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Croatian is the standard variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Croats. It serves as the official language of Croatia and is recognized in several neighboring countries and the European Union. Its literary standard is based on the Neo-Shtokavian dialect, promoted in the 18th century and codified by the Croatian Vukovians using Gaj's Latin alphabet. Besides Shtokavian, other supradialects like Chakavian and Kajkavian exist. The term Serbo-Croatian is controversial, with alternatives like BCMS used by linguists. The Croatian Parliament honors the language annually, including celebrations from International Mother Language Day to the signing of a key declaration.

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History

See also: Early development of Serbo-Croatian and Language secessionism

Modern language and standardization

In the late medieval period up to the 17th century, the majority of semi-autonomous Croatia was ruled by two domestic dynasties of princes (banovi), the Zrinski and the Frankopan, which were linked by inter-marriage.10 Toward the 17th century, both of them attempted to unify Croatia both culturally and linguistically, writing in a mixture of all three principal dialects (Chakavian, Kajkavian and Shtokavian), and calling it "Croatian", "Dalmatian", or "Slavonian".11 Historically, several other names were used as synonyms for Croatian, in addition to Dalmatian and Slavonian, and these were Illyrian (ilirski) and Slavic (slovinski).12 It is still used now in parts of Istria, which became a crossroads of various mixtures of Chakavian with Ekavian, Ijekavian and Ikavian isoglosses.13

The most standardised form (Kajkavian–Ikavian) became the cultivated language of administration and intellectuals from the Istrian peninsula along the Croatian coast, across central Croatia up into the northern valleys of the Drava and the Mura. The cultural apex of this 17th century idiom is represented by the editions of "Adrianskoga mora sirena" ("The Siren of the Adriatic Sea") by Petar Zrinski and "Putni tovaruš" ("Traveling escort") by Katarina Zrinska.1415

However, this first linguistic renaissance in Croatia was halted by the political execution of Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan by the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I in Vienna in 1671.16 Subsequently, the Croatian elite in the 18th century gradually abandoned this combined Croatian standard.17

Illyrian period

Main article: Illyrian movement

The Illyrian movement was a 19th-century pan-South Slavic political and cultural movement in Croatia that had the goal to standardise the regionally differentiated and orthographically inconsistent literary languages in Croatia, and finally merge them into a common South Slavic literary language. Specifically, three major groups of dialects were spoken on Croatian territory, and there had been several literary languages over four centuries. The leader of the Illyrian movement Ljudevit Gaj standardized the Latin alphabet in 1830–1850 and worked to bring about a standardized orthography. Although based in Kajkavian-speaking Zagreb, Gaj supported using the more populous Neo-Shtokavian – a version of Shtokavian that eventually became the predominant dialectal basis of both Croatian and Serbian literary language from the 19th century on.1819 Supported by various South Slavic proponents, Neo-Shtokavian was adopted after an Austrian initiative at the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850,20 laying the foundation for the unified Serbo-Croatian literary language. The uniform Neo-Shtokavian then became common in the Croatian elite.21

In the 1860s, the Zagreb Philological School dominated the Croatian cultural life, drawing upon linguistic and ideological conceptions advocated by the members of the Illyrian movement.22 While it was dominant over the rival Rijeka Philological School and Zadar Philological Schools, its influence waned with the rise of the Croatian Vukovians (at the end of the 19th century).23

Distinguishing features and differences between standards

Main article: Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian

See also: Serbo-Croatian phonology and Serbo-Croatian grammar

Croatian is commonly characterized by the ijekavian pronunciation (see an explanation of yat reflexes), the sole use of the Latin alphabet, and a number of lexical differences in common words that set it apart from standard Serbian.24 Some differences are absolute, while some appear mainly in the frequency of use.25 However, as professor John F. Bailyn states, "an examination of all the major 'levels' of language shows that BCS is clearly a single language with a single grammatical system."26

Sociopolitical standpoints

Croatian, although technically a form of Serbo-Croatian, is sometimes considered a distinct language by itself.27 This is at odds with purely linguistic classifications of languages based on mutual intelligibility (abstand and ausbau languages),28 which do not allow varieties that are mutually intelligible to be considered separate languages. "There is no doubt of the near 100% mutual intelligibility of (standard) Croatian and (standard) Serbian, as is obvious from the ability of all groups to enjoy each others' films, TV and sports broadcasts, newspapers, rock lyrics etc.", writes Bailyn.29 Differences between various standard forms of Serbo-Croatian are often exaggerated for political reasons.30 Most Croatian linguists regard Croatian as a separate language that is considered key to national identity,31 in the sense that the term Croatian language includes all language forms from the earliest times to the present, in all areas where Croats live, as realized in the speeches of Croatian dialects, in city speeches and jargons, and in the Croatian standard language.3233 The issue is sensitive in Croatia as the notion of a separate language being the most important characteristic of a nation is widely accepted, stemming from the 19th-century history of Europe.34 The 1967 Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language, in which a group of Croatian authors and linguists demanded greater autonomy for Croatian, is viewed in Croatia as a linguistic policy milestone that was also a general milestone in national politics.35

On the 50th anniversary of the Declaration, at the beginning of 2017, a two-day meeting of experts from Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro was organized in Zagreb, at which the text of the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs and Montenegrins was drafted.36 The new Declaration has received more than ten thousand signatures. It states that in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro a common polycentric standard language is used, consisting of several standard varieties, similar to the existing varieties of German, English or Spanish.37 The aim of the new Declaration is to stimulate discussion on language without the nationalistic baggage38 and to counter nationalistic divisions.39

The terms "Serbo-Croatian", "Serbo-Croat", or "Croato-Serbian", are still used as a cover term for all these forms by foreign scholars, even though the speakers themselves largely do not use it.40 Within ex-Yugoslavia, the term has largely been replaced by the ethnopolitical terms Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian.41

The use of the name "Croatian" for a language has historically been attested to, though not always distinctively. The first printed Croatian literary work is a vernacular Chakavian poem written in 1501 by Marko Marulić, titled "The History of the Holy Widow Judith Composed in Croatian Verses".4243 The Croatian–Hungarian Agreement designated Croatian as one of its official languages.44 Croatian became an official EU language upon accession of Croatia to the European Union on 1 July 2013.4546 In 2013, the EU started publishing a Croatian-language version of its official gazette.47

Official status

Standard Croatian is the official language of the Republic of Croatia48 and, along with Standard Bosnian and Standard Serbian, one of three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina.49 It is also official in the regions of Burgenland (Austria),50 Molise (Italy)51 and Vojvodina (Serbia).52 Additionally, it has co-official status alongside Romanian in the communes of Carașova53 and Lupac,5455 Romania. In these localities, Croats or Krashovani make up the majority of the population, and education, signage and access to public administration and the justice system are provided in Croatian, alongside Romanian.

Croatian is officially used and taught at all universities in Croatia and at the University of Mostar in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Studies of Croatian language are held in Hungary (Institute of Philosophy at the ELTE Faculty of Humanities in Budapest56), Slovakia (Faculty of Philosophy of the Comenius University in Bratislava57), Poland (University of Warsaw, Jagiellonian University, University of Silesia in Katowice, University of Wroclaw, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan),58 Germany (University of Regensburg59), Australia (Center for Croatian Studies at the Macquarie University60), Northern Macedonia (Faculty of Philology in Skopje61) etc.

Croatian embassies hold courses for learning Croatian in Poland,62 United Kingdom63 and a few other countries. Extracurricular education of Croatian is hold in Germany in Baden-Württemberg, Berlin, Hamburg and Saarland,64 as well as in North Macedonia in Skopje, Bitola, Štip and Kumanovo.65 Some Croatian Catholic Missions also hold Croatian language courses (for. ex. CCM in Buenos Aires66).

There is no regulatory body that determines the proper usage of Croatian. However, in January 2023, the Croatian Parliament passed a law that prescribes the official use of the Croatian language, regulates the establishment of the Council for the Croatian language as a coordinating advisory body whose work will be focused on the protection and development of the Croatian language. State authorities, local and regional self-government entities are obliged to use the Croatian language.67

The current standard language is generally laid out in the grammar books and dictionaries used in education, such as the school curriculum prescribed by the Ministry of Education and the university programmes of the Faculty of Philosophy at the four main universities.[needs update] In 2013, a Hrvatski pravopis by the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics received an official sole seal of approval from the Ministry of Education.

The most prominent recent editions describing the Croatian standard language are:

Also notable are the recommendations of Matica hrvatska, the national publisher and promoter of Croatian heritage, and the Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography, as well as the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Numerous representative Croatian linguistic works were published since the independence of Croatia, among them three voluminous monolingual dictionaries of contemporary Croatian.

In 2021, Croatia introduced a new model of linguistic categorisation of the Bunjevac dialect (as part of New-Shtokavian Ikavian dialects of the Shtokavian dialect of the Croatian language) in three sub-branches: Dalmatian (also called Bosnian-Dalmatian), Danubian (also called Bunjevac), and Littoral-Lika.6869 Its speakers largely use the Latin alphabet and are living in parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, different parts of Croatia, southern parts (inc. Budapest) of Hungary as well in the autonomous province Vojvodina of Serbia. The Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics added the Bunjevac dialect to the List of Protected Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Croatia on 8 October 2021.7071

Sample text

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Croatian (2009 Croatian government official translation):

Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i sviješću te trebaju jedna prema drugima postupati u duhu bratstva.72

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.73

See also

  • Croatia portal
  • Languages portal

Notes

Sources

Further reading

Croatian edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Wikimedia Commons has media related to Croatian language. Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Croatian. Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Croatian For a list of words relating to Croatian language, see the Croatian languagecategory of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Language history

References

  1. English pronunciation: /kroʊˈeɪʃən/ ⓘ /wiki/Help:IPA/English ↩

  2. Multiple sources: Dalby, David (1999). Linguasphere. 53-AAA-g. Srpski+Hrvatski, Serbo-Croatian. Linguasphere Observatory. p. 445.Benjamin W. Fortson IV (2010). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Blackwell. p. 431. Because of their mutual intelligibility, Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are usually thought of as constituting one language called Serbo-Croatian.Blažek, Václav. On the Internal Classification of Indo-European Languages: Survey (PDF). pp. 15–16. Retrieved 2021-10-26.Šipka, Danko (2019). Lexical layers of identity: words, meaning, and culture in the Slavic languages. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 206. doi:10.1017/9781108685795. ISBN 978-953-313-086-6. LCCN 2018048005. OCLC 1061308790. S2CID 150383965. Serbo-Croatian, which features four ethnic variants: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and MontenegrinĆalić, Jelena (2021). "Pluricentricity in the classroom: the Serbo-Croatian language issue for foreign language teaching at higher education institutions worldwide". Sociolinguistica: European Journal of Sociolinguistics. 35 (1). De Gruyter: 113–140. doi:10.1515/soci-2021-0007. ISSN 0933-1883. S2CID 244134335. The debate about the status of the Serbo-Croatian language and its varieties has recently shifted (again) towards a position which looks at the internal variation within Serbo-Croatian through the prism of linguistic pluricentricityKordić, Snježana (2024). "Ideology Against Language: The Current Situation in South Slavic Countries" (PDF). In Nomachi, Motoki; Kamusella, Tomasz (eds.). Languages and Nationalism Instead of Empires. Routledge Histories of Central and Eastern Europe. London: Routledge. pp. 168–169. doi:10.4324/9781003034025-11. ISBN 978-0-367-47191-0. OCLC 1390118985. S2CID 259576119. SSRN 4680766. COBISS.SR 125229577. COBISS 171014403. Archived from the original on 2024-01-10. Retrieved 2024-01-23.E.C. Hawkesworth (2006). "Serbian-Croatian-Bosnian Linguistic Complex". Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2nd ed.). 978-953-313-086-6978-0-367-47191-0 ↩

  3. Bičanić et al. (2013:55) - Bičanić, Ante; Frančić, Anđela; Hudeček, Lana; Mihaljević, Milica (2013), Pregled povijesti, gramatike i pravopisa hrvatskog jezika (in Serbo-Croatian), Croatica ↩

  4. Bičanić et al. (2013:84) - Bičanić, Ante; Frančić, Anđela; Hudeček, Lana; Mihaljević, Milica (2013), Pregled povijesti, gramatike i pravopisa hrvatskog jezika (in Serbo-Croatian), Croatica ↩

  5. "Croatia: Themes, Authors, Books". Yale University Library Slavic and East European Collection. 2009-11-16. Retrieved 2010-10-27. https://www.library.yale.edu/slavic/croatia/dictionary/ ↩

  6. Cvetkovic, Ljudmila (2010). "Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Or Montenegrin? Or Just 'Our Language'? – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty". Rferl.org. Retrieved 2021-10-26. https://www.rferl.org/a/Serbian_Croatian_Bosnian_or_Montenegrin_Many_In_Balkans_Just_Call_It_Our_Language_/1497105.html ↩

  7. "Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian language (BCMS)". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2024-01-26. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian-language ↩

  8. "Mjesec hrvatskog jezika" [Croatian language Month]. ihjj.hr (in Croatian). Institute of Croatian language. Retrieved 22 February 2024. http://ihjj.hr/stranica/mjesec-hrvatskoga-jezika/23/ ↩

  9. "Mjesec hrvatskog jezika" [Croatian language Month]. ihjj.hr (in Croatian). Institute of Croatian language. Retrieved 22 February 2024. http://ihjj.hr/stranica/mjesec-hrvatskoga-jezika/23/ ↩

  10. Gazi, Stephen (1973). A History of Croatia. New York: Philosophical library. ISBN 978-0-8022-2108-7. 978-0-8022-2108-7 ↩

  11. Van Antwerp Fine, John (2006). When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans. Michigan, US: University of Michigan Press. pp. 377–379. ISBN 978-0-472-11414-6. 978-0-472-11414-6 ↩

  12. Stankiewicz, Edward (1984). Grammars and Dictionaries of the Slavic Languages from the Middle Ages Up to 1850. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110097788. Retrieved 2021-10-26. 9783110097788 ↩

  13. Kalsbeek, Janneke (1998). "The Čakavian dialect of Orbanići near Žminj in Istria". Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. 25. ↩

  14. Ivana, Sabljak. "Dva brata i jedna Sirena" [Two Sisters and One Siren]. Matica hrvatska (in Croatian). Retrieved 9 March 2012. https://www.matica.hr/Vijenac/vijenac349.nsf/AllWebDocs/Dva_brata_i_jedna_Sirena_ ↩

  15. "Matica Hrvatska – Putni tovaruš – izvornik (I.)". Archived from the original on 2013-05-13. Retrieved 2021-10-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20130513193306/http://www.matica.hr/www/wwwizd2.nsf/AllWebDocs/zrinskipvtnitovarvs ↩

  16. Tanner, Marcus (1997). Croatia: a Nation Forged in War. New Haven, US: Yale University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-300-06933-4. 978-0-300-06933-4 ↩

  17. Malić, Dragica (1997). Razvoj hrvatskog književnog jezika. Školska knjiga. ISBN 978-953-0-40010-8.[page needed] 978-953-0-40010-8 ↩

  18. Uzelac, Gordana (2006). The development of the Croatian nation: an historical and sociological analysis. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-7734-5791-1. 978-0-7734-5791-1 ↩

  19. Tošović, Branko (Universität Graz). "Bosnisch/Bosniakisch, Kroatisch und Serbisch (B/K/S)". Archived from the original on 2022-12-01. Retrieved 2023-04-13. Bis in die 1990er-Jahre wurde diese Sprache einheitlich offiziell als Serbokroatisch/Kroatoserbisch, inoffiziell als Serbisch und Kroatisch bezeichnet. Den Namen Serbokroatisch verwendete erstmals Jacob Grimm im Vorwort zu seiner Übersetzung der Kleinen Serbischen Grammatik (1824) von Vuk Stefanović Karadžić. Im Jahre 1836 benutzt Jernej Kopitar den Ausdruck "serbochorvatica sive chorvatocoserbica". P. Budmani veröffentlichte 1867 die Grammatica della lingua serbo-croata (illirica), und im Jahre 1877 erschien die Grammaire de la language serbo-croate des Kroaten Dragutin Pančić. Die Sprache, beziehungsweise die Sprachen, die aus dem ehemaligen Serbokroatischen entstanden sind, stellen ein kompliziertes soziolinguistisches Phänomen dar. Diese Komplexität ist gegeben, weil eine genetisch identische Sprache von (1) mehreren Nationen (Serben, Montenegrinen, Kroaten, Muslime/Bosniaken), (2) mehreren Religionen (Orthodoxen, Katholiken, Muslimen) gesprochen wird und weil diese Sprache (3) eine breite dialektologische Gliederung (das Štokavische, das Čakavische, das Kajkavische), (4) verschiedene Aussprachen (das Ekavische, das Ijekavische, das Ikavische) und (5) zwei Schriften (Lateinschrift, Kyrillica) aufweist. https://web.archive.org/web/20221201181403/https://www-gewi.uni-graz.at/gralis-alt/2.Slawistikarium/BKS/Herausbildung_des_BKS_Allgemeine_Informaction.htm ↩

  20. Malić, Dragica (1997). Razvoj hrvatskog književnog jezika. Školska knjiga. ISBN 978-953-0-40010-8.[page needed] 978-953-0-40010-8 ↩

  21. Malić, Dragica (1997). Razvoj hrvatskog književnog jezika. Školska knjiga. ISBN 978-953-0-40010-8.[page needed] 978-953-0-40010-8 ↩

  22. Bičanić et al. 2013, p. 77. - Bičanić, Ante; Frančić, Anđela; Hudeček, Lana; Mihaljević, Milica (2013), Pregled povijesti, gramatike i pravopisa hrvatskog jezika (in Serbo-Croatian), Croatica ↩

  23. Bičanić et al. 2013, p. 78. - Bičanić, Ante; Frančić, Anđela; Hudeček, Lana; Mihaljević, Milica (2013), Pregled povijesti, gramatike i pravopisa hrvatskog jezika (in Serbo-Croatian), Croatica ↩

  24. Corbett & Browne 2009, p. 334. - Corbett, Greville; Browne, Wayles (2009). "Serbo-Croat – Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian". In Comrie, Bernard (ed.). The World's Major Languages. Routledge. ISBN 9781134261567. https://books.google.com/books?id=4DR-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334 ↩

  25. Corbett & Browne 2009, p. 334. - Corbett, Greville; Browne, Wayles (2009). "Serbo-Croat – Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian". In Comrie, Bernard (ed.). The World's Major Languages. Routledge. ISBN 9781134261567. https://books.google.com/books?id=4DR-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334 ↩

  26. Bailyn, John Frederick (2010). "To what degree are Croatian and Serbian the same language? Evidence from a Translation Study" (PDF). Journal of Slavic Linguistics. 18 (2): 181–219. ISSN 1068-2090. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191009113158/https://linguistics.stonybrook.edu/people/_bios/_linguistics-faculty/_faculty-files/bailyn/publications/JSLBCS2.pdf ↩

  27. Cvetkovic, Ljudmila (2010). "Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Or Montenegrin? Or Just 'Our Language'? – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty". Rferl.org. Retrieved 2021-10-26. https://www.rferl.org/a/Serbian_Croatian_Bosnian_or_Montenegrin_Many_In_Balkans_Just_Call_It_Our_Language_/1497105.html ↩

  28. Mader Skender, Mia (2022). "Schlussbemerkung" [Summary]. Die kroatische Standardsprache auf dem Weg zur Ausbausprache [The Croatian standard language on the way to ausbau language] (PDF) (Dissertation). UZH Dissertations (in German). Zurich: University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts, Institute of Slavonic Studies. pp. 196–197. doi:10.5167/uzh-215815. Retrieved 8 June 2022. Obwohl das Kroatische sich in den letzten Jahren in einigen Gebieten, vor allem jedoch auf lexikalischer Ebene, verändert hat, sind diese Änderungen noch nicht bedeutend genug, dass der Terminus Ausbausprache gerechtfertigt wäre. Ausserdem können sich Serben, Kroaten, Bosnier und Montenegriner immer noch auf ihren jeweiligen Nationalsprachen unterhalten und problemlos verständigen. Nur schon diese Tatsache zeigt, dass es sich immer noch um eine polyzentrische Sprache mit verschiedenen Varietäten handelt. https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/215815/ ↩

  29. Bailyn, John Frederick (2010). "To what degree are Croatian and Serbian the same language? Evidence from a Translation Study" (PDF). Journal of Slavic Linguistics. 18 (2): 181–219. ISSN 1068-2090. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191009113158/https://linguistics.stonybrook.edu/people/_bios/_linguistics-faculty/_faculty-files/bailyn/publications/JSLBCS2.pdf ↩

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  33. "Hrvatski — zaseban jezik". Institute of Croatian Language. Retrieved 2024-01-26. https://jezik.hr/zaseban-jezik.html ↩

  34. Stokes 2008, p. 348. - Stokes, Gale (2008). Yugoslavia: Oblique Insights and Observations. University of Pittsburgh Pre. ISBN 9780822973492. https://books.google.com/books?id=8vLegdmW9toC&pg=PA348 ↩

  35. Šute 1999, p. 317. - Šute, Ivica (April 1999). "Deklaracija o nazivu i položaju hrvatskog književnog jezika – Građa za povijest Deklaracije, Zagreb, 1997, str. 225" [Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Standard Language – Declaration History Articles, Zagreb, 1997, p. 225]. Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest (in Serbo-Croatian). 31 (1): 317–318. ISSN 0353-295X. Retrieved 5 July 2014. https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=76413&lang=en ↩

  36. Derk, Denis (28 March 2017). "Donosi se Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku Hrvata, Srba, Bošnjaka i Crnogoraca" [A Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins is About to Appear]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Zagreb. pp. 6–7. ISSN 0350-5006. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 2021-10-26. https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/deklaracija-o-zajednickom-jeziku-iz-zagreba-donosi-se-30-ozujka-u-sarajevu-1159142 ↩

  37. Trudgill, Peter (30 November 2017). "Time to Make Four Into One". The New European. p. 46. Retrieved 3 October 2018. /wiki/Peter_Trudgill ↩

  38. J., T. (10 April 2017). "Is Serbo-Croatian a Language?". The Economist. London. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 2021-10-26. (alternate URL Archived 2021-10-26 at the Wayback Machine) https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/04/10/is-serbo-croatian-a-language ↩

  39. Milekić, Sven (30 March 2017). "Post-Yugoslav 'Common Language' Declaration Challenges Nationalism". London: Balkan Insight. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 2021-10-26. https://balkaninsight.com/2017/03/30/post-yugoslav-common-language-declaration-challenges-nationalism-03-29-2017/ ↩

  40. Corbett & Browne 2009, p. 334. - Corbett, Greville; Browne, Wayles (2009). "Serbo-Croat – Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian". In Comrie, Bernard (ed.). The World's Major Languages. Routledge. ISBN 9781134261567. https://books.google.com/books?id=4DR-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334 ↩

  41. Crystal, David (2000). Language Death. Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–12. ↩

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