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List of thermal conductivities
List article

In heat transfer, the thermal conductivity (k) is an intensive property that measures a material's ability to conduct heat. Thermal conductivity is typically expressed in SI units of watts per metre-kelvin (W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹), though imperial units like BTUs per foot per hour per degree Fahrenheit are also used. It is commonly measured by methods such as laser flash analysis, alongside other techniques. While conduction dominates heat transfer in solids, gases often transfer heat more through advection, including convection and turbulence. Mixtures can show varying conductivities depending on composition.

Sortable list

This concerns materials at atmospheric pressure and around 293 K (20 °C).

MaterialThermal conductivity[W·m−1·K−1]Notes
Acrylic glass (Plexiglas V045i)0.1703–0.2004
Alcohols, oils0.10056
Alumina307For main article, see Aluminium oxide.
Aluminium2378
Aluminium nitride3219For high-quality single crystal.
Beryllia209–330101112For main article, see Beryllium oxide.
Bismuth7.97
Boron arsenide130013
Cubic boron nitride74014
Copper401151617For main article, see Copper in heat exchangers.
Diamond100018
Fiberglass or foam-glass0.04519
Germanium60.2
Gold31820
Kapton (tape)0.2021
Manganese7.81022Lowest thermal conductivity of any pure metal.23
Marble2.070–2.9402425
Expanded polystyrene0.033–0.04626
Polyurethane foam0.0327
Silica aerogel0.0228
Silicon nitride90,29 17730Ceramics material.
Silver40631Highest thermal conductivity of any pure metal.
Snow (dry)0.05032–0.25033
Teflon0.25034
Water0.591835

Analytical list

Thermal conductivities have been measured with longitudinal heat flow methods where the experimental arrangement is so designed to accommodate heat flow in only the axial direction, temperatures are constant, and radial heat loss is prevented or minimized. For the sake of simplicity the conductivities that are found by that method in all of its variations are noted as L conductivities, those that are found by radial measurements of the sort are noted as R conductivities, and those that are found from periodic or transient heat flow are distinguished as P conductivities. Numerous variations of all of the above and various other methods have been discussed by some G. K. White, M. J. Laubits, D. R. Flynn, B. O. Peirce and R. W. Wilson and various other theorists who are noted in an international Data Series from Purdue University, Volume I pages 14a–38a.36

This concerns materials at various temperatures and pressures.

MaterialThermal conductivity [W·m−1·K−1]Temperature [K]Electrical conductivity @ 293 K[Ω−1·m−1]Notes
Acrylic glass (Plexiglas V045i)0.1737-0.1938-0.239296407.143E-1541 - 5.0E-1442Note: There are no negative conductivities and the symbols that could be read that way are hyphens to separate various estimates and measurements.
Air and thin air and high tech vacuums, macrostructure0.024434445-0.025460.0262 (1 bar)470.0457 (1 bar)48Formula valuesd=1 centimeterStandard Atmospheric Pressure0.02090.02350.0260List490.1 atmosphere0.02090.02350.02600.01 atmospheres0.02090.02350.02590.001 atmospheres0.02050.02300.02540.0001 atmospheres0.01780.01960.021210−5atmospheres0.007600.007830.0080010−6atmospheres0.001130.001120.0011110−7atmospheres0.0001190.0001170.000115List502735152-29353-298543005560056233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9hiAerosols2.9557-loAerosols7.8358×10−15(78.03%N2,21%O2,+0.93%Ar,+0.04%CO2) (1 atm)The plate distance is one centimeter, the special conductivity values were calculated from the Lasance approximation formula in The Thermal conductivity of Air at Reduced Pressures and Length Scales59 and the primary values were taken from Weast at the normal pressure tables in the CRC handbook on page E2.60Let K0 is the normal conductivity at one bar (105 N/m2) pressure, Ke is its conductivity at special pressure and/or length scale. Let d is a plate distance in meters, P is an air pressure in Pascals (N/m2), T is temperature Kelvin, C is this Lasance constant 7.6 ⋅ 10−5 m ⋅ K/N and PP is the product P ⋅ d/T. The Lasance approximation formula is Ke/K0 = 1/(1+C/PP).Some readers might find the notation confusing since the original mK might be interpreted as milliKelvins when it is really meter-Kelvins. He(Lasance?) puts a one (1) at the end of his equation so that it appears like this: Ke/K0 = 1/(1+C/PP)(1). Eventually you can find out from his graph that the (1) at the end is not part of his formula and instead he is citing his graph.
Air and thin air and high tech vacuums, microstructure Formula Valuesd=1 millimeterStandard Atmospheric Pressure0.02090.02350.02600.1 atmosphere0.02090.02350.02590.01 atmospheres0.02050.02300.02540.001 atmospheres0.01780.01960.02120.0001 atmospheres0.007600.007830.0080010−5 atmospheres0.001130.001120.0011110−6 atmospheres0.0001190.0001170.00011510−7 atmospheres0.00001190.00001170.0000116List61233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9233.2266.5299.9All values calculated from the Lasance formula: Lasance, Clemens J., "The Thermal Conductivity of Air at Reduced Pressures and Length Scales," Electronics Cooling, November 2002.62 Plate separation = one millimeter.
Air, standard air0.009220.013750.018100.022260.026140.029700.033050.036330.039510.04560.05130.05690.06250.06720.07170.07590.07970.08350.0870List, TPRC 3, pp 511–126310015020025030035040045050060070080090010001100120013001400150064
Air, typical air30°N JanuarySea Level: 0.025351000 meters: 0.025092000 meters: 0.024833000 meters: 0.0242930°N JulySea Level: 0.026601000 meters: 0.025902000 meters: 0.025433000 meters: 0.0249760°N JanuarySea Level: 0.022861000 meters: 0.023022000 meters: 0.022763000 meters: 0.02250List USSAS pp 103, 107 &12365288.52285.25281.87275.14304.58295.59289.56283.75257.28259.31256.08252.85TPRC standard air is very nearly equivalent to typical air worldwide.
Air, wet air≈Typical Air66
Air in motor windings at normal pressure, Lasance approximations360 Kelvins10−2 meters: 0.0303910−3 meters: 0.0303810−4 meters: 0.0303110−5 meters: 0.02959List, TPRC Vol 3 page 512.6768360An investigator has reported some high values for the thermal conductivity of some metal air laminates both varnished and otherwise. See Taylor, T.S., Elec. World Vol 76 (24), 1159–62, 1920 in TPRC Data Series Vol 2, pp 1037–9.69
Alcohols or oils0.17071-0.11072-0.217374-0.2127529376-29877-30078
Aluminium,79 alloy Mannchen 1931:92% Aluminum, 8% MagnesiumCast L72.8100.0126.4139.8Annealed L76.6104.6120.1135.688%Aluminium, 12% Magnesium Cast56.177.4101.3118.4Mever-Rassler 1940:93.0% Aluminium, 7.0% Magnesium108.7List80872733734768727337347687273373476348.2Mannchen, W., Z Metalik..23, 193–6, 1931 in TPRC Volume 1 pages 478, 479 and 1447.

Mever-Rassler. The Mever-Rassler alloy has a density of 2.63 g cm−1. Mever-Rassler, F., Metallwirtschaft. 19, 713–21, 1940 in Volume 1 pages 478, 479 and 1464.81

Aluminium,82 pure204.383-20584-22085-23786878889-25090214.691249.392CRC Aluminum99.996+% Pure Aluminum78015502320308038104510515057306220661069007080715071307020684063505650400028502100160012501000670500400340300247237235236237240240237232226220213List932939495-298969798366994781001234567891011121314151618202530354045506070809010015020025027330035040050060070080090037,450,000101 - 37,740,000102

Cryogenic: up to 1.858 ⋅ 1011 at 4.2 K.103104

Formula Values3.85 ⋅ 107 at 273.15K; 3.45 ⋅ 107 at 300K; 2.50 ⋅ 107 at 400K.105

This material is superconductive (electrical) at temperatures below 1.183 Kelvins. Weast page E-78106
Aluminum,107 ultrapureTPRC Aluminum99.9999% Pure Aluminum4102820012100157001880021300229002380024000235002270020200176001170077303180[?]23801230754532414344302248237236237240237232226220213List10812345678910111315202530405060708090100150200273.2300400500600700800900These are not measured values.

Very high thermal conductivity measurements up to 22,600 w m−1 K−1 were reported by Fenton, E.W., Rogers, J.S. and Woods, S.D. in reference 570 on page 1458, 41, 2026–33, 1963. The data is listed on pages 6 through 8 and graphed on page 1 where Fenton and company are on curves 63 and 64.

Next the government-recommended values are listed and graphed on page 9.

Thermophysical Properties Research Center. Performing Organization: Purdue University. Controlling Organization: Defense Logistics Agency. Documented summaries from numerous scientific journals, etc. and critical estimates. 17000 pages in 13 volumes.

Aluminium nitride170109-175110-1901112931121×10^−11113
Aluminium oxide Pure 26114-30115-35116-39117-40118NBS, Ordinary271610.58.06.65.95.65.66.07.2List119Slip Cast R 11.110.08.377.956.905.865.655.655.65List: Kingery, TPRC II page 99 curve 7 ref.5120Sapphire R 15.513.912.410.68.718.047.687.597.617.868.138.49List: Kingery, TPRC II page 96 curve 19 ref.721212931221231244006008001000120014001600180020002200613.2688.2703.2873.2943.21033.210931203.21258.2591.5651.2690.2775.2957.21073.21173.21257.21313.21384.214X9.21508.21×10^−12-125126The NBS recommended ordinary values are for 99.5% pure polycrystalline alumina at 98% density.127 Slip Cast Values are taken from Kingery, W.D., J. Am Ceram. Soc., 37, 88–90, 1954, TPRC II page 99 curve 7 ref. 5 page 1159.128 Sapphire values are taken from Kingery, W.D. and Norton, F.H., USAEC Rept. NYO-6447, 1–14, 1955, TPRC II pages 94, 96, curve 19 ref. 72 page 1160.129Errata: The numbered references in the NSRDS-NBS-8 pdf are found near the end of the TPRC Data Book Volume 2 and not somewhere in Volume 3 like it says.130
Aluminium oxide, porous 22% Porosity 2.3131Constant 1000-1773132This is number 54 on pages 73 and 76. Shakhtin, D.M. and Vishnevskii, I.I., 1957, interval 893-1773 Kelvins.133
Ammonia, saturated0.507134300135
Argon0.016136-0.01772137-0.0179138139298140141-300142143
BasaltStephens BasaltSample NTS No. 1 R1.761.621.801.841.631.841.581.921.84Sample NTS No. 2 R1.361.451.531.671.721.571.601.63List144Robertson Basalt5% olivine, 100% solidity* & 5MPa pressureIntrinsic: K = 2.55 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1Air in Pores: K =1.58Water in Pores: K = 1.97List: Robertson pages 7, 11 & 13.1455765966587047488228959641048442483529584623711762858300These measurements of two samples of NTS Basalt were credited to some D.R. Stephens, USAEC UCRL — 7605, 1–19, 1963. They are reported in the TPRC Data Series in Volume 2 on pages 798 and 799.

Ki-iti Horai, Thermal conductivity of Rock Forming minerals, Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 76, Issue 5, pages 1278 — 1308, February 10, 1971.

  • Solidity ≡ The ratio of the volume of solid to the bulk volume, or the ratio of bulk density to solid grain density, dB/dG. Robertson, p. 5.
Beryllium oxide218146-260147-300148TPRC Recommended42430227219614611187705747393328.324.521.519.518.016.715.615.0List149293150200273.2300400500600700800900100011001200130014001500160017001800190020001×10^−12151Recommended values are found on page 137 of volume 2, TPRC Data Series, 1971152
Bismuth7.97153300154
Brass Cu63%12515529615615,150,000157 - 16,130,000158(Cu63%, Zn37%)
Brass Cu70%109159160 - 121161293162-29616312,820,000164 - 16,130,000165(Cu70%, Zn30%)
Brick0.15166-0.6167-0.69168-1.31169British 2016:Inner leaf (1700 kg/m3): 0.62170Outer leaf (1700 kg/m3): 0.841711920s Values:Brick #1: 0.674172Brick #2: 0.732173293174-298175373.2176373.2177Brick #1: 76.32% SiO2, 21.96%Al2O3, 1.88%Fe2O3 traces of CaO and MgO, commercial brick, density 1.795 g ⋅ cm−3.Brick #2: 76.52%SiO2, 13.67%Al2O3, 6.77%Fe2O3, 1.77%CaO, 0.42%MgO, 0.27%MnO, no specified density. Judging from the descriptions the TPRC has put the wrong labels on their bricks, and if that is the case then Brick #1 is "Common Brick" and Brick #2 is "Red Brick." Tadokoro, Y., Science Repts. Tohoku Imp. Univ., 10, 339–410, 1921, TPRC pages 493 & 1169.178
Bronze2617942180-50181182293183-2961845,882,000185 - 7,143,000186Sn25%187(Cu89%, Sn11%)188
Calcium silicate0.063189373190
Carbon dioxide0.0146191-0.01465192-0.0168193 (sat. liquid 0.087194)298195-273196-300197 (293198)
Carbon nanotubes, bulk2.5 (multiwall)199 - 35 (single wall, disordered mats)200 - 200(single wall, aligned mats)201300202"Bulk" refers to a group of nanotubes either arranged or disordered, for a single nanotube, see "carbon nanotube, single".203
Carbon nanotube, single3180 (multiwall)204205-3500 (single wall)206(SWcalc.6,600207208-37,000209210)320211212-300213(300214215-100216217)(Lateral)10−16218 - (Ballistic)108219)values only for one single SWNT(length:2.6 μm, diameter:1.7 nm) and CNT. "Single", as opposed to "bulk" quantity (see "carbon nanotubes, bulk") of many nanotubes, which should not be confused with the denomination of nanotubes themselves which can be singlewall(SWNT) or multiwall(CNT)220
Cerium dioxide 1.701.541.000.9380.8510.765List: TPRC II pp. 145–62211292.11322.11555.91628.21969.22005.9Pears, C.D., Project director, Southern Res. Inst. Tech. Documentary Rept. ASD TDR-62-765, 20-402, 1963. TPRC Vol 2, pages 145, 146 and 1162222
Concrete0.8223 - 1.28224 - 1.65225 - 2.5226293227~61-67%CaO
Copper, commercial Wright, W. H., M. S. Thesis:Sample 1 L423385358311346347350360Sample 2 L353360366363365Lists: TPRC I page 75 curve 129228Taga, M., periodicalFirst run: 378Second run: 374Third run: 378Fourth run: 382List: TPRC I page 75 curve 12922980.0695.34115.62135.53159.46181.56198.35217.30198.53220.90240.88257.38275.40363.2363.2363.2363.2Wright, W. H., M. S. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1–225, 1960. TPRC Data Series Volume 1, pages 75 and 80 curve 129, ref. page 1465.230Taga, commercial grade, 99.82% purity, density 8.3 g⋅cm−3. Taga, M., [Bull?], Japan Soc. Mech. Engrs., 3 (11) 346–52, 1960. TPRC Data Series Vol 1, pages 74, 79 and 1459.231
Copper, pure385232-386233234-390235-401236237238368.7239353.12401970s values:TPRC (American)2870138001960010500430020501220850670570514483413401398392388383377371364357350342334List241The Soviet Union4032421960s ValuesThin Copper Foil*:126.8202.3295.9400.2List243244293245246247248249250573251873252151020304050607080901002002733004005006007008009001000110012001300273.150.4270.6710.9811.32259,170,000253 - 59,590,000254Formula Values:6.37 ⋅ 107 at 273.15 K; 5.71 ⋅ 107 at 300K; 4.15 ⋅ 107 at 400K.255International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) pure =1.7×10−8Ω•m=58.82×106Ω−1•m−1

For main article, see: Copper in heat exchangers.

The TPRC recommended values are for well annealed 99.999% pure copper with residual electrical resistivity of ρ0=0.000851 μΩ⋅cm. TPRC Data Series volume 1 page 81.256

  • Out of 138 samples in the TPRC Data Series on the thermal conductivity of copper there is only one foil and that one was only measured at very low temperatures where other coppers also demonstrated extreme deviance. The blurred up reference to it on page 1465 looks like Landenfeld, P., Lynton, E.A. and Souten, R., Phys. Letters, Volume 19 page 265, 1965.
Cork0.04257 - 0.072581940s values:Density=0.195 g cm−3 L0.03810.0446Density=0.104 g cm−3 L0.03200.0400List: Rowley, F.B. and others in TPRC II page 1064 & 1067 curves 1 & 3 ref 109.259293260 ---222.0305.5222.0305.51940s values are for oven dried cork at specified densities: Rowley, F.B., Jordan, R.C. and Lander, R.M., Refrigeration Engineering, 53, 35–9. 1947, TPRC pages 1064, 1067 & 1161.261
Cotton or Plastic Insulation-foamed0.03262263293264
Diamond, impure1,000265266273267 - 2932681×10^−16~269Type I (98.1% of Gem Diamonds) (C+0.1%N)
Diamond, natural2,2002702932711×10^−16~272Type IIa (99%12C and 1%13C)
Diamond, isotopically enriched3,320273-41,000274275 (99.999% 12C calc.200,000276)293277-104278279 (~80280)(Lateral)10−16281 - (Ballistic)108282Type IIa isotopically enriched (>99.9%12C)
Dolomite, NTS dolomiteSpecimen No. 1 R1.081.14Specimen No. 2 R1.271.26List TPRC 2 pp 811–12.283521835523833Specimen No. 1 had a fine-grained appearance; 2.25 inches O.D.. 0.375 in. I.D., 12 in. long; obtained from exploratory dolomite hole No. 1, dolomite hill at level of 200 feet; density 2.80 g cm−3. Method: Radial heat flow [TPRC Volume 1 page 23a].

Stephens, D. R., USAEC UCRL — 7605. 1–19, 1963 in TPRC Data Series Volume 2, pp. 811–12.284

Epoxy, thermally conductive 0.682285 - 1.038 - 1.384286 - 4.8287
EclogiteRoberston Eclogite, 5MPa0.64370.2574List from graph: Roberston page 39288373573Some more recent measurements about ecolgite at high pressures and elevated temperatures (up to 14GPa and 1000K) have been reported by Chao Wang and others in a 2014 article about omphacite, jadeite and diopside which is free on the internet289
Ethylene glycolTPRC0.25490.25630.25760.25900.26030.26160.26300.2643List290CRC0.26450.26090.2695List291280290300310320330340350288.15293.15353.15The TPRC values are posted in Volume 3 on page 177 and the CRC estimates are found in the handbook on page E-4.
Expanded polystyrene – EPS0.03292-0.033293294295 ((PS Only)0.1296-0.13297)98298-298299300 (296301)1×10^−14302(PS+Air+CO2+CnH2n+x)
Extruded polystyrene – XPS0.029 - 0.3998-298
FatBeef fat0.3540.175Bone fat0.186Pig fat0.238List303293.2333.2293.2293.2The fats were discovered by Lapshin A. and Myasnaya Ind., SSSR. Volume 25 (2) pp. 55–6, 1954. and reported in volume two of the TPRC Data Series on page 1072.304
Fiberglass or foam-glass0.045305293306
GabbroSligachan Gabbro2.552.47List307Generic Gabbro*2.06 ± 0.2List: Birch and Clark in Robertson page 31308309.4323.1300Specimen 5 cm in diameter and 2 cm long from Sligachan Skye, density 3.1 g ⋅ cm−1. Nancarrow, H.A., Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 45, page 447–61, 1933 in TPRC Data Series Volume 2 page 816.309
  • This summary came from three samples in 1940.
Gallium arsenide56310300311
GasketCardboard0.210312Transite P0.7700.7570.7490.7420.7390.7360.7360.7360.7330.731List: Smith, W.K. in TPRC II page 1107 curve 1 ref 390.313291.15338.7366.5394.3422.1449.8477.6505.4533.2560.9588.7The cardboard is in Yarwood and Castle on page 36 and the Transite is credited to some W.K. Smith, NOTS TP2624, 1 — 10, 1961. [AD 263771]. Transite was discovered in 1961 and is a type of asbestos — cement board with a density of 0.193 — 0.1918 grams⋅cm−1. TPRC Data Series, Volume 2, page 1107314

For rubber gasket see Rubber.

Glass0.8315-0.93316 (SiO2pure1317-SiO296%1.2318-1.4319)Pyrex 7740, Air Force, 1961 P1.351.341.391.421.591.451.431.561.661.681.911.90List: TPRC II pages 926-9 curve 81320Pyrex 7740, NBS, 1963 L1.111.161.221.271.331.381.43List: TPRC II pages 926-9 curve 76321Pyrex 7740, NBS, 1966 0.580.901.111.251.361.501.621.89List322293323324325297300306319322322329330332336345356273.2323.2373.2423.2473.2523.2573.210020030040050060070080010−14326327-10−12328-10−10329330<1% Iron oxidesIn 1966 Pyrex 7740 had a composition of about 80.6% SiO2, 13% B2O3, 4.3% Na2O and 2.1% Al2O3.331 Similar glasses have a coefficient of linear expansion of about 3 parts per million per Kelvin at 20°Celsius.332Density [Pyrex 774] ≈ 2.210 g ⋅ cm−3 at 32 °F. Specific heats: 0.128, 0.172, 0.202, 0.238, 0.266, 0.275 Cal. g−1 K−1 at 199.817, 293.16, 366.49, 477.60, 588.72 & 699.83 Kelvins respectively. Lucks, C.F., Deem, H.W. and Wood, W.D. in TPRC V pages 1232-3333Errata: The numbered references in the NSRDS-NBS-8 pdf are found near the end of the TPRC Data Book Volume 2 and not somewhere in Volume 3 like it says.334
Glycerol0.285335-0.29336300337-293338
Gold, pure314339-315340-3183413423431970s values:44488528201500345327318315312309304298292285List344293345-298346347121020100200273.230040050060070080090045,170,000348 - 45,450,0003491970s values are found on page 137, TPRC Data Series volume 1 (1970).350
Granite1.73351 - 3.98352Nevada Granite R1.781.951.861.741.80Scottish Granite L3.393.39List353Westerly Granite2.4(63)2.2(83)2.1(44)Barre Granite2.8(23)2.5(18)2.3(10)Rockport-1*3.5(57)3.0(31)2.7(12)Rockport-2*3.8(07)3.2(11)2.8(37)List: Birch and Clark in Robertson page 35.354368523600643733306.9320.2273.15373.15473.15273.15373.15473.15273.15373.15473.15273.15373.15473.15(72%SiO2+14%Al2O3+4%K2O etc.)Scottish Granite: This is granite from May Quarry in Aberdeenshire. Nancarrow, H. A., Proc. Phys. Soc. (London). 45, 447–61, 1933, TPRC II pages 818 and 1172.355Nevada Granite: This granite is 34%v plagioclase, 28%v ortheoclase, 27%v quartz and 9%v biotite. Stephens, D. R., USAEC UCRL-7605, 1–19, 1963, TPRC II pages 818 and 1172.356A 1960 report on the Nevada granite (Izett, USGS) is posted on the internet but the very small numbers there are hard to understand.357
  • Robertson says that Rockport-1 has 25% Quartz and Rockport-2 has 33% Quartz and he usually talks in volume percent. Robertson page 35.
Granite, ΔPBarre Granite*Wet50 bar*2.82.52.32.11000 bar3.22.82.62.45000 bar4.54.03.73.4Dry50 bar2.8(23)2.5(18)2.3(10)2.1(44)1000 bar2.8(76)2.5(65)2.3(53)2.1(84)5000 bar3.0(91)2.7(57)2.5(29)2.3(47)List: Robertson pages 35, 59-61358273.15373.15473.15573.15273.15373.15473.15573.15273.15373.15473.15573.15273.15373.15473.15573.15273.15373.15473.15573.15273.15373.15473.15573.15Small granite pillars have failed under loads that averaged out to about 1.43 ⋅ 108 Newtons/meter2 and this kind of rock has a sonic speed of about 5.6 ± 0.3 ⋅ 103 m/sec (stp), a density of about 2.7 g/cm3 and specific heat ranging from about 0.2 to 0.3 cal/g °C through the temperature interval 100-1000 °C [Stowe pages 41 & 59 and Robertson pages 70 & 86].359360
  • In this particular case the solidity of the granite is 0.966.
  • A bar is 105 Pa or 105 Newtons/meter2 and pressures around 5000 bar should normally be found at depths of about 19 to 23 kilometers.
Graphene(4840±440)361 - (5300±480)362293363100,000,000364
Graphite, natural 25-470365146-246 (longitudinal), 92-175 (radial)3662933675,000,000-30,000,000368
Grease, thermally conductive greases860 Silicone Heat Transfer Compound:0.668616 Super Thermal Grease II:1.788617 Super thermal Grease III:1.0List, MG Chemicals369233.15—473.15205.15—438.15205.15—438.15 These thermal greases have low electrical conductivity and their volume resistivities are 1.5⋅1015, 1.8⋅1011, and 9.9⋅109 Ω⋅cm for 860, 8616 and 8617 respectively.The thermal grease 860 is a silicone oil with a Zinc Oxide filler and 8616 and 8617 are synthetic oils with various fillers including Aluminum Oxide and Boron Nitride. At 25 °C the densities are 2.40, 2.69 and 1.96 g/mL for the greases 860, 8616 and 8617 respectively.
Helium II ≳100000370 in practice, phonon scattering at solid-liquid interface is main barrier to heat transfer. 2.2Liquid helium in its superfluid state below 2.2 K
House American 2016Wood Product Blow-in, Attic Insulation0.0440 − 0.0448371FIBERGLAS Blow-in, Attic Insulation0.0474 − 0.0531372PINK FIBERGLAS Flexible Insulation0.0336 − 0.0459373BritishCONCRETE:General 1.28(2300 kg/m3) 1.63(2100 kg/m3 typical floor) 1.40(2000 kg/m3 typical floor) 1.13(medium 1400 kg/m3)0.51(lightweight 1200 kg/m3) 0.38(lightweight 600 kg/m3) 0.19(aerated 500 kg/m3) 0.16PLASTER:(1300 kg/m3) 0.50(600 kg/m3) 0.16TIMBER:Timber (650 kg/m3) 0.14Timber flooring (650 kg/m3) 0.14Timber rafters 0.13Timber floor joists 0.13MISC.:Calcium silicate board (600 kg/m3) 0.17Expanded polystyrene 0.030 −0.038Plywood (950 kg/m3) 0.16Rock mineral wool 0.034 −0.042List374Wallboard, see Wallboard.1960s ValuesDry Zero − Kapok between burlap or paperdensity 0.016 g cm−3, TC=0.035 W⋅m−1K−1Hair Felt − Felted cattle hairdensity 0.176 g cm−3, TC=0.037 W⋅m−1K−1density 0.208 g cm−3, TC=0.037 W⋅m−1K−1Balsam Wool − Chemically treated wood fibredensity 0.035 g cm−3, TC=0.039 W⋅m−1K−1Hairinsul − 50% hair 50% jutedensity 0.098 g cm−3, TC=0.037 W⋅m−1K−1Rock Wool − Fibrous material made from rockdensity 0.096 g cm−3, TC=0.037 W⋅m−1K−1density 0.160 g cm−3, TC=0.039 W⋅m−1K−1density 0.224 g cm−3, TC=0.040 W⋅m−1K−1Glass Wool − Pyrex glass curleddensity 0.064 g cm−3, TC=0.042 W⋅m−1K−1density 0.160 g cm−3, TC=0.042 W⋅m−1K−1Corkboard − No added binderdensity 0.086 g cm−3, TC=0.036 W⋅m−1K−1density 0.112 g cm−3, TC=0.039 W⋅m−1K−1density 0.170 g cm−3, TC=0.043 W⋅m−1K−1density 0.224 g cm−3, TC=0.049 W⋅m−1K−1Corkboard − with asphaltic binderdensity 0.232 g cm−3, TC=0.046 W⋅m−1K−1Cornstalk Pith Board: 0.035 − 0.043Cypressdensity 0.465 g cm−3, TC=0.097 W⋅m−1K−1White pinedensity 0.513 g cm−3, TC=0.112 W⋅m−1K−1Mahoganydensity 0.545 g cm−3, TC=0.123 W⋅m−1K−1Virginia pinedensity 0.545 g cm−3, TC=0.141 W⋅m−1K−1Oakdensity 0.609 g cm−3, TC=0.147 W⋅m−1K−1Mapledensity 0.705 g cm−3, TC=0.159 W⋅m−1K−1List375American 2016: Flexible insulation from Owens Corning includes faced and unfaced rolls of glass wool and with foil.376 1960s values: All thermal conductivities from Cypress to Maple are given across the grain.377
Hydrogen 0.1819378 290Hydrogen gas at room temperature.
Ice1.6379-2.1380-2.2381-2.22382The Historic Ice Authoritiesvan Duser 19292.092.1612.2322.3032.3742.445Choi & Okos/Bonales 1956 — 20172.21992.38542.63222.96033.36953.8601Ratcliffe/Bonales 1962 — 20172.09142.29732.54312.84103.20863.6723List383Clark, S.P. Jr., 1966*2.0922.552List: Clark, S.P. Jr. in Robertson p. 58384293385386 - 273387388273.15253.15233.15213.15193.15173.15273.15253.15233.15213.15193.15173.15273.15253.15233.15213.15193.15173.15273.15143.15Bonales says that his posted formulas are lined up with his old authorities though more recent ones (and Bonales among them) have come to believe that ices that come to low temperatures remember a cooling rate.389390

The formulas are: 1)van Duser: k=2.09(1–0.0017 T(°C)); 2)Choi & Okos: k=2.2199-6.248 ⋅ 10−3 T(°C) + 1.0154 ⋅ 10−4 T(°C)2; 3)Ratcliffe: k=2135 T(K)−1.235.

k is given in w ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1.

Errata: Contrary to what they say the formula of Bonales and Sanz cannot be fitted to their data and also it is not consistent with the results of Choi and Okos since their formula is a typo and also Choi and Okos did not cook up a linear function to start with. Instead the formula that would fit some of the Bonales data is k ≈ 2.0526 - 0.0176TC and not k = -0.0176 + 2.0526T as they say on page S615 and also the values they posted for Alexiades and Solomon do not fit the other formula that they posted on table 1 on page S611 and the formula that would fit over there is k = 2.18 - 0.01365TC and not k = 2.18 - 0.01365TK.

  • The Clark Ice has a density of 0.9 g/cm−3. Robertson page 58.
Indium phosphide80391300392
Insulating firebrick Sheffield Pottery, 2016: NC-23 0.190.200.230.26 NC-26 0.250.260.270.30 NC-28 0.290.320.330.36List3931940s Blast Furnace: 1.581.551.53List394533811108913665338111089136653381110891366636.2843.21036.2Sheffield pottery: Standard ASTM 155 Grades, 05/10/2006: NC-23, Cold Crushing Strength=145 lbs/inch2, density=36 lbs/ft3 NC-26, Cold Crushing Strength=220 lbs/inch2, density=46 lbs/ft3 NC-28, Cold Crushing Strength=250 lbs/inch2, density=55 lbs/ft3395---1940s Blast Furnace: Kolechkova, A. F. and Goncharov, V. V., Ogneupory, 14, 445–53, 1949, TPRC pages 488, 493 & 1161.396
Iron, pure71.8397-72.7398-79.5399-80400-80.2401-80.440240355.440434.6405TPRC1492242973714425135806457059978145553722652041681461329483.580.369.461.354.748.743.338.032.629.729.927.928.229.930.931.8List406The Soviet Union86.5407293408409-298410-300411412413573414127341523456789102030405060708090100200273.230040050060070080090010001100118311831200130014001500273.159,901,000416 - 10,410,000417The TPRC recommended values are for well annealed 99.998% pure iron with residual electrical resistivity of ρ0=0.0327 μΩ⋅cm. TPRC Data Series volume 1 page 169.418
Iron, cast55419420Tadokoro Cast Iron*White12.813.314.314.517.3Grey29.529.730.030.131.1List: Tadokoro, curves 39 & 40 in TPRC Vol. I, pp 1130–31421Donaldson Cast Iron*48.548.146.947.346.946.0List: Donaldson, curve 1 in TPRC Vol. I, pp 1129 & 1131422298423303.2323.2362.2373.2425.2303.2323.2361.2373.2427.2353.70376.70418.20429.70431.70447.20(Fe+(2–4)%C+(1–3)%Si)

Apart from a thermal conductivity a boiler company also has an interface heat transfer coefficient Q and also some Kurganov has posted this simplification that water flowing in tubes has Q ≈ 500 - 1200 W/(m2K).424

  • These Tadokoro Irons are 3.02% C, 0.089% Cu, 0.53% Mn, 0.567% P, 0.074% S, 0.57% Si and 3.08% C, 0.136% Cu, 0.44% Mn, 0.540% P, .074% S and 0.58% Si, White Cast and Grey Cast respectively.

By comparison the Donaldson Iron is 2.80% C, 0.10% Mn, 0.061% P, 0.093% S and 0.39% Si. It has 0.76% graphitic carbon and 2.04% combined carbon and the thermal conductivity measurements come with a 2% error estimate. Tadokoro, Y., J., Iron Steel Inst. (Japan), 22, 399 — 424, 1936 and Donaldson, J.W., J. Iron Steel Inst. (London), 128, p. 255-76, 1933.

Laminates, metal non-metalTaylor I30 varnished silicon steel foils each of thickness 0.014 inches (0.356 mm): density 7.36 g cm−3; measured near a temperature of 358.2 K under pressure in the range 0 — 132 psi:0 psi 0.512 w m−1 K−120 psi 0.74840 psi 0.84660 psi 0.90680 psi 0.925100 psi 0.965120 psi 0.992132 psi 1.02120 psi 1.00100 psi NA*80 psi 0.98460 psi 0.94540 psi 0.90620 psi 0.8460 psi 0.591Taylor II30 varnished silicon steel foils each of thickness 0.0172 inches (0.4368 mm); density 7.51 g cm−3; measured near a temperature of 358.2 K under pressure in the range 0 — 128 psi:0 psi 0.433 w m−1 K−120 psi 0.80740 psi 0.96560 psi 1.0480 psi 1.10100 psi 1.18120 psi 1.24128 psi 1.26120 psi 1.26100 psi 1.2280 psi 1.1860 psi 1.1440 psi 1.1020 psi 0.9840 psi 0.630Taylor III30 silicon steel foils each of thickness 0.0172 inches (0.4368 mm); density 7.79 g cm−3; measured near a temperature of 358.2 K under pressure in the range 0 — 125 psi:0 psi 0.496 w m−1 K−110 psi 0.74822.5 psi 0.945125 psi 1.65100 psi 1.5980 psi 1.5447 psi 1.3820 psi 1.140 psi 0.709List: Taylor, T.S., Elec. World, 76 (24), 1159 — 62, 1920.425*The report in the Data Series says that the Taylor I laminate had a thermal conductivity of 0.0996 w cm−1 K−1 at 100 psi in descent and that is an obvious typo [NA]. What would fit is 0.00996 w cm−1 K−1 = 0.996 w m−1 K−1. TPRC Volume 2, pp 1037–9.
Lead, pure34.7426427-35.0428429-35.343043129.8432TPRC27704240340022401380820490320230178146123107948477665950.747.745.143.539.636.635.535.233.832.531.2List433The Soviet Union35.6434293435436-298437-30043843957344012345678910111213141516182025304050100200273.2300400500600273.154,808,000441 - 4,854,000442The TPRC List is the TPRC estimate for well annealed Lead of 99.99+% purity and residual electrical resistivity ρ0=0.000880 μΩ cm. TPRC Data Series Volume 1, page 191.443This material is superconductive (electrical) at temperatures below 7.193 Kelvins. Weast page E-87.444
Limestone1.26445 - 1.33446Indiana Limestone R1.191.211.191.111.121.071.030.620.570.54List447Queenstone Grey L1.431.411.401.33List1.43448Generic Limestone R*Air in PoresSolidity = 1.0: K = 2.67*Solidity = 0.9: K = 2.17Solidity = 0.8: K = 1.72Solidity = 0.7: K = 1.32Water in PoresSolidity = 1.0: K = 2.97Solidity = 0.9: K = 2.52Solidity = 0.8: K = 2.12Solidity = 0.7: K = 1.77List: Robertson formula 6 and page 10&16.449----47255368381395210131075118112531324395.9450.4527.6605.4300Mostly CaCO3 and the "Indiana Limestone" is 98.4% CaCO3, 1% quartz and 0.6% hematite.450By comparison Queenstone Grey is a mixture of dolomite and calcite containing 22% MgCO2. Density=2.675 g cm−3. Niven, C.D., Can J. Research, A18, 132–7, 1940, TPRC pages 821 and 1170.451
  • Generic Limestone R is relatively pure polycrystaline calcite, solidity is the quotient of the solid grain volume divided by the bulk volume and K is thermal conductivity in W⋅m−1⋅K−1.
Manganese7.81452lowest thermal conductivity of any pure metal
Marble2.07453-2.08454-2.94455456298457
Methane0.030458-0.03281459298460-273461
Mineral wool insulation0.04462463464293465-298466
Nickel90.9467-91468298469470
Nitrogen, pure0.0234471-0.024472-0.02583473-0.026474475293476-298477-300478479480(N2) (1 atm)
Norite2.7 ± 0.4List: Misener and others in Robertson page 31.481300This summary came from five samples in 1951.
Oxygen, pure (gas)0.0238482-0.024483-0.0263484-0.02658485293486-298487-300488489(O2) (1 atm)
OilTransformer OilCRC OilRegular0.177Light Heat0.132List490Yarwood and Castle0.135491343.15 — 373.15303.15 — 373.15273.15Yarwood and Castle have their transformer oil on page 37.
PaperOrdinary PaperEngineeringtoolbox0.05492Yarwood and Castle0.125493Oil Impregnated Paper0.180 — 0.186494298495291.15294.7 — 385.2The oil-impregnated paper was about 0.05 inches thick and it was loaded under about 2 PSI. TPRC Volume 2, page 1127.Yarwood and Castle has the thermal conductivity of their paper on page 36
Perlite, (1 atm)0.031496298497
Perlite in partial vacuum0.00137498298499
Pine 0.08860.09130.09390.09660.09940.102List500222.0238.7255.4272.2288.9305.5Density=0.386 g cm−3. Rowley, F. B., Jordan, R. C. and Lander, R. M., Refrigeration Engineering, 53, 35–9, 1947, TPRC pages 1083 and 1161.501
Plastic, fiber-reinforced0.23502 - 0.7503 - 1.06504293505 - 29650610−15507 - 10050810-40%GF or CF
Polyethylene, high-density0.42509 - 0.51510298511
Polymer, high-density0.33512 - 0.5251329651410−16515 - 102516
Polymer, low-density0.04517 - 0.16518 - 0.25519 - 0.33520293521 - 29652210−17523 - 100524
Polyurethane foam0.03525298526
Porcelain, electrical porcelain1940s ValuesSample 11.90 — 2.27Sample 21.40 — 2.15Sample 31.84 — 2.24388.2 — 1418.2395.2 — 1456.2385.2 — 1396.2Starting material was 19.0 flint, 37.0 feldspar, 7.0 Edgar plastic kaolin, 22.0 Edgar Nocarb clay, and 15.0 Kentucky old mine No. 4 ball clay, ball milled for 15 hours, slip cast and fired to 1250 °C; 25% open pores; bulk density 2.5 g ⋅ cm−3. Norton, F.H. and Kingery, W.D., USAEC Rept. NYO — 601, 1 — 52, 1943 in TPRC Vol. 2 page 937527
Propylene glycol0.2007528293.15 — 353.15This hearsay value is posted in the 48th Edition of the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics on page E-4.529
Pyroxenite4.3 ± 0.1List: Birch and Clark in Robertson, page 31.530300This summary came from 2 samples in 1940.
Quartz, single crystal12531 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to c axis, 06.8532 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to c axisRutgers University11.1 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to c axis, 5.88 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to c axis9.34 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to c axis, 5.19 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to c axis8.68 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to c axis, 4.50 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to c axisList533NBS6.00 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to c axis, 3.90 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to c axis5.00 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to c axis, 3.41 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to c axis4.47 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to c axis, 3.12 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to c axis4.19 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to c axis, 3.04 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to c axisList534300311366422500600700800The noted authorities have reported some values in three digits as cited here in metric translation but they have not demonstrated three digit measurement.535Errata: The numbered references in the NSRDS-NBS-8 pdf are found near the end of the TPRC Data Book Volume 2 and not somewhere in Volume 3 like it says.536
Quartz, fused, or vitreous silica, or fused silica1.46537-35381.4539England 0.841.051.201.321.411.48List540America 0.521.131.231.401.421.501.531.591.731.922.172.482.873.344.004.806.18List541293542543323544123173223273323373100200223293323373400500600700800900100011001200130014001.333E-18545 - 10−16546
Quartz, powdered Kozak 19520.1840.2090.2300.259 Sinel'nikov 19580.02890.03350.03560.0410.04480.05150.06690.07530.08120.0837List: TPRC II pages 177-180547373.2483.2588.2673.2313.2373.2473.2571.2617.2667.2713.2811.2863.2868.2Kozak grain sizes ranged from 0.3 to 1 mm diameter and the density was 0.54 grams ⋅ cm−3. Kozak, M.I. Zhur. Tekh. Fiz., 22 (1), 73–6, 1952. By comparison Sinel'nikov powder is a powder in a vacuum, gran sizes range from 100 to 200 micrometers, the powder density is 1.35 g per cm−3. Sinel'nikov, N.N. and Filipovich, V.N., Soviet Phys. Tech., 3, 193–6, 1958. The TPRC record is blurred up some on the Sinel'nikov vacuum which looks like it is probably 5 ⋅ 10−5 mmHg.

TPRC pages 177–180, Volume 2, curves 62 and 65, Reference numbers 326 and 327 respectively.548

Quartz, slip-cast First Run0.340.390.450.510.62 Second Run0.630.660.69List5495007009001100130090010001100This material which must have started out like unfired pottery was slip cast from fused silica. Then it was dried four days at 333 K before being tested. It was 9 inches in diameter and 1 inch thick, density 1.78 ⋅ cm−3. The first run went to 1317K and then on the second run the same insulator proved to be more conductive. 1959.550
Redwood bark Whole: Density=0.0641 g cm−3 L0.02860.03070.03300.03560.03790.0407Shredded: Density=0.0625 g cm−3 L 0.0107List551222.2239.2255.5272.1288.8305.3318.7Whole: Rowley, F. B., Jordan, R. C. and Lander, R. M., Refrig. Eng., 50, 541–4, 1945, TPRC pages 1084 & 1172.552Shredded: Wilkes, G. B., Refrig. Eng., 52, 37–42, 1946, TPRC pages 1084 & 1162.553
Rice hulls (ash)0.062554
Rice hulls (whole)0.0359555
Rock, felsic igneousAir in Pores, 5 MPa*Solidity* = 120%v Quartz: 2.2140%v Quartz: 2.9760%v Quartz: 3.72Solidity = 0.920%v Quartz: 1.8040%v Quartz: 2.4160%v Quartz: 3.02Water in Pores, 5 MPaSolidity = 120%v Quartz: 2.8340%v Quartz: 4.1460%v Quartz: 5.46Solidity = 0.920%v Quartz: 2.4140%v Quartz: 3.4760%v Quartz: 4.54List: Formula values (6), page 10, Robertson.556300*5 MPa is 5 ⋅ 106 Pascals or 5 ⋅ 106 Newtons per meter2 or about fifty atmospheres pressure.*Solidity ≡ the ratio of the volume of solid to the bulk volume, or the ratio of bulk density to solid grain density dB/dG.Symbols: %v is percent by volume.
Rock, mafic igneousAir in Pores, 5 MPaSolidity = 10 %v OPA*: 1.505 %v OPA : 1.5810%v OPA: 1.6520%v OPA: 1.8030%v OPA: 1.95Solidity = 0.90 %v OPA : 1.255 %v OPA : 1.3110%v OPA: 1.3720%v OPA: 1.4930%v OPA: 1.62Water in Pores, 5 MPaSolidity = 10 %v OPA : 1.845 %v OPA : 1.9610%v OPA: 2.0920%v OPA: 2.3430%v OPA: 2.59Solidity = 0.90 %v OPA : 1.635 %v OPA : 1.7310%v OPA: 1.8320%v OPA: 2.0430%v OPA: 2.24List: Formula values (6), page 10, Robertson.557300*OPA is olivine, pyroxene and/or amphibole in any proportions.
RubberCRC Rubber, 92%, nd0.16558Griffiths Natural Rubber 19230.134Hayes Synthetic Rubbers 1960Thiokel ST0.268Kel-F 37000.1170.1130.1130.113Carboxy Rubber, Firestone butaprene T0.2550.2380.197List Griffiths and Hayes curves 11, 41, 43 & 56 in TPRC II pp 981–984559303560298.2310.9310.9422.1477.6533.2310.9422.1477.61×10^−13~561The Listed Synthetic Rubbers and more of them in the data collection are credited to Hayes, R.A., Smith, F.M., Kidder, G.A., Henning, J.C., Rigby, J.D. and Hall, G.L., WADC TR 56-331 (Pt.4), 1–157, 1960 [AD 240 212].562
Sand, Hudson River0.27List: Robertson page 58563303.15This sample has a density of 1.36 g/cm3.
Sandstone1.83564 - 2.905652.1566 - 3.9567~95-71%SiO2~98-48%SiO2, ~16-30% Porosity
Silica aerogel0.003568 (carbon black9%~0.0042569)-0.008570-0.017571-0.02572-0.0357398574 - 298575576Foamed glass
Silver, pure406577-407578-418579427580-429581582583584-4305851970s values:TPRC394078301720016800510019301050700550497471460450432430428427420413405397389382List586The Soviet Union429587293588589298590591592-300593594125102030405060708090100150200273.2300400500600700800900273.1561,350,000595 - 63,010,000596Highest electrical conductivity of any metalTPRC recommended values are for well annealed 99.999% pure silver with residual electrical resistivity of ρ0=0.000620 μΩ⋅cm. TPRC Data Series volume 1 page 348 (1970).597
Silver, sterling361598
Snow, dry0.05599-0.11600-0.25601273602
Sodium chloride35.1 - 6.5 - 4.8560380 - 289 - 400604
Soil, dry with organic matter0.15605606-1.15607-2608293609composition may vary
Soil, saturated0.6610-4611293612composition may vary
Soils, temperate Andersland SoilsSandy SoilsDry Density= 1200 kg ⋅ meter−3 20% Saturation: K= 0.90 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−140% Saturation: K= 1.05 60% Saturation: K= 1.15 80% Saturation: K= 1.20Dry Density= 1400 kg ⋅ meter−3 20% Saturation: K= 1.09 40% Saturation: K= 1.30 60% Saturation: K= 1.44 80% Saturation: K= 1.54Dry Density= 1600 kg ⋅ meter−3 20% Saturation: K= 1.29 40% Saturation: K= 1.58 60% Saturation: K= 1.76 80% Saturation: K= 1.88Dry Density= 1800 kg ⋅ meter−3 20% Saturation: K= 1.50 40% Saturation: K= 1.90 60% Saturation: K= 2.15 80% Saturation: K= 2.31Silt and Clay SoilsDry Density= 1200 kg ⋅ meter−320% Saturation: K= 0.54 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−140% Saturation: K= 0.76 60% Saturation: K= 0.90 80% Saturation: K= 1.00Dry Density= 1400 kg ⋅ meter−3 20% Saturation: K= 0.59 40% Saturation: K= 0.86 60% Saturation: K= 1.04 80% Saturation: K= 1.15Dry Density= 1600 kg ⋅ meter−3 20% Saturation: K= 0.61 40% Saturation: K= 1.00 60% Saturation: K= 1.23 80% Saturation: K= 1.39Dry Density= 1800 kg ⋅ meter−320% Saturation: K= 0.65 40% Saturation: K= 1.08 60% Saturation: K= 1.39 80% Saturation: K= 1.62Charts: Andersland and Anderson in Farouki, figures 152 page 106 and 148 on page 104613de Vries SoilsMineral; density 2.65 g cm−3: K = 2.93Organic; density 1.3 g cm−3: K = 0.251Soil, mineral, dry; density 1.50 g cm−3: K = 0.209Soil, mineral, saturated; density 1.93 g cm−3: K = 2.09Soil, organic, dry; density 0.13 g cm−3: K = 0.033Soil, organic, sat.; density 1.03 g cm−3: K = 0.502List614Higashi Soil With Water r*Loose Packedr = 0.0: K= 0.255 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1r = 0.2: K= 0.534r = 0.4: K= 0.883r = 0.6: K= 1.162Close Packedr = 0.0: K= 0.372r = 0.2: K= 0.697r = 0.4: K= 1.127r = 0.6: K= 1.627List: Higashi, Akira; Hokkaido University Library615Kersten SoilsSilt-Clay Soils1.28 grams ⋅ cm−3 dry50% Saturation: K = 0.89 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1100% Saturation: K = 1.11.44 grams ⋅ cm−3 dry50% Saturation: K = 1.0100% Saturation: K = 1.31.60 grams ⋅ cm−3dry50% Saturation: K = 1.2100% Saturation: K = 1.5Sandy Soil1.60 grams ⋅ cm−3 dry50% Saturation: K = 1.7 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1100% Saturation: K = 2.0List: Kersten in Farouki, figures 146 & 150, pp. 103 & 105616293.2277.59The cited Andersland Charts include corresponding water content percentages for easy measurements.The TPRC Data Book has been quoting de Vries with values of 0.0251 and 0.0109 W⋅cm−3⋅Kelvin−1 for the thermal conductivities of organic and dry mineral soils respectively but the original article is free at the website of their cited journal. Errors: TPRC Volume 2 pages 847 and 1159.617 Journal archives.618Also some de Vries authorities include John Webb, "Thermal Conductivity of Soil" November 1956, Nature Volume 178, pages 1074–1075, and M.W. Makowski, "Thermal Conductivity of Soil" April 1957, Nature Volume 179, pages 778-779 and more recent notables include Nan Zhang Phd and Zhaoyu Wang PhD "Review of soil thermal conductivity and predictive models" July 2017, International Journal of Thermal Sciences Volume 117 pages 172–183.
  • r ≡ The ratio of the water mass to the dried soil mass. Higashi Soil.
Soils, frozen, below saturationHigashi Soils Soil A, Black cultivated, 0 — 10 cm deepDry: K = 0.488 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1Saturated: K = 3.151Soil B, Brown subsoil, 25 — 30 cm deepDry: K = 0.232Saturated: K = 2.604Soil C, Yellow brown subsoil, 50 — 60 cm deepDry: K = 0.290Saturated: K = 2.279List: Higashi, Hokkaido University Library619Kersten SoilsSandy Soil1.60 grams ⋅ cm−3 dry50% Saturation: K = 1.7 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1100% Saturation: K > 3.17List: Kersten in Farouki, figure 151 page 105.620268.15 ± 2K269.26Higashi anomalies: The very high c values that are labeled as thermal conductivities in table III on page 100 would roughly fit the thesis of the paper if they came with lower orders of magnitude. The way that the dry soils get a lot lighter between Table I on page 99 and table IV on pages 102-3 is eventually explained by the fact that Table I has pycnometer densities.

For those who may already see reasons to learn more about the thermal conductivities of the soils it is free from the Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. The whole thing is on the Farouki reference footnote621 and it comes with graphs and with formulas.

To make it easier a lb/ft3 is about 0.01601846 grams/cm3 and a Btu in./ft2 hr °F is about 0.14413139 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1.

Soils, frozen, above saturationHigashi SoilsSoil Ar* = 0.7: K = 3.953 W ⋅ m−1 ⋅ K−1Soil Br = 0.8: K = 3.348List622268.15 ± 2KIn this sample of two there is one very dirty kind of ice that conducts heat at nearly twice the rate of plain ice. *r ≡ The ratio of the water mass to the dried mass.
Solder, Sn/63% Pb/37%50623
Lead-free solder, Sn/95.6% Ag/3.5% Cu/0.9%, Sn/95.5% Ag/3.8% Cu/0.7% (SAC)~60624
Steel, carbon36625626-43627 50.2628-54629630631Intermediate British Steels, 1933CS 81: 0.1% C, 0.34% Mn67.466.164.9CS 91: 0.26% C, 0.61% Mn56.155.254.4CS 92: 0.44% C, 0.67% Mn54.052.751.9List: Naeser, G. in TPRC I pp 1186–90, curves 81, 91 and 92632Tool Steel, 1.41% C, 0.23% Mn, 0.158% Si LWater Quenched30.531.031.8Tempered at 150°C and air cooled32.232.232.8Tempered at 200°C and air cooled33.133.933.5Tempered at 250°C and air cooled36.836.437.2Tempered at 300°C and air cooled37.738.538.1Tempered at 350°C and air cooled38.138.538.9List: Hattori, D., J. Iron Steel Inst. (London) 129 (1), 189–306, 1934 in TPRC I pp 1115–1120 curves 61-66633293634635-298636373.2473.2573.2373.2473.2573.2373.2473.2573.2355.70374.20390.20360.70376.70389.70366.20401.70427.20364.20395.70424.70365.70393.20427.20369.20390.70432.20(Fe+(1.5-0.5)%C)
Steel, stainless16.3637638-16.7639-18640-246412966426436441,176,000645 - 1,786,000646(Fe, Cr12.5-25%, Ni0-20%, Mo0-3%, Ti0-trace)
Styrofoam-expanded polystyrene Dow Chemical 0.033-0.036647K. T. Yucel et al. 0.036-0.046648
Syenite2.18List: Birch and Clark in Robertson page 58649300This summary came from one sample in 1940.
Thermal grease0.4 - 3.0
Thermal tape0.60650
Thorium dioxide 3.683.122.842.662.54List65110001200140016001800Recommended values, TPRC, Polycrystaline, 99.5% pure, 98% dense, page 198652
Tin TPRC20400 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 14200 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, 18300 P*36000 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 25000 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, 32300 P33100 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 23000 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, 29700 P20200 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 14000 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, 18100 P13000 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 9000 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (11700) P8500 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 5900 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (7600) P5800 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 4000 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (5200) P4000 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 2800 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (3600) P2900 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 2010 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (2600) P2150 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 1490 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (1930) P1650 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 1140 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (1480) P1290 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 900 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (1160) P1040 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 20 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (930) P850 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 590 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (760) P700 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 490 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (630) P590 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 410 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (530) P450 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 310 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (400) P360 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 250 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (320) P250 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 172 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (222) P200 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 136* ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (176) P167 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 116 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (150) P(150) ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, (104) ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (133) P(137) ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, (95) ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (123) P(128) ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, (89) ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (115) P(107) ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, (74) ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (96) P(98.0) ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, (68.0) ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (88.0) P(95.0) ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, (66.0) ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (85.0) P(86.7) ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, (60.2) ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (77.9) P(81.6) ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, (56.7) ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, (73.3) P(75.9) ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, (52.7) ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, 68.2 P(74.2) ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, (51.5) ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, 66.6 P69.3 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 48.1 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, 62.2 P66.4 ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } to the c axis, 46.1 ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis, 59.6 PList653The Soviet Union68.26541234567891011121314151618202530354045507090100150200273.2300400500273.15*The P Conductivity is the conductivity of polycrystalline Tin.TPRC Tin is well annealed 99.999+% pure white tin with residual electrical resistivity ρ0=0.000120, 0.0001272 & 0.000133 μΩ cm respectively for the single crystal along directions perpendicular ⊥ {\displaystyle \perp } and parallel ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis and for polycrystalline tin P. The recommended values are thought to be accurate to within 3% near room temperature and 3 to [unintelligible] at other temperatures. Values in parentheses are extrapolated, interpolated, or estimated.*It happens that the online record has the thermal conductivity at 30 Kelvins and ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the c axis posted at 1.36 W⋅cm−1 K−1 and 78.0 Btu hr−1 ft−1 F−1 which is incorrect. Also the copy is blurred up enough to give you the impression that maybe what it really means is 1.36 W−1 cm−1 K−1 and 78.6 Btu hr−1 ft−1 F−1 and a type-head that got overdue for its cleaning since the secretary had a tall heap of papers on her desk and if that is the case then the multilingual expression is perfectly consistent. TPRC Data Series Volume 1, page 408.655This material is superconductive (electrical) at temperatures below 3.722 Kelvins. Weast page E-75.656
Titanium, pure15.6657-19.0658-21.9659660-22.5661293662-3006636641,852,000665 - 2,381,000666
Titanium alloy5.8667296668595,200669(Ti+6%Al+4%V)
Tungsten, pure173 14409710208173670118986711101002936721000200018,940,000673
Wallboard (1929) 0.06400.05810.0633List674322.8Stiles, H., Chem. Met. Eng.,36, 625–6, 1929, TPRC Volume 2 pages 1131 and 1172. This is commercial wallboard in three samples of it at the same mean temperature.675
Water0.563676-0.596677-0.6678679-0.609680Deionized ultra-filtered water0.598681TPRC0.5225*0.5551*0.58180.59180.60840.62330.63670.64850.65870.66730.67970.68640.67270.63480.5708List682The Soviet Union0.599683273684-293685686687-300688293.15250270280290300310320330340350370400450500550293.155×Pure10−6689-Sweet10−3±1690-Sea1691<4692%(NaCl+MgCl2+CaCl2)*The TPRC Estimates for water at 250K and 270K are for supercooled liquid. Of course the values for 400K and above are for water under steam pressure.693
Water vapor0.016694-0.02479 (101.3 kPa)6950.0471 (1 bar)696293697-398698600699
Wood, moist+>=12% water: 0.09091700-0.16701-0.21702-0.4703The Royal Society:Fir LSpecific gravity=0.615% moisture⊥ to the grain U*: 0.117Mahogany LSpecific gravity=0.7015% m & ⊥ to the grain R*: 0.16715% m & ⊥ to the grain T*: 0.15515% m & ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the grain: 0.310Oak LSpecific gravity=0.6014% m & ⊥ to the grain T: 0.117Spruce: LElectric Oven3.40% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.1225.80% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.1267.70% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.1299.95% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.13317.0% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.142Specific gravity=0.04116% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.12116% m & ⊥ to the grain T: 0.10516% m & ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the grain: 0.222Teak LSpecific gravity=0.7210% m & ⊥ to the grain T: 0.138Walnut LSpecific gravity=0.6512.1% m & ⊥ to the grain R: 0.14511.3% m & ⊥ to the grain T: 0.13611.8% m & ∥ {\displaystyle \parallel } to the grain: 0.332List704298705-293706293.2293.2293.2293.2293.2373.2373.2373.2373.2373.2293.2293.2293.2293.2293.2293.2293.2Species-Variable707The Royal Society: Griffiths, E. and Kaye, G. W. C., Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A104, 71–98, 1923, TPRC Volume 2, pages 1073, 1080, 1082, 1086 and 1162.708*The R conductivity is the thermal conductivity radial to the annual rings, T is tangential to those rings and U is unspecified. Mahogany: page 1080, Oak: page 1082, Spruce: page 1086, Teak: page 1087, Walnut: page 1089.

Method: Longitudinal Heat Flow, TPRC 1, page 24a.709

Note: all the percentages refer to moisture. The Fir was measured at 15%, Mahogany, 15%, Oak, 14%, Spruce, 3.40%, 5.80%, 7.70%, 9.95%, 17.0% and 16%. Teak was measured at 10% and Walnut was measured at 12.1%, 11.3% and 11.8% moisture.

Wood, unspecified0.04710-0.055711-0.07692712-0.12713-0.17714715The Royal SocietyWalnut L⊥ to the grain & tangent to the annual rings, various pressures and thicknesses all 0.137 ± 0.001 twelve times over. Griffiths, E. and Kaye, G. W. C., Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A104, 71–98, 1923 in TPRC 2 page 1089.716VariousPine, see Pine.Redwood Bark, see Redwood Bark.293717-298718293.2Balsa719-Cedar720-Hickory721/Oak722
Wool, Angora wool0.0464723293.2724Bettini, T. M., Ric. Sci. 20 (4), 464–6, 1950, TPRC pages 1092 and 1172725
Wool felt0.06237260.0732727313.2728343.2729Taylor, T. S., Mech. Eng., 42, 8–10, 1920, TPRC pages 1133 and 1161.730
Zinc, pure11673129373216,950,000733
Zinc oxide21734
Zirconium dioxide Slip Cast, first run (1950) 2.031.981.961.911.911.90Second Run (1950) 1.811.801.921.901.951.921.971.982.042.29CaO stabilized (1964) 1.541.641.641.761.621.791.802.462.332.802.562.70List735766.2899.21006.21090.21171.21233.2386.2470.2553.2632.2734.2839.2961.21076.21163.21203.21343.21513.21593.21663.21743.22003.22103.22323.22413.22413.22493.22523.2First Run: Density=5.35 g cm−3. Norton, F. H., Kingery, W. D., Fellows, D. M., Adams, M., McQuarrie, M. C. and Coble, R. L. USAEC Rept. NYO-596, 1–9, 1950, TPRC pages 247 and 1160736Second Run: Same Specimen, same USAEC Report.737CaO stabilized: Density=4.046 g cm−3 (66.3% of theoretical). Feith, A. D., Gen. Elec. Co., Adv. Tech. Service, USAEC Rept. GEMP-296, 1-25, 1964, TPRC pages 247 and 1165.738

Some recent developments include Zirconia fibrous thermal insulation for temperatures up to about 2000 Kelvins. Various conductivities less than 0.4 w m−1 K−1. Zircar Zirconia, Inc.739740

MaterialThermal conductivity [W·m−1·K−1]Temperature [K]Electrical conductivity @ 293 K [Ω−1·m−1]Notes

See also

Bibliography

References

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  4. "Typical Physical Properties, Plexiglas® V045i, Acrylic Resin" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 28 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20070223072449/http://www.plexiglas.com/tds/4b.pdf ↩

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  731. Other references listed within Wikipedia (this table may not be cited, pure elements are sourced from Chemical elements data references, otherwise an in-table linked-page must list the relevant references) /wiki/Chemical_elements_data_references ↩

  732. Other references listed within Wikipedia (this table may not be cited, pure elements are sourced from Chemical elements data references, otherwise an in-table linked-page must list the relevant references) /wiki/Chemical_elements_data_references ↩

  733. Other references listed within Wikipedia (this table may not be cited, pure elements are sourced from Chemical elements data references, otherwise an in-table linked-page must list the relevant references) /wiki/Chemical_elements_data_references ↩

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