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Cyst
Closed sac growth on the body

A cyst is a closed sac with a distinct envelope and division compared to surrounding tissue, formed by abnormal cells creating a sac that may contain air, fluids, or semi-solid material. Unlike an abscess, which contains pus, cysts can sometimes resolve on their own but might require surgical removal depending on type and location. Some cysts are related to cancer, forming when mutated cells divide uncontrollably, creating a tumor encapsulated by the body as a cyst. While often benign, cancerous cysts can develop their own blood vessels, enabling tumor growth. Cysts may be neoplastic or non-neoplastic, such as pseudocysts lacking an epithelial lining.

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Terminology

  • microcyst – a small cyst that requires magnification to be seen
  • macrocyst – a cyst that is larger than usual or compared to others

A pseudocyst is very similar to a cyst, but is a collection of cells without a distinct membrane (epithelial or endothelial cells).

A syrinx in the spinal cord or brainstem is sometimes inaccurately referred to as a "cyst".

Cysts by location

Female reproductive system

Male reproductive system

Cutaneous and subcutaneous

Head and neck

Chest

Abdomen

  • Liver cysts
  • Adrenal cyst (glands located above the kidneys) - It is a rare disease, affecting 0.06 to 0.18% of autopsy studies. It constitutes 5.4 to 6.0% of adrenal gland diseases. There are five major types of adrenal cysts: simple or endothelial cysts, true or epithelial cysts, pseudocysts, parasitic cysts, and cysts not classified elsewhere. 7% of the cysts can be malignant.16
  • Renal cyst (kidneys)
  • Pancreatic cyst17
  • Peritoneal inclusion cyst (lining of the abdominal cavity) - It is a cluster of fluid-filled cysts lining the abdominal cavity of reproductive age women with a history of pelvic, abdominal surgeries, or abdominal inflammation. Those affected maybe presented with an abdominal, pelvic, lower back that lasted for months.18
  • Enteric duplication cyst19

Central nervous system

Musculoskeletal system

Seen in various locations

Infectious cysts

  • Cysticercal cyst – an infection due to the larval stage of Taenia sp. (Crain's backs)
  • Hydatid cyst – an infection in the liver or other parts of the body due to the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus (tapeworm)

Neoplastic cysts

Treatment

Treatment ranges from simple enucleation of the cyst to curettage to resection. There are cysts—e.g., buccal bifurcation cyst—that resolve on their own, in which just close observation may be employed, unless it is infected and symptomatic.22

Cystic fibrosis

Despite being described in 1938 as "the microscopic appearance of cysts in the pancreas",23 cystic fibrosis is an example of a genetic disorder whose name is related to fibrosis of the cystic duct (which serves the gallbladder) and does not involve cysts.24

This is just one example of how the Greek root cyst-, which simply means a fluid-filled sac, also is found in medical terms that relate to the urinary bladder and the gallbladder, neither of which involve cysts.

See also

References

  1. Okamoto Y, Tanaka YO, Nishida M, Tsunoda H, Yoshikawa H, Itai Y (March 2003). "MR imaging of the uterine cervix: imaging-pathologic correlation". Radiographics. 23 (2): 425–45, quiz 534-5. doi:10.1148/rg.232025065. PMID 12640157. /wiki/Doi_(identifier)

  2. Farghaly SA (2014). "Current diagnosis and management of ovarian cysts". Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology. 41 (6): 609–12. doi:10.12891/ceog20322014. PMID 25551948. S2CID 1512424. https://doi.org/10.12891%2Fceog20322014

  3. Kiseli M, Caglar GS, Cengiz SD, Karadag D, Yılmaz MB (June 2012). "Clinical diagnosis and complications of paratubal cysts: review of the literature and report of uncommon presentations". Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 285 (6): 1563–9. doi:10.1007/s00404-012-2304-8. PMID 22526447. S2CID 5638006. /wiki/Doi_(identifier)

  4. Heller DS (April 2012). "Vaginal cysts: a pathology review". Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease. 16 (2): 140–4. doi:10.1097/LGT.0b013e3182320ef0. PMID 22126833. S2CID 826917. /wiki/Doi_(identifier)

  5. Heller DS (April 2012). "Vaginal cysts: a pathology review". Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease. 16 (2): 140–4. doi:10.1097/LGT.0b013e3182320ef0. PMID 22126833. S2CID 826917. /wiki/Doi_(identifier)

  6. Heller DS (April 2012). "Vaginal cysts: a pathology review". Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease. 16 (2): 140–4. doi:10.1097/LGT.0b013e3182320ef0. PMID 22126833. S2CID 826917. /wiki/Doi_(identifier)

  7. Heller DS (April 2012). "Vaginal cysts: a pathology review". Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease. 16 (2): 140–4. doi:10.1097/LGT.0b013e3182320ef0. PMID 22126833. S2CID 826917. /wiki/Doi_(identifier)

  8. Heller DS (April 2012). "Vaginal cysts: a pathology review". Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease. 16 (2): 140–4. doi:10.1097/LGT.0b013e3182320ef0. PMID 22126833. S2CID 826917. /wiki/Doi_(identifier)

  9. Heller DS (April 2012). "Vaginal cysts: a pathology review". Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease. 16 (2): 140–4. doi:10.1097/LGT.0b013e3182320ef0. PMID 22126833. S2CID 826917. /wiki/Doi_(identifier)

  10. Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Rubens DJ, Liao L (October 2001). "Benign intratesticular cystic lesions: US features". Radiographics. 21 Spec No (suppl_1): S273-81. doi:10.1148/radiographics.21.suppl_1.g01oc15s273. PMID 11598263. /wiki/Doi_(identifier)

  11. Rawla P, Sunkara T, Muralidharan P, Raj JP (March 2019). "An updated review of cystic hepatic lesions". Clinical and Experimental Hepatology. 5 (1): 22–29. doi:10.5114/ceh.2019.83153. PMC 6431089. PMID 30915403. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6431089

  12. Rawla P, Sunkara T, Muralidharan P, Raj JP (March 2019). "An updated review of cystic hepatic lesions". Clinical and Experimental Hepatology. 5 (1): 22–29. doi:10.5114/ceh.2019.83153. PMC 6431089. PMID 30915403. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6431089

  13. Rawla P, Sunkara T, Muralidharan P, Raj JP (March 2019). "An updated review of cystic hepatic lesions". Clinical and Experimental Hepatology. 5 (1): 22–29. doi:10.5114/ceh.2019.83153. PMC 6431089. PMID 30915403. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6431089

  14. Rawla P, Sunkara T, Muralidharan P, Raj JP (March 2019). "An updated review of cystic hepatic lesions". Clinical and Experimental Hepatology. 5 (1): 22–29. doi:10.5114/ceh.2019.83153. PMC 6431089. PMID 30915403. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6431089

  15. Rawla P, Sunkara T, Muralidharan P, Raj JP (March 2019). "An updated review of cystic hepatic lesions". Clinical and Experimental Hepatology. 5 (1): 22–29. doi:10.5114/ceh.2019.83153. PMC 6431089. PMID 30915403. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6431089

  16. Pogorzelski R, Toutounchi S, Krajewska E, Fiszer P, Pachucki J, Bednarczuk T, et al. (2015). "Laparoscopic treatment of adrenal cysts--own research and literature review". Endokrynologia Polska. 66 (5): 469–72. doi:10.5603/EP.2015.0057. PMID 26457502. https://doi.org/10.5603%2FEP.2015.0057

  17. Stark A, Donahue TR, Reber HA, Hines OJ (May 2016). "Pancreatic Cyst Disease: A Review". JAMA. 315 (17): 1882–93. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.4690. PMID 27139061. /wiki/Doi_(identifier)

  18. Vallerie AM, Lerner JP, Wright JD, Baxi LV (May 2009). "Peritoneal inclusion cysts: a review". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 64 (5): 321–34. doi:10.1097/OGX.0b013e31819f93d4. PMID 19386139. S2CID 34639668. /wiki/Doi_(identifier)

  19. Liu R, Adler DG (July 2014). "Duplication cysts: Diagnosis, management, and the role of endoscopic ultrasound". Endoscopic Ultrasound. 3 (3): 152–60. doi:10.4103/2303-9027.138783. PMC 4145475. PMID 25184121. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4145475

  20. Zadik Y, Aktaş A, Drucker S, Nitzan DW (December 2012). "Aneurysmal bone cyst of mandibular condyle: a case report and review of the literature". Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 40 (8): e243-8. doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2011.10.026. PMID 22118925. /wiki/Doi_(identifier)

  21. Bancroft LW, Peterson JJ, Kransdorf MJ (January 2004). "Cysts, geodes, and erosions". Radiologic Clinics of North America. 42 (1): 73–87. doi:10.1016/S0033-8389(03)00165-9. PMID 15049524. /wiki/Doi_(identifier)

  22. Zadik Y, Yitschaky O, Neuman T, Nitzan DW (July 2011). "On the self-resolution nature of the buccal bifurcation cyst". Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 69 (7): e282-4. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2011.02.124. PMID 21571416. /wiki/Doi_(identifier)

  23. Andersen DH (1938). "Cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and its relation to celiac disease". American Journal of Diseases of Children. 56 (2): 344–399. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1938.01980140114013. /wiki/Dorothy_Hansine_Andersen

  24. Greenholz SK, Krishnadasan B, Marr C, Cannon R (February 1997). "Biliary obstruction in infants with cystic fibrosis requiring Kasai portoenterostomy". Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 32 (2): 175–9, discussion 179-80. doi:10.1016/S0022-3468(97)90174-3. PMID 9044117. /wiki/Doi_(identifier)