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Demopolis Chalk
Geological formation in North America

The Demopolis Chalk is a geological formation in North America, within the U.S. states of Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee. The chalk was formed by pelagic sediments deposited along the eastern edge of the Mississippi embayment during the middle Campanian age of the Late Cretaceous. It is a unit of the Selma Group and consists of the upper Bluffport Marl Member and a lower unnamed member. Dinosaur and mosasaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the Demopolis Chalk.

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Vertebrate paleofauna

Fish

Cartilaginous fish

Cartilaginous fish of the Demopolis Chalk Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceNotesImages

Chimaeriformes indet.5

Alabama6

Cretolamna

C. appendiculata78

Alabama9

An otodontid

Ischyrhiza

I. mira1011

Alabama12

A sclerorhynchid

Scapanorhynchus

S. texanus13

Alabama14

A mitsukurinid

Serratolamna

S. serrata?15

Alabama16

A lamniform shark

Squalicorax

S. kaupi17

Alabama18

Anacoracids

S. pristodontus1920

S. sp.21

Bony fish

Bony fish of the Demopolis Chalk Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceNotesImages

Enchodus

E. ferox22

Alabama23

Enchodontids

E. gladiolus24

E. petrosus25

Protosphyraena

P. sp.26

Alabama27

A pachycormiform

Saurodon

S. sp.28

Alabama29

An ichthyodectiform

Stratodus

S. sp.30

Alabama31

An aulopiform

Xiphactinus

X. vetus32

An ichthyodectid

Reptiles

Dinosaurs

Indeterminate hadrosaurid remains have been found in Tennessee.33 Possible indeterminate tyrannosaurid remains have been found in Alabama.34

Dinosaurs of the Demopolis Chalk Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceNotesImages

Appalachiosaurus3536

A. montgomeriensis3738

Geographically present in Alabama.39

A tyrannosauroid

Crocodylians

Crocodylians of the Demopolis Chalk Formation
GenusSpeciesPresenceNotesImages

Borealosuchus

B. sp.40

Alabama41

An eusuchian

Mosasaurs

Mosasaurs of the Demopolis Chalk
GenusSpeciesPresenceNotesImages

Clidastes

C. propython42

Alabama43

A mosasaurine

Halisaurus

H. sp.44

Alabama45

A halisaurine

Mosasaurus

M. conodon4647

Alabama48

A mosasaurine

M. cf. missouriensis49

Platecarpus

P. cf. somenensis50

Alabama51 and Mississippi52

A plioplatecarpine

Plioplatecarpus

P. sp. nov.53

Mississippi54

A plioplatecarpine

Tylosaurus

T. sp.55

Alabama56 and Mississippi57

A tylosaurine

Turtles

Turtles of the Demopolis Chalk
GenusSpeciesPresenceNotesImages

Asmodochelys

A. parhami58

Geographically present in Alabama and Mississippi.59

A marine ctenochelyid turtle

Chedighaii

C. barberi60

Alabama61

A bothremydid

Ctenochelys

C. cf. tennuitesta62

Alabama63

A ctenochelyid

Prionochelys

P. matutina?64

Alabama65

A ctenochelyid

Protostega

P. gigas66

Alabama67

A protostegid

See also

  • Paleontology portal
  • Dinosaurs portal

References

  1. Carr, T.D.; Williamson, T.E.; Schwimmer, D.R. (2005). "A new genus and species of tyrannosauroid from the Late Cretaceous (middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (1): 119–143. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0119:ANGASO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86243316. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  2. Kiernan, Caitlin R. (2002). "Stratigraphic distribution and habitat segregation of mosasaurs in the Upper Cretaceous of western and central Alabama, with an historical review of Alabama mosasaur discoveries". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (1): 91–103. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0091:SDAHSO]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2024-06-12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254314199 ↩

  3. Kiernan, Caitlin R. (2002). "Stratigraphic distribution and habitat segregation of mosasaurs in the Upper Cretaceous of western and central Alabama, with an historical review of Alabama mosasaur discoveries". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (1): 91–103. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0091:SDAHSO]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2024-06-12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254314199 ↩

  4. Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, North America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 574-588. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

  5. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  6. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  7. Kiernan, Caitlin R. (2002). "Stratigraphic distribution and habitat segregation of mosasaurs in the Upper Cretaceous of western and central Alabama, with an historical review of Alabama mosasaur discoveries". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (1): 91–103. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0091:SDAHSO]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2024-06-12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254314199 ↩

  8. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  9. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  10. Kiernan, Caitlin R. (2002). "Stratigraphic distribution and habitat segregation of mosasaurs in the Upper Cretaceous of western and central Alabama, with an historical review of Alabama mosasaur discoveries". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (1): 91–103. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0091:SDAHSO]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2024-06-12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254314199 ↩

  11. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  12. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  13. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  14. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  15. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  16. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  17. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  18. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  19. Kiernan, Caitlin R. (2002). "Stratigraphic distribution and habitat segregation of mosasaurs in the Upper Cretaceous of western and central Alabama, with an historical review of Alabama mosasaur discoveries". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (1): 91–103. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0091:SDAHSO]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2024-06-12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254314199 ↩

  20. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  21. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  22. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  23. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  24. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  25. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  26. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  27. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  28. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  29. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  30. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  31. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  32. Schwimmer, D. R.; Stewart, J. D.; Williams, G. Dent (1997). "Xiphactinus vetus and the Distribution of Xiphactinus Species in the Eastern United States". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (3): 610–615. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10011007. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254314020 ↩

  33. Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, North America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 574-588. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

  34. Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, North America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 574-588. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

  35. Carr, T.D.; Williamson, T.E.; Schwimmer, D.R. (2005). "A new genus and species of tyrannosauroid from the Late Cretaceous (middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (1): 119–143. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0119:ANGASO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86243316. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  36. Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, North America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 574-588. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

  37. Carr, T.D.; Williamson, T.E.; Schwimmer, D.R. (2005). "A new genus and species of tyrannosauroid from the Late Cretaceous (middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (1): 119–143. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0119:ANGASO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86243316. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  38. Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, North America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 574-588. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

  39. Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, North America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 574-588. ISBN 0-520-24209-2. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

  40. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  41. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  42. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  43. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  44. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  45. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  46. Kiernan, Caitlin R. (2002). "Stratigraphic distribution and habitat segregation of mosasaurs in the Upper Cretaceous of western and central Alabama, with an historical review of Alabama mosasaur discoveries". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (1): 91–103. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0091:SDAHSO]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 2024-06-12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254314199 ↩

  47. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  48. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  49. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  50. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  51. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  52. Rempert, Trevor H; Martens, Brennan P; Vinkeles Melchers, Alexander P. M. (2024-01-09). "New Mosasaur remains from the Upper Cretaceous of Mississippi". The Mosasaur - The Journal of the Delaware Valley Paleontological Society. 13: 79–90. doi:10.5281/zenodo.10472410. https://zenodo.org/records/10472410 ↩

  53. Everhart, Mike (2008-04-18). "The Platecarpus Collection: A virtual collection of Platecarpus specimens from Kansas and elsewhere". Oceans of Kansas Paleontology. Archived from the original on 2024-03-17. Retrieved 2024-06-12. http://www.oceansofkansas.com/mus-plat.html ↩

  54. Rempert, Trevor H; Martens, Brennan P; Vinkeles Melchers, Alexander P. M. (2024-01-09). "New Mosasaur remains from the Upper Cretaceous of Mississippi". The Mosasaur - The Journal of the Delaware Valley Paleontological Society. 13: 79–90. doi:10.5281/zenodo.10472410. https://zenodo.org/records/10472410 ↩

  55. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  56. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  57. Rempert, Trevor H; Martens, Brennan P; Vinkeles Melchers, Alexander P. M. (2024-01-09). "New Mosasaur remains from the Upper Cretaceous of Mississippi". The Mosasaur - The Journal of the Delaware Valley Paleontological Society. 13: 79–90. doi:10.5281/zenodo.10472410. https://zenodo.org/records/10472410 ↩

  58. Andrew D. Gentry; Jun A. Ebersole; Caitlin R. Kiernan (2019). "Asmodochelys parhami, a new fossil marine turtle from the Campanian Demopolis Chalk and the stratigraphic congruence of competing marine turtle phylogenies". Royal Society Open Science. 6 (12): Article ID 191950. Bibcode:2019RSOS....691950G. doi:10.1098/rsos.191950. PMC 6936288. PMID 31903219. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6936288 ↩

  59. Andrew D. Gentry; Jun A. Ebersole; Caitlin R. Kiernan (2019). "Asmodochelys parhami, a new fossil marine turtle from the Campanian Demopolis Chalk and the stratigraphic congruence of competing marine turtle phylogenies". Royal Society Open Science. 6 (12): Article ID 191950. Bibcode:2019RSOS....691950G. doi:10.1098/rsos.191950. PMC 6936288. PMID 31903219. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6936288 ↩

  60. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  61. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  62. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  63. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  64. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  65. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  66. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩

  67. Ikejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272508435 ↩