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Ziprasidone
Antipsychotic medication
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Ziprasidone, sold under the brand name Geodon among others, is an atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It may be used by mouth and by injection into a muscle (IM). The intramuscular form may be used for acute agitation in people with schizophrenia.

Common side effects include tremors, tics, dizziness, dry mouth, restlessness, nausea, and mild sedation. Although it can also cause weight gain, the risk is much lower than for other atypical antipsychotics. How it works is not entirely clear but is believed to involve effects on serotonin and dopamine in the brain.

Ziprasidone was approved for medical use in the United States in 2001. The pills are made up of the hydrochloride salt, ziprasidone hydrochloride. The intramuscular form is the mesylate, ziprasidone mesylate trihydrate, and is provided as a lyophilized powder. In 2020, it was the 282nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1 million prescriptions.

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Medical uses

Ziprasidone is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of schizophrenia as well as acute mania and mixed states associated with bipolar disorder. Its intramuscular injection form is approved for acute agitation in schizophrenic patients for whom treatment with just ziprasidone is appropriate.11

In a 2013 study in a comparison of 15 antipsychotic drugs in effectiveness in treating schizophrenic symptoms, ziprasidone demonstrated mild-standard effectiveness. Ziprasidone was 15% more effective than lurasidone and iloperidone, approximately as effective as chlorpromazine and asenapine, and 9–13% less effective than haloperidol, quetiapine, and aripiprazole.12 Ziprasidone is effective in the treatment of schizophrenia, though evidence from the CATIE trials suggests it is less effective than olanzapine, and equally as effective compared to quetiapine. There are higher discontinuation rates for lower doses of ziprasidone, which are also less effective than higher doses.13

Adverse effects

Ziprasidone (and all other second generation antipsychotics (SGAs)) received a boxed warning in the US due to increased mortality in elderly people with dementia-related psychosis.14

Sleepiness and headache are very common adverse effects (>10%).1516

Common adverse effects (1–10%), include producing too much saliva or having dry mouth, runny nose, respiratory disorders or coughing, nausea and vomiting, stomach aches, constipation or diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight gain (but the smallest risk for weight gain compared to other antipsychotics17), rashes, fast heart beats, blood pressure falling when standing up quickly, muscle pain, weakness, twitches, dizziness, and anxiety.1819 Extrapyramidal symptoms are also common and include tremor, dystonia (sustained or repetitive muscle contractions), akathisia (the feeling of a need to be in motion), parkinsonism, and muscle rigidity; in a 2013 meta-analysis of 15 antipsychotic drugs, ziprasidone ranked 8th for such side effects.20

Ziprasidone is known to trigger mania in some bipolar patients.212223

This medication can cause birth defects, according to animal studies, although this side effect has not been confirmed in humans.24

Recently, the FDA required the manufacturers of some atypical antipsychotics to include a warning about the risk of hyperglycemia and Type II diabetes with atypical antipsychotics. Some evidence suggests that ziprasidone does not cause insulin resistance to the degree of other atypical antipsychotics, such as olanzapine. Weight gain is also less of a concern with ziprasidone compared to other atypical antipsychotics.25262728 In fact, in a trial of long term therapy with ziprasidone, overweight patients (BMI > 27) actually had a mean weight loss overall.29 According to the manufacturer insert, ziprasidone caused an average weight gain of 2.2 kg (4.8 lbs), which is significantly lower than other atypical antipsychotics, making this medication better for patients that are concerned about their weight. In December 2014, the FDA warned that ziprasidone could cause a potentially fatal skin reaction, Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS), although this was believed to occur only rarely.30

Discontinuation

The British National Formulary recommends a gradual withdrawal when discontinuing antipsychotics to avoid acute withdrawal syndrome or rapid relapse.31 Symptoms of withdrawal commonly include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.32 Other symptoms may include restlessness, increased sweating, and trouble sleeping.33 Less commonly there may be a feeling of the world spinning, numbness, or muscle pains.34 Symptoms generally resolve after a short period of time.35

There is tentative evidence that discontinuation of antipsychotics can result in psychosis.36 It may also result in reoccurrence of the condition that is being treated.37 Rarely tardive dyskinesia can occur when the medication is stopped.38

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

See also: Atypical antipsychotic § Pharmacodynamics, and Antipsychotic § Comparison of medications

Ziprasidone39
SiteKi (nM)ActionRef
SERTTooltip Serotonin transporter112Blocker40
NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporter44Blocker41
DATTooltip Dopamine transporter10000+ND42
5-HT1A2.5–76Partial agonist434445
5-HT1B0.99–4.0Partial agonist4647
5-HT1D5.1–9.0Partial agonist4849
5-HT1E360–1279ND5051
5-HT2A0.08–1.4Antagonist525354
5-HT2B27.2Antagonist55
5-HT2C0.72–13Antagonist56
5-HT310000+ND57
5-HT5A291ND58
5-HT661–76Antagonist5960
5-HT76.0–9.3Antagonist616263
α1A18Antagonist6465
α1B9.0Antagonist66
α2A160Antagonist676869
α2B48Antagonist707172
α2C59–77Antagonist737475
β12570+ND7677
β210000+ND7879
D130–130ND8081
D24.8Antagonist828384
D2L4.6Antagonist8586
D2S4.2Antagonist87
D37.2Antagonist888990
D40.8–105Antagonist919293
D4.228–39Antagonist94
D4.414.9Antagonist95
D5152ND96
H115–130Antagonist979899
H23500+ND100
H310000+ND101
H410000+ND102
M1300+ND103104105
M23000+ND106107
M31300+ND108109110
M41600+ND111112
M51600+ND113114
σ1110ND115
σ2NDNDND
Opioid1000+ND116
nAChTooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor10000+ND117
NMDA(PCP)10000+ND118
VDCCTooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channel10000+ND119120
VGSCTooltip Voltage-gated sodium channel2620ND121
hERGTooltip Human Ether-à-go-go-Related Gene169Blocker122
Values are Ki (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. All data are for human cloned proteins, except H3 (guinea pig), σ1 (guinea pig), opioid (rodent), NMDA/PCP (rat), VDCC, and VGSC.123

Correspondence to clinical effects

Ziprasidone mostly affects the receptors of dopamine (D2), serotonin (5-HT2A, partially 5-HT1A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT1D)124125126 and epinephrine/norepinephrine (α1) to a high degree, while of histamine (H1) - moderately.127128 It also somewhat inhibits reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, though not dopamine.129130

Ziprasidone's efficacy in treating the positive symptoms of schizophrenia is believed to be mediated primarily via antagonism of the dopamine receptors, specifically D2. Blockade of the 5-HT2A receptor may also play a role in its effectiveness against positive symptoms, though the significance of this property in antipsychotic drugs is still debated among researchers.131 Blockade of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C and activation of 5-HT1A as well as inhibition of the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine may all contribute to its ability to alleviate negative symptoms.;132 however, its effects on the 5-HT1A receptor may be limited as a study133 found ziprasidone would likely "produce detectable occupancy [of 5-HT1A receptors] only at higher doses that would produce unacceptable levels of side effects in man, although lower doses are sufficient to produce pharmacological effects." The relatively weak antagonistic actions of ziprasidone on the α1-adrenergic receptor likely in part explains some of its side effects, such as orthostatic hypotension. Unlike many other antipsychotics, ziprasidone has no significant affinity for the mACh receptors, and as such lacks any anticholinergic side effects. Like most other antipsychotics, ziprasidone is sedating due primarily to serotonin and dopamine blockade.134135

Pharmacokinetics

The systemic bioavailability of ziprasidone is 100% when administered intramuscularly and 60% when administered orally without food.136

After a single dose intramuscular administration, the peak serum concentration typically occurs at about 60 minutes after the dose is administered, or earlier.137 Steady state plasma concentrations are achieved within one to three days. Exposure increases in a dose-related manner and following three days of intramuscular dosing, little accumulation is observed.

The bioavailability of the drug is reduced by approximately 50% if a meal is not eaten before Ziprasidone ingestion.138139

Ziprasidone is hepatically metabolized by aldehyde oxidase; minor metabolism occurs via cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4).140 Medications that induce (e.g. carbamazepine) or inhibit (e.g. ketoconazole) CYP3A4 have been shown to decrease and increase, respectively, blood levels of ziprasidone.141142

Its biological half-life time is 10 hours at doses of 80–120 milligrams.143

History

Ziprasidone is chemically similar to risperidone,144 of which it is a structural analogue.145 It was first synthesized in 1987 at the Pfizer central research campus in Groton, Connecticut.146

Phase I trials started in 1995.147 In 1998 ziprasidone was approved in Sweden.148149 After the FDA raised concerns about long QT syndrome, more clinical trials were conducted and submitted to the FDA, which approved the drug on February 5, 2001.150151152

Society and culture

Lawsuit

In September 2009, the U.S. Justice Department announced that Pfizer had been ordered to pay a historic fine of $2.3 billion as a penalty for fraudulent marketing of several drugs, including Geodon.153

Brand names

In the US, Geodon is marketed by Viatris after Upjohn was spun off from Pfizer.154155156

Research

Ziprasidone has been studied in and reported to be effective in the treatment of borderline personality disorder, but findings are mixed.157158159160

Further reading

References

  1. "Ziprasidone Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved May 8, 2019. https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ziprasidone.html ↩

  2. "Ziprasidone Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved May 8, 2019. https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ziprasidone.html ↩

  3. "Ziprasidone Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved May 8, 2019. https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ziprasidone.html ↩

  4. "Product Information: Zeldox IM (ziprasidone mesilate)". Australia Therapeutic Goods Administration. February 24, 2016.[dead link] https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-06852-3 ↩

  5. "Product Information: Zeldox (ziprasidone hydrochloride)". Australia Therapeutic Goods Administration. February 24, 2016. https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-05917-3&d=2016100716114622483 ↩

  6. FDA Psychopharmacological Drugs Advisory Committee (July 19, 2000). "Briefing Document for Zeldoz Capsules" (PDF). FDA. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2003. https://web.archive.org/web/20030308070927/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/00/backgrd/3619b1a.pdf ↩

  7. "Ziprasidone Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved May 8, 2019. https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ziprasidone.html ↩

  8. "Ziprasidone Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved May 8, 2019. https://www.drugs.com/monograph/ziprasidone.html ↩

  9. "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Retrieved October 7, 2022. https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx ↩

  10. "Ziprasidone - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved October 7, 2022. https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Ziprasidone ↩

  11. "Pfizer to pay $2.3 billion to resolve criminal and civil health care liability relating to fraudulent marketing and the payment of kickbacks". Stop Medicare Fraud, US Dept of Health & Human Svc, and of US Dept of Justice. Archived from the original on August 30, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120830023954/http://www.stopmedicarefraud.gov/pfizerfactsheet.html ↩

  12. Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, Mavridis D, Orey D, Richter F, et al. (September 2013). "Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis". Lancet. 382 (9896): 951–962. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60733-3. PMID 23810019. S2CID 32085212.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  13. Citrome L, Yang R, Glue P, Karayal ON (June 2009). "Effect of ziprasidone dose on all-cause discontinuation rates in acute schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a post-hoc analysis of 4 fixed-dose randomized clinical trials". Schizophrenia Research. 111 (1–3): 39–45. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.03.009. PMID 19375893. S2CID 34910599. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  14. "Geodon- ziprasidone hydrochloride capsule; Geodon- ziprasidone mesylate injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; Geodon- ziprasidone capsule". DailyMed. January 13, 2025. Retrieved March 8, 2025. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8326928a-2cb6-4f7f-9712-03a425a14c37 ↩

  15. "Product Information: Zeldox IM (ziprasidone mesilate)". Australia Therapeutic Goods Administration. February 24, 2016.[dead link] https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-06852-3 ↩

  16. "Product Information: Zeldox (ziprasidone hydrochloride)". Australia Therapeutic Goods Administration. February 24, 2016. https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-05917-3&d=2016100716114622483 ↩

  17. FDA Psychopharmacological Drugs Advisory Committee (July 19, 2000). "Briefing Document for Zeldoz Capsules" (PDF). FDA. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2003. https://web.archive.org/web/20030308070927/http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/00/backgrd/3619b1a.pdf ↩

  18. "Product Information: Zeldox IM (ziprasidone mesilate)". Australia Therapeutic Goods Administration. February 24, 2016.[dead link] https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-06852-3 ↩

  19. "Product Information: Zeldox (ziprasidone hydrochloride)". Australia Therapeutic Goods Administration. February 24, 2016. https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2010-PI-05917-3&d=2016100716114622483 ↩

  20. Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, Mavridis D, Orey D, Richter F, et al. (September 2013). "Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis". Lancet. 382 (9896): 951–962. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60733-3. PMID 23810019. S2CID 32085212.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  21. Baldassano CF, Ballas C, Datto SM, Kim D, Littman L, O'Reardon J, et al. (February 2003). "Ziprasidone-associated mania: a case series and review of the mechanism". Bipolar Disorders. 5 (1): 72–75. doi:10.1034/j.1399-5618.2003.02258.x. PMID 12656943. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  22. Keating AM, Aoun SL, Dean CE (2005). "Ziprasidone-associated mania: a review and report of 2 additional cases". Clinical Neuropharmacology. 28 (2): 83–86. doi:10.1097/01.wnf.0000159952.64640.28. PMID 15795551. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  23. Davis R, Risch SC (April 2002). "Ziprasidone induction of hypomania in depression?". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (4): 673–674. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.673. PMID 11925314. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  24. "Geodon- ziprasidone hydrochloride capsule; Geodon- ziprasidone mesylate injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; Geodon- ziprasidone capsule". DailyMed. January 13, 2025. Retrieved March 8, 2025. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8326928a-2cb6-4f7f-9712-03a425a14c37 ↩

  25. Tschoner A, Engl J, Rettenbacher M, Edlinger M, Kaser S, Tatarczyk T, et al. (January 2009). "Effects of six second generation antipsychotics on body weight and metabolism - risk assessment and results from a prospective study". Pharmacopsychiatry. 42 (1): 29–34. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1100425. PMID 19153944. S2CID 43803033.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  26. Guo JJ, Keck PE, Corey-Lisle PK, Li H, Jiang D, Jang R, et al. (January 2007). "Risk of diabetes mellitus associated with atypical antipsychotic use among Medicaid patients with bipolar disorder: a nested case-control study". Pharmacotherapy. 27 (1): 27–35. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.453.7866. doi:10.1592/phco.27.1.27. PMID 17192159. S2CID 22445126. /wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier) ↩

  27. Sacher J, Mossaheb N, Spindelegger C, Klein N, Geiss-Granadia T, Sauermann R, et al. (June 2008). "Effects of olanzapine and ziprasidone on glucose tolerance in healthy volunteers". Neuropsychopharmacology. 33 (7): 1633–1641. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301541. PMID 17712347.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1301541 ↩

  28. Newcomer JW (2005). "Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics and metabolic effects: a comprehensive literature review". CNS Drugs. 19 (Suppl 1): 1–93. doi:10.2165/00023210-200519001-00001. PMID 15998156. S2CID 36435377. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  29. "Geodon- ziprasidone hydrochloride capsule; Geodon- ziprasidone mesylate injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution; Geodon- ziprasidone capsule". DailyMed. January 13, 2025. Retrieved March 8, 2025. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8326928a-2cb6-4f7f-9712-03a425a14c37 ↩

  30. "FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA reporting mental health drug ziprasidone (Geodon) associated with rare but potentially fatal skin reactions". FDA. December 11, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2014.[dead link] https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm426391.htm ↩

  31. Joint Formulary Committee B, ed. (March 2009). "4.2.1". British National Formulary (57 ed.). United Kingdom: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-85369-845-6. Withdrawal of antipsychotic drugs after long-term therapy should always be gradual and closely monitored to avoid the risk of acute withdrawal syndromes or rapid relapse. 978-0-85369-845-6 ↩

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  36. Moncrieff J (July 2006). "Does antipsychotic withdrawal provoke psychosis? Review of the literature on rapid onset psychosis (supersensitivity psychosis) and withdrawal-related relapse". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 114 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00787.x. PMID 16774655. S2CID 6267180. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  37. Sacchetti E, Vita A, Siracusano A, Fleischhacker W (2013). Adherence to Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 85. ISBN 9788847026797. 9788847026797 ↩

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  40. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

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  53. Schmidt AW, Lebel LA, Howard HR, Zorn SH (August 2001). "Ziprasidone: a novel antipsychotic agent with a unique human receptor binding profile". European Journal of Pharmacology. 425 (3): 197–201. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01188-8. PMID 11513838. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  54. Schotte A, Janssen PF, Gommeren W, Luyten WH, Van Gompel P, Lesage AS, et al. (March 1996). "Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding". Psychopharmacology. 124 (1–2): 57–73. doi:10.1007/bf02245606. PMID 8935801. S2CID 12028979.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  55. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  56. Schmidt AW, Lebel LA, Howard HR, Zorn SH (August 2001). "Ziprasidone: a novel antipsychotic agent with a unique human receptor binding profile". European Journal of Pharmacology. 425 (3): 197–201. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01188-8. PMID 11513838. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  57. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  58. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  59. Kroeze WK, Hufeisen SJ, Popadak BA, Renock SM, Steinberg S, Ernsberger P, et al. (March 2003). "H1-histamine receptor affinity predicts short-term weight gain for typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs". Neuropsychopharmacology. 28 (3): 519–526. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300027. PMID 12629531.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300027 ↩

  60. Schmidt AW, Lebel LA, Howard HR, Zorn SH (August 2001). "Ziprasidone: a novel antipsychotic agent with a unique human receptor binding profile". European Journal of Pharmacology. 425 (3): 197–201. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01188-8. PMID 11513838. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  61. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  62. Kroeze WK, Hufeisen SJ, Popadak BA, Renock SM, Steinberg S, Ernsberger P, et al. (March 2003). "H1-histamine receptor affinity predicts short-term weight gain for typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs". Neuropsychopharmacology. 28 (3): 519–526. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300027. PMID 12629531.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300027 ↩

  63. Schmidt AW, Lebel LA, Howard HR, Zorn SH (August 2001). "Ziprasidone: a novel antipsychotic agent with a unique human receptor binding profile". European Journal of Pharmacology. 425 (3): 197–201. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01188-8. PMID 11513838. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  64. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  65. Kroeze WK, Hufeisen SJ, Popadak BA, Renock SM, Steinberg S, Ernsberger P, et al. (March 2003). "H1-histamine receptor affinity predicts short-term weight gain for typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs". Neuropsychopharmacology. 28 (3): 519–526. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300027. PMID 12629531.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300027 ↩

  66. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  67. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  68. Schotte A, Janssen PF, Gommeren W, Luyten WH, Van Gompel P, Lesage AS, et al. (March 1996). "Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding". Psychopharmacology. 124 (1–2): 57–73. doi:10.1007/bf02245606. PMID 8935801. S2CID 12028979.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  69. Kroeze WK, Hufeisen SJ, Popadak BA, Renock SM, Steinberg S, Ernsberger P, et al. (March 2003). "H1-histamine receptor affinity predicts short-term weight gain for typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs". Neuropsychopharmacology. 28 (3): 519–526. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300027. PMID 12629531.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300027 ↩

  70. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  71. Schotte A, Janssen PF, Gommeren W, Luyten WH, Van Gompel P, Lesage AS, et al. (March 1996). "Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding". Psychopharmacology. 124 (1–2): 57–73. doi:10.1007/bf02245606. PMID 8935801. S2CID 12028979.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  72. Kroeze WK, Hufeisen SJ, Popadak BA, Renock SM, Steinberg S, Ernsberger P, et al. (March 2003). "H1-histamine receptor affinity predicts short-term weight gain for typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs". Neuropsychopharmacology. 28 (3): 519–526. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300027. PMID 12629531.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300027 ↩

  73. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  74. Schotte A, Janssen PF, Gommeren W, Luyten WH, Van Gompel P, Lesage AS, et al. (March 1996). "Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding". Psychopharmacology. 124 (1–2): 57–73. doi:10.1007/bf02245606. PMID 8935801. S2CID 12028979.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  75. Kroeze WK, Hufeisen SJ, Popadak BA, Renock SM, Steinberg S, Ernsberger P, et al. (March 2003). "H1-histamine receptor affinity predicts short-term weight gain for typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs". Neuropsychopharmacology. 28 (3): 519–526. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300027. PMID 12629531.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300027 ↩

  76. Schotte A, Janssen PF, Gommeren W, Luyten WH, Van Gompel P, Lesage AS, et al. (March 1996). "Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding". Psychopharmacology. 124 (1–2): 57–73. doi:10.1007/bf02245606. PMID 8935801. S2CID 12028979.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  77. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  78. Schotte A, Janssen PF, Gommeren W, Luyten WH, Van Gompel P, Lesage AS, et al. (March 1996). "Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding". Psychopharmacology. 124 (1–2): 57–73. doi:10.1007/bf02245606. PMID 8935801. S2CID 12028979.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  79. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  80. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  81. Schmidt AW, Lebel LA, Howard HR, Zorn SH (August 2001). "Ziprasidone: a novel antipsychotic agent with a unique human receptor binding profile". European Journal of Pharmacology. 425 (3): 197–201. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01188-8. PMID 11513838. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  82. Seeman P, Tallerico T (March 1998). "Antipsychotic drugs which elicit little or no parkinsonism bind more loosely than dopamine to brain D2 receptors, yet occupy high levels of these receptors". Molecular Psychiatry. 3 (2): 123–134. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000336. PMID 9577836. S2CID 16484752. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  83. Schmidt AW, Lebel LA, Howard HR, Zorn SH (August 2001). "Ziprasidone: a novel antipsychotic agent with a unique human receptor binding profile". European Journal of Pharmacology. 425 (3): 197–201. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01188-8. PMID 11513838. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  84. Kroeze WK, Hufeisen SJ, Popadak BA, Renock SM, Steinberg S, Ernsberger P, et al. (March 2003). "H1-histamine receptor affinity predicts short-term weight gain for typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs". Neuropsychopharmacology. 28 (3): 519–526. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300027. PMID 12629531.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300027 ↩

  85. Schotte A, Janssen PF, Gommeren W, Luyten WH, Van Gompel P, Lesage AS, et al. (March 1996). "Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding". Psychopharmacology. 124 (1–2): 57–73. doi:10.1007/bf02245606. PMID 8935801. S2CID 12028979.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  86. Arnt J, Skarsfeldt T (February 1998). "Do novel antipsychotics have similar pharmacological characteristics? A review of the evidence". Neuropsychopharmacology. 18 (2): 63–101. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(97)00112-7. PMID 9430133. https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0893-133X%2897%2900112-7 ↩

  87. Schotte A, Janssen PF, Gommeren W, Luyten WH, Van Gompel P, Lesage AS, et al. (March 1996). "Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding". Psychopharmacology. 124 (1–2): 57–73. doi:10.1007/bf02245606. PMID 8935801. S2CID 12028979.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  88. Seeman P, Tallerico T (March 1998). "Antipsychotic drugs which elicit little or no parkinsonism bind more loosely than dopamine to brain D2 receptors, yet occupy high levels of these receptors". Molecular Psychiatry. 3 (2): 123–134. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000336. PMID 9577836. S2CID 16484752. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  89. Schmidt AW, Lebel LA, Howard HR, Zorn SH (August 2001). "Ziprasidone: a novel antipsychotic agent with a unique human receptor binding profile". European Journal of Pharmacology. 425 (3): 197–201. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01188-8. PMID 11513838. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  90. Schotte A, Janssen PF, Gommeren W, Luyten WH, Van Gompel P, Lesage AS, et al. (March 1996). "Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding". Psychopharmacology. 124 (1–2): 57–73. doi:10.1007/bf02245606. PMID 8935801. S2CID 12028979.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  91. Seeman P, Tallerico T (March 1998). "Antipsychotic drugs which elicit little or no parkinsonism bind more loosely than dopamine to brain D2 receptors, yet occupy high levels of these receptors". Molecular Psychiatry. 3 (2): 123–134. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000336. PMID 9577836. S2CID 16484752. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  92. Schmidt AW, Lebel LA, Howard HR, Zorn SH (August 2001). "Ziprasidone: a novel antipsychotic agent with a unique human receptor binding profile". European Journal of Pharmacology. 425 (3): 197–201. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01188-8. PMID 11513838. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  93. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  94. Arnt J, Skarsfeldt T (February 1998). "Do novel antipsychotics have similar pharmacological characteristics? A review of the evidence". Neuropsychopharmacology. 18 (2): 63–101. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(97)00112-7. PMID 9430133. https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0893-133X%2897%2900112-7 ↩

  95. Newman-Tancredi A, Audinot V, Chaput C, Verrièle L, Millan MJ (July 1997). "[35S]Guanosine-5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate binding as a measure of efficacy at human recombinant dopamine D4.4 receptors: actions of antiparkinsonian and antipsychotic agents". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 282 (1): 181–191. doi:10.1016/S0022-3565(24)36804-1. PMID 9223553. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  96. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  97. Schotte A, Janssen PF, Gommeren W, Luyten WH, Van Gompel P, Lesage AS, et al. (March 1996). "Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding". Psychopharmacology. 124 (1–2): 57–73. doi:10.1007/bf02245606. PMID 8935801. S2CID 12028979.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  98. Schmidt AW, Lebel LA, Howard HR, Zorn SH (August 2001). "Ziprasidone: a novel antipsychotic agent with a unique human receptor binding profile". European Journal of Pharmacology. 425 (3): 197–201. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01188-8. PMID 11513838. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  99. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  100. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  101. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  102. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  103. Bymaster FP, Felder CC, Tzavara E, Nomikos GG, Calligaro DO, Mckinzie DL (October 2003). "Muscarinic mechanisms of antipsychotic atypicality". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 27 (7): 1125–1143. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.09.008. PMID 14642972. S2CID 28536368. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  104. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  105. Schmidt AW, Lebel LA, Howard HR, Zorn SH (August 2001). "Ziprasidone: a novel antipsychotic agent with a unique human receptor binding profile". European Journal of Pharmacology. 425 (3): 197–201. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01188-8. PMID 11513838. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  106. Bymaster FP, Felder CC, Tzavara E, Nomikos GG, Calligaro DO, Mckinzie DL (October 2003). "Muscarinic mechanisms of antipsychotic atypicality". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 27 (7): 1125–1143. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.09.008. PMID 14642972. S2CID 28536368. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  107. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  108. Bymaster FP, Felder CC, Tzavara E, Nomikos GG, Calligaro DO, Mckinzie DL (October 2003). "Muscarinic mechanisms of antipsychotic atypicality". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 27 (7): 1125–1143. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.09.008. PMID 14642972. S2CID 28536368. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

  109. Kroeze WK, Hufeisen SJ, Popadak BA, Renock SM, Steinberg S, Ernsberger P, et al. (March 2003). "H1-histamine receptor affinity predicts short-term weight gain for typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs". Neuropsychopharmacology. 28 (3): 519–526. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300027. PMID 12629531.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link) https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.npp.1300027 ↩

  110. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017. https://pdsp.unc.edu/databases/pdsp.php?knowID=0&kiKey=&receptorDD=&receptor=&speciesDD=&species=&sourcesDD=&source=&hotLigandDD=&hotLigand=&testLigandDD=&testFreeRadio=testFreeRadio&testLigand=ziprasidone&referenceDD=&reference=&KiGreater=&KiLess=&kiAllRadio=all&doQuery=Submit+Query ↩

  111. Bymaster FP, Felder CC, Tzavara E, Nomikos GG, Calligaro DO, Mckinzie DL (October 2003). "Muscarinic mechanisms of antipsychotic atypicality". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 27 (7): 1125–1143. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.09.008. PMID 14642972. S2CID 28536368. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

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