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Iren Dabasu Formation

The Iren Dabasu Formation (also known as Erlian Formation) is a Late Cretaceous geologic formation in the Iren Nor region of Inner Mongolia. Dinosaur remains diagnostic to the genus level are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation. The formation was first described and defined by Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1922 and it is located in the Iren Nor region of China.

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Geology

It comprises continental clastic sediments consisting of light grey fine sandstones, coarse sandstones and glutenites as well as mottled claystones and siltstones. The fine-grained floodplain sediments and the coarse-grained sediments of the point bar formed a series of repeated frequently binary sedimentary rhythms. The “binary structure” of the sedimentary rhythms strongly indicates meandering stream deposits rather than braided river deposits as previously thought.23 As indicated by the fluvial and lacustrine sedimentation, the Iren Dabasu Formation was a large floodplain terrain with braided rivers and meanders that supported extensive vegetation, evidenced on the prominent palaeosol development and the numerous remains from herbivorous dinosaurs.45 Egg nests, caliche and paleosols seem to indicate periodic subaerial intervals, in addition, the presence of plesiosaur and hybodont shark remains (which are also known in the Bayan Shireh Formation) are indicatives of a river system with connections to the ocean.6

Correlations

Based on the ostracod and charophyte assemblages of the Iren Dabasu Formation, Itterbeeck et al. 2005 suggested a potential correlation with those of the Nemegt Formation, making its age Late Campanian to Early Maastrichtian.7 However, vertebrates point to an older date than the Campanian-Maastrichtian ages, the supposed deposition of ostracods were likely due to climatic conditions rather than age.8 The turtle Khunnuchelys is known from both Iren Dabasu and Bayan Shireh equivalent units such as the Bostobe and Bissekty.9 In addition, a giant caenagnathid similar to Gigantoraptor is now known from the Bayan Shireh Formation at the locality of Tsagan Teg.10 Like the coeval Bayan Shireh Formation (and possibly Javkhlant Formation) in the Gobi Desert, the dinosaur fauna of the Iren Dabasu Formation includes tyrannosauroids, ornithomimids, therizinosaurs and oviraptorosaurs.11

However, strong evidence coming from biostratigraphic occurrences seems to support a correlation with the Bayan Shireh Formation, at least, with the upper boundary. For instance, both formations bear similar dinosaur taxa, such as therizinosaurs (Erlikosaurus, Segnosaurus, Erliansaurus or Neimongosaurus) and ornithomimosaurs (Garudimimus or Archaeornithomimus), these similarities are even more intensified by the discovery of Gigantoraptor and the giant unnamed caenagnathid from Bayan Shireh. In addition, the potential discovery of Alectrosaurus in both formations seems to be another indicative of a correlation.121314 Consequently, Averianov and Sues estimated the formation to be Santonian in age, roughly about 86 million and 83 million years ago.15 However, palynological correlations suggest a Maastrichtian age.16 Guo et al. 2018 supported a Late Cretaceous age based on U–Pb and paleomagnetic analyses, with a maximum depositional age of around 95.8 ± 6.2 million years ago.17 A 2022 study describing new ornithomimosaurian material, however, suggested that while the vertebrate faunal assemblage indicates that the age of the formation is likely Turonian based on its similarity to the Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan, the invertebrate faunal assemblage indicates a much later age (Campanian-Maastrichtian).18

Fossil content

The Iren Dabasu Formation is rich on dinosaur fauna, with multiple species described, in the other hand, mammals seem to be extremely absent. Compared, the fossil taxa between Iren Dabasu and Bayan Shireh are very similar, most notably therizinosaurs, tyrannosauroids, oviraptorosaurs and turtles.1920 Although Gigantoraptor is the only described oviraptorosaur from the formation, Funston et al. 2019 described a new avimimid bonebed containing numerous individuals at different growth stages. Nevertheless, the fossils lacked enough diagnosis to be confined to a separate genus and species.21 Deinonychosaurs are not very common across the formation, however an indeterminate troodontid about the size of Saurornithoides is known from three isolated specimens.22 An isolated humerus of a pterosaur has also been found in this formation.23

Color key
TaxonReclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonymIchnotaxonOotaxonMorphotaxon
Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Dinosaurs

Ornithopods

Ornithopods reported from the Iren Dabasu Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages

Bactrosaurus

B. johnsoni

"Cranial and postcranial material represented by more than eight specimens."242526

A hadrosauroid.

Gilmoreosaurus

G. mongoliensis

"Partial cranial and postcranial elements represented by more than ten specimens".272829

A hadrosauroid originally identified as Mandschurosaurus.

Spheroolithus

S. irenensis

"Egg fossils."30

Eggs shells attributed to Spheroolithus.

Sauropods

Sauropods reported from the Iren Dabasu Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages

Sonidosaurus

S. saihangaobiensis

"Numerous cervical, dorsal and caudal vertebrae and some postcranial elements."31

A titanosaur.

Theropods

Ornithomimids
Ornithomimids reported from the Iren Dabasu Formation
TaxonSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages

Archaeornithomimus

A. asiaticus

"Partial manus, metatarsus, vertebrae, limb elements."32

An ornithomimosaur originally identified as Ornithomimus.

OrnithomimosauriaIndeterminate"A pelvis and sacrum."33Likely distinct from Archaeornithomimus asiaticus, probably representing an early-diverging group within Ornithomimosauria.
Oviraptorosaurs
Oviraptorosaurs reported from the Iren Dabasu Formation
TaxonSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages

Avimimidae spp.

Indeterminate

"Vertebrae and postcranial elements represented by at least six individuals."34

Avimimids at different growth stages.

Caenagnathasia

Indeterminate

"Beak from lower jaws."35

An oviraptorosaur.

Gigantoraptor

G. erlianensis

"Lower jaws and much of the postcranial elements with very elongated hindlimbs."36

A giant oviraptorosaur.

Therizinosaurs
Therizinosaurs reported from the Iren Dabasu Formation
TaxonSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages

Erliansaurus

E. bellamanus

"Cervical vertebrae and postcranial elements."37

A therizinosauroid.

Neimongosaurus

N. yangi

"Two specimens with most of the axial column, many limb and girdle elements, and a partial dentary."38

A therizinosauroid.

Therizinosauridae

Indeterminate

"Right humerus with a phalanx and ungual."3940

A therizinosaurid similar to Segnosaurus and initially attributed to Alectrosaurus olseni.

Troodonts
Troodonts reported from the Iren Dabasu Formation
TaxonSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages

Troodontidae

Indeterminate

"Right and left metatarsals represented by three specimens."41

A troodontid.

UrbacodonU. norelliA partial right dentary and associated teeth42A troodontid.
Tyrannosaurs
Tyrannosaurs reported from the Iren Dabasu Formation
TaxonSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages
AlectrosaurusA. olseni"Virtually complete right hindlimb and left metatarsals."43A tyrannosauroid. Potentially present in the Bayan Shireh Formation
TyrannosauridaeIndeterminate"75 fragments, which include premaxillary and lateral teeth, a fragmentary lacrimal, jugal, pterygoid, and ectopterygoid."44A juvenile tyrannosaurid that may be related to Timurlengia based on phylogenetic analysis,45 but detailed comparisons suggest it may be related to tyrannosaurines.46

Flora

Angiosperms

Angiosperms reported from the Iren Dabasu Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages

Aquillapollenites sp.

Indeterminate"Pollen grain."47

Angiosperm pollen.

Buttinia sp.

Indeterminate"Spores and pollen."48

Angiosperm pollen.

Cranwellia sp.

Indeterminate"Pollen grain."49

Angiosperm pollen.

Momipites sp.

Indeterminate"Pollen grain."50

Angiosperm pollen.

Normapolles sp.

Indeterminate"Pollen grain."51

Angiosperm pollen.

Sabalpollenites sp.

Indeterminate"Pollen grain."52

Angiosperm pollen.

Tricolpate-morph

Indeterminate"Pollen grain."53

Angiosperm palynomorph.

Triporate-morph

Indeterminate"Pollen grain."54

Angiosperm palynomorph.

Ulmideipites sp.

Indeterminate"Pollen grain."55

Angiosperm pollen.

Ulmipollenites sp.

Indeterminate"Spores and pollen."56

Angiosperm pollen.

Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms reported from the Iren Dabasu Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages

Bisaccate-morph

Indeterminate"Spores and pollen."57

Gymnosperm palynomorph.

Cerebropollenites sp.

Indeterminate"Pollen grain."58

Gymnosperm pollen.

Cheirolepidiacean-morph

Indeterminate"Pollen grain."59

Gymnosperm palynomorph.

Ephedripites sp.

Indeterminate"Spores and pollen."60

Gymnosperm pollen.

Exesipollenites sp.

Indeterminate"Spores and pollen."61

Gymnosperm pollen.

Monosulcate-morph

Indeterminate"Pollen grain."62

Gymnosperm pollen.

Taxodiaceaepollenites sp.

Indeterminate"Pollen grain."63

Gymnosperm pollen.

Spores

Spores reported from the Iren Dabasu Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionMaterialNotesImages

Cyathidites sp.

Indeterminate"Spores and pollen grain."64

Spore palynomorph.

Ischyosporites sp.

Indeterminate"Spores."65

Spore palynomorph.

Leptolepidites sp.

Indeterminate"Spores."66

Spore palynomorph.

Triplanosporites sp.

Indeterminate"Spores."67

Spore palynomorph.

See also

  • Paleontology portal
  • Dinosaurs portal

References

  1. Osborn, H. F. (1922). "Discovery of Cretaceous and older Tertiary strata in Mongolia". Science. 56 (1446): 291–293. Bibcode:1922Sci....56..291F. doi:10.1126/science.56.1446.291. PMID 17842026. https://zenodo.org/record/1632262 ↩

  2. Averianov, A.; Sues, H. (2012). "Correlation of Late Cretaceous continental vertebrate assemblages in Middle and Central Asia" (PDF). Journal of Stratigraphy. 36 (2): 462–485. S2CID 54210424. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20190307103653/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/df17/104349a1f7fd4dfd76252f91817fe5f58fb6.pdf ↩

  3. Van Itterbeeck, J.; Horne, D. J.; Bultynck, P.; Vandenberghe, N. (2005). "Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of the dinosaur-bearing Upper Cretaceous Iren Dabasu Formation, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China". Cretaceous Research. 26 (4): 699–725. Bibcode:2005CrRes..26..699V. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.03.004. https://www.academia.edu/3856254 ↩

  4. Van Itterbeeck, J.; Horne, D. J.; Bultynck, P.; Vandenberghe, N. (2005). "Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of the dinosaur-bearing Upper Cretaceous Iren Dabasu Formation, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China". Cretaceous Research. 26 (4): 699–725. Bibcode:2005CrRes..26..699V. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.03.004. https://www.academia.edu/3856254 ↩

  5. Averianov, A.; Sues, H. (2012). "Correlation of Late Cretaceous continental vertebrate assemblages in Middle and Central Asia" (PDF). Journal of Stratigraphy. 36 (2): 462–485. S2CID 54210424. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20190307103653/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/df17/104349a1f7fd4dfd76252f91817fe5f58fb6.pdf ↩

  6. Funston, G. F.; Currie, P. J.; Ryan, M. J.; Dong, Z.-M. (2019). "Birdlike growth and mixed-age flocks in avimimids (Theropoda, Oviraptorosauria)". Scientific Reports. 9 (18816): 18816. Bibcode:2019NatSR...918816F. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-55038-5. PMC 6906459. PMID 31827127. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6906459 ↩

  7. Van Itterbeeck, J.; Horne, D. J.; Bultynck, P.; Vandenberghe, N. (2005). "Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of the dinosaur-bearing Upper Cretaceous Iren Dabasu Formation, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China". Cretaceous Research. 26 (4): 699–725. Bibcode:2005CrRes..26..699V. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.03.004. https://www.academia.edu/3856254 ↩

  8. Tsuihiji, T.; Watabe, M.; Barsbold, R.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2015). "A gigantic caenagnathid oviraptorosaurian (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert, Mongolia". Cretaceous Research. 56: 60–65. Bibcode:2015CrRes..56...60T. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.03.007. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  9. Averianov, A.; Sues, H. (2012). "Correlation of Late Cretaceous continental vertebrate assemblages in Middle and Central Asia" (PDF). Journal of Stratigraphy. 36 (2): 462–485. S2CID 54210424. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20190307103653/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/df17/104349a1f7fd4dfd76252f91817fe5f58fb6.pdf ↩

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  11. Xing, H.; He, Y.; Li, L.; Xi, D. (2012). "A review on the study of the stratigraphy, sedimentology, and paleontology of the Iren Dabasu Formation, Inner Mongolia". In Wei, D. (ed.). Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Chinese Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (in Chinese). Beijing: China Ocean Press. pp. 1–44. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280545869 ↩

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