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People Politicians and leaders Post-classical

Post-classical

Emperor of the Khitans and founder of the Liao dynasty (872-926)

Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah

Founder of the Fatimid Caliphate

Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan

Fifth Umayyad caliph

Founder and Caliph of the Almohad Caliphate from 1133 to 1163

Abd al-Rahman I

Founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Iberia (731-788)

Abd al-Rahman III

Eighth Emir of Córdoba

Abdallah ibn Yasin

Theologian, founder of Almoravid movement

First Muslim Caliph and close companion of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad

Ælfweard of Wessex

King of Wessex (disputed)

Æthelred the Unready

10th and 11th-century King of England

10th-century King of the Anglo-Saxons, King of the English

Afonso I of Portugal

12th-century King of Portugal

Afonso III of Portugal

King of Portugal

Ah Mekat Tutul Xiu

Ahmad ibn Tulun

Emir of Egypt and Syria

Alauddin Khalji

Emperor of the Khalji dynasty of Delhi from 1296 to 1316

King of the Lombards

Alexander Nevsky

Grand Prince of Vladimir from 1252 to 1263

Alexios I Komnenos

Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118

Alfonso II of Aragon

King of Aragon from 1164 to 1196

Alfonso II of Asturias

King of Asturias

Alfonso IX of León

King of León and Galicia from 1188 to 1230

Alfonso VI of León and Castile

King of León (1065–1109), Castile (1072–1109), and Galicia (1071–1109)

Alfonso VII of León and Castile

King of León, Castile, and Galicia from 1126 to 1157

Alfonso X of Castile

King of Castile and León from 1252 to 1284

Alfred the Great

9th-century King of Wessex

Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf

Umayyad governor of Iraq and viceroy of the eastern caliphate

al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah

6th Fatimid caliph (r. 996–1021) and 16th Ismaili Imam

2nd Abbasid caliph (r. 754–775)

Andalusian military leader and statesman (c. 938–1002)

al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah

4th Caliph of the Fatimid dynasty (r. 953–975)

al-Mustansir Billah

Fatimid caliph from 1036 to 1094/95

16th Abbasid Caliph

Al-Nasir Muhammad

Sultan of Egypt and Syria

Sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1063 to 1072

Emperor of Ethiopia

Anangabhima Deva III

Rauta, Durgaputra, Rudraputra, Purushottama, Purushottamaputra

Anastasius I Dicorus

Roman emperor in the East from 491 to 518

Antipope Clement VII

Antipope from 1378 to 1394

Antipope John XXIII

Italian bishop; Pisan antipope (1410–1415)

Roman emperor from 383 to 408

Grand Prince of the Hungarians

Ashot I of Armenia

King of Armenia

Asparuh of Bulgaria

Khan of Bulgaria

Sasanian general and political leader (died 591)

Baldwin I of Jerusalem

First count of Edessa (r.1098–1100) and first king of Jerusalem (r. 1100–1118)

Emperor of the Byzantine Empire

Byzantine emperor from 976 to 1025

13th-century founder and ruler of the Golden Horde, a division of the Mongol Empire

13th-century Sultan of Egypt and Syria

Béla IV of Hungary

King of Hungary and Croatia from 1235 to 1270

Berengar I of Italy

Emperor of the Romans

Bolesław I the Brave

Bolesław III Wrymouth

Boris I of Bulgaria

Knyaz of Bulgaria from 852 to 889

Bořivoj I, Duke of Bohemia

Duke of Bohemia

Historical king of Ireland (c. 941 – 1014)

Founder of the Turkic Khaganate (d. 552 AD)

Casimir I the Restorer

Casimir III the Great

King of Poland from 1333 to 1370

Chan Imix Kʼawiil

Ruler of Copán

King of the Franks and first Holy Roman Emperor (748–814)

Charles I of Hungary

King of Hungary and Croatia from 1308 to 1342

Charles II of Navarre

King of Navarre from 1349 to 1387

Charles III of Navarre

King of Navarre from 1387 to 1425

Charles IV of France

Last King of France who was directly a member of the House of Capet

Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor

14th century Holy Roman Emperor of the House of Luxembourg

Frankish military and political leader

Charles the Bald

9th century Holy Roman Emperor

Charles the Fat

Emperor of the Carolingian Empire (839-888) (r.881-888)

Charles V of France

King of France from 1364 to 1380

Charles VI of France

14th/15th-century French king

King of Neustria (584-613); King of the Franks (613-629)

King of the Franks from 481 to 511

King of England

Coloman, King of Hungary

King of Hungary (1095–1116)

Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor

11th century Holy Roman Emperor of the Salian dynasty

Conrad IV of Germany

13th century King of Germany, Sicily, and Jerusalem

Byzantine emperor from 641 to 668

Constantine III of Scotland

Constantine IX Monomachos

Byzantine emperor

Byzantine Emperor from 741 to 775

Constantine VII

Byzantine emperor from 913 to 959

Constantine VIII

Byzantine emperor from 1025 to 1028

Progenitor of the Welsh royal house of Gwynedd

Dafydd ap Llywelyn

13th-century Welsh monarch

Daniel of Galicia

King of Ruthenia from 1253 to 1264

David I of Scotland

12th-century King of Scots, Prince of the Cumbrians

King of Georgia from 1089 to 1125

Khagan of Dayan

Denis of Portugal

King of Portugal

Devapala of Bengal

Pala emperor of early 9th century

Diarmait mac Cerbaill

High King of Ireland

Prince of Moscow (1359–1389)

Domnall mac Ailpín

King of the Picts from 858 to 862

Dunama II Dabbalemi

Mai of the Kanem–Bornu Empire

King of the English

10th-century English king

Edgar Ætheling

11th-century claimant to the throne of England

Edgar, King of England

Anglo-Saxon king of England

King of the English from 939 to 946

Edmund Ironside

King of England from April-November 1016

Edward I of England

King of England from 1272 to 1307

Edward II of England

14th-century King of England and Duke of Aquitaine

Edward III of England

14th-century King of England and Duke of Aquitaine

Edward the Black Prince

14th-century English royal; eldest son of King Edward III

Edward the Confessor

11th-century king of England

Edward the Elder

King of the Anglo-Saxons from 899 to 924

Edward the Martyr

King of the English

Eight Deer Jaguar Claw

Mixtec conqueror

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Duchess of Aquitaine

Emperor Dezong of Tang

Emperor of China

Emperor Gaozong of Tang

Emperor of the Tang Dynasty (628-683) (r. 649-683)

Emperor Go-Daigo

Emperor of Japan

Emperor Huizong of Song

12th-century Chinese emperor and artist

Emperor Taizong of Tang

Emperor of China from 626 to 649

Emperor Taizu of Jin

Emperor of the Jin dynasty

Emperor Taizu of Song

Emperor of China from 960 to 976

Emperor Wen of Sui

1St Emperor of Sui Dynasty

Emperor Xianzong of Tang

Emperor of the Tang Dynasty

Emperor Xuanzong of Tang

7th emperor of the Tang Dynasty

Emperor Yang of Sui

Emperor of China from 604 to 618

Empress Matilda

Claimant to the English throne during the Anarchy (1102–1167)

Doge of Venice (1107-1205)

Ferdinand I of León

King of León (c.1015-1065) (r. 1037-1065)

Fernán González of Castile

Count of Castile and Burgos (c. 910–970)

François Grimaldi

Monegasque noble

Frederick Barbarossa

Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 to 1190

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

13th century Hohenstaufen Holy Roman Emperor

Prime minister of the Majapahit Empire

Gebre Meskel Lalibela

Emperor of Ethiopia during Zagwe dynasty from 1181 to 1221

Grand Duke of Lithuania

Founder of the Mongol Empire (c. 1162–1227)

Gwangjong of Goryeo

Goryeo ruler (925-975)

Harald Bluetooth

King of Denmark and Norway

Harald Fairhair

Legendary first king of Norway

Harald Hardrada

11th-century King of Norway

Harold Godwinson

11th-century Anglo-Saxon King of England

Harold Harefoot

King of England

Emperor of Kannauj from 606 to 647

King of England and Denmark

Harun al-Rashid

Fifth Abbasid caliph

King of Majapahit

Henry I of England

King of England from 1100 to 1135

Henry I of France

King of the Franks from 1031 to 1060

Henry II of England

12th-century King of England, Duke of Aquitaine, and ruler of other European lands

Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor

11th century Ottonian Holy Roman Emperor

Henry III of England

13th-century King of England and Duke of Aquitaine

Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor

11th century Salian Holy Roman Emperor

Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor

11th century Holy Roman Emperor of the Salian dynasty

Henry the Fowler

King of East Francia from 919 to 936

Henry the Young King

Eldest surviving son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine (1155-1183)

Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor

12th century Holy Roman Emperor of the Salian dynasty

Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor

12th century Hohenstaufen Holy Roman Emperor

Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor

14th century Holy Roman Emperor of the House of Luxembourg

Byzantine emperor in 610–641

Hōjō Tokimune

Japanese Regent

Emperor of China from 1368 to 1398

King of the Franks, Founder of the Capetian Dynasty

Western Asian Mongol ruler (c. 1217–1265)

Ibrahim II of Ifriqiya

Emir of Ifriqiya from 875 to 902

13th century ruler of the Delhi Sultinate

Irene of Athens

Byzantine empress from 797 to 802

Amir of the Samanid Empire

Emperor of Bulgaria (ruled 1218-1241)

Iziaslav I of Kiev

Grand Prince of Kiev (Kyiv)

Jadwiga of Poland

Queen of Poland from 1384 to 1399

Jalal-ud-Din Khalji

James I of Aragon

13th-century King of Aragon

James II of Aragon

King of Aragon and Valencia, Count of Barcelona and King of Sicily (1267-1327)

Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I

Pandyan emperor from 1251 to 1268

9th-century king of Cambodia

Cambodian king (c. 1122–1218)

Jinheung of Silla

24th monarch of Silla (r. 540–576)

Khan of the Ulus of Jochi

King of Scotland from 1292 to 1296

John I of France

King of France and Navarre in 1316

John II Komnenos

Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans

John II of France

John, King of England

13th-century King of England and grantor of Magna Carta

Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565 AD

Kenneth MacAlpin

King of the Picts from 848 to 858

King of Singhasari

Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire from 531 to 579

Shah (king) of the Sasanian Empire (reigned 590–628)

Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal

Ajaw of Palenque

Khan of Bulgaria

Mongol emperor of China from 1271 to 1294

Leo I (emperor)

Eastern Roman emperor from 457 to 474

Leo III the Isaurian

Emperor of the Romans

Liutprand, King of the Lombards

King of the Lombards

Llywelyn ab Iorwerth

Prince of Gwynedd and de facto Prince of Wales

Llywelyn ap Gruffudd

Prince of Wales 1258–1282

Emperor of the Carolingian Empire from 817-855

Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor

Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 to 1137

Louis I of Hungary

King of Hungary and Croatia from 1342 to 1382

Louis II of Italy

Ruler of the Carolingian Empire from 844 to 875

Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor

14th century Holy Roman Emperor of the house of Wittelsbach

Louis IX of France

King of France from 1226 to 1270

Louis the Pious

Emperor of the Carolingian Empire from 813 to 840

Louis VI of France

King of the Franks

Louis VII of France

King of France from 1137 to 1180

Louis VIII of France

King of France from 1223 to 1226

Louis X of France

Macbeth, King of Scotland

11th-century King of Scotland

Mahmud of Ghazni

Ghaznavid sultan from 998 to 1030 (971–1030)

Manuel I Komnenos

Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans

Margaret I of Denmark

Queen regnant of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden

Margaret, Maid of Norway

Mary, Queen of Hungary

14th century Queen of Hungary and Croatia

Matilda I, Countess of Boulogne

12th-century countess and queen consort of King Stephen of England

Michael VIII Palaiologos

Byzantine emperor (1223–1282)

Duke of Poland (c. 930-992) (ruled c. 960-992)

Pratihara emperor

Minamoto no Yoritomo

Founder and first shogun of the Kamakura Shogunate from 1192 to 1199

King of Lithuania

Fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire

First Umayyad caliph and founder of the Umayyad Caliphate

Muhammad bin Tughluq

Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to 1351

Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid

Autonomous ruler of Egypt and Syria

Muhammad II of Khwarazm

Muhammad of Ghor

Ruler of Ghurid Sultanate, 1173 to 1206

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1362 to 1389

Narasingha Deva I

Yavanabaniballava, Hammiramanamardana, Gajapati, Paramamaheswara, Durgaputra, Purushottamaputra

King of Vietnam

Nikephoros II Phokas

Byzantine emperor from 963 to 969

Persian Muslim Scholar, Politician, vizier and court official of Seljuqs

General and kingmaker of the Golden Horde

Ruler of Italy (c. 433 – 493)

8th-century Anglo-Saxon King of Mercia

Khagan of the Mongol Empire (c.1186-1241) (r. 1229-1241)

Grand Prince of Kiev

Grand Princess of Kiev

Ordoño II of León

King of Galicia

Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor

10th century Ottonian Holy Roman Emperor

Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor

Holy Roman Emperor from 996 to 1002

Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor

13th century Holy Roman Emperor of the Welf dynasty

10th century Ottonian Holy Roman Emperor

Leader of a Welsh revolt against English rule

Pepin of Herstal

Duke and Prince of the Franks

Pepin the Short

King of the Franks from 751 to 768; first king of the Carolingian Dynasty

Peter III of Aragon

King of Aragon and Valencia (1276-85); King of Sicily (1282-85)

Peter IV of Aragon

King of Aragon.

Philip I of France

King of the Franks

Philip II of France

King of France from 1180 to 1223

Philip III of France

King of France, 1270 to 1285

Philip IV of France

King of France from 1285 to 1314

Philip V of France

King of France and Navarre

Philip VI of France

King of France from 1328 to 1350

Head of the Catholic Church from 1154 to 1159

Pope Alexander III

Pope of the Catholic Church from 1159 to 1181

Pope Boniface VIII

193rd Pope of the Catholic Church (1294-1303)

Pope Eugene III

Head of the Catholic Church from 1145 to 1153

Pope Gregory IX

Pope of the Catholic Church from 1227 to 1241

Pope Gregory VII

11th century Pope famous for his reforms

Pope Innocent III

Head of the Catholic Church from 1198 to 1216

Pope Innocent IV

Head of the Catholic Church from 1243 to 1254

14th-century pope of the Roman Catholic Church

Pope Paschal II

Pope (r. 1099–1118)

Head of the Catholic Church from 1088 to 1099

Pope (1378-1389)

Prithviraj Chauhan

610–642 ruler of the Chalukya dynasty of Vatapi, present-day India

Queen Seondeok of Silla

Monarch of Silla from 632 to 647

Rainier I of Monaco, Lord of Cagnes

Monegasque noble

Chola emperor from 985 to 1014

Chola emperor from 1014 to 1044

Ramiro II of León

Pho Khun Ramarat

Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona

Prince of Aragon, Count of Barcelona and consort of the Queen of Aragon

Richard I of England

12th-century King of England and crusader

Richard II of England

14th-century King of England and Duke of Aquitaine

Robert Guiscard

Duke of Apulia and Calabria (1015–1085)

Robert II of France

King of the Franks

Robert the Bruce

King of Scotland from 1306 to 1329

Roger II of Sicily

King of Sicily from 1130 to 1154

17th century Melanesian chief

9th and 10th-century Viking and later count of Normandy

Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair

High King of Ireland (c. 1116 – 1198)

Rudolf I of Germany

13th century King of the Romans

Prince of Ladoga and Novgorod

King of Norway from 1015 to 1028

Founder of the Ayyubid dynasty (c. 1137–1193)

Founder of the Samanid dynasty

Samuel of Bulgaria

Tsar of Bulgaria

Sancho III of Pamplona

11th century King of Pamplona and ruler of Aragaon

Sancho VI of Navarre

King of Navarre

Sancho VII of Navarre

King of Navarre from 1194 to 1234

Sang Nila Utama

Sri Tri Buana, "Lord of Three Worlds"

Founder of Gauda Kingdom of Bengal

Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor

15th century Holy Roman Emperor of the House of Luxembourg

Simeon I of Bulgaria

First Emperor of the Bulgars (ruled 893-927)

Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester

13th-century Anglo-Norman nobleman and rebel

Emperor of Tibet

Sophie, Countess of Bar

French countess

14th-century Serbian king and emperor

Grand Prince of Serbia, founder of the Nemanjić dynasty

Stefan the First-Crowned

King of Serbia from 1217 to 1228

Stephen I of Hungary

11th-century Hungarian king and saint

Stephen the Great

Prince of Moldavia from 1457 to 1504

Stephen, King of England

12th-century King of England and Count of Boulogne

Emperor of Mali

Emperor of the Khmer Empire from 1113 to 1150 CE

Svatopluk I of Moravia

Ruler of Great Moravia from 870 to 894

Sviatopolk II of Kiev

Grand Prince of Kiev (Kyiv)

Grand Prince of Kiev (943-972)

Sweyn Forkbeard

11th-century King of Denmark, England, and Norway

Taejo of Goryeo

King of Goryeo from 918 to 943

Taejo of Joseon

The first king of Joseon Dynasty in Korean history

Tamar of Georgia

Queen of Georgia

6th Khagan of the Mongol Empire

Theodora (wife of Justinian I)

Byzantine empress from 527 to 548

Theodoric the Great

5th century King of the Ostrogoths

10th century empress of the Holy Roman Empire

Turco-Mongol conqueror (1320s–1405)

15th Khagan of the Mongol Empire; Emperor of the Yuan and Northern Yuan dynasties

Khan of the Golden Horde (1376-80), descendant of Genghis Khan

Töregene Khatun

Great Khatun of the Mongol Empire

King of the Ostrogoths

Trần Thánh Tông

Emperor of Đại Việt from 1258 to 1278

Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi

Javanese third monarch of Majapahit empire

5th Tibetan Emperor and 38th King of Tibet (742-797/804)

Sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1037 to 1063

Ruler of the Ghana Empire gago to si tunka manin

2nd Rashidun caliph from 634 to 644

3rd Rashidun caliph from 644 to 656

Vasily I of Moscow

Grand Prince of Moscow

Vijayalaya Chola

KoParakesarivarman

Vlad the Impaler

Ruler of Wallachia during the 15th century

Vladimir the Great

10th and 11th-century Grand Prince of Kiev and Novgorod

Vsevolod the Big Nest

12th-century prince of Kievan Rus'

Vytautas the Great

Grand Duke of Lithuania

Song dynasty politician, poet and writer

Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia

Duke of Bohemia

Wenceslaus II of Bohemia

King of Bohemia from 1278 to 1305

William II of England

King of England

William the Conqueror

King of England, Duke of Normandy

Władysław I Herman

Władysław I Łokietek

King of Poland from 1320 to 1333

Władysław II Jagiełło

Grand Duke of Lithuania (1377–1434); King of Poland (1386–1434)

Władysław II the Exile

High Duke of Poland

Sole empress regnant of China (r. 690–705)

Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar

Emir of the Safarid Dynasty from 861-879

Yaroslav the Wise

Grand Prince of Kiev from 1019 to 1054

Last Sasanian King from 632 to 651

Umayyad caliph from 680 to 683

Emperor of Ethiopia

Yusuf ibn Tashfin

Ruler of Almoravid Dynasty (r. 1061–1106)

Late 5th-century Eastern Roman emperor

Chinese warlord and founding emperor of the Later Liang dynasty (907-912)

Zoe Porphyrogenita

Byzantine empress regnant in 1042