Isotopes of molybdenum - Reference.org

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Isotopes of molybdenum

Molybdenum (42Mo) has 39 known isotopes, ranging in atomic mass from 81 to 119, as well as four metastable nuclear isomers. Seven isotopes occur naturally, with atomic masses of 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, and 100. All unstable isotopes of molybdenum decay into isotopes of zirconium, niobium, technetium, and ruthenium.

Molybdenum-100, with a half-life of 7.07×1018 years, is the only naturally occurring radioisotope. It undergoes double beta decay into ruthenium-100. Molybdenum-98 is the most common isotope, comprising 24.14% of all molybdenum on Earth.

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List of isotopes

Nuclide²	Z	N	Isotopic mass (Da)³ ⁴ ⁵	Half-life ⁶ ⁷	Decaymode ⁸ ⁹	Daughterisotope ¹⁰	Spin andparity ¹¹ ¹² ¹³	Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide²	Excitation energy			Half-life ⁶ ⁷	Decaymode ⁸ ⁹	Daughterisotope ¹⁰	Spin andparity ¹¹ ¹² ¹³	Normal proportion¹⁴	Range of variation
81Mo	42	39	80.96623(54)#	1# ms[>400 ns]	β+?	81Nb	5/2+#
81Mo	42	39	80.96623(54)#	1# ms[>400 ns]	β+, p?	80Zr	5/2+#
82Mo	42	40	81.95666(43)#	30# ms[>400 ns]	β+?	82Nb	0+
82Mo	42	40	81.95666(43)#	30# ms[>400 ns]	β+, p?	81Zr	0+
83Mo	42	41	82.95025(43)#	23(19) ms	β+	83Nb	3/2−#
83Mo	42	41	82.95025(43)#	23(19) ms	β+, p?	82Zr	3/2−#
84Mo	42	42	83.94185(32)#	2.3(3) s	β+	84Nb	0+
84Mo	42	42	83.94185(32)#	2.3(3) s	β+, p?	83Zr	0+
85Mo	42	43	84.938261(17)	3.2(2) s	β+ (99.86%)	85Nb	(1/2+)
85Mo	42	43	84.938261(17)	3.2(2) s	β+, p (0.14%)	84Zr	(1/2+)
86Mo	42	44	85.931174(3)	19.1(3) s	β+	86Nb	0+
87Mo	42	45	86.928196(3)	14.1(3) s	β+ (85%)	87Nb	7/2+#
87Mo	42	45	86.928196(3)	14.1(3) s	β+, p (15%)	86Zr	7/2+#
88Mo	42	46	87.921968(4)	8.0(2) min	β+	88Nb	0+
89Mo	42	47	88.919468(4)	2.11(10) min	β+	89Nb	(9/2+)
89mMo	387.5(2) keV			190(15) ms	IT	89Mo	(1/2−)
90Mo	42	48	89.913931(4)	5.56(9) h	β+	90Nb	0+
90mMo	2874.73(15) keV			1.14(5) μs	IT	90Mo	8+
91Mo	42	49	90.911745(7)	15.49(1) min	β+	91Nb	9/2+
91mMo	653.01(9) keV			64.6(6) s	IT (50.0%)	91Mo	1/2−
91mMo	653.01(9) keV			64.6(6) s	β+ (50.0%)	91Nb	1/2−
92Mo	42	50	91.90680715(17)	Observationally Stable ¹⁵			0+	0.14649(106)
92mMo	2760.52(14) keV			190(3) ns	IT	92Mo	8+
93Mo	42	51	92.90680877(19)	4839(63) y¹⁶	EC (95.7%)	93mNb	5/2+
93Mo	42	51	92.90680877(19)	4839(63) y¹⁶	EC (4.3%)	93Nb	5/2+
93m1Mo	2424.95(4) keV			6.85(7) h	IT (99.88%)	93Mo	21/2+
93m1Mo	2424.95(4) keV			6.85(7) h	β+ (0.12%)	93Nb	21/2+
93m2Mo	9695(17) keV			1.8(10) μs	IT	93Mo	(39/2−)
94Mo	42	52	93.90508359(15)	Stable			0+	0.09187(33)
95Mo¹⁷	42	53	94.90583744(13)	Stable			5/2+	0.15873(30)
96Mo	42	54	95.90467477(13)	Stable			0+	0.16673(8)
97Mo¹⁸	42	55	96.90601690(18)	Stable			5/2+	0.09582(15)
98Mo¹⁹	42	56	97.90540361(19)	Observationally Stable²⁰			0+	0.24292(80)
99Mo²¹ ²²	42	57	98.90770730(25)	65.932(5) h	β−	99mTc	1/2+
99m1Mo	97.785(3) keV			15.5(2) μs	IT	99Mo	5/2+
99m2Mo	684.10(19) keV			760(60) ns	IT	99Mo	11/2−
100Mo²³ ²⁴	42	58	99.9074680(3)	7.07(14)×1018 y	β−β−	100Ru	0+	0.09744(65)
101Mo	42	59	100.9103376(3)	14.61(3) min	β−	101Tc	1/2+
101m1Mo	13.497(9) keV			226(7) ns	IT	101Mo	3/2+
101m2Mo	57.015(11) keV			133(70) ns	IT	101Mo	5/2+
102Mo	42	60	101.910294(9)	11.3(2) min	β−	102Tc	0+
103Mo	42	61	102.913092(10)	67.5(15) s	β−	103Tc	3/2+
104Mo	42	62	103.913747(10)	60(2) s	β−	104Tc	0+
105Mo	42	63	104.9169798(23)²⁵	36.3(8) s	β−	105Tc	(5/2−)
106Mo	42	64	105.9182732(98)	8.73(12) s	β−	106Tc	0+
107Mo	42	65	106.9221198(99)	3.5(5) s	β−	107Tc	(1/2+)
107mMo	65.4(2) keV			445(21) ns	IT	107Mo	(5/2+)
108Mo	42	66	107.9240475(99)	1.105(10) s	β− (>99.5%)	108Tc	0+
108Mo	42	66	107.9240475(99)	1.105(10) s	β−, n (<0.5%)	107Tc	0+
109Mo	42	67	108.928438(12)	700(14) ms	β− (98.7%)	109Tc	(1/2+)
109Mo	42	67	108.928438(12)	700(14) ms	β−, n (1.3%)	108Tc	(1/2+)
109mMo	69.7(5) keV			210(60) ns	IT	109Mo	5/2+#
110Mo	42	68	109.930718(26)	292(7) ms	β− (98.0%)	110Tc	0+
110Mo	42	68	109.930718(26)	292(7) ms	β−, n (2.0%)	109Tc	0+
111Mo	42	69	110.935652(14)	193.6(44) ms	β− (>88%)	111Tc	1/2+#
111Mo	42	69	110.935652(14)	193.6(44) ms	β−, n (<12%)	110Tc	1/2+#
111mMo	100(50)# keV			~200 ms	β−	111Tc	7/2−#
111mMo	100(50)# keV			~200 ms	β−, n?	110Tc	7/2−#
112Mo	42	70	111.93829(22)#	125(5) ms	β−	112Tc	0+
112Mo	42	70	111.93829(22)#	125(5) ms	β−, n?	111Tc	0+
113Mo	42	71	112.94348(32)#	80(2) ms	β−	113Tc	5/2+#
113Mo	42	71	112.94348(32)#	80(2) ms	β−, n?	112Tc	5/2+#
114Mo	42	72	113.94667(32)#	58(2) ms	β−	114Tc	0+
114Mo	42	72	113.94667(32)#	58(2) ms	β−, n?	113Tc	0+
115Mo	42	73	114.95217(43)#	45.5(20) ms	β−	115Tc	3/2+#
					β−, n?	114Tc
					β−, 2n?	113Tc
116Mo	42	74	115.95576(54)#	32(4) ms	β−	116Tc	0+
					β−, n?	115Tc
					β−, 2n?	114Tc
117Mo	42	75	116.96169(54)#	22(5) ms	β−	117Tc	3/2+#
					β−, n?	116Tc
					β−, 2n?	115Tc
118Mo	42	76	117.96525(54)#	21(6) ms	β−	118Tc	0+
					β−, n?	117Tc
					β−, 2n?	116Tc
119Mo	42	77	118.97147(32)#	12# ms[>550 ns]	β−?	119Tc	3/2+#
					β−, n?	118Tc
					β−, 2n?	117Tc
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Molybdenum-99

Molybdenum-99 is produced commercially by intense neutron-bombardment of a highly purified uranium-235 target, followed rapidly by extraction.²⁶ It is used as a parent radioisotope in technetium-99m generators to produce the even shorter-lived daughter isotope technetium-99m, which is used in approximately 40 million medical procedures annually. A common misunderstanding or misnomer is that 99Mo is used in these diagnostic medical scans, when actually it has no role in the imaging agent or the scan itself. In fact, 99Mo co-eluted with the 99mTc (also known as breakthrough) is considered a contaminant and is minimised to adhere to the appropriate USP (or equivalent) regulations and standards. The IAEA recommends that 99Mo concentrations exceeding more than 0.15 μCi/mCi 99mTc or 0.015% should not be administered for usage in humans.²⁷ Typically, quantification of 99Mo breakthrough is performed for every elution when using a 99Mo/99mTc generator during QA-QC testing of the final product.

There are alternative routes for generating 99Mo that do not require a fissionable target, such as high or low enriched uranium (i.e., HEU or LEU). Some of these include accelerator-based methods, such as proton bombardment or photoneutron reactions on enriched 100Mo targets. Historically, 99Mo generated by neutron capture on natural isotopic molybdenum or enriched 98Mo targets was used for the development of commercial 99Mo/99mTc generators.²⁸ ²⁹ The neutron-capture process was eventually superseded by fission-based 99Mo that could be generated with much higher specific activities. Implementing feed-stocks of high specific activity 99Mo solutions thus allowed for higher quality production and better separations of 99mTc from 99Mo on small alumina column using chromatography. Employing low-specific activity 99Mo under similar conditions is particularly problematic in that either higher Mo loading capacities or larger columns are required for accommodating equivalent amounts of 99Mo. Chemically speaking, this phenomenon occurs due to other Mo isotopes present aside from 99Mo that compete for surface site interactions on the column substrate. In turn, low-specific activity 99Mo usually requires much larger column sizes and longer separation times, and usually yields 99mTc accompanied by unsatisfactory amounts of the parent radioisotope when using γ-alumina as the column substrate. Ultimately, the inferior end-product 99mTc generated under these conditions makes it essentially incompatible with the commercial supply-chain.

In the last decade, cooperative agreements between the US government and private capital entities have resurrected neutron capture production for commercially distributed 99Mo/99mTc in the United States of America.³⁰ The return to neutron-capture-based 99Mo has also been accompanied by the implementation of novel separation methods that allow for low-specific activity 99Mo to be utilized.

References

Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0487-3. 978-0-8493-0487-3 ↩
mMb – Excited nuclear isomer. /wiki/Nuclear_isomer ↩
Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩
( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. ↩
# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS). ↩
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf ↩
Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe. /wiki/Age_of_universe ↩
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf ↩
Modes of decay: EC:Electron captureIT:Isomeric transitionn:Neutron emissionp:Proton emission /wiki/Electron_capture ↩
Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable. ↩
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf ↩
( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments. ↩
# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN). ↩
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae. https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf ↩
Believed to decay by β+β+ to 92Zr with a half-life over 1.9×1020 y ↩
Kajan, I.; Heinitz, S.; Kossert, K.; Sprung, P.; Dressler, R.; Schumann, D. (2021-10-05). "First direct determination of the 93Mo half-life". Scientific Reports. 11 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99253-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8492754. PMID 34611245. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8492754 ↩
Fission product /wiki/Fission_product ↩
Fission product /wiki/Fission_product ↩
Fission product /wiki/Fission_product ↩
Believed to decay by β−β− to 98Ru with a half-life of over 1×1014 years ↩
Fission product /wiki/Fission_product ↩
Used to produce the medically useful radioisotope technetium-99m /wiki/Technetium-99m_generator ↩
Primordial radionuclide /wiki/Primordial_nuclide ↩
Fission product /wiki/Fission_product ↩
Jaries, A.; Stryjczyk, M.; Kankainen, A.; Ayoubi, L. Al; Beliuskina, O.; Canete, L.; de Groote, R. P.; Delafosse, C.; Delahaye, P.; Eronen, T.; Flayol, M.; Ge, Z.; Geldhof, S.; Gins, W.; Hukkanen, M.; Imgram, P.; Kahl, D.; Kostensalo, J.; Kujanpää, S.; Kumar, D.; Moore, I. D.; Mougeot, M.; Nesterenko, D. A.; Nikas, S.; Patel, D.; Penttilä, H.; Pitman-Weymouth, D.; Pohjalainen, I.; Raggio, A.; Ramalho, M.; Reponen, M.; Rinta-Antila, S.; de Roubin, A.; Ruotsalainen, J.; Srivastava, P. C.; Suhonen, J.; Vilen, M.; Virtanen, V.; Zadvornaya, A. "Physical Review C - Accepted Paper: Isomeric states of fission fragments explored via Penning trap mass spectrometry at IGISOL". journals.aps.org. arXiv:2403.04710. https://journals.aps.org/prc/accepted/fe077P3cDac1f601a8c16c34b19fb124fc3509f19 ↩
Frank N. Von Hippel; Laura H. Kahn (December 2006). "Feasibility of Eliminating the Use of Highly Enriched Uranium in the Production of Medical Radioisotopes". Science & Global Security. 14 (2 & 3): 151–162. Bibcode:2006S&GS...14..151V. doi:10.1080/08929880600993071. S2CID 122507063. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩
Ibrahim I, Zulkifli H, Bohari Y, Zakaria I, Wan Hamirul BWK. Minimizing Molybdenum-99 Contamination In Technetium-99m Pertechnetate From The Elution Of 99Mo/99mTc Generator (PDF) (Report). https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/44/122/44122606.pdf ↩
Richards, P. (1989). Technetium-99m: The early days. 3rd International Symposium on Technetium in Chemistry and Nuclear Medicine, Padova, Italy, 5-8 Sep 1989. OSTI 5612212. /wiki/OSTI_(identifier) ↩
Richards, P. (1965-10-14). The Technetium-99m Generator (Report). doi:10.2172/4589063. OSTI 4589063. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩
"Emerging leader with new solutions in the field of nuclear medicine technology". NorthStar Medical Radioisotopes, LLC. Retrieved 2020-01-23. https://www.northstarnm.com/ ↩

List of isotopes

Molybdenum-99

See also

References