows may be limited.[73] /wiki/Video_for_Windows ↩

  75. "Dirac". SourceForge (Repository). June 4, 2013. Retrieved July 21, 2019. https://sourceforge.net/projects/dirac/ ↩

  76. "Elements semantic". Specifications (Draft). Matroska. 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://www.matroska.org/technical/specs/index.html ↩

  77. MVC is not covered by the latest iteration of the MXF standards.[63] /wiki/Multiview_Video_Coding ↩

  78. MPEG, MXF, and SMPTE 381M,[64] pp. 201-219. ↩

  79. Web video codec guide (Specification). Mozilla. Retrieved May 11, 2022. https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Media/Formats/Video_codecs ↩

  80. MPEG-1 Video Coding (H.261) (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. December 1, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2021. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000035.shtml ↩

  81. Windows Media 9 Video Codec; SMPTE VC-1 (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. May 26, 2010. Retrieved December 13, 2021. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000081.shtml ↩

  82. Matroska can support some codecs when wrapped in two specific Video for Windows data structures, VCM and ACM,[73] but support outside Windows may be limited.[73] /wiki/Video_for_Windows ↩

  83. Recommended Practice – VC-1 Bitstream Storage in the ISO Base Media File Format (Recommendation). White Plains: SMPTE. April 4, 2007. doi:10.5594/SMPTE.RP2025.2007. ISBN 978-1-61482-251-6. SMPTE RP 2025:2007 – via IEEE Xplore Digital Library. 978-1-61482-251-6 ↩

  84. MPEG-4, Visual Coding (Part 2) (H.263) (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. March 14, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2021. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000080.shtml ↩

  85. "Theora FAQ". Xiph.org. 2016. Archived from the original on May 20, 2006. Retrieved December 1, 2021. https://xiph.org/theora/faq/ ↩

  86. "VP6". Codecs.com (Repository). Version 6.4.2.0. December 29, 2004. Retrieved November 27, 2019. https://www.free-codecs.com/download/vp6.htm ↩

  87. "On2 VP6". MultimediaWiki (Guide). September 14, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2019. https://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php?title=On2_VP6 ↩

  88. Matroska can support some codecs when wrapped in two specific Video for Windows data structures, VCM and ACM,[73] but support outside Windows may be limited.[73] /wiki/Video_for_Windows ↩

  89. For Television – Material Exchange Format (MXF) – Mapping DV-DIF Data to the MXF Generic Container (Standard) (Standard). White Plains: SMPTE. March 13, 2008. doi:10.5594/SMPTE.ST383.2008. ISBN 978-1-61482-525-8. SMPTE ST 383:2008 – via IEEE Xplore Digital Library. 978-1-61482-525-8 ↩

  90. DV, DVC Pro, and DVCam in MXF,[64] pp. 166-172. ↩

  91. MJPEG (Motion JPEG) Video Codec (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. March 10, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2021. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000063.shtml ↩

  92. Matroska can support some codecs when wrapped in two specific Video for Windows data structures, VCM and ACM,[73] but support outside Windows may be limited.[73] /wiki/Video_for_Windows ↩

  93. Motion JPEG 2000 File Format (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. January 11, 2012. Retrieved December 1, 2021. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000127.shtml ↩

  94. Apple ProRes (PDF) (White Paper). Cupertino: Apple, Inc. January 2020. pp. 5, 26. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2019. With Final Cut Pro 10.3 or later, you can also export ProRes files inside an MXF metadata wrapper instead of exporting .mov files. … A ProRes-encoded bitstream, typically in the form of a .mov file https://www.apple.com/final-cut-pro/docs/Apple_ProRes_White_Paper.pdf ↩

  95. Apple ProRes (PDF) (White Paper). Cupertino: Apple, Inc. January 2020. pp. 5, 26. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2019. With Final Cut Pro 10.3 or later, you can also export ProRes files inside an MXF metadata wrapper instead of exporting .mov files. … A ProRes-encoded bitstream, typically in the form of a .mov file https://www.apple.com/final-cut-pro/docs/Apple_ProRes_White_Paper.pdf ↩

  96. Matroska can support some codecs when wrapped in two specific Video for Windows data structures, VCM and ACM,[73] but support outside Windows may be limited.[73] /wiki/Video_for_Windows ↩

  97. "HuffYUV". Codecs.com (Repository). Version 2.2.0. May 4, 2004. Retrieved July 21, 2019. https://www.free-codecs.com/download/huffyuv.htm ↩

  98. The digital YCbCr format is often informally called YUV, the analog format used as basis for it. /wiki/YCbCr ↩

  99. Material Exchange Format (MXF) – File Format Specification (Standard). White Plains: SMPTE. June 7, 2011. doi:10.5594/SMPTE.ST377-1.2011. ISBN 978-1-61482-517-3. SMPTE ST 377-1:2011 – via IEEE Xplore Digital Library. 978-1-61482-517-3 ↩

  100. Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification,[30] p. 72, sec. E.4.3.1; p. 1. SWF File Format Specification,[31] Chapter 14: Video, pp. 204-218. ↩

  101. Xiph has standardized the support for codecs in Ogg,[32] but added support for more codecs afterwards.[80][33] ↩

  102. OggMNG (Specification). Xiph.Org Foundation. September 10, 2015. Retrieved August 4, 2019. https://wiki.xiph.org/OggMNG ↩

  103. "OggDirac" (Index). Xiph.Org Foundation. July 11, 2009. Retrieved August 4, 2019. https://wiki.xiph.org/OggDirac ↩

  104. Encapsulation of Dirac in Ogg (PDF) (Specification). Version 1.0. London: BBC. October 8, 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 31, 2009. Retrieved August 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20090731021434if_/http://diracvideo.org/download/mapping-specs/dirac-mapping-ogg-1.0.pdf ↩

  105. Media container formats (file types) (Specification). Mozilla. June 13, 2019. Retrieved July 22, 2019. https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Media/Formats/Containers ↩

  106. "Ogg". VideoLAN Wiki (Guide). October 30, 2009. Retrieved July 21, 2019. https://wiki.videolan.org/Ogg/ ↩

  107. WebM Container Guidelines (Specification). WebM Project. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://www.webmproject.org/docs/container/ ↩

  108. AOM AV1 codec mapping in Matroska/WebM. GitHub (Draft). Version 1. IETF CELLAR Working Group. November 23, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2025. https://github.com/ietf-wg-cellar/matroska-specification/blob/0c8a4aac1a1ae469aff60ebe1e40c9d8475ef8db/codec/av1.md ↩

  109. Indicates whether the standard is open or proprietary, patent-free or encumbered, whether royalty payments are required for streaming and codec implementation, and may indicate the availability of free tools for it.[1] /wiki/Royalty_payment ↩

  110. "Codecs". The 'MP4' Registration Authority (Registry). ISO. Retrieved January 23, 2025. https://mp4ra.org/registered-types/codecs ↩

  111. See the QuickTime File Format Specification[46] and MP4RA's Entry Codes Registered for QuickTime.[45] /wiki/QuickTime_File_Format ↩

  112. "Media Types" (Index). Microsoft. May 30, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2019. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/medfound/media-types ↩

  113. AVI officially supports all codecs in the Media Foundation[48][47] which is an evolution of VCM and ACM, both of which are now obsolete. Some older codecs used to be officially supported,[49] and there are many known non-standard third-party extensions.[50] /wiki/Media_Foundation ↩

  114. "List of Registered MPEG TS Identifiers". SMPTE Registration Authority, LLC (Registry). White Plains, NY: SMPTE. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://smpte-ra.org/registered-mpeg-ts-ids ↩

  115. License required from manufacturers or developers of codecs, but no license fees for the distribution of content.[86] ↩

  116. AAC Decoder (Specification). Microsoft. 25 August 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/medfound/aac-decoder ↩

  117. Setting dwSampleSize to 0 in the stream headers triggers VBR stream seeking[89] allowing VBR audio formats in AVI.[90] ↩

  118. AAC Decoder (Specification). Microsoft. 25 August 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/medfound/aac-decoder ↩

  119. MP3 (MPEG Layer III Audio Encoding) (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 3 May 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2021. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000012.shtml ↩

  120. Setting dwSampleSize to 0 in the stream headers triggers VBR stream seeking[89] allowing VBR audio formats in AVI.[90] ↩

  121. "Annex F: AC-3 and Enhanced AC-3 bit streams in the ISO Base Media File Format". Digital Audio Compression (AC-3, Enhanced AC-3) Standard (PDF) (Standard). Version 1.4.1 (2017-09). Valbonne, France: ETSI. 1 September 2017. ETSI TS 102 366. Retrieved 22 July 2019. https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/102300_102399/102366/01.04.01_60/ts_102366v010401p.pdf ↩

  122. Matroska can support some codecs privately when wrapped in a QuickTime data structure.[73] /wiki/QuickTime ↩

  123. WMA (Windows Media Audio) File Format (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 13 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2021. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000027.shtml ↩

  124. Matroska can support some codecs when wrapped in two specific Video for Windows data structures, VCM and ACM,[73] but support outside Windows may be limited.[73] /wiki/Video_for_Windows ↩

  125. Ogg Vorbis Audio Format (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 19 February 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2021. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000117.shtml ↩

  126. Vorbis is not officially supported in AVI. While it can technically be muxed into AVI using FFmpeg, Nandub and AVI-Mux GUI[94] many sources report trouble playing back the resulting files,[95] which are incompatible with existing Vorbis decoders for DirectShow and ACM, occasionally causing desynchronization when seeking. /wiki/FFmpeg ↩

  127. Proprietary tools.[96] ↩

  128. Matroska can support some codecs privately when wrapped in a QuickTime data structure.[73] /wiki/QuickTime ↩

  129. Windows Media 9 Lossless Audio Codec (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 13 May 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2021. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000094.shtml ↩

  130. Matroska can support some codecs when wrapped in two specific Video for Windows data structures, VCM and ACM,[73] but support outside Windows may be limited.[73] /wiki/Video_for_Windows ↩

  131. "Codecs". The 'MP4' Registration Authority (Registry). ISO. Retrieved January 23, 2025. https://mp4ra.org/registered-types/codecs ↩

  132. Dolby TrueHD is supported by common tools such as MKVToolNix and VLC. /wiki/Dolby_TrueHD ↩

  133. "Codecs". The 'MP4' Registration Authority (Registry). ISO. Retrieved January 23, 2025. https://mp4ra.org/registered-types/codecs ↩

  134. Linear Pulse Code Modulated Audio (LPCM) (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 19 February 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2021. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000011.shtml ↩

  135. US patent 4404544A, Mirmira Dwarakanath, "μ-Law/A-law PCM CODEC", issued 13 September 1983, assigned to AT&T Corporation https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4404544A ↩

  136. Matroska can support some codecs when wrapped in two specific Video for Windows data structures, VCM and ACM,[73] but support outside Windows may be limited.[73] /wiki/Video_for_Windows ↩

  137. US patent 4404544A, Mirmira Dwarakanath, "μ-Law/A-law PCM CODEC", issued 13 September 1983, assigned to AT&T Corporation https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4404544A ↩

  138. Matroska can support some codecs when wrapped in two specific Video for Windows data structures, VCM and ACM,[73] but support outside Windows may be limited.[73] /wiki/Video_for_Windows ↩

  139. Special case of LPCM.[98] ↩

  140. Matroska can support some codecs when wrapped in two specific Video for Windows data structures, VCM and ACM,[73] but support outside Windows may be limited.[73] /wiki/Video_for_Windows ↩

  141. "Media Types" (Index). Microsoft. May 30, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2019. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/medfound/media-types ↩

  142. For Television – Material Exchange Format (MXF) – Mapping DV-DIF Data to the MXF Generic Container (Standard) (Standard). White Plains: SMPTE. March 13, 2008. doi:10.5594/SMPTE.ST383.2008. ISBN 978-1-61482-525-8. SMPTE ST 383:2008 – via IEEE Xplore Digital Library. 978-1-61482-525-8 ↩

  143. Speex Audio Codec, Version 1.2 (Full draft). Sustainability of Digital Formats. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 19 February 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2021. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000259.shtml ↩

  144. Matroska can support some codecs when wrapped in two specific Video for Windows data structures, VCM and ACM,[73] but support outside Windows may be limited.[73] /wiki/Video_for_Windows ↩

  145. Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification,[30] pp. 7-8, sec. 1.8. ↩

  146. Adobe Flash Video File Format Specification,[30] p. 70, sec. E.4.3.2; p. 1. SWF File Format Specification,[31] Chapter 11: Sounds, pp. 177-192. SWF File Format Specification Version 10, ADPCM Compression.[101] ↩

  147. Xiph has standardized the support for codecs in Ogg,[32] but added support for more codecs afterwards.[80][33] ↩

  148. Bunkus M. "OGMtools" (Project). Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://www.bunkus.org/videotools/ogmtools/ ↩

  149. DVD-Video – MPEG differences (Specification). DVD Resources for Open Source Development. 2004. Retrieved 22 July 2019. http://dvd.sourceforge.net/dvdinfo/dvdmpeg.html ↩

  150. WebM Container Guidelines (Specification). WebM Project. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://www.webmproject.org/docs/container/ ↩

  151. "FLAC – faq". Free Lossless Audio Codec (FAQ). Xiph.Org Foundation. 2014. Archived from the original on 2013-01-11. Retrieved 1 December 2021. https://xiph.org/flac/faq.html ↩

  152. Indicates whether the standard is open or proprietary, patent-free or encumbered, whether royalty payments are required for streaming and codec implementation, and may indicate the availability of free tools for it.[1] /wiki/Royalty_payment ↩

  153. "Subtitles" (Index). Matroska. Retrieved 26 December 2021. https://www.matroska.org/technical/subtitles.html ↩

  154. See the QuickTime File Format Specification[46] and MP4RA's Entry Codes Registered for QuickTime.[45] /wiki/QuickTime_File_Format ↩

  155. "Media Types" (Index). Microsoft. May 30, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2019. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/medfound/media-types ↩

  156. AVI is not designed to embed subtitles, requiring changes to the format and third party tools such as DirectVobSub[106] and VLC. /wiki/Audio_Video_Interleave ↩

  157. SMPTE standardized the format for text subtitles in MXF[107][108][109] without a reference software implementation, leaving it to independent developers.[110] /wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers ↩

  158. "List of Registered MPEG TS Identifiers". SMPTE Registration Authority, LLC (Registry). White Plains, NY: SMPTE. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://smpte-ra.org/registered-mpeg-ts-ids ↩

  159. SubRip can be converted losslessly to and from native subtitle formats of several containers, and this conversion is supported by many common tools. /wiki/SubRip ↩

  160. SRT Subtitles (Specification). Matroska. 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-28. https://www.matroska.org/technical/subtitles.html#srt-subtitles ↩

  161. Concolato C (4 September 2014). Subtitling with GPAC (Manual). GPAC. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://gpac.wp.imt.fr/2014/09/04/subtitling-with-gpac/ ↩

  162. Concolato C (4 September 2014). Subtitling with GPAC (Manual). GPAC. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://gpac.wp.imt.fr/2014/09/04/subtitling-with-gpac/ ↩

  163. Requires tools that are not officially related to the container format.[110] ↩

  164. Noé A (26 August 2010). "AVI-Mux GUI" (Project). 1.17.8.3. Retrieved 21 July 2019. http://www.alexander-noe.com/video/amg/ ↩

  165. Concolato C (4 September 2014). Subtitling with GPAC (Manual). GPAC. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://gpac.wp.imt.fr/2014/09/04/subtitling-with-gpac/ ↩

  166. WebVTT (Specification). Matroska. 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-28. https://www.matroska.org/technical/subtitles.html#webvtt ↩

  167. Information technology – Coding of audio-visual objects – Part 30: Timed text and other visual overlays in ISO base media file format (Standard) (2nd ed.). ISO. 1 November 2018. ISO/IEC 14496-30:2018. https://www.iso.org/standard/75394.html ↩

  168. Concolato C (4 September 2014). Subtitling with GPAC (Manual). GPAC. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://gpac.wp.imt.fr/2014/09/04/subtitling-with-gpac/ ↩

  169. Concolato C (4 September 2014). Subtitling with GPAC (Manual). GPAC. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://gpac.wp.imt.fr/2014/09/04/subtitling-with-gpac/ ↩

  170. SSA/ASS Subtitles (Specification). Matroska. 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-28. https://www.matroska.org/technical/subtitles.html#ssaass-subtitles ↩

  171. Noé A (26 August 2010). "AVI-Mux GUI" (Project). 1.17.8.3. Retrieved 21 July 2019. http://www.alexander-noe.com/video/amg/ ↩

  172. TTXT is often called MPEG-4 Timed Text (MP4TT, MP4-TT) or 3GPP Timed Text (3GPP-TT, tx3g). /wiki/MPEG-4_Part_17 ↩

  173. MPEG-4 Timed Text subtitles aren't supported in Matroska according to developer of MKVToolNix.[116] /wiki/MPEG-4_Part_17 ↩

  174. "Media Data Atom Types". QuickTime File Format Specification (Specification). Cupertino: Apple, Inc. September 13, 2016. Retrieved July 21, 2019. https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/QuickTime/QTFF/QTFFChap3/qtff3.html ↩

  175. VobSub, PGS, DVB-SUB and Ogg Kate are well supported by common tools such as MKVToolNix and VLC. The storage format is specified,[53] but the specification is not officially approved yet. /wiki/VSFilter ↩

  176. HDMV PGS and TextST subtitles are used on HD DVD and Blu-ray. /wiki/HD_DVD ↩

  177. VobSub, PGS, DVB-SUB and Ogg Kate are well supported by common tools such as MKVToolNix and VLC. The storage format is specified,[53] but the specification is not officially approved yet. /wiki/VSFilter ↩

  178. Requires tools that are not officially related to the container format.[117] ↩

  179. Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Subtitling systems (PDF) (Standard). Version 1.3.1 (2006-11). Valbonne, France: ETSI. 1 November 2006. ETSI EN 300 743. Retrieved 27 July 2019. https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/300700_300799/300743/01.03.01_60/en_300743v010301p.pdf ↩

  180. VobSub, PGS, DVB-SUB and Ogg Kate are well supported by common tools such as MKVToolNix and VLC. The storage format is specified,[53] but the specification is not officially approved yet. /wiki/VSFilter ↩

  181. MXF Mappings for VI Lines and Ancillary Data Packets (Standard). White Plains, NY: SMPTE. 6 November 2013. doi:10.5594/SMPTE.ST436-1.2013. ISBN 978-1-61482-783-2. SMPTE ST 436-1:2013 – via IEEE Xplore Digital Library. 978-1-61482-783-2 ↩

  182. OggKate (Specification). Xiph.Org Foundation. 21 November 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://wiki.xiph.org/OggKate ↩

  183. VobSub, PGS, DVB-SUB and Ogg Kate are well supported by common tools such as MKVToolNix and VLC. The storage format is specified,[53] but the specification is not officially approved yet. /wiki/VSFilter ↩

  184. HDMV PGS and TextST subtitles are used on HD DVD and Blu-ray. /wiki/HD_DVD ↩

  185. Lhomme S, Bunkus M, Rice D (22 July 2019). Matroska Codec. Version 02. I-D draft-ietf-cellar-codec. Retrieved 23 July 2019. https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-cellar-codec ↩

  186. Needs alterations to the container.[121][122] ↩

  187. Timed Text Format (SMPTE-TT) (Standard). White Plains, NY: SMPTE. 5 June 2013. doi:10.5594/SMPTE.ST2052-1.2013. ISBN 978-1-61482-759-7. SMPTE ST 2052-1:2013 – via IEEE Xplore Digital Library. 978-1-61482-759-7 ↩

  188. Transport of subtitles using MXF in an IT-Based Television Production Environment (PDF) (Recommendation) (1st ed.). Geneva: EBU. 9 May 2012. p. 8. EBU R 133. Retrieved 22 July 2019. https://tech.ebu.ch/docs/r/r133.pdf ↩

  189. Concolato C (4 September 2014). Subtitling with GPAC (Manual). GPAC. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://gpac.wp.imt.fr/2014/09/04/subtitling-with-gpac/ ↩

  190. FLVPlaybackCaptioning – Adobe ActionScript 3 (AS3) API reference (Manual). Adobe, Inc. 6 December 2018. 96-38. Retrieved 27 July 2019. https://help.adobe.com/en_US/FlashPlatform/reference/actionscript/3/fl/video/FLVPlaybackCaptioning.html ↩

  191. Oth V, Juhasz M (28 December 2013). "BDSup2Sub". GitHub (Project). Retrieved 4 August 2019. https://github.com/mjuhasz/BDSup2Sub ↩

  192. Xiph has standardized the support for codecs in Ogg,[32] but added support for more codecs afterwards.[80][33] ↩

  193. Cherlin E, Wilson H, Gerber J, Lang S (15 August 2009). "Embedding Subtitles". In Hyde A (ed.). Ogg Theora Cook Book. Berlin. Retrieved 21 July 2019.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) http://booki.flossmanuals.net/ogg-theora/subtitles/embedding-subtitles ↩

  194. OggWrit (Specification). Xiph.Org Foundation. 10 November 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2019. https://wiki.xiph.org/OggWrit ↩

  195. Bunkus M. "OGMtools" (Project). Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://www.bunkus.org/videotools/ogmtools/ ↩

  196. OggWrit (Draft). Xiph.Org Foundation. 10 November 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://wiki.xiph.org/OggWrit ↩

  197. Oth V, Juhasz M (28 December 2013). "BDSup2Sub". GitHub (Project). Retrieved 4 August 2019. https://github.com/mjuhasz/BDSup2Sub ↩

  198. WebM Container Guidelines (Specification). WebM Project. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2019. https://www.webmproject.org/docs/container/ ↩

  199. Sonderfeld R (18 December 2017). "VobSub2SRT". GitHub (Project). Retrieved 4 August 2019. https://github.com/ruediger/VobSub2SRT ↩

  200. Overhead (Technical report). Matroska. 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2019. https://matroska.org/technical/overhead/index.html ↩

  201. Noé A (2006). "Overhead comparison" (Guide). Retrieved 3 August 2019. http://www.alexander-noe.com/video/amg/en_overhead_comparison.html ↩