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Life

Regency

Constantine was born in Constantinople on 17/18 May 905,⁴ an illegitimate son of Leo VI before an uncanonical fourth marriage.⁵ To help legitimize him, his mother gave birth to him in the Purple Room of the imperial palace, hence his nickname Porphyrogennetos.⁶ He was elevated to the throne as a two-year-old child by his father and uncle on 15 May 908 (Whitsunday).⁷⁸

In early 913, as his uncle Alexander lay dying, he appointed a seven-man regency council for Constantine.⁹ It was headed by the Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, the two magistroi John Eladas and Stephen, the rhaiktor John Lazanes, the otherwise obscure Euthymius and Alexander's henchmen Basilitzes and Gabrielopoulos.¹⁰ Following Alexander's death (6 June),¹¹ the new and shaky regime survived the attempted usurpation of Constantine Doukas,¹² and Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos quickly assumed a dominant position among the regents.¹³

Patriarch Nicholas was presently forced to make peace with Tsar Simeon of Bulgaria, whom he reluctantly recognized as Bulgarian emperor.¹⁴ Because of this unpopular concession, Patriarch Nicholas was driven out of the regency by Constantine's mother Zoe. She was no more successful with the Bulgarians, who defeated her main supporter, the general Leo Phokas, in 917.¹⁵

In March 919, she was replaced as regent by the admiral Romanos Lekapenos, who married his daughter Helena Lekapene to Constantine.¹⁶ Romanos used his position to advance to the ranks of basileopatōr in April 919, to kaisar (Caesar) on 24 September 920, and finally to co-emperor on 17 December 920.¹⁷ Thus, just short of reaching nominal majority, Constantine was eclipsed by a senior emperor.¹⁸

Constantine's youth had been a sad one due to his unpleasant appearance, his taciturn nature, and his relegation to the third level of succession, behind Christopher Lekapenos, the eldest son of Romanos I Lekapenos.¹⁹²⁰ Nevertheless, he was a very intelligent young man with a large range of interests, and he dedicated those years to studying the court's ceremony.

Senior emperor

Romanos kept and maintained power until 16/20 December 944, when he was deposed by his sons, the co-emperors Stephen and Constantine.²¹²²²³ Romanos spent the last years of his life in exile on the Island of Prote as a monk and died on 15 June 948.²⁴ With the help of his wife, Constantine VII succeeded in removing his brothers-in-law, and on 27 January 945, Constantine VII became sole emperor at the age of 39, after a life spent in the shadow.²⁵²⁶ Several months later, on 6 April (Easter), Constantine VII crowned his own son Romanos II co-emperor.²⁷ Having never exercised executive authority, Constantine remained primarily devoted to his scholarly pursuits and delegated his authority to bureaucrats and generals, as well as to his energetic wife Helena Lekapene.²⁸

In 947, Constantine VII ordered the immediate restitution of all peasant lands, without compensation; by the end of his reign, the condition of the landed peasantry, which formed the foundation of the whole economic and military strength of the Empire, was better off than it had been for a century.²⁹

In 949, Constantine launched a new fleet of 100 ships (20 dromons, 64 chelandia, and 10 galleys) against the Arab corsairs hiding in Crete, but like his father's attempt to retake the island in 911, this attempt also failed.

On the Eastern frontier things went better, even if with alternate success. In the same year, the Byzantines conquered Germanicea, repeatedly defeated the enemy armies, and in 952 they crossed the upper Euphrates. But in 953, the Hamdanid amir Sayf al-Dawla retook Germanicea and entered the imperial territory. The land in the east was eventually recovered by Nikephoros Phokas, who conquered Adata, in northern Syria, in 958, and by the general John Tzimiskes, who one year later captured Samosata, in northern Mesopotamia. An Arab fleet was also destroyed by Greek fire in 957.

Constantine had active diplomatic relationships with foreign courts, including those of the caliph of Cordoba Abd ar-Rahman III and of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor. In the autumn of 957 Constantine was visited by Olga of Kiev, regent of the Kievan Rus'. The reasons for this voyage have never been clarified; but she was baptised a Christian with the name Helena, and sought Christian missionaries to encourage her people to adopt Christianity. According to legends, Constantine VII fell in love with Olga, but she found a way to refuse him by tricking him into becoming her godfather. When she was baptized, she said it was inappropriate for a godfather to marry his goddaughter.³⁰

Constantine VII died at Constantinople on 9 November 959 and was succeeded by his son Romanos II.³¹³² It was rumored that he had been poisoned by his son or his daughter-in-law Theophano.³³

Madrid Skylitzes' depictions of Constantine

Literary activity

Constantine VII was recognized as a writer and scholar, surrounding himself with educated people of the Imperial Court.³⁴ He wrote, or had commissioned, the works Geoponika ("On Agriculture", in Greek Τὰ γεωπονικά), a compilation of agronomic works from earlier Greek and Punic texts that are otherwise lost; De Ceremoniis ("On Ceremonies", in Greek, Περὶ τῆς βασιλείου τάξεως), describing the kinds of court ceremonies (also described later in a more negative light by Liutprand of Cremona); De Administrando Imperio ("On the Administration of the Empire", bearing in Greek the heading Πρὸς τὸν ἴδιον ὑιὸν Ρωμανόν),³⁵ giving advice on running the Empire internally and on fighting external enemies; a history of the Empire covering events following the death of the chronographer Theophanes the Confessor in 817; and Excerpta Historica ("Excerpts from the Histories"), a collection of excerpts from ancient historians (many of whose works are now lost) in four volumes (1. De legationibus. 2. De virtutibus et vitiis. 3. De insidiis. 4. De sententiis). In The Manuscript Tradition of Polybius, John Michael Moore (CUP, 1965) provides a useful summary of the commission by Porphyrogenitus of the Constantine Excerpts:

He felt that the historical studies were being seriously neglected, mainly because of the bulk of the histories. He therefore decided that a selection under fifty-three titles should be made from all the important historians extant in Constantinople; thus he hoped to assemble in a more manageable compass the most valuable parts of each author. ... Of the fifty-three titles into which the excerpts were divided, only six have survived: de Virtutibus et Vitiis; de Sententiis; de Insidiis; de Strategematis; de Legationibus Gentium ad Romanos; de Legationibus Romanorum ad Gentes. The titles of only about half the remaining forty-seven sections are known.³⁶

Also amongst his historical works is a history eulogizing the reign and achievements of his grandfather, Basil I (Vita Basilii, Βίος Βασιλείου). These books are insightful and of interest to the historian, sociologist, and anthropologist as a source of information about nations neighbouring the Empire. They also offer a fine insight into the Emperor himself.

In his book, A Short History of Byzantium, John Julius Norwich refers to Constantine VII as "The Scholar Emperor".³⁷ Norwich describes Constantine:

He was, we are told, a passionate collector—not only of books and manuscripts but works of art of every kind; more remarkable still for a man of his class, he seems to have been an excellent painter. He was the most generous of patrons—to writers and scholars, artists and craftsmen. Finally, he was an excellent Emperor: a competent, conscientious and hard-working administrator and an inspired picker of men, whose appointments to military, naval, ecclesiastical, civil and academic posts were both imaginative and successful. He did much to develop higher education and took a special interest in the administration of justice.³⁸

Family

By his wife Helena Lekapene, the daughter of Emperor Romanos I, Constantine VII had several children:[31]

• Leo (c. 939–944), who died young.[32]
• Romanos II (939–963), who succeeded as emperor.³⁹
• Zoe, sent to a convent.[34]
• Theodora, who married emperor John I Tzimiskes.[35]
• Agatha, sent to a convent.[36]
• Theophano, sent to a convent.[37]
• Anna, sent to a convent.[38]

Legacy

Constantine VII is still remembered in the Eastern Orthodox liturgy when the transfer of the Holy Mandylion is celebrated on 16 August in the Julian calendar which corresponds to 31 August in the Gregorian calendar. This feast is part of the Nut Feast of the Saviour for Slavs.

Solidi

See also

• Byzantine Empire portal

• List of Byzantine emperors

Notes

Sources

• Constantine VII, De ceremoniis, ed. J. Reiske (2 vols., 1829, 1830). English translation 'The Book of Ceremonies' accompanying the Greek text in 2 volumes by Ann Moffatt and Maxeme Tall, Canberra 2012 (Byzantina Australiensia 18).
• Constantine VII, 'Story of the Image of Edessa', tr. B. Slater, J. Jackson, in I. Wilson, The Turin Shroud (1978), pp. 235–251
• Garland, Lynda (1999). Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium, AD 527–1204. Routledge.
• Constantine VII, Three treatises on Imperial military expeditions, ed. tr. J.F. Haldon (1990).
• Ферјанчић, Божидар (1959). "Константин VII Порфирогенит". Византиски извори за историју народа Југославије. Vol. 2. Београд: Византолошки институт. pp. 1–98.
• Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). "Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos". The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. pp. 502–503.
• Moravcsik, Gyula, ed. (1967) [1949]. Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (2nd revised ed.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 9780884020219.
• Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
• Ostrogorsky, George (1969). History of the Byzantine State. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-0599-2.
• Runciman, Steven (1988) [1929]. The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521357227.
• Runciman, Steven (1930). A History of the First Bulgarian Empire. G. Bell & sons Ltd.
• Toynbee, Arnold (1973). Constantine Porphyrogenitus and his world. Oxford. ISBN 0-19-215253-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.
• Živković, Tibor (2006). "Constantine Porhyrogenitus and the Ragusan Authors before 1611" (PDF). Историјски часопис. 53: 145–164. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
• Živković, Tibor (2008). "Constantine Porphyrogenitus' Kastra oikoumena in the Southern Slavs Principalities" (PDF). Историјски часопис. 57: 9–28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
• Živković, Tibor (2010). "Constantine Porphyrogenitus' Source on the Earliest History of the Croats and Serbs". Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest U Zagrebu. 42: 117–131.
• Živković, Tibor (2012). De conversione Croatorum et Serborum: A Lost Source. Belgrade: The Institute of History.
• Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; et al. (2013). Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit (in German). doi:10.1515/pmbz.
• Logos, Aleksandar (2019a), "De administrando imperio: Time of creation and some corrections for translation", academia.edu, retrieved 15 November 2020
• Logos, Aleksandar (2019b). Istorija Srba 1 – Dopuna 4; Istorija Srba 5. Beograd: ATC. ISBN 978-86-85117-46-6.

External links

• Written works by Constantine VII; Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes
• De administrando Imperio chapters 29–36 at the Internet Archive

References

1. Moravcsik 1967. - Moravcsik, Gyula, ed. (1967) [1949]. Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (2nd revised ed.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 9780884020219. https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC ↩

2. Logos 2019a, pp. 10, 10B. - Logos, Aleksandar (2019a), "De administrando imperio: Time of creation and some corrections for translation", academia.edu, retrieved 15 November 2020 https://www.academia.edu/40215504 ↩

3. Logos 2019b, pp. 10–12. - Logos, Aleksandar (2019b). Istorija Srba 1 – Dopuna 4; Istorija Srba 5. Beograd: ATC. ISBN 978-86-85117-46-6. https://www.academia.edu/42147440 ↩

4. Grumel, V. (1937). Une date historico-liturgique. Revue des études byzantines 36 (185): 52–64. https://www.persee.fr/doc/rebyz_1146-9447_1937_num_36_185_2891 ↩

5. Ostrogorsky 1969, p. 260. - Ostrogorsky, George (1969). History of the Byzantine State. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-0599-2. https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00ostr ↩

6. Ostrogorsky 1969, p. 260. - Ostrogorsky, George (1969). History of the Byzantine State. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-0599-2. https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00ostr ↩

7. John Skylitzes VII.32 /wiki/John_Skylitzes ↩

8. Grierson, P., & Jenkins, R. (1962). "The date of Constantine VII's coronation". Byzantion 32 (1): 133–138. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44169041 ↩

9. Treadgold 1997, p. 473. - Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC ↩

10. Runciman 1988, pp. 47–48. - Runciman, Steven (1988) [1929]. The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521357227. https://books.google.com/books?id=XHVzWN6gqxQC ↩

11. Theophanes Continuatus 394–398 (CSHB 45) /wiki/Theophanes_Continuatus ↩

12. Runciman 1988, pp. 49–50. - Runciman, Steven (1988) [1929]. The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521357227. https://books.google.com/books?id=XHVzWN6gqxQC ↩

13. Runciman 1988, pp. 49ff.. - Runciman, Steven (1988) [1929]. The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521357227. https://books.google.com/books?id=XHVzWN6gqxQC ↩

14. Runciman 1930, p. 275. - Runciman, Steven (1930). A History of the First Bulgarian Empire. G. Bell & sons Ltd. ↩

15. Garland 1999, p. 121. - Garland, Lynda (1999). Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium, AD 527–1204. Routledge. https://archive.org/details/LyndaGarlandByzantineEmpressesWomenAndPowerInByzantiumAA.D.52712041999 ↩

16. Garland 1999, p. 123. - Garland, Lynda (1999). Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium, AD 527–1204. Routledge. https://archive.org/details/LyndaGarlandByzantineEmpressesWomenAndPowerInByzantiumAA.D.52712041999 ↩

17. Theophanes Continuatus 394–398 (CSHB 45) /wiki/Theophanes_Continuatus ↩

18. Ostrogorsky 1969, p. 264. - Ostrogorsky, George (1969). History of the Byzantine State. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-0599-2. https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00ostr ↩

19. Logos 2019a, pp. 10, 10B and note 9. - Logos, Aleksandar (2019a), "De administrando imperio: Time of creation and some corrections for translation", academia.edu, retrieved 15 November 2020 https://www.academia.edu/40215504 ↩

20. Logos 2019b, pp. 10–12. - Logos, Aleksandar (2019b). Istorija Srba 1 – Dopuna 4; Istorija Srba 5. Beograd: ATC. ISBN 978-86-85117-46-6. https://www.academia.edu/42147440 ↩

21. Theophanes Continuatus 436–441 /wiki/Theophanes_Continuatus ↩

22. John Skylitzes XI.1–2. /wiki/John_Skylitzes ↩

23. Constantine Lekapenos is not given a regnal number because he never became senior emperor (even though he briefly usurped his father), as per Byzantine historiography.[20] /wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos ↩

24. Theophanes Continuatus 436–441 /wiki/Theophanes_Continuatus ↩

25. Theophanes Continuatus 436–441 /wiki/Theophanes_Continuatus ↩

26. John Skylitzes XI.1–3. /wiki/John_Skylitzes ↩

27. John Skylitzes XI.1–3. /wiki/John_Skylitzes ↩

28. Ostrogorsky 1969, pp. 278–279. - Ostrogorsky, George (1969). History of the Byzantine State. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-0599-2. https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00ostr ↩

29. Norwich, 182–183. ↩

30. S. H. Cross and O. P. Sherbowizt-Wetzor (trans.) (1953). The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text. Cambridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America. pp. 82–83. ISBN 9780915651320. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) 9780915651320 ↩

31. George Kedrenos II, 337 (CSHB 8) /wiki/George_Kedrenos ↩

32. For other dates proposed, see: Grierson, P. (1962). "The Tombs and Obits of the Byzantine Emperors". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 16: 58. doi:10.2307/1291157. JSTOR 1291157. /wiki/Philip_Grierson ↩

33. Ostrogorsky 1956, p. 283. - Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ ↩

34. Logos 2019a, pp. 10, 10B. - Logos, Aleksandar (2019a), "De administrando imperio: Time of creation and some corrections for translation", academia.edu, retrieved 15 November 2020 https://www.academia.edu/40215504 ↩

35. Moravcsik 1967. - Moravcsik, Gyula, ed. (1967) [1949]. Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (2nd revised ed.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 9780884020219. https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC ↩

36. Moore, 127. ↩

37. Norwich, John Julius. (1997) A Short History of Byzantium. London: Viking, p. 180. ISBN 0-679-45088-2 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

38. Norwich, 181. ↩

39. Kazhdan 1991, p. 1806. - Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). "Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos". The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. pp. 502–503. https://archive.org/details/odb_20210521/page/502 ↩