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Hailu dialect
Language

The Hailu dialect (simplified Chinese: 海陆腔; traditional Chinese: 海陸腔; pinyin: Hǎilù qiāng; Hailu Hakka Romanization System: hoi´ liug` kiong`), also known as the Hoiluk dialect or Hailu Hakka (simplified Chinese: 海陆客语; traditional Chinese: 海陸客語; pinyin: Hǎilù Kèyǔ), is a dialect of Hakka Chinese that originated in Shanwei, Guangdong. It is also the second most common dialect of Hakka spoken in Taiwan.

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Classification

The first edition of the Language Atlas of China places the Hakka dialects spoken in Haifeng and Lufeng4 into the Xin–Hui cluster (新惠小片; Xīn-Huì xiǎopiàn) of the Yue–Tai subgroup (粤台片; 粵臺片; Yuè-Tái piàn) of Hakka.5 In the second edition, it is given its own subgroup known as the Hai–Lu subgroup (海陆片; 海陸片; Hǎi-Lù piàn) separate from the Yue–Tai subgroup.6

Chang Song-hing and Zhuang Chusheng propose that it should be grouped as the Hai–Lu cluster (海陆小片; 海陸小片; Hǎi-Lù xiǎopiàn) of the Mei–Shao subgroup (梅韶片; Méi-Sháo piàn).7

Distribution

In China, the Hailu dialect is spoken in Shanwei, Guangdong, particularly in Haifeng, Lufeng, and Luhe.89 As of 2012, there are around 1.18 million speakers of the dialect in these three areas.10

In Taiwan, it is spoken in Hsinchu County (Xinfeng, Xinpu, Hukou, Qionglin, Hengshan, Guanxi, Beipu, Baoshan, Emei, and Zhudong), Hsinchu City (Xiangshan and Xinfeng), Taoyuan (mostly in Guanyin, Xinwu, and Yangmei; also pockets in Pingzhen, Zhongli, and Longtan), Hualien County (Ji'an, Shoufeng, Guangfu, Yuli, Ruisui, and Fenglin), and Miaoli County (Toufen, Sanwan, Nanzhuang, Xihu, Houlong, Zaoqiao, Tongxiao, and Tongluo).1112 In 2013, 41.5% of Hakka people in Taiwan were reported to be able to communicate in the Hailu dialect.13

In Indonesia, a local variety of Hakka, that is loosely based on the Hailu dialect, is widely spoken in northern West Kalimantan, including Singkawang, Sambas, and Pemangkat.14

Phonology

Tones

The Hailu dialect has seven lexical tones:1516

Tone namedark level(阴平 / 陰平)light level(阳平 / 陽平)rising(上声 / 上聲)dark departing(阴去 / 陰去)light departing(阳去 / 陽去)dark entering(阴入 / 陰入)light entering(阳入 / 陽入)
Example夫扶府富护 / 護福服
Tone letterHetian, Luhe˥˧ (53)˥ (55)˨˩˧ (213)˧˩ (31)˨ (22)˧˦ (34)˥˦ (54)
Hsinchu˥˧ (53)˥ (55)˨˦ (24)˩ (11)˧ (33)˥ (5)˨ (2)

Notes

References

  1. Teng 2015, p. 1. - Teng, Shengyu (2015). "Word Formation in Chinese Dialects: A Case Study of Hailu Hakka". Chinese Lexical Semantics. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9332. pp. 281–293. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27194-1_29. ISBN 978-3-319-27193-4. https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-27194-1_29 ↩

  2. HAC 2013, p. 2. - 101-102年度台灣客家民眾客語使用狀況 (PDF) (in Chinese). Hakka Affairs Council. November 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2019. http://www.hakka.gov.tw/Hakka_CMS/File/Data/101-102%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%B0%91%E7%9C%BE%E5%AE%A2%E8%AA%9E%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%8B%80%E6%B3%81.pdf ↩

  3. Teng 2015, p. 1. - Teng, Shengyu (2015). "Word Formation in Chinese Dialects: A Case Study of Hailu Hakka". Chinese Lexical Semantics. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9332. pp. 281–293. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27194-1_29. ISBN 978-3-319-27193-4. https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-27194-1_29 ↩

  4. Including Luhe, which was carved out of Lufeng in 1988. /wiki/Luhe_County ↩

  5. CASS & AAH 1987, B15. - Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; Australian Academy of the Humanities, eds. (1987). 中国语言地图集 [Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese). Hong Kong: Longman Group (Far East). ISBN 0-582-99903-0. ↩

  6. Xie & Huang 2012, p. 117. - Xie, Liuwen; Huang, Xuezhen (2012). B1—17 客家话. 中国语言地图集 [Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese). Vol. 汉语方言卷 (2nd ed.). Beijing: Commercial Press. pp. 116–124. ISBN 978-7-100-07054-6. ↩

  7. Chang & Zhuang 2008, p. 410. - Chang, Song-hing; Zhuang, Chusheng (2008). 廣東方言的地理格局與自然地理及歷史地理的關係 [Geographical Distribution of Guangdong Dialects: Their Linkage with Natural and Historical Geography] (PDF). Journal of Chinese Studies (in Chinese) (48): 407–422. http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/journal/articles/v48p407.pdf ↩

  8. Teng 2015, p. 1. - Teng, Shengyu (2015). "Word Formation in Chinese Dialects: A Case Study of Hailu Hakka". Chinese Lexical Semantics. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9332. pp. 281–293. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27194-1_29. ISBN 978-3-319-27193-4. https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-27194-1_29 ↩

  9. Xie & Huang 2012, p. 117. - Xie, Liuwen; Huang, Xuezhen (2012). B1—17 客家话. 中国语言地图集 [Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese). Vol. 汉语方言卷 (2nd ed.). Beijing: Commercial Press. pp. 116–124. ISBN 978-7-100-07054-6. ↩

  10. Wu & Zhan 2012, p. 117. - Wu, Wei; Zhan, Bohui (2012). B2—1 广东省的汉语方言. 中国语言地图集 [Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese). Vol. 汉语方言卷 (2nd ed.). Beijing: Commercial Press. pp. 160–165. ISBN 978-7-100-07054-6. ↩

  11. HAC 2013, pp. 73, 78. - 101-102年度台灣客家民眾客語使用狀況 (PDF) (in Chinese). Hakka Affairs Council. November 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2019. http://www.hakka.gov.tw/Hakka_CMS/File/Data/101-102%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%B0%91%E7%9C%BE%E5%AE%A2%E8%AA%9E%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%8B%80%E6%B3%81.pdf ↩

  12. HAC 2018. - "Distribution and resurgence of the Hakka language". Hakka Affairs Council. 16 July 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2019. https://english.hakka.gov.tw/Content/Content?NodeID=676&PageID=40022&LanguageType=ENG ↩

  13. HAC 2013, p. 2. - 101-102年度台灣客家民眾客語使用狀況 (PDF) (in Chinese). Hakka Affairs Council. November 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2019. http://www.hakka.gov.tw/Hakka_CMS/File/Data/101-102%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E6%B0%91%E7%9C%BE%E5%AE%A2%E8%AA%9E%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%8B%80%E6%B3%81.pdf ↩

  14. Huang 2008, pp. 2–3. - Huang, Hui-chen (2008). 印尼山口洋客家話研究 [Study of Hakka in Singkawang, Indonesia] (PDF) (Master's thesis). National Central University. Retrieved 11 September 2019. https://www.hakka.gov.tw/File/GetContentFile?filename=..%2FFile%2FGet%3Ffilename%3D%5CAttach%5C1990%5C1%5C921215381771.pdf&nodeid=627&pageid=37392&fileid=69562&displayName=%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87.pdf ↩

  15. Xie & Huang 2012, p. 119. - Xie, Liuwen; Huang, Xuezhen (2012). B1—17 客家话. 中国语言地图集 [Language Atlas of China] (in Chinese). Vol. 汉语方言卷 (2nd ed.). Beijing: Commercial Press. pp. 116–124. ISBN 978-7-100-07054-6. ↩

  16. MOE 2012, p. 38. - 客家語拼音方案使用手冊 [Usage Manual for the Hakka Romanization System] (PDF) (in Chinese). Ministry of Education, Republic of China (Taiwan). November 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2019. https://ws.moe.edu.tw/Download.ashx?u=C099358C81D4876C5303003B8BD1CBF53CB4C042BF06A309AEA627F8C987725374E5FDF5DB8BB9B0E619D53DA7DC54E53C93D95A352CF25464D95D8B42298B42BD966806D513B50076026B49A68D605B&n=7943FD1CFE79AA2AA97DB40E60641199FD1A8116E2843D28&icon=..pdf ↩