• Images
• Videos
• Documents
• Books
• Articles

Related Image Collections Add Image

Profiles

1 Image

We don't have any YouTube videos related to Mobile, Alabama yet.

You can add one yourself here.

We don't have any PDF documents related to Mobile, Alabama yet.

You can add one yourself here.

We don't have any Books related to Mobile, Alabama yet.

You can add one yourself here.

Archived Web Articles Add Article

Mobile now second largest city in Alabama after annexation vote

Jul 18 2023

USA trauma center gets state boost

Dec 4 2018

EADS to Build Airbus Assembly Line in Mobile, Ala.

Jul 1 2012

Study Reveals Top 10 Wettest U.S. Cities

May 18 2007

Airbus confirms its first US factory to build A320 jet

bbc.co.uk

Airbus to Build 1st US Assembly Plant in Alabama

web.archive.org

History

Main article: History of Mobile, Alabama

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Mobile, Alabama.

Etymology

Further information: Alabama Creole people

The city gained its name from the Mobile tribe that the French colonists encountered living around Mobile Bay.¹² Although it is debated by Alabama historians, they may have been descendants of the Native American tribe from the small fortress town, Mabila, in central Alabama.¹³ The Mobile tribe became allies with the French colonists and suggested the location for the original town of Mobile and a river fort.¹⁴ About seven years after the founding of the French Mobile settlement, the Mobile tribe, along with the Tohomé, gained permission from the colonists to settle near the fort.¹⁵¹⁶

Colonial

In 1702, French colonists founded the Old Mobile Site, including the original town of Mobile and Fort Louis de la Louisiane, on a bluff 27 miles upriver from the Mobile River's mouth. French Canadian brothers Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville and Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville founded the site to establish control over France's claims to La Louisiane. From 1702 to 1711, it was the French colonial capital.¹⁷ Mobile's Roman Catholic parish was established on July 20, 1703, by Jean-Baptiste de la Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier, Bishop of Quebec.¹⁸ It was the first French Catholic parish established on the Gulf Coast.¹⁹ In 1704, the ship Pélican delivered 23 Frenchwomen to the colony; passengers had contracted yellow fever at a stop in Havana.²⁰ Though most of the "Pélican girls" recovered, numerous colonists and neighboring Native Americans contracted the disease in turn and many died.²¹ African slaves were transported to Mobile on a supply ship from the French colony of Saint-Domingue in the Caribbean.²²

Disease and flooding plagued French colonists at the Old Mobile Site.²³ The colony grew to 279 persons by 1708 but shrank to 178 persons two years later.²⁴ Bienville ordered the settlement to relocate downriver. Mobile moved to its present location at the confluence of the Mobile River and Mobile Bay in 1711.²⁵ According to anthropologist Greg Waselkov, French colonists burned the Old Mobile Site to the ground, likely to prevent their enemies from occupying it.²⁶ An earth-and-palisade Fort Louis was constructed at the new site.²⁷

The capital of La Louisiane was moved in 1720 to Biloxi,²⁸ leaving Mobile to serve as a regional military and trading center. In 1723 the construction of a new brick fort with a stone foundation began²⁹ and it was renamed Fort Condé in honor of Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon.³⁰

In 1763, Britain defeated France in the Seven Years' War. The Treaty of Paris ceded French territories east of the Mississippi River to Britain, including Mobile. The city became part of the expanded British West Florida colony.³¹ The British changed the name of Fort Condé to Fort Charlotte, after Queen Charlotte.³²

The British promised religious tolerance to the French colonists, and 112 French colonists remained in Mobile.³³ The first permanent Jewish settlers came to Mobile in 1763 as a result of the new British rule and religious tolerance. Jews had not been allowed to officially reside in colonial French Louisiana due to the Code Noir, a decree passed by France's King Louis XIV in 1685 that forbade the exercise of any religion other than Roman Catholicism, and ordered all Jews out of France's colonies. Most of these colonial-era Jews in Mobile were merchants and traders from Sephardic Jewish communities in Savannah, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina.³⁴ By 1766, the town's population was estimated to be 860 people, although the borders were smaller than during the French colonial period.³⁵ During the American Revolutionary War, West Florida and Mobile became a refuge for loyalists fleeing the other colonies.³⁶

While the British were fighting rebellious colonists along the Atlantic coast, the Spanish entered the war in 1779. Bernardo de Galvez,the Spanish Governor of Louisiana, led an expedition to retake West Florida.³⁷ He captured Mobile during the Battle of Fort Charlotte in 1780, as part of this campaign. The Spanish wished to eliminate any British threat to their Louisiana colony west of the Mississippi River, which they had received from France in the 1763 Treaty of Paris.³⁸ Their actions were condoned by the revolting American colonies, partially evidenced by the presence of Oliver Pollack, representative of the American Continental Congress. Due to strong trade ties, many residents of Mobile and West Florida remained loyal to the British Crown.³⁹⁴⁰ The Spanish renamed the fort as Fortaleza Carlota, and held Mobile as a part of Spanish West Florida until 1813, when it was seized by United States General James Wilkinson during the War of 1812.⁴¹

19th century

When Mobile was included in the Mississippi Territory in 1813, the population had dwindled to roughly 300 people. The territory was split in 1817, and the western half joined the union as the state of Mississippi. The eastern half, including the Mobile Bay area, became the Alabama Territory for two before being admitted to the union as the state of Alabama. Mobile's population had increased to 809 by that time.⁴²

Mobile was well situated for trade, as its location tied it to a river system that served as the principal navigational access for most of Alabama and a large part of Mississippi. River transportation was aided by the introduction of steamboats in the early decades of the 19th century.⁴³ By 1822, the city's population had risen to 2,800.⁴⁴

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain created shortages of cotton, driving up prices on world markets.⁴⁵ Much land well suited to growing cotton lies in the vicinity of the Mobile River, and its main tributaries the Tombigbee and Alabama Rivers. A plantation economy using slave labor developed in the region and as a consequence Mobile's population quickly grew. It came to be settled by attorneys, cotton factors, doctors, merchants and other professionals seeking to capitalize on trade with the upriver areas.⁴⁶

From the 1830s onward, Mobile expanded into a city of commerce with a primary focus on the cotton and slave trades. Many slaves were transported by ship in the coastwise slave trade from the Upper South. There were many businesses in the city related to the slave trade – people to make clothes, food, and supplies for the slave traders and their wards. The city's booming businesses attracted merchants from the North; by 1850 10% of its population was from New York City, which was deeply involved in the cotton industry.⁴⁷ Mobile was the slave-trading center of the state until the 1850s, when it was surpassed by Montgomery.⁴⁸

The prosperity stimulated a building boom that was underway by the mid-1830s, with the building of some of the most elaborate structures the city had seen up to that point. This was cut short in part by the Panic of 1837 and yellow fever epidemics.⁴⁹ The waterfront was developed with wharves, terminal facilities, and fireproof brick warehouses.⁵⁰ The exports of cotton grew in proportion to the amounts being produced in the Black Belt; by 1840 Mobile was second only to New Orleans in cotton exports in the nation.⁵¹

With the economy so focused on one crop, Mobile's fortunes were always tied to those of cotton, and the city weathered many financial crises.⁵² Mobile slaveholders owned relatively few slaves compared to planters in the upland plantation areas, but many households had domestic slaves, and many other slaves worked on the waterfront and on riverboats. The last slaves to enter the United States from the African trade were brought to Mobile on the slave ship Clotilda. Among them was Cudjoe Lewis, who in the 1920s became the last survivor of the slave trade.⁵³

By 1853, fifty Jewish families lived in Mobile, including Philip Phillips, an attorney from Charleston, South Carolina, who was elected to the Alabama State Legislature and then to the United States Congress. Many early Jewish families were descendants of Sephardic Jews who had been among the earliest colonial settlers in Charleston and Savannah.⁵⁴

By 1860 Mobile's population within the city limits had reached 29,258 people; it was the 27th-largest city in the United States and 4th-largest in what would soon be the Confederate States of America.⁵⁵ The free population in the whole of Mobile County, including the city, consisted of 29,754 citizens, of which 1,195 were free people of color.⁵⁶ Additionally, 1,785 slave owners in the county held 11,376 people in bondage, about one-quarter of the total county population of 41,130 people.⁵⁷

During the American Civil War, Mobile was a Confederate city. The H. L. Hunley, the first submarine to sink an enemy ship, was built in Mobile.⁵⁸ One of the most famous naval engagements of the war was the Battle of Mobile Bay, resulting in the Union taking control of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864.⁵⁹ On April 12, 1865, three days after Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, the city surrendered to the Union army to avoid destruction after Union victories at nearby Spanish Fort and Fort Blakeley.⁶⁰

On May 25, 1865, the city suffered great loss when some three hundred people died as a result of an explosion at a federal ammunition depot on Beauregard Street. The explosion left a 30-foot (9 m) deep hole at the depot's location, and sank ships docked on the Mobile River; the resulting fires destroyed the northern portion of the city.⁶¹

Federal Reconstruction in Mobile began after the Civil War and effectively ended in 1874 when the local Democrats gained control of the city government.⁶² The last quarter of the 19th century was a time of economic depression and municipal insolvency for Mobile. One example can be provided by the value of Mobile's exports during this period of depression. The value of exports leaving the city fell from $9 million in 1878 to $3 million in 1882.⁶³

20th century

The turn of the 20th century brought the Progressive Era to Mobile. The economic structure developed with new industries, generating new jobs and attracting a significant increase in population.⁶⁴ The population increased from around 40,000 in 1900 to 60,000 by 1920.⁶⁵ During this time the city received $3 million in federal grants for harbor improvements to deepen the shipping channels.⁶⁶ During and after World War I, manufacturing became increasingly vital to Mobile's economic health, with shipbuilding and steel production being two of the most important industries.⁶⁷

During this time, social justice and race relations in Mobile worsened, however.⁶⁸ The state passed a new constitution in 1901 that disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites; and the white Democratic-dominated legislature passed other discriminatory legislation. In 1902, the city government passed Mobile's first racial segregation ordinance, segregating the city streetcars. It legislated what had been informal practice, enforced by convention.⁶⁹ Mobile's African-American population responded to this with a two-month boycott, but the law was not repealed.⁷⁰ After this, Mobile's de facto segregation was increasingly replaced with legislated segregation as whites imposed Jim Crow laws to maintain supremacy.⁷¹

In 1911 the city adopted a commission form of government, which had three members elected by at-large voting. Considered to be progressive, as it would reduce the power of ward bosses, this change resulted in the elite white majority strengthening its power, as only the majority could gain election of at-large candidates. In addition, poor whites and blacks had already been disenfranchised. Mobile was one of the last cities to retain this form of government, which prevented smaller groups from electing candidates of their choice. But Alabama's white yeomanry had historically favored single-member districts in order to elect candidates of their choice.⁷²

The red imported fire ant was first introduced into the United States via the Port of Mobile. Sometime in the late 1930s they came ashore off cargo ships arriving from South America. The ants were carried in the soil used as ballast on those ships.⁷³ They have spread throughout the South and Southwest.⁷⁴

During World War II, the defense buildup in Mobile shipyards resulted in a considerable increase in the city's white middle-class and working-class population, largely due to the massive influx of workers coming to work in the shipyards and at the Brookley Army Air Field.⁷⁵ Between 1940 and 1943, more than 89,000 people moved into Mobile to work for war effort industries.⁷⁶

Mobile was one of eighteen United States cities producing Liberty ships. Its Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company (ADDSCO) supported the war effort by producing ships faster than the Axis powers could sink them. ADDSCO also churned out a copious number of T2 tankers for the War Department.⁷⁷ Gulf Shipbuilding Corporation, a subsidiary of Waterman Steamship Corporation, focused on building freighters, Fletcher-class destroyers, and minesweepers.⁷⁸ The rapid increase of population in the city produced crowded conditions, increasing social tensions in the competition for housing and good jobs.⁷⁹

In May 1943, a race riot broke out between whites and blacks. ADDSCO management had long maintained segregated conditions at the shipyards, although the Roosevelt administration had ordered defense contractors to integrate facilities. That year ADDSCO promoted 12 blacks to positions as welders, previously reserved for whites; and whites objected to the change by rioting on May 24. The mayor appealed to the governor to call in the National Guard to restore order, but it was weeks before officials allowed African Americans to return to work.⁸⁰

In the late 1940s, the transition to the postwar economy was hard for the city, as thousands of jobs were lost at the shipyards with the decline in the defense industry. Eventually the city's social structure began to become more liberal. Replacing shipbuilding as a primary economic force, the paper and chemical industries began to expand. No longer needed for defense, most of the old military bases were converted to civilian uses. Following the war, in which many African Americans had served, veterans and their supporters stepped up activism to gain enforcement of their constitutional rights and social justice, especially in the Jim Crow South. During the 1950s the City of Mobile integrated its police force and Spring Hill College accepted students of all races. Unlike in the rest of the state, by the early 1960s the city buses and lunch counters voluntarily desegregated.⁸¹

The Alabama legislature passed the Cater Act in 1949, allowing cities and counties to set up industrial development boards (IDB) to issue municipal bonds as incentives to attract new industry into their local areas. The city of Mobile did not establish a Cater Act board until 1962. George E. McNally, Mobile's first Republican mayor since Reconstruction, was the driving force behind the founding of the IDB. The Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce, believing its members were better qualified to attract new businesses and industry to the area, considered the new IDB as a serious rival. After several years of political squabbling, the Chamber of Commerce emerged victorious. While McNally's IDB prompted the Chamber of Commerce to become more proactive in attracting new industry, the chamber effectively shut Mobile city government out of economic development decisions.⁸²

In 1963, three African-American students brought a case against the Mobile County School Board for being denied admission to Murphy High School.⁸³ This was nearly a decade after the United States Supreme Court had ruled in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. The federal district court ordered that the three students be admitted to Murphy for the 1964 school year, leading to the desegregation of Mobile County's school system.⁸⁴

The civil rights movement gained congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965, which increased the percentage of black residents able to vote,⁸⁵ ended multiple forms of segregation, and allowed the NAACP to return to Mobile.⁸⁶ However, the city's commission form of government with at-large voting resulted in all positions being elected by the white majority, as African Americans could not command a majority for their candidates in the informally segregated city.⁸⁷ Many forms of de facto segregation persisted for decades.⁸⁸

In 1969, the Brookley Air Force Base was closed by the Department of Defense, dealing a blow to Mobile's economy. It affected about 10% of workers in the city.⁸⁹ In total, 16,000 people lost their job.⁹⁰

Mobile's city commission form of government was challenged and finally overturned in 1982 in City of Mobile v. Bolden, which was remanded by the United States Supreme Court to the district court. Finding that the city had adopted a commission form of government in 1911 and at-large positions with discriminatory intent, the court proposed that the three members of the city commission should be elected from single-member districts, likely ending their division of executive functions among them. Mobile's state legislative delegation in 1985 finally enacted a mayor-council form of government, with seven members elected from single-member districts. This was approved by voters.⁹¹ As white conservatives increasingly entered the Republican Party in the late 20th century, African-American residents of the city have elected members of the Democratic Party as their candidates of choice. Since the change to single-member districts, more women and African Americans were elected to the council than under the at-large system.⁹²

Beginning in the late 1980s, newly elected mayor Mike Dow and the city council began an effort termed the "String of Pearls Initiative" to make Mobile into a competitive city.⁹³ The city initiated construction of numerous new facilities and projects, and the restoration of hundreds of historic downtown buildings and homes.⁹⁴ City and county leaders also made efforts to attract new business ventures to the area.⁹⁵

Geography

Mobile is located in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Alabama.⁹⁶

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 180.07 square miles (466.4 km2), with 139.48 square miles (361.3 km2) of it being land, and 40.59 square miles (105.1 km2), or 22.5% of the total, being covered by water.⁹⁷ The elevation in Mobile ranges from 10 feet (3 m) on Water Street in downtown⁹⁸ to 211 feet (64 m) at the Mobile Regional Airport.⁹⁹

Neighborhoods

Mobile has a number of notable historic neighborhoods. These include Ashland Place, Campground, Church Street East, De Tonti Square, Leinkauf, Lower Dauphin Street, Midtown, Oakleigh Garden, Old Dauphin Way, Spring Hill, and Toulminville.^100101102

Climate

Mobile's geographical location on the Gulf of Mexico provides a mild subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with hot, humid summers and mild, rainy winters. The record low temperature was −1 °F (−18 °C), set on February 13, 1899, and the record high was 105 °F (41 °C), set on August 29, 2000.¹⁰³¹⁰⁴

A 2007 study determined that Mobile is the wettest city in the contiguous 48 states, with 66.3 inches (1,680 mm) of average annual rainfall over a 30-year period.¹⁰⁵ Mobile averages 120 days per year with at least 0.01 inches (0.3 mm) of rain. Precipitation is heavy year-round. On average, July and August are the wettest months, with frequent and often-heavy shower and thunderstorm activity. October stands out as a slightly drier month than all others. Snow is rare in Mobile. The most recent snowfall event occurred January 21, 2025, which produced record-breaking accumulations of up to 8.5 inches within the city and near-blizzard conditions.¹⁰⁶¹⁰⁷ The snowfall event previous to this one was on December 8, 2017.¹⁰⁸

Mobile is occasionally affected by major tropical storms and hurricanes.¹⁰⁹ The city suffered a major natural disaster on the night of September 12, 1979, when category-3 Hurricane Frederic passed over the heart of the city. The storm caused tremendous damage to Mobile and the surrounding area.¹¹⁰ Mobile had moderate damage from Hurricane Opal on October 4, 1995, and Hurricane Ivan on September 16, 2004.¹¹¹

Mobile suffered millions of dollars in damage from Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005, which damaged much of the Gulf Coast cities. A storm surge of 11.45 feet (3.49 m), topped by higher waves, damaged eastern sections of the city with extensive flooding in downtown, the Battleship Parkway, and the elevated Jubilee Parkway.¹¹²

Christmas Day tornado

See also: Late December 2012 North American storm complex

In late December 2012, the city suffered two tornado hits. On December 25, 2012, at 4:54 pm, a large wedge tornado touched down in the city.¹²¹ The tornado rapidly intensified as it moved north-northeast at speeds of up to 50 mph (80 km/h). The path took the tornado into Midtown, causing damage or destruction to at least 100 structures. The heaviest damage to houses was along Carlen Street, Rickarby Place, Dauphin Street, Old Shell Road, Margaret Street, Silverwood Street, and Springhill Avenue.¹²²

The tornado caused significant damage to the Carmelite Monastery, Little Flower Catholic Church, commercial real estate along Airport Boulevard and Government Street in the Midtown at the Loop neighborhood, Murphy High School, Trinity Episcopal Church, Springhill Avenue Temple, and Mobile Infirmary Hospital before moving into the neighboring city of Prichard.¹²³ The tornado was classified as an EF2 tornado by the National Weather Service on December 26.¹²⁴

The path taken through the city was just a short distance east of the path taken days earlier, on December 20, by an EF1 tornado which had touched down near Davidson High School and taken a path ending in Prichard.¹²⁵

Demographics

As of the 2020 census, there were 187,041 people, 77,772 households, and 45,953 families residing in the city.¹³¹ The population density was 1,341.0 inhabitants per square mile (517.8/km2).¹³² There were 89,215 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 40.12% White, 51.06% Black or African American, 0.27% Native American, 1.80% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, and 3.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.23% of the population.¹³³ After annexing areas west of the city in July 2023, Mobile's population increased to 204,689 residents, making it the second-most populous city in Alabama.¹³⁴ The annexation shifted racial demographics; Mobile became a majority-minority city with Black or African American residents remaining the largest racial group.¹³⁵

According to American Values Atlas data published in 2014, the majority of the population were Christians, with 36% identifying as white evangelical Protestant, 18% identifying as black Protestant, 13% as mainline Protestant, and 7% as Catholic. 14% of the population identified as unaffiliated with any religion.¹³⁶ According to the 2024 American Community Survey estimates, 19.7% of the population was under 18. The median age was 38.6. The average family size was 3.13 people. The median household income in Mobile was $50,156, while the median income for a family was $73,717. 15.2% of the population were living below the poverty line.¹³⁷

Economy

Aerospace, steel, ship building, retail, services, construction, medicine, and manufacturing are Mobile's major industries. After having economic decline for several decades, Mobile's economy began to rebound in the late 1980s. Between 1993 and 2003 roughly 13,983 new jobs were created as 87 new companies were founded and 399 existing companies were expanded.¹⁴¹

Defunct companies that had been founded or based in Mobile included Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company, Delchamps, and Gayfers.^142143144 Current companies that were formerly based in the city include Checkers, Minolta-QMS, Morrison's, and the Waterman Steamship Corporation.¹⁴⁵¹⁴⁶

In addition to those discussed below, AlwaysHD, Foosackly's, Integrity Media, and Volkert, Inc. are headquartered in Mobile.^147148149150

Major industry

Port of Mobile

Mobile's Alabama State Docks underwent the largest expansion in its history in the early 21st century. It expanded its container processing and storage facility and increased container storage at the docks by over 1,000% at a cost of over $300 million, a project completed in 2005.¹⁵¹ Despite the expansion of its container capabilities and the addition of two massive new cranes, the port went from 9th largest to the 12th largest by tonnage in the nation from 2008 to 2010.¹⁵²¹⁵³

Shipyards

Shipbuilding began to make a major comeback in Mobile in 1999 with the founding of Austal USA.¹⁵⁴ A subsidiary of the Australian company Austal, it expanded its production facility for United States defense and commercial aluminum shipbuilding on Blakeley Island in 2005.¹⁵⁵ Austal announced in October 2012, after winning a new defense contract and completing another 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m2) building within their complex on the island, that it would expand its workforce from 3,000 to 4,500 employees.¹⁵⁶

Atlantic Marine operated a major shipyard at the former Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company site on Pinto Island. It was acquired by British defense conglomerate BAE Systems in May 2010 for $352 million. Doing business as BAE Systems Southeast Shipyards, the company continues to operate the site as a full-service shipyard, employing approximately 600 workers with plans to expand.^157158159

Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley

The Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley is an industrial complex and airport located 3 miles (5 km) south of the central business district of the city. It is the largest industrial and transportation complex in the region, having more than 70 companies, many of which are aerospace, spread over 1,650 acres (668 ha).¹⁶⁰ Notable employers at Brookley include Airbus North America Engineering (Airbus Military North America's facilities are at the Mobile Regional Airport), VT Mobile Aerospace Engineering (a division of ST Engineering), and Continental Motors.¹⁶¹

Plans for an Airbus A320 family aircraft assembly plant in Mobile were formally announced by Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier from the Mobile Convention Center on July 2, 2012. The plans include a $600 million factory at the Brookley Aeroplex for the assembly of the A319, A320 and A321 aircraft. It was planned to employ up roughly 1,000 full-time workers when fully operational. Construction began with a groundbreaking ceremony on April 8, 2013, with it becoming operable by 2015 and producing up to 50 aircraft per year by 2017.¹⁶²¹⁶³ The assembly plant is the company's first factory to be built within the United States.¹⁶⁴ It was announced on February 1, 2013, that Airbus had hired Alabama-based Hoar Construction to oversee construction of the facility.¹⁶⁵ The factory officially opened on September 14, 2015, covering one million square feet on 53 acres of flat grassland.¹⁶⁶

On October 16, 2017, Airbus announced a partnership with Bombardier Aerospace, taking over a majority share of the Bombardier CSeries airliner program. As a result of this partnership, Airbus plans to open an assembly line for CSeries aircraft in Mobile, particularly to serve the US market. This effort may allow the companies to circumvent high import tariffs on the CSeries family.¹⁶⁷ The aircraft was renamed the Airbus A220 on July 10, 2018.¹⁶⁸ Production started in August 2019; the first A220 from the new line is due to be delivered to Delta in the third quarter of 2020.¹⁶⁹

ThyssenKrupp

German technology conglomerate ThyssenKrupp broke ground on a $4.65 billion combined stainless and carbon steel processing facility in Calvert, a few miles north of Mobile, in 2007. Original projections promised eventual employment for 2,700 people. The facility became operational in July 2010.¹⁷⁰¹⁷¹

The company put both its carbon mill in Calvert and a steel slab-making unit in Rio de Janeiro up for sale in May 2012, citing rising production costs and a worldwide decrease in demand.¹⁷² ThyssenKrupp's stainless steel division, Inoxum, including the stainless portion of the Calvert plant, was sold to Finnish stainless steel company Outokumpu Oyi in 2012.¹⁷³

Top employers

According to the City's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the largest employers in the city are:¹⁷⁴

Unemployment rate

The United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics unemployment rate (not seasonally adjusted).¹⁷⁵¹⁷⁶

Arts and culture

Unlike other Alabama cities, Mobile's French and Spanish colonial history has given it a culture distinguished by French, Spanish, Creole, African, and Catholic heritage, in addition to later British and American influences. The annual Carnival celebration is an example of its differences. Mobile has the longest history of celebrating Mardi Gras in the United States, dating to the early 18th century during the French colonial period.¹⁷⁷ Carnival in Mobile evolved over 300 years from a sedate French Catholic tradition to a mainstream multi-week celebration.¹⁷⁸ Mobile's official cultural ambassadors are the Azalea Trail Maids, meant to embody the ideals of Southern hospitality.¹⁷⁹

Carnival and Mardi Gras

See also: Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama and Mystic society

The Carnival season has expanded throughout the late fall and winter: balls in the city may be scheduled as early as November, with the parades beginning after January 5 and the Twelfth Day of Christmas or Epiphany on January 6.¹⁸⁰¹⁸¹ Carnival celebrations end at midnight on Mardi Gras, which falls on the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday.¹⁸² During the Carnival season, mystic societies build floats, parade through downtown, and toss small gifts to spectators.¹⁸³ They also hold formal masquerade balls, usually by invitation only.¹⁸⁴

Carnival was first celebrated in Mobile in 1703 when colonial French Catholic settlers carried out their traditional celebration at the Old Mobile Site.¹⁸⁵ Mobile's first Carnival society was established in 1711 with the Boeuf Gras Society (Fatted Ox Society).¹⁸⁶ In 1830 Mobile's Cowbellion de Rakin Society was the first formally organized and masked mystic society in the United States to celebrate with a parade.¹⁸⁷¹⁸⁸ The Cowbellions began their parade with rakes, hoes, and cowbells.¹⁸⁹ They introduced horse-drawn floats in 1840.¹⁹⁰ The Striker's Independent Society, formed in 1843, is the oldest surviving mystic society in the United States.¹⁹¹ Carnival celebrations were canceled during the American Civil War.¹⁹² Founded in 2004, the Conde Explorers in 2005 were the first integrated Mardi Gras society to parade in downtown Mobile. The Explorers were featured in the documentary, The Order of Myths (2008), by Margaret Brown about Mobile's Mardi Gras.¹⁹³¹⁹⁴

Archives and libraries

The National African American Archives and Museum features the history of African-American participation in Mardi Gras, slavery-era artifacts, and portraits and biographies of famous African Americans.¹⁹⁵ The University of South Alabama Archives are open to the public and house primary sources relating to the history of the university, Mobile, and southern Alabama.¹⁹⁶ The Mobile Municipal Archives contains the extant city records, dating from the Mississippi Territory period.¹⁹⁷ The Mobile Genealogical Society Library and Media Center features handwritten manuscripts and published materials that are available for use in genealogical research.¹⁹⁸

The Mobile Public Library system serves Mobile and consists of eight branches across Mobile County. Its local history and genealogy division is located near the Ben May Main Library on Government Street.¹⁹⁹ The Saint Ignatius Archives, Museum and Theological Research Library contains primary sources, artifacts, documents, photographs and publications that pertain to the history of Saint Ignatius Church and School, the Catholic history of the city, and the history of the Roman Catholic Church.²⁰⁰

Arts and entertainment

The Mobile Museum of Art features permanent exhibits that span several centuries of art and culture. The museum was expanded in 2002 to approximately 95,000 square feet (8,826 m2).²⁰¹ The Centre for the Living Arts is an organization that operates the historic Saenger Theatre and Space 301, a contemporary art gallery. The Saenger Theatre opened in 1927 as a movie palace. Today it is a performing arts center, a small concert venue, and home to the Mobile Symphony Orchestra.²⁰² The Crescent Theater in downtown Mobile has shown arthouse films since 2008.²⁰³

The Mobile Civic Center contains three facilities under one roof. The 400,000 sq ft (37,161 m2) building has an arena, a theater, and an exposition hall. It is the primary concert venue for the city and home to the Mobile Opera and Mobile Ballet.²⁰⁴ A variety of events are held at the Arthur C. Outlaw Convention Center.²⁰⁵

The city has hosted the Greater Gulf State Fair, each October since 1955.²⁰⁶ The city hosted BayFest, an annual three-day music festival, from 1995–2015.²⁰⁷ Mobile also holds the Ten Sixty Five free music festival.²⁰⁸

The Mobile Theatre Guild is a nonprofit community theatre that has served the city since 1947. It is a member of the Mobile Arts Council,²⁰⁹ an umbrella organization for the arts in Mobile.²¹⁰ Mobile is also host to the Joe Jefferson Players, Alabama's oldest continually running community theatre. The group debuted on December 17, 1947, and was named in honor of comedic actor Joe Jefferson, who spent part of his teenage years in Mobile.²¹¹

Museums

Mobile is home to a variety of museums. Battleship Memorial Park is a military park on the shore of Mobile Bay. It features the World War II era battleship USS Alabama, the World War II era submarine USS Drum, Korean War and Vietnam War Memorials, and historical military equipment.²¹² The History Museum of Mobile showcases centuries of local history in the Old City Hall.²¹³ The Oakleigh Historic Complex are three house museums that portray the daily lives of enslaved, working class, and upper class people during the 19th century.²¹⁴

The Mobile Carnival Museum houses the city's Mardi Gras history and memorabilia.²¹⁵ The Bragg-Mitchell Mansion (1855), Richards DAR House (1860), and the Condé-Charlotte House (1822) are antebellum house museums.^216217218 The Mobile Medical Museum in the French colonial-style Vincent-Doan House chronicles the history of medicine in the city.²¹⁹ The Phoenix Fire Museum in the restored Phoenix Volunteer Fire Company Number 6 building covers fire companies dating to 1838.²²⁰ The Mobile Police Department Museum chronicles the history of the city's law enforcement.²²¹ The Gulf Coast Exploreum Science Center is a non-profit science center located in downtown.²²² The Dauphin Island Sea Lab is located south of the city, on Dauphin Island near the mouth of Mobile Bay.²²³

Historic architecture

See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Mobile, Alabama

Mobile has antebellum architectural examples of Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, Italianate, and Creole cottage. Later architectural styles in the city include the various Victorian types, shotgun types, Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, Spanish Colonial Revival, and Beaux-Arts. The city's historic districts include: Old Dauphin Way, Oakleigh Garden, Lower Dauphin Street, Leinkauf, De Tonti Square, Church Street East, Ashland Place, Campground, and Midtown.²²⁴

Fires in 1827 and 1839 destroyed the city's primarily wooden colonial architecture.²²⁵ The Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception was built on the colonial-era Campo Santo cemetery, of which no trace remains.²²⁶ Several historic cemeteries were established shortly after the colonial era. The Church Street Graveyard contains above-ground tombs and monuments spread over 4 acres (2 ha) and was founded in 1819.²²⁷ The nearby 120-acre (49 ha) Magnolia Cemetery was established in 1836 and served as Mobile's primary burial site during the 19th and early 20th centuries.²²⁸ Mobile's Jewish community dates back to the 1820s, and the city has two historic Jewish cemeteries, Sha'arai Shomayim Cemetery and Ahavas Chesed Cemetery. Sha'arai Shomayim is the older of the two.²²⁹

Sports

See also: History of sports in Mobile, Alabama

Football

Football is the most popular spectator sport in the state.²³⁰ Alabama has never had a top-level professional football team in the NFL,²³¹ but Mobile is one of several Alabama cities with a college football tradition.²³² Mobile has been home to the Senior Bowl since 1951, featuring the best college seniors in NCAA football.²³³

Mobile is the home of two football stadiums. The Ladd-Peebles Stadium opened in 1948 and has a current capacity of 40,646, making it the fourth-largest stadium in the state.²³⁴ Hancock Whitney Stadium opened in 2020 on the campus of University of South Alabama and has a current capacity of 25,450.²³⁵

The 68 Ventures Bowl, originally known as the Mobile Alabama Bowl and later the GMAC Bowl, GoDaddy.com Bowl, Dollar General Bowl, and LendingTree Bowl, has been played at Hancock Whitney Stadium since 2021. The game was originally played at Ladd–Peebles Stadium from 1999 to 2020. It features opponents from the Sun Belt and Mid-American conferences.²³⁶ Since 1988, Ladd–Peebles Stadium has hosted the Alabama-Mississippi All-Star Classic. The top graduating high school seniors from their respective states compete each June.²³⁷

The University of South Alabama in Mobile established a football team in 2007, which went undefeated in its 2009 inaugural season. Their program moved to Division I/FBS in 2013 as a member of the Sun Belt Conference. The team currently plays at Hancock Whitney Stadium, after playing at Ladd-Peebles Stadium prior to the start of the 2020 Season.²³⁸

Other sports and facilities

Mobile has been home to Minor League Baseball teams from the late nineteenth century to 2019. Three Southern League teams operated out of Mobile intermittently in the nineteenth century: the Swamp Angels, Blackbirds, and Bluebirds. In the twentieth century, several teams, each called the Bears, operated at different times.²³⁹ Mobile's Hank Aaron Stadium was the home of the Minor League Mobile BayBears from 1997 to 2019.²⁴⁰

South Alabama basketball is a mid-major team in the Sun Belt Conference. They play their home games at the Mitchell Center.²⁴¹ The Archbishop Lipscomb Athletic Complex is home of AFC Mobile, which is a National Premier Soccer League team.²⁴² The public Mobile Tennis Center includes over 50 courts, all lighted and hard-court.²⁴³

For golfers, Magnolia Grove, part of the Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail, has 36 holes. The Falls course was recently named the best par 3 course in America.²⁴⁴ The Mitchell Company Tournament of Champions was played annually at Magnolia Grove from 1999 through 2007. The Mobile Bay LPGA Classic took its place in 2008, also held at Mobile's Magnolia Grove.²⁴⁵

Mobile is home to the Azalea Trail Run, which races through historic midtown and downtown Mobile. This 10k run has been an annual event since 1978.²⁴⁶ The Azalea Trail Run is one of the premier 10k road races in the United States, attracting runners from all over the world.²⁴⁷

Parks and recreation

The Mobile Botanical Gardens feature a variety of flora spread over 100 acres (40 ha). It contains the Millie McConnell Rhododendron Garden with 1,000 evergreen and native azaleas and the 30-acre (12 ha) Longleaf Pine Habitat.²⁴⁸ Bellingrath Gardens and Home, located on Fowl River, is a 65-acre (26 ha) botanical garden and historic 10,500-square-foot (975 m2) mansion that dates to the 1930s.²⁴⁹ The 5 Rivers Delta Resource Center is a facility that allows visitors to learn about and access the Mobile, Tensaw, Apalachee, Middle, Blakeley, and Spanish rivers.²⁵⁰ It was established to serve as an easily accessible gateway to the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta.²⁵¹ It offers boat and adventure tours, a small theater, an exhibit hall, meeting facilities, walking trails, and a canoe and kayak landing.²⁵²

Mobile has more than 45 public parks within its limits, with some that are of special note.²⁵³ Bienville Square is a historic park in the Lower Dauphin Street Historic District. It assumed its current form in 1850 and is named for Mobile's founder, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville.²⁵⁴ It was once the principal gathering place for residents, when the city was smaller, and remains popular today. Cathedral Square is a one-block performing arts park, also in the Lower Dauphin Street Historic District, which is overlooked by the Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception.²⁵⁵

The Fort of Colonial Mobile is a reconstruction of the city's original Fort Condé, built on the original fort's footprint. It serves as the official welcome center and a colonial-era living history museum.²⁵⁶ Spanish Plaza is a downtown park that honors the Spanish phase of the city between 1780 and 1813. It features the Arches of Friendship, a fountain presented to Mobile by the city of Málaga, Spain.²⁵⁷ Langan Park, the largest of the parks at 720 acres (291 ha), features lakes, natural spaces, and contains the Mobile Museum of Art, Azalea City Golf Course, Mobile Botanical Gardens and Playhouse in the Park.²⁵⁸

Government

See also: List of mayors of Mobile, Alabama

Since 1985 the government of Mobile has consisted of a mayor and a seven-member city council.²⁵⁹ The council members are elected from each of the seven city council single-member districts (SMDs). A supermajority of five votes is required to conduct most council business.²⁶⁰

This form of city government was chosen by the voters after the previous form of government, which had three city commissioners, each elected at-large, was ruled in 1975 to substantially dilute the minority vote and violate the Voting Rights Act in Bolden v. City of Mobile. The three at-large commissioners each required a majority vote to win. Due to appeals, the case took time to reach settlement and establishment of a new electoral system.²⁶¹ Municipal elections are held every four years and are nonpartisan.²⁶²

Sam Jones was elected in 2005 as the first African-American mayor of Mobile. He was re-elected for a second term in 2009 without opposition.²⁶³ His administration continued the focus on downtown redevelopment and bringing industries to the city. He ran for a third term in 2013 but was defeated by Sandy Stimpson. Stimpson took office on November 4, 2013, and was re-elected on August 22, 2017.²⁶⁴

As of January 2022, the seven-member city council is made up of Cory Penn from District 1, William Carroll from District 2, C.J. Small from District 3, Ben Reynolds from District 4, Joel Daves from District 5, Scott Jones from District 6, and Gina Gregory from District 7.²⁶⁵

Education

Public schools

Public schools in Mobile are operated by the Mobile County Public School System. The Mobile County Public School System has an enrollment of approximately 55,200 students at 88 schools, employs approximately 7,026 public school employees,²⁶⁶ and had a budget in 2020–2021 of $623 million.²⁶⁷ The State of Alabama operates the Alabama School of Mathematics and Science on Dauphin Street in Mobile, which boards advanced Alabama high school students. It was founded in 1989 to identify, challenge, and educate future leaders.²⁶⁸

Private and parochial schools

UMS-Wright Preparatory School is an independent co-educational preparatory school.²⁶⁹ It assumed its current configuration in 1988, when the University Military School (founded 1893) and the Julius T. Wright School for Girls (1923) merged to form UMS-Wright.²⁷⁰

Many parochial schools belong to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mobile. These include McGill-Toolen Catholic High School (1896), Corpus Christi School, Little Flower Catholic School (1934), Most Pure Heart of Mary Catholic School (1900), Saint Dominic School (1961), Saint Ignatius School (1952), Saint Mary Catholic School (1867), Saint Pius X Catholic School (1957), and Saint Vincent DePaul Catholic School (1976).²⁷¹

Notable Protestant schools include St. Paul's Episcopal School (1947), Mobile Christian School (1961), St. Lukes Episcopal School (1961), Cottage Hill Baptist School System (1961), Faith Academy (1967), and Trinity Lutheran School (1955).²⁷²

Tertiary

Major colleges and universities in Mobile that are accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools include the University of South Alabama, Spring Hill College, the University of Mobile, Faulkner University, and Bishop State Community College.²⁷³

Undergraduate and postgraduate

The University of South Alabama is a public, doctoral-level university established in 1963. The university is composed of the College of Arts and Sciences, the Mitchell College of Business, the College of Education, the College of Engineering, the College of Medicine, the Doctor of Pharmacy Program, the College of Nursing, the School of Computing, and the School of Continuing Education and Special Programs.²⁷⁴

Faulkner University is a four-year private Church of Christ-affiliated university based in Montgomery, Alabama. The Mobile campus was established in 1975 and offers bachelor's degrees in Business Administration, Management of Human Resources, and Criminal Justice.²⁷⁵ It also offers associate degrees in Business Administration, Business Information Systems, Computer & Information Science, Criminal Justice, Informatics, Legal Studies, Arts, and Science.²⁷⁶

Spring Hill College, chartered in 1830, was the first Catholic college in the southeastern United States and is the third oldest Jesuit college in the country.²⁷⁷ This four-year private college offers graduate programs in Business Administration, Education, Liberal Arts, Nursing (MSN), and Theological Studies.²⁷⁸ Undergraduate divisions and programs include the Division of Business, the Communications/Arts Division, International Studies, Inter-divisional Studies, the Language and Literature Division, Bachelor of Science in Nursing, Philosophy and Theology, Political Science, the Sciences Division, the Social Sciences Division, and the Teacher Education Division.²⁷⁹

The University of Mobile is a four-year private Baptist-affiliated university in the neighboring city of Prichard that was founded in 1961.²⁸⁰

Community college

Bishop State Community College, founded in 1927, is a public, historically African American, community college. Bishop State has four campuses in Mobile.²⁸¹

Vocational

Several post-secondary vocational institutions have a campus in Mobile. These include the Alabama Institute of Real Estate, American Academy of Hypnosis, Bealle School of Real Estate, Charles Academy of Beauty Culture, Fortis College, Virginia College, ITT Technical Institute, Remington College and White and Sons Barber College.²⁸²

Media

See also: Media in Mobile, Alabama

Print

Mobile's Press-Register is Alabama's oldest active newspaper, first published in 1813.²⁸³ The paper focuses on Mobile and Baldwin counties and the city of Mobile, but also serves southwestern Alabama and southeastern Mississippi.²⁸⁴ Mobile's alternative newspaper is the Lagniappe.²⁸⁵ The Mobile area's local magazine is Mobile Bay Monthly.²⁸⁶ The Mobile Beacon was an alternative focusing on Mobile's African-American communities that ran from 1943 to 2018.²⁸⁷ Mod Mobilian is a website with a focus on cultured living in Mobile.²⁸⁸

Television

Mobile is served locally by a number of over-the-air television stations. These include WKRG 5 (CBS), WALA 10 (Fox), WPMI 15 (NBC), WMPV 21 (religious), WDPM 23 (religious), WEIQ 42 (PBS), and WFNA 55 (The CW).²⁸⁹ The region is also served by WEAR 3 (ABC), WSRE 31 (PBS), WHBR 34 (religious), WFGX 35 (MyNetworkTV), WJTC 44 (independent), WFBD 48 (America One), WPAN 53 (Jewelry Television), and WAWD 58 (independent), all out of the Pensacola, Florida area.²⁹⁰ Mobile is part of the Mobile–Pensacola–Fort Walton Beach designated market area, as defined by Nielsen Media Research. It ranked 61st in the nation for the 2007–08 television season.²⁹¹

Radio

In total, 55 radio stations are located around the Mobile area and provide signals sufficiently strong to serve Mobile.²⁹² Fourteen FM radio stations transmit from Mobile: WAVH, WBHY, WBLX, WDLT, WHIL, WKSJ, WKSJ-HD2, WLVM, WMXC, WMXC-HD2, WQUA, WRKH, WRKH-HD2, and WZEW. Nine AM radio stations transmit from Mobile: WBHY, WABF, WGOK, WIJD, WLPR, WMOB, WNGL, WNTM, and WXQW. The content ranges from Christian Contemporary to Hip hop to Top 40.²⁹³

In fall 2020, Nielsen ranked Mobile's radio market as the 102nd in the US.²⁹⁴ Some years earlier, Nielsen's predecessor, Arbitron ranked Mobile's radio market as 93rd in fall 2007.²⁹⁵

Infrastructure

Transportation

Air

Local airline passengers are served by the Mobile Regional Airport, with direct connections to four major hub airports.²⁹⁶ It is served by American Eagle, with service to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and Charlotte/Douglas International Airport; United Express, with service to George Bush Intercontinental Airport and Delta Connection, with service to Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport.²⁹⁷ The Mobile Downtown Airport at the Brookley Aeroplex serves corporate, cargo, and private aircraft.²⁹⁸

Cycling paths

In an effort to leverage Mobile's waterways for recreational use, as opposed to simply industrial use, The Three Mile Creek Greenway Trail is being designed and implemented under the instruction of the City Council. The linear park will ultimately span seven miles, from Langan (Municipal) Park to Dr. Martin Luther King Junior Avenue, and include trailheads, sidewalks, and bike lanes. The existing greenway is centered at Tricentennial Park.²⁹⁹

Rail

Mobile is served by four Class I railroads, including the Canadian National Railway (CNR), CSX Transportation (CSX), the Kansas City Southern Railway (KCS), and the Norfolk Southern Railway (NS).³⁰⁰ The Alabama and Gulf Coast Railway (AGR), a Class III railroad, links Mobile to the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway (BNSF) at Amory, Mississippi. These converge at the Port of Mobile, which provides intermodal freight transport service to companies engaged in importing and exporting. Other railroads include the CG Railway (CGR), a rail ship service to Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, and the Terminal Railway Alabama State Docks (TASD), a switching railroad.³⁰¹

The city was served by Amtrak's Sunset Limited passenger train service until 2005, when the service was suspended due to the effects of Hurricane Katrina.³⁰²³⁰³ However, efforts to restart passenger rail service between Mobile and New Orleans were revived in 2019 by the 21-member Southern Rail Commission after receiving a $33 million Federal Railroad Administration grant in June of that year.³⁰⁴ Louisiana quickly dedicated its $10 million toward the project, and Mississippi initially balked before committing its $15 million sum but Governor Kay Ivey resisted committing the estimated $2.7 million state allocation from Alabama because of concerns regarding long-term financial commitments and potential competition with freight traffic from the Port of Mobile.³⁰⁵

The Winter of 2019 was marked by repeated postponement of votes by the Mobile City Council as it requested more information on how rail traffic from the port would be impacted and where the Amtrak station would be built as community support for the project became more vocal, especially among millennials.³⁰⁶ A day before a deadline in the federal grant matching program being used to fund the project, the city council committed about $3 million in a 6–1 vote.³⁰⁷

About $2.2 million is still needed for infrastructure improvements and the train station must still be built before service begins. Potential locations for the station include at the foot of Government Street in downtown and in the Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley, which is favored by the Port of Mobile.³⁰⁸

Transit

The Wave Transit System provides fixed-route bus and demand-response service in Mobile.³⁰⁹

Roadways

Two major interstate highways and a spur converge in Mobile. Interstate 10 runs northeast to southwest across the city, while Interstate 65 starts in Mobile at Interstate 10 and runs north. Interstate 165 connects to Interstate 65 north of the city in Prichard and joins Interstate 10 in downtown Mobile.³¹⁰ Mobile is well served by many major highway systems. US Highways US 31, US 43, US 45, US 90, and US 98 radiate from Mobile traveling east, west, and north. Mobile has three routes east across the Mobile River and Mobile Bay into neighboring Baldwin County. Interstate 10 leaves downtown through the George Wallace Tunnel under the river and then over the bay across the Jubilee Parkway to Spanish Fort and Daphne. US 98 leaves downtown through the Bankhead Tunnel under the river, onto Blakeley Island, and then over the bay across the Battleship Parkway into Spanish Fort. US 90 travels over the Cochrane–Africatown USA Bridge to the north of downtown onto Blakeley Island, where it becomes co-routed with US 98.³¹¹

Mobile's public transportation is the Wave Transit System which features buses with 18 fixed routes and neighborhood service.³¹² Baylinc is a public transportation bus service provided by the Baldwin Rural Transit System in cooperation with the Wave Transit System that provides service between eastern Baldwin County and downtown Mobile. Baylinc operates Monday through Friday.³¹³ Greyhound Lines provides intercity bus service between Mobile and many locations throughout the United States. Mobile is served by several taxi and limousine services.³¹⁴

Water

The Port of Mobile has public deepwater terminals with direct access to 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of inland and intracoastal waterways serving the Great Lakes, the Ohio and Tennessee river valleys (via the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway), and the Gulf of Mexico.³¹⁵ The Alabama State Port Authority owns and operates the public terminals at the Port of Mobile.³¹⁶ The public terminals handle containerized, bulk, breakbulk, roll-on/roll-off, and heavy-lift cargoes.³¹⁷ The port is also home to private bulk terminal operators, as well as a number of highly specialized shipbuilding and repair companies with two of the largest floating dry docks on the Gulf Coast.³¹⁸

The city was a home port for cruise ships from Carnival Cruise Lines.³¹⁹ The first cruise ship to call the port home was the Holiday, which left the city in November 2009 so that a larger and newer ship could take its place. The Carnival Fantasy operated from Mobile from then on until the Carnival Elation arrived in May 2010.³²⁰ In early 2011, Carnival announced that despite fully booked cruises, the company would cease operations from Mobile in October 2011. This cessation of cruise service left the city with an annual debt service of around two million dollars related to the terminal.³²¹ In September 2015, Carnival announced that the Carnival Fantasy was relocating from Miami, Florida, to Mobile and would offer four- and five-night cruises to Mexico that started in November 2016 through November 2017.³²² Her first departure from Mobile left on November 9, 2016, on a five-night cruise to Cozumel and Progreso. Carnival Fascination will be replacing Carnival Fantasy in 2022.³²³

Healthcare

Mobile serves the central Gulf Coast as a regional center for medicine.³²⁴

Mobile Infirmary Medical Center has 704 beds and is the largest nonprofit hospital in the state. It was founded in 1910. Providence Hospital has 349 beds. It was founded in 1854 by the Daughters of Charity from Emmitsburg, Maryland. The University of South Alabama Medical Center has 346 beds. Its roots go back to 1830 with the old city-owned Mobile City Hospital and associated medical school. A teaching hospital, it is designated as Mobile's only level I trauma center by the Alabama Department of Public Health.^325326327 It is also a regional burn center. Springhill Medical Center, with 252 beds, was founded in 1975. It is Mobile's only for-profit facility.³²⁸

Additionally, the University of South Alabama operates the University of South Alabama Children's and Women's Hospital with 219 beds, dedicated exclusively to the care of women and minors.³²⁹ In 2008, the University of South Alabama opened the USA Mitchell Cancer Center Institute. The center is home to the first academic cancer research center in the central Gulf Coast region.³³⁰

Mobile Infirmary Medical Center operated Infirmary West, formerly Knollwood Hospital, with 100 acute-care beds, but closed the facility at the end of October 2012 due to declining revenues.³³¹

BayPointe Hospital and Children's Residential Services is the only psychiatric hospital in the city. It houses a residential unit for children, an acute unit for children and adolescents, and an age-segregated involuntary hospital unit for adults undergoing evaluation ordered by the Mobile Probate Court.³³²

The city has a broad array of outpatient surgical centers, emergency clinics, home health care services, assisted-living facilities and skilled nursing facilities.³³³³³⁴

Notable people

• Jerry Carl – U.S. representative³³⁵
• Rick Crawford (born 1958) – racing driver³³⁶
• Anne Haney Cross (born 1956) – neurologist, section head of neuroimmunology at Washington University School of Medicine³³⁷
• George Washington Dennis (c. 1825 – 1916) – former slave, turned entrepreneur and real estate developer in San Francisco, California; advocate for Black rights^338339340
• Michael Figures (1947–1996) – American lawyer and politician who served in the Alabama Senate³⁴¹
• Shomari Figures (born 1985) – U.S. representative from Alabama's 2nd congressional district³⁴²
• Thomas Figures (1944–2015) – first African American assistant district attorney and assistant United States Attorney³⁴³
• Flo Milli (born 2000) – rapper³⁴⁴
• Cale Gale (born 1985) – racing driver³⁴⁵
• Dorothy E. Hayes (1935–2015) – graphic designer, educator³⁴⁶³⁴⁷
• Vivian Malone Jones (1942–2005) – director in the EPA, integrated the University of Alabama and was its first black graduate³⁴⁸
• Charles Keller (1868–1949) – former U.S. Army Brigadier General and the oldest Army officer to serve on active duty during World War II³⁴⁹³⁵⁰
• Antonio Lang (born 1972) – American former professional basketball player and coach³⁵¹
• Anne Bozeman Lyon (1860–1936) – writer³⁵²
• Alexander Lyons (1867–1939) – rabbi³⁵³
• Bubba Wallace (born 1993) – racing driver³⁵⁴
• William Moody (1954–2013) – professional wrestling manager known for his time in WWE under the name "Paul Bearer"³⁵⁵

Sister cities

Mobile has nine sister cities:³⁵⁶

• Ariel, West Bank³⁵⁷
• Cockburn, Australia (2005)³⁵⁸
• Constanța, Romania³⁵⁹
• Havana, Cuba³⁶⁰
• Ichihara, Japan (1993)³⁶¹
• Katowice, Poland³⁶²
• Malaga, Spain³⁶³
• Pyeongtaek, South Korea³⁶⁴
• Worms, Germany³⁶⁵

See also

• Alabama portal
• United States portal
• American Civil War portal
• France portal
• North America portal
• History portal

• List of people from Mobile, Alabama
• List of tallest buildings in Mobile, Alabama
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Mobile, Alabama
• USS Mobile, 6 ships

Notes

Further reading

• Cox, Isaac Joslin. The West Florida controversy, 1798–1813: a study in American diplomacy (The Johns Hopkins Press, 1918) online
• Gould, Elizabeth Barrett. From Fort to Port: An Architectural History of Mobile, Alabama, 1711–1918 (University of Alabama Press, 1988)
• Kinser, Samuel, and Norman Magden. Carnival, American Style: Mardi Gras at New Orleans and Mobile (University of Chicago Press, 1990.)
• Kirkland, Scotty E. "Pink Sheets and Black Ballots: Politics and Civil Rights in Mobile, Alabama, 1945–1985." MA Thesis University of South Alabama
• Pride, Richard Alan. The Political Use of Racial Narratives: School Desegregation in Mobile, Alabama, 1954–97 (University of Illinois Press, 2002)
• Thomason, Michael, ed. Mobile: the new history of Alabama's first city (University of Alabama Press, 2001)

External links

• City of Mobile website
• "Mobile" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

References

1. "Explore Census Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 17, 2024. https://data.census.gov/profile/Mobile_city,_Alabama?g=160XX00US0150000 ↩

2. "City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2022". United States Census Bureau. March 14, 2024. Retrieved March 17, 2024. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html ↩

3. Sharp, John (July 19, 2023). ""Mobile now second largest city in Alabama after annexation vote"". AL.COM. Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2023. https://www.al.com/news/2023/07/mobile-now-second-largest-city-in-alabama-after-annexation-vote.html ↩

4. "P1. Race: Total Population: 2020 Census". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 19, 2022. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=310XX00US13820,26620,33660,33860&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1 ↩

5. "Mobile Alabama". Britannica Online. Retrieved October 19, 2007. https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9372340 ↩

6. Drechsel, Emanuel. Mobilian Jargon: Linguistic and Sociohistorical Aspects of a Native American Pidgin. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-824033-3 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

7. "Waterborne Commerce Statistics: Calendar Year 2010" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20130216081117/http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/wcsc/pdf/wcusnatl10.pdf ↩

8. Bunn, Mike (May 8, 2017). "Battle of Fort Blakeley". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved July 23, 2019. http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-3718 ↩

9. "General Information". Mobile Museum of Art. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070928225649/http://www.mobilemuseumofart.com/home.html ↩

10. "About Region". SeniorsResourceGuide.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070928123533/http://www.seniorsresourceguide.com/directories/Mobile/about_region.html ↩

11. "Mobile Mardi Gras Timeline". The Museum of Mobile. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved November 14, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20081205131150/http://www.museumofmobile.com/html/mardi_gras_timeline.php ↩

12. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City, pp. 17–20. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

13. Thomason (2001), Mobile, pp. 12–13. ↩

14. Turner-Neal, Chris (August 30, 2022). "Old Mobile". 64 Parishes. Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities. https://64parishes.org/old-mobile ↩

15. Thomason (2001), Mobile, pp. 20 and 24 ↩

16. "The Old Mobile Project Newsletter" (PDF). University of South Alabama Center for Archaeological Studies. Retrieved November 19, 2007. http://www.usouthal.edu/archaeology/pdf/issue-17.pdf ↩

17. "National Historic Landmark Nomination – Old Mobile Site" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 24, 2003. https://web.archive.org/web/20030824131750/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nhl/DOE_dedesignations/oldmobil.pdf ↩

18. Higginbotham, Jay. Old Mobile: Fort Louis de la Louisiane, 1702–1711, pages 106–107. Museum of the City of Mobile, 1977. ISBN 0-914334-03-4. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

19. Higginbotham, Jay. Old Mobile: Fort Louis de la Louisiane, 1702–1711, pages 106–107. Museum of the City of Mobile, 1977. ISBN 0-914334-03-4. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

20. Thomason (2001), Mobile, pp. 20–21. ↩

21. Thomason (2001), Mobile, pp. 20–21. ↩

22. Thomason (2001), Mobile, pp. 20–21. ↩

23. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City, pp. 17–27. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

24. Higginbotham, Jay. Old Mobile: Fort Louis de la Louisiane, 1702–1711, pages 106–107. Museum of the City of Mobile, 1977. ISBN 0-914334-03-4. /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

25. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City, pp. 17–27. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

26. Hoffman, Roy (February 24, 2002). "Digging old Mobile". Mobile Press-Register. Archived from the original on September 17, 2002. https://web.archive.org/web/20020917220501/http://www.al.com/news/mobileregister/index.ssf?/specialreport/mobileregister/tri-02-24-7.html ↩

27. "History Museum of Mobile". Museumofmobile.com. Retrieved March 4, 2022. http://www.museumofmobile.com/html/other_museums.php ↩

28. "History Museum of Mobile". Museumofmobile.com. Retrieved March 4, 2022. http://www.museumofmobile.com/html/other_museums.php ↩

29. "History Museum of Mobile". Museumofmobile.com. Retrieved March 4, 2022. http://www.museumofmobile.com/html/other_museums.php ↩

30. "Historic Fort Conde". Museum of Mobile. Retrieved October 18, 2007. http://www.museumofmobile.com/html/other_museums.php ↩

31. "Early European Conquests and the Settlement of Mobile". Alabama Department of Archives and History. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20110716172205/http://www.alabamamoments.state.al.us/sec02qs.html ↩

32. "Mobile: Alabama's Tricentennial City". Alabama Department of Archives and History. Archived from the original on August 10, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070810204644/http://archives.state.al.us/mobile/mobile3.html ↩

33. Thomason (2001), Mobile, pp. 44–45 ↩

34. Zietz, Robert (1994). The Gates of Heaven: Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim, the first 150 years, Mobile, Alabama, 1844–1994. Mobile, Alabama: Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim, pp. 7–39 ↩

35. Thomason (2001), Mobile, pp. 44–45 ↩

36. Delaney, Caldwell. The Story of Mobile, page 45. Mobile, Alabama: Gill Press, 1953. ISBN 0-940882-14-0 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

37. David P. Ogden (January 2005). The Fort Barrancas Story. Eastern National Parks. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-888213-15-7. 978-1-888213-15-7 ↩

38. Delaney, Caldwell. The Story of Mobile, page 45. Mobile, Alabama: Gill Press, 1953. ISBN 0-940882-14-0 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

39. Delaney, Caldwell. The Story of Mobile, page 45. Mobile, Alabama: Gill Press, 1953. ISBN 0-940882-14-0 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

40. David P. Ogden (January 2005). The Fort Barrancas Story. Eastern National Parks. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-888213-15-7. 978-1-888213-15-7 ↩

41. "James Wilkinson". War of 1812. Archived from the original on November 3, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071103184211/http://www.galafilm.com/1812/e/people/wilkinson.html ↩

42. Thomason, Michael (2001). Mobile: the new history of Alabama's first city. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. p. 65. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) 0-8173-1065-7 ↩

43. Taylor, George Rogers (1969). The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860. ISBN 978-0873321013. 978-0873321013 ↩

44. Thomason, Michael (2001). Mobile: the new history of Alabama's first city. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. p. 65. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) 0-8173-1065-7 ↩

45. Beckert, Sven (2014). Empire of Cotton: A Global History. US: Vintage Books Division Penguin Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-71396-5. 978-0-375-71396-5 ↩

46. Thomason, Michael (2001). Mobile: the new history of Alabama's first city. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. p. 65. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) 0-8173-1065-7 ↩

47. Eugene R. Dattel, "Cotton in a Global Economy: Mississippi (1800–1860)" Archived June 15, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, October 2006, Mississippi History Now, online publication of the Mississippi Historical Society http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/161/cotton-in-a-global-economy-mississippi-1800-1860 ↩

48. Thomason, Michael (2001). Mobile: The New History of Alabama's first city. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. pp. 79–80. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7. 0-8173-1065-7 ↩

49. Thomason, Michael (2001). Mobile: the new history of Alabama's first city. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. pp. 69–71. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7. 0-8173-1065-7 ↩

50. Thomason, Michael (2001). Mobile: the new history of Alabama's first city. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. p. 65. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) 0-8173-1065-7 ↩

51. Thomason, Michael (2001). Mobile: the new history of Alabama's first city. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. p. 65. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) 0-8173-1065-7 ↩

52. Thomason, Michael (2001). Mobile: the new history of Alabama's first city. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. p. 65. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) 0-8173-1065-7 ↩

53. "Cudjo's Own Story of the Last African Slaver", Journal of Negro History 12 (1927), 648 Jstor https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2714041?uid=3738232&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21103223509871 ↩

54. Zietz, Robert (1994). The Gates of Heaven: Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim, The First 150 Years, Mobile, Alabama, 1844–1994. Mobile, Alabama: Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim. pp. 7–39 ↩

55. "Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1860". United States Bureau of the Census. Archived from the original on November 26, 2001. Retrieved November 2, 2007. http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011126145022/http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab09.txt ↩

56. "Census Data for the Year 1860". Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. Archived from the original on May 6, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070506121628/http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/censusbin/census/cen.pl?year=860 ↩

57. "Census Data for the Year 1860". Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. Archived from the original on May 6, 2007. Retrieved November 13, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070506121628/http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/censusbin/census/cen.pl?year=860 ↩

58. "H. L. Hunley". Naval Historical Center. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071014220553/http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/org12-3.htm ↩

59. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: the new history of Alabama's first city, page 113. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

60. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: the new history of Alabama's first city, page 113. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

61. Delaney, Caldwell. The Story of Mobile, pp. 144–146. Mobile, Alabama: Gill Press, 1953. ISBN 0-940882-14-0 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

62. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: the new history of Alabama's first city, page 153. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

63. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: the new history of Alabama's first city, p. 145. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

64. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City, pages 154–169. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

65. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City, pages 154–169. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

66. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City, pages 154–169. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

67. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City, pages 154–169. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

68. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City, pages 154–169. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

69. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City, pages 154–169. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

70. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City, pages 154–169. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

71. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City, pages 154–169. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

72. James Blacksher, Edward Still, Nick Quinton, Cullen Brown, and Royal Dumas, "Voting Rights in Alabama 1982–2006", July 2006, RenewtheVRA.org, accessed March 12, 2015 http://www.protectcivilrights.org/pdf/voting/AlabamaVRA.pdf ↩

73. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 17, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) https://web.archive.org/web/20110617063432/http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/documents/FACT/RedImportedFireAntsJusttheFacts-Sep2007.pdf ↩

74. "History of the Red Imported Fire Ant". Texas Imported Fire Ant Research and Management Project. Texas A&M. Retrieved May 22, 2025. https://fireant.tamu.edu/learn/history-of-the-red-imported-fire-ant/ ↩

75. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City, pp. 213–217. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

76. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City, pp. 213–217. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

77. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City, pp. 213–217. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

78. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City, pp. 213–217. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

79. "The Four Towns: Mobile". The War | Ken Burns | PBS. Retrieved December 20, 2024. https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/the-war/mobile ↩

80. Scotty E. Kirkland, "Alabama Drydock and Shipbuilding Company (ADDSCO)". Encyclopedia of Alabama online, 2008, update August 10, 2015 http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1475 ↩

81. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City, pp. 213–217. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

82. Bill Patterson, "The Founding of the Industrial Development Board of the City of Mobile: The Port City's Reluctant Use of Subsidies", Gulf South Historical Review 2000 15(2): 21–40, ↩

83. Thomason (2001), Mobile, pp. 260–261 ↩

84. Thomason (2001), Mobile, pp. 260–261 ↩

85. Levins, Angela (August 6, 2015). "Voting Rights Act turns 50: What did it change?". al. https://www.al.com/news/2015/08/voting_rights_act_turns_50_w.html ↩

86. Kirkland, Scott E. (2021). "Toward Equal Justice: A Legacy of Resistance, Sacrifice, and Service" (PDF). Mobile Museum of Art. Retrieved May 24, 2025. https://www.mobilemuseumofart.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/mobile_timeline_final.pdf ↩

87. "Bolden v. Mobile". Encyclopedia of Alabama. https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/embolden-v-mobile-em/ ↩

88. Zickgraf, Ryan (February 28, 2022). "Segregation Is Still Alive in Mardi Gras's Birthplace". Jacobin. https://jacobin.com/2022/02/segregated-mardi-grass-carnival-parade-mobile-alabama ↩

89. "Mobile Aeroplex at Brookley". Mobile Port Authority. Retrieved May 22, 2025. https://www.mobileairportauthority.com/aeroplex/history/ ↩

90. Mitchell, Garry (February 11, 2007). "Mobile's Economy Thrives; Port City Also Seeks Aircraft, Steel Mill Deals". The Tuscaloosa News. The Associated Press. https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/news/2007/02/12/mobiles-economy-thrives-port-city-also-seeks-aircraft-steel-mill-deals/27700597007/ ↩

91. James Blacksher, Edward Still, Nick Quinton, Cullen Brown, and Royal Dumas, "Voting Rights in Alabama 1982–2006", July 2006, RenewtheVRA.org, accessed March 12, 2015 http://www.protectcivilrights.org/pdf/voting/AlabamaVRA.pdf ↩

92. James Blacksher, Edward Still, Nick Quinton, Cullen Brown, and Royal Dumas, "Voting Rights in Alabama 1982–2006", July 2006, RenewtheVRA.org, accessed March 12, 2015 http://www.protectcivilrights.org/pdf/voting/AlabamaVRA.pdf ↩

93. "Mobile Wins Title of All American City". City of Mobile. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved November 15, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071017135508/http://cityofmobile.org/mapsnfacts/all_america.php ↩

94. "Mobile Wins Title of All American City". City of Mobile. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved November 15, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071017135508/http://cityofmobile.org/mapsnfacts/all_america.php ↩

95. "2005 State of the City". City of Mobile. Retrieved November 15, 2007. http://www.cityofmobile.org/news.php?view=full&news=679 ↩

96. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html ↩

97. "2023 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 17, 2024. https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2023_Gazetteer/2023_gaz_place_01.txt ↩

98. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Mobile, Alabama https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2404278 ↩

99. "Welcome to Mobile" (PDF). Mobile Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2007. Retrieved November 30, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071201063553/http://www.mobilechamber.com/meet_neig.pdf ↩

100. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP ↩

101. "Spring Hill". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/155253 ↩

102. "19th Century Spring Hill Neighborhood Thematic Resource". National Register Information System. National Park System. Retrieved July 13, 2012. https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/64000005_text ↩

103. "February Daily Averages for Mobile, AL (36603)". NOAA. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20131113232346/http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/vacationplanner/wxclimatology/daily/36603 ↩

104. "August Daily Averages for Mobile, AL (36603)". NOAA. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20131113061421/http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/vacationplanner/wxclimatology/daily/36603?climoMonth=8 ↩

105. Thompsen, Andrea (May 22, 2007) "Study Reveals Top 10 Wettest United States Cities." http://www.livescience.com/environment/070518_rainy_cities.html ↩

106. US Department of Commerce, NOAA. "Historic January 21, 2025 Snowstorm". www.weather.gov. Retrieved January 24, 2025. https://www.weather.gov/mob/2025_January_Snow ↩

107. herzmann, daryl. "KMOB Winter Storm Warning #1". Iowa Environmental Mesonet. Retrieved January 24, 2025. https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/vtec/event/2025-O-NEW-KMOB-WS-W-0001/radar/USCOMP-N0Q-202501211200/tab/info/update/202501211917 ↩

108. "Weather History for Mobile, AL – Weather Underground". Wunderground.com. Retrieved April 15, 2018. https://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/KMOB/2017/12/8/DailyHistory.html ↩

109. "About Region". SeniorsResourceGuide.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070928123533/http://www.seniorsresourceguide.com/directories/Mobile/about_region.html ↩

110. "Hurricane Frederic newspaper headlines courtesy of Hurricane City". Hurricane City. Archived from the original on October 25, 2007. Retrieved November 20, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071025170631/http://www.hurricanecity.com/Images/2-frederic.jpg ↩

111. "Powerful Hurricane Ivan Roars Through Caribbean and United States Gulf Coast". Hurricane News. Archived from the original on February 23, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20090223044733/http://www.hurricaneville.com/ivan.html ↩

112. "Extremely Powerful Hurricane Katrina leaves a Historic Mark on the Gulf Coast". National Weather Service Forecast Office Mobile/Pensacola. Archived from the original on June 25, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070625184658/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mob/0805Katrina ↩

113. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020. ↩

114. "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 9, 2021. https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mob ↩

115. "Station: Mobile, AL". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 9, 2021. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00013894&format=pdf ↩

116. "Local Climatological Data Annual Summary with Comparative Data for Mobile, Alabama (KMOB)" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210618182752/https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/lcd/annual/2018/01201813MOB.pdf ↩

117. "Comparative Climatic Data For the United States Through 2018" (PDF). NOAA. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 19, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200919104105/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/attachments/CCD-2018.pdf ↩

118. Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens. "USA – Mobile, Alabama" (PDF). Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 316. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 16, 2013. Retrieved February 23, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130116071752/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf ↩

119. "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 9, 2021. https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mob ↩

120. "Station: Mobile DWTN AP, AL". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 9, 2021. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00013838&format=pdf ↩

121. Michael Dumas (December 26, 2012). "Mobilians assess damage, move to action in wake of EF-2 tornado". Press-Register. AL.com. Retrieved December 5, 2021. https://www.al.com/live/2012/12/mobilians_assess_damage_move_t.html ↩

122. Michael Dumas (December 26, 2012). "Mobilians assess damage, move to action in wake of EF-2 tornado". Press-Register. AL.com. Retrieved December 5, 2021. https://www.al.com/live/2012/12/mobilians_assess_damage_move_t.html ↩

123. Michael Dumas (December 26, 2012). "Mobilians assess damage, move to action in wake of EF-2 tornado". Press-Register. AL.com. Retrieved December 5, 2021. https://www.al.com/live/2012/12/mobilians_assess_damage_move_t.html ↩

124. Michael Dumas (December 26, 2012). "Mobilians assess damage, move to action in wake of EF-2 tornado". Press-Register. AL.com. Retrieved December 5, 2021. https://www.al.com/live/2012/12/mobilians_assess_damage_move_t.html ↩

125. "NWS Damage Survey Results for 20 December 2012 Tornado Across The Mobile Metropolitan Area". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office-Mobile/Pensacola. National Weather Service. Retrieved December 26, 2012. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mob/?n=20121220_tornado_pns ↩

126. "Census" (PDF). United States Census. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2010. page 36 https://web.archive.org/web/20100808210104/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1850a-02.pdf ↩

127. Campbell Gibson. "Population of the 100 largest cities and other urban places in the United States: 1790 to 1990". United States Bureau of the Census. https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/twps0027.html ↩

128. "Census of Population and Housing". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 4, 2015. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html ↩

129. "Explore Census Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 17, 2024. https://data.census.gov/profile/Mobile_city,_Alabama?g=160XX00US0150000 ↩

130. "City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2022". United States Census Bureau. March 14, 2024. Retrieved March 17, 2024. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html ↩

131. "US Census Bureau, Table P16: Household Type". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 17, 2024. https://data.census.gov/table?q=Mobile%20city,%20Alabama%20p16&y=2020 ↩

132. "Mobile City, Alabama". US Census Bureau Quick Facts. Retrieved June 8, 2025. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/mobilecityalabama/PST045224 ↩

133. "Mobile city, Alabama". Census Bureau Profile Results. US Census Bureau. https://data.census.gov/profile/Mobile_city,_Alabama?g=160XX00US0150000 ↩

134. Sharp, John (July 19, 2023). ""Mobile now second largest city in Alabama after annexation vote"". AL.COM. Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2023. https://www.al.com/news/2023/07/mobile-now-second-largest-city-in-alabama-after-annexation-vote.html ↩

135. Zickgraf, Ryan (July 28, 2023). "Mobile, Alabama, Just Diluted the Black Vote Through Annexation". Jacobin. https://jacobin.com/2023/07/mobile-alabama-white-black-voter-gap-racism-republican-party-annexation ↩

136. McPhail, Carol (October 13, 2014). "In Alabama, the religiously 'unaffiliated' now surpasses this major religious group". AL.com. https://www.al.com/living/2014/10/the_religiously_unaffiliated_a.html ↩

137. "Mobile City, Alabama Censue Profile". Retrieved June 8, 2025. https://data.census.gov/profile/Mobile_city,_Alabama?g=160XX00US0150000 ↩

138. "P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Birmingham city, Alabama". United States Census Bureau. https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALSF12000.P004?q=p004&g=160XX00US0150000 ↩

139. "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Mobile city, Alabama". United States Census Bureau. https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US0150000&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2 ↩

140. "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Mobile city, Alabama". United States Census Bureau. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US0150000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 ↩

141. "Mobile: Economy". City-Data.com. Retrieved December 28, 2007. http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-South/Mobile-Economy.html ↩

142. Szakonyi, Mark (May 18, 2010). "BAE to buy Atlantic Marine for $352M". Jacksonville Business Journal. Retrieved July 2, 2012. http://www.bizjournals.com/jacksonville/stories/2010/05/17/daily13.html ↩

143. "Alfred Frederick Delchamps". Alabama Department of Archives and History. State of alabama. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121023070721/http://www.archives.state.al.us/famous/academy/a_delcha.html ↩

144. "Flotte's Notes on Mobile, Alabama". Flotte's Outlines of History, Science, and Economics. Archived from the original on January 5, 2008. Retrieved November 26, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20080105065410/http://www.flotte2.com/MobileEconomics ↩

145. "History: Our Story". Checkers. Checker's Drive-In Restaurants. Archived from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20140628161104/http://checkerscompany.com/our_story ↩

146. "Company News; Morrison Restaurants Plans Three-Way Split". New York Times. September 28, 1995. Retrieved March 8, 2012. https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/28/business/company-news-morrison-restaurants-plans-three-way-split.html ↩

147. "About AlwaysHD". AlwaysHD. Archived from the original on January 11, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20130111042228/http://www.alwayshd.com/about.php ↩

148. Craig, Tiffany (June 23, 2008). "A Finger For Boeing". WKRG News 5. Media General Communications Holdings, LLC. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080905083827/http://www.wkrg.com/mobilesmakeover/article/a_finger_for_boeing/15153/ ↩

149. "David C. Cook Acquires Integrity Music", The Hard Music Magazine Magazine, June 2011. https://archive.today/20130103034601/http://www.hmmagazine.com/2011/06/david-c-cook-acquires-integrity-music/ ↩

150. "Path to Success (History)". Volkert, Inc. Volkert. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20130618002609/http://www.volkert.com/history.htm ↩

151. "Alabama Senate Approves Port Funding – Alabama State Port Authority Poised To Let New Container Terminal Contracts". Alabama State Port Authority. May 17, 2005. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005038/http://www.asdd.com/Asd/news47.htm ↩

152. "Waterborne Commerce Statistics: Calendar Year 2010" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20130216081117/http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/wcsc/pdf/wcusnatl10.pdf ↩

153. "Waterborne Commerce Statistics: Calendar Year 2008" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2010. Retrieved March 8, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100807030743/http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/wcsc/pdf/wcusnatl08.pdf ↩

154. "Austal USA, Mobile AL Construction Record". The Colton Company. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved November 2, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071017213332/http://coltoncompany.com/shipbldg/ussbldrs/postwwii/shipyards/active/aluminum/austal.htm ↩

155. "New Shipbuilding Facility". Austal USA. Archived from the original on August 30, 2007. Retrieved October 19, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070830183927/http://www.austal.com/index.cfm?objectid=B0B75979-65BF-EBC1-2349C7A56C359198 ↩

156. Mitchell, Ellen (October 19, 2012). "Austal unveils new Navy building at Pinto Island shipyard". Press Register. Retrieved December 4, 2021. https://www.al.com/press-register-business/2012/10/austal_unveils_new_navy_buildi.html ↩

157. Szakonyi, Mark (May 18, 2010). "BAE to buy Atlantic Marine for $352M". Jacksonville Business Journal. Retrieved July 2, 2012. http://www.bizjournals.com/jacksonville/stories/2010/05/17/daily13.html ↩

158. Hoyos, Carola (September 11, 2010). "BAE prepares to streamline US business". The Financial Times. London. ↩

159. "BAE Systems Ship Repair". BAE Systems. Retrieved July 16, 2012. http://www.baesystems.com/product/BAES_021153/bae-systems-ship-repair ↩

160. "Overview". Brookley Aeroplex. Archived from the original on January 2, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2012. https://archive.today/20130102064612/http://www.brookleyaeroplex.com/aeroplex.php ↩

161. "Tenants" (PDF). Brookley Aeroplex. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 4, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2012. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120904062251/http://www.brookleyaeroplex.com/pdfs/tenants.pdf ↩

162. Melissa Nelson-Gabriel (July 2, 2012). "Airbus to Build 1st US Assembly Plant in Alabama". Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 3, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120703090843/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/officials-ala-airbus-plant-employ-1000-16690789#.T_HRzJHhcqN ↩

163. "Airbus confirms its first US factory to build A320 jet". BBC News. July 2, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2012. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18675711 ↩

164. Nicola Clark (July 2, 2012). "EADS to Build United States Assembly Line for Airbus A320". The New York Times. Retrieved July 2, 2012. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/03/business/global/eads-to-build-airbus-assembly-line-in-mobile-ala.html ↩

165. "Airbus Appoints Program Manager for its Mobile Assembly Line". Airbus. Archived from the original on February 6, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130206110927/http://www.airbus.com/newsevents/news-events-single/detail/airbus-appoints-program-manager-for-its-mobile-assembly-line/ ↩

166. Arielle Emmett (June 2016). "Airbus Lands In Alabama". Air & Space Smithsonian. Retrieved March 18, 2017. http://www.airspacemag.com/flight-today/airbus-in-mobile-180959124/ ↩

167. "Airbus Snaps Up Bombardier Jet in New Challenge to Boeing". Bloomberg.com. October 17, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-16/airbus-to-buy-majority-stake-in-bombardier-c-series-jet-program ↩

168. "Airbus introduces the A220-100 and A220-300" (Press release). Airbus. July 10, 2018. https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/en/2018/07/airbus-introduces-the-a220-100-and-a220-300.html ↩

169. "Airbus begins U.S. production of A220 aircraft" (Press release). Airbus. August 5, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019. https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/press-releases/en/2019/08/airbus-begins-us-production-of-a220-aircraft.html ↩

170. "ThyssenKrupp Steel and Stainless USA". ThyssenKrupp. Archived from the original on October 11, 2010. Retrieved July 24, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101011074127/http://thyssenkruppnewusplant.com/ ↩

171. Cloos, Paul (May 11, 2007). "Mobile County wins ThyssenKrupp plant". Press-Register. al. Retrieved December 4, 2021. https://www.al.com/live/2007/05/mobile_county_wins_thyssenkrup.html ↩

172. "ThyssenKrupp considers sale of steel mills in Mobile and Brazil (Update)". Press-Register. May 15, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2021. https://www.al.com/live/2012/05/thyssenkrupp_considers_sale_of.html ↩

173. "New owners of ThyssenKrupp stainless steel division plan visit in June". Press-Register. May 31, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2021. https://www.al.com/press-register-business/2012/05/new_owners_of_thyssenkrupp_sta.html ↩

174. "City of Mobile 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report" (PDF). March 17, 2024. p. 172. https://www.cityofmobile.org/uploads/file_library/2022-acfr-final-032423.pdf ↩

175. "Local Area Unemployment Statistics – Alabama". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved March 17, 2024. https://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.al_mobile_msa.htm ↩

176. "Local Area Unemployment Statistics". Alabama Department of Labor. Retrieved March 17, 2024. https://www2.labor.alabama.gov/LAUS/default.aspx ↩

177. "Mardi Gras in Mobile" (history), Jeff Sessions, Senator, Library of Congress, 2006, webpage: LibCongress-2665 http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cocoon/legacies/AL/200002665.html ↩

178. "History of Mardi Gras". Mobile Bay Convention & Visitors Bureau. Retrieved November 29, 2007. http://www.mobile.org/vis_mardigras_history.php ↩

179. Starling, Bill (January 16, 2009). "Trail Maids are proud ambassadors for Mobile, state". Mobile Press Register. pp. 2C. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20160201000723/http://www.al.com/opinion/press-register/editorials.ssf?/base/opinion/1232117116172200.xml&coll=3 ↩

180. "Mardi Gras FAQS". Mobile Carnival Museum. Archived from the original on September 11, 2007. Retrieved December 2, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070911025505/http://www.mobilecarnivalmuseum.com/MardiGras.aspx ↩

181. "Mardi Gras Terminology". Mobile Bay Convention & Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071209165238/http://www.mobile.org/vis_mardigras_terms.php ↩

182. "Mardi Gras – Mobile's Paradoxical Party". The Wisdom of Chief Slacabamorinico. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071209063304/http://jacksonsnyder.com/arc/slac/MardiGras/paradox.htm ↩

183. Houston, Susan (February 4, 2007). "Mobile; It Has History". The News & Observer. ↩

184. "Mardi Gras Terminology". Mobile Bay Convention & Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071209165238/http://www.mobile.org/vis_mardigras_terms.php ↩

185. "Mobile Mardi Gras Timeline". The Museum of Mobile. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved November 14, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20081205131150/http://www.museumofmobile.com/html/mardi_gras_timeline.php ↩

186. "History". Mobile Carnival Museum. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071010041322/http://www.mobilecarnivalmuseum.com/History.aspx ↩

187. "Mobile Mardi Gras Timeline". The Museum of Mobile. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved November 14, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20081205131150/http://www.museumofmobile.com/html/mardi_gras_timeline.php ↩

188. "Mardi Gras – Mobile's Paradoxical Party". The Wisdom of Chief Slacabamorinico. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071209063304/http://jacksonsnyder.com/arc/slac/MardiGras/paradox.htm ↩

189. "Mardi Gras – Mobile's Paradoxical Party". The Wisdom of Chief Slacabamorinico. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071209063304/http://jacksonsnyder.com/arc/slac/MardiGras/paradox.htm ↩

190. "History". Mobile Carnival Museum. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071010041322/http://www.mobilecarnivalmuseum.com/History.aspx ↩

191. "History". Mobile Carnival Museum. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071010041322/http://www.mobilecarnivalmuseum.com/History.aspx ↩

192. "Joe Danborn & Cammie East, "Joe Cain Articles", Mobile Register, 2001". Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved March 4, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20070929135247/http://cainsmerrywidows.org/articles.html ↩

193. "Independent Lens: The Order of Myths". Independent Television Service (ITVS). January 26, 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2009. https://itvs.org/films/order-of-myths/ ↩

194. "Conde Explorers". Condeexplorers.org. Archived from the original on February 4, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20150204232700/http://condeexplorers.org/ ↩

195. "National African-American Archives and Museum". The Civil Rights History Project: Survey of Collections and Repositories. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/folklife/civilrights/survey/view_repository.php?rep_id=1936 ↩

196. "USA Archives". University of South Alabama. Archived from the original on September 11, 2007. Retrieved October 24, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070911025000/http://www.usouthal.edu/archives/ ↩

197. "Mobile Municipal Archives". City of Mobile. Retrieved October 24, 2007. http://www.cityofmobile.org/archives/ ↩

198. "MGS library". The Mobile Genealogical Society. Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070807072712/http://www.siteone.com/clubs/mgs/promo.htm ↩

199. "Local History and Genealogy". Mobile Public Library. Retrieved October 20, 2007. http://www.mplonline.org/lhg.htm ↩

200. "St. Ignatius Archives and Museum". PastPerfect Museum Software Newsletter January 2004. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved October 19, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20080411171531/http://www.museumsoftware.com/newsletter01_04.htm ↩

201. "Welcome to the Mobile Museum of Art". Mobile Museum of Art. Retrieved November 26, 2012. http://www.mobilemuseumofart.com/ ↩

202. "Mobile Saenger Theater History". Archived from the original on May 4, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070504203303/http://www.mobilesaenger.com/history.php ↩

203. Matthews, Michelle (April 6, 2017). "Crescent Theater in downtown Mobile set to close". Press-Register. AL.com. Retrieved July 27, 2017. http://www.al.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2017/04/crescent_theater_downtown_mobi.html ↩

204. "About Region". SeniorsResourceGuide.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070928123533/http://www.seniorsresourceguide.com/directories/Mobile/about_region.html ↩

205. "Arthur C. Outlaw Convention Center" (PDF). Mobile.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071025170635/http://www.mobile.org/pdf/meet_convctr.pdf ↩

206. Angela Lewis (October 29, 2014). "60th Greater Gulf State Fair in Mobile focuses on the family". Press-Register. AL.com. Retrieved July 14, 2017. http://www.al.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2014/10/60th_greater_gulf_state_fair_i.html ↩

207. "About BayFest". Bayfest, Inc. Archived from the original on December 24, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20071224020712/http://www.bayfest.com/about.php ↩

208. Specker, Lawrence (October 9, 2015). "Ten Sixty Five: Mobile got much more than a party". AL.com. https://www.al.com/entertainment/2015/10/ten_sixty_five_mobile_got_much.html ↩

209. "Mobile Theatre Guild". Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120316193344/http://mobiletheatreguild.org/about.html ↩

210. Matthews, Michelle (June 25, 2014). "Mobile Arts Council Announces Recipients of Greater Mobile Arts Awards". AL.com. https://www.al.com/news/mobile/2014/06/mobile_arts_council_announces.html ↩

211. "History". Joe Jefferson Players. Archived from the original on December 2, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20111202222039/http://www.joejeffersonplayers.com/id3.html ↩

212. "See Courage Up Close". USS Alabama Battleship Commission. Retrieved November 18, 2007. http://www.ussalabama.com/ ↩

213. "About Us". Museum of Mobile. Retrieved November 18, 2007. http://www.museumofmobile.com/html/about.php ↩

214. "OakleighMuseum". Historic Mobile Preservation Society. Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. Retrieved September 26, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070807121029/http://www.historicmobile.org/oakleigh.htm ↩

215. Andrews, Casandra, Master of make-Believe, Press Register, Mobile, Alabama: January 28, 2007. ↩

216. "Tour". Bragg Mitchell Mansion. Archived from the original on December 16, 2007. Retrieved October 19, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071216232525/http://www.braggmitchellmansion.com/tour.htm ↩

217. "Welcome". Richards DAR House Museum. Archived from the original on August 29, 2007. Retrieved October 19, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070829044823/http://www.richardsdarhouse.com/index.html ↩

218. "Condé". Condé-Charlotte Museum House. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved October 19, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071014204814/http://www.angelfire.com/al2/condecharlotte/ ↩

219. "Welcome to the Mobile Medical Museum". Mobile Medical Museum. Retrieved October 19, 2007. http://www.mobilemedicalmuseum.com/ ↩

220. "Phoenix Fire Museum". Museum of Mobile. Retrieved October 19, 2007. http://www.museumofmobile.com/html/other_museums.php ↩

221. "Mobile Police Department Museum". Mobile Police Department. Retrieved October 19, 2007. http://www.cityofmobile.org/mobilepd/html/divisions/museum.html ↩

222. "About Us". Gulf Coast Exploreum Science Center. Archived from the original on August 6, 2003. Retrieved October 16, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20030806094443/http://www.exploreum.net/ ↩

223. Motyka, John (March 23, 2007). "You Can Call It the Little Easy". The New York Times. Retrieved May 8, 2007. https://travel.nytimes.com/2007/03/23/travel/escapes/23American.html?ex=1175313600&en=f9db7486620e5d10&ei=5070&emc=eta1 ↩

224. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP ↩

225. Thomason, Michael (2001). Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City. University of Alabama Press. pp. 66–75. ISBN 978-0-8173-1065-3. 978-0-8173-1065-3 ↩

226. Sledge, John S. (December 6, 2023) [23 February 2007]. "Church Street Graveyard". Encyclopedia of Alabama. https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/church-street-graveyard/ ↩

227. Sledge, John (April 2002). "Church Street Graveyard". The Alabama Review. 55: 96–105. ↩

228. "Welcome to the Magnolia Cemetery Website". Magnolia Cemetery website. Retrieved November 18, 2007. http://www.magnoliacemetery.com/ ↩

229. Sledge, John Sturdivant (2002). Cities of Silence: A Guide to Mobile's Historic Cemeteries. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. pp. 80–89. ↩

230. "College Football in Alabama". Encyclopedia of Alabama. https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/collection/college-football-in-alabama/ ↩

231. Horn, Bryant (December 21, 2020). "8 Former Alabama Pro Sports Teams You Probably Forgot About". Tide 100.9. https://tide1009.com/8-former-alabama-pro-sports-teams-you-probably-forgot-about/ ↩

232. "What if the NFL expanded to 100 teams? Barnwell picks ideal locations for 68 new franchises". ESPN.com. June 24, 2024. Retrieved June 8, 2025. https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/40415014/what-nfl-expanded-100-teams-united-states-barnwell-picks-ideal-cities-redrawn-football-map ↩

233. "The Senior Bowl". Seniorbowl.com. Archived from the original on September 12, 2007. Retrieved April 23, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070912014456/http://www.seniorbowl.com/2007/gamerecaps1950s.htm ↩

234. "Ladd–Peebles Stadium". LaddPeeblesStadium.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2007. Retrieved April 23, 2007. https://archive.today/20070314214436/http://www.laddpeeblesstadium.com/default.asp ↩

235. Librenjak, Lisa (August 23, 2021). "No changes to USA Hancock Whitney Stadium capacity of 25,450, 1st home game next Saturday". WPMI. https://mynbc15.com/news/coronavirus/usa-jaguars-anticipate-full-capacity-of-25450-at-next-fridays-home-game-against-usm ↩

236. "Date set for 15th annual Godaddy Bowl". Godaddybowl.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031933/http://godaddybowl.com/date-set-15th-annual-godaddy-bowl/ ↩

237. "History of the Alabama-Mississippi All-Star Classic". ahsaasports.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved April 23, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070928104708/http://www.ahsaasports.com/football/alms-allstar/history.asp ↩

238. "Proposal for NCAA-Football at USA". University of South Alabama. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120207144041/http://www.southalabama.edu/footballproposal/ ↩

239. Cuhaj, Joe; Carraway-Hinckle, Tamra (2004). Baseball in Mobile. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-1582-3. 978-0-7385-1582-3 ↩

240. "Hank Aaron Stadium". Mobile Bay Bears. Retrieved October 18, 2007. http://www.mobilebaybears.com/hank.asp ↩

241. Hooper, John (March 3, 2025). "Sun Belt Men's Tournament Preview". Mid-Major Madness. https://www.midmajormadness.com/2025/3/3/24376654/sun-belt-men-tournament-preview ↩

242. "AFC Mobile to play 2017 home games at Lipscomb Athletic Complex". The Birmingham News. March 28, 2017. https://www.al.com/press-releases/2017/03/afc_mobile_to_play_2017_home_g.html ↩

243. "Mobile Tennis Center". Tennis in Mobile. Retrieved October 15, 2007. http://www.mobiletenniscenter.net/ ↩

244. "Magnolia Grove". RTJgolf.com. Retrieved May 5, 2007. http://www.rtjgolf.com/courses/magnolia_grove/ ↩

245. "Mobile Bay LPGA Classic\". LPGA. LPGA Foundation. Retrieved November 23, 2012. http://www.lpga.com/golf/tournaments/lpga/mobile-bay-lpga-classic.aspx ↩

246. "Event Calendar". CityOfMObile.org. Retrieved April 30, 2007. http://www.cityofmobile.org/calendar_events.php?category=&day=&month=01&year=2007 ↩

247. "Azalea Trail Run". VulcanTri.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927062439/http://www.vulcantri.com/index.php?option=com_events&task=view_detail&agid=448&year=2006&month=03&day=25&Itemid=46 ↩

248. "Explore the Gardens". Mobile Botanical Gardens. Archived from the original on November 21, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071121212417/http://www.mobilebotanicalgardens.org/explore.htm ↩

249. "About Us". Bellingrath Gardens and Home Website. Archived from the original on November 29, 2009. Retrieved November 18, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20091129034202/http://www.bellingrath.org/about-us.html ↩

250. "5 Rivers Delta Resource Center" (PDF). Mobile Bay Convention and Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2007. Retrieved October 16, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071025170631/http://www.mobile.org/pdf/5riversbrochure.pdf ↩

251. "5 Rivers". 5 Rivers Delta Resource Center. Archived from the original on December 23, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20091223093652/http://www.outdooralabama.com/outdoor-adventures/5rivers/ ↩

252. "5RDS". 5 Rivers Delta Resource Center Website. Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20100103173903/http://outdooralabama.com/outdoor-adventures/5rivers/safaris/ ↩

253. "Parks and Recreation". City of Mobile. Retrieved November 18, 2007. http://www.cityofmobile.org/parks/parklist.php ↩

254. Delaney, Caldwell. The Story of Mobile, page 79. Mobile, Alabama: Gill Press, 1953. ↩

255. "Main Street Mobile". Dauphin Street Virtual Walking Tour. Archived from the original on April 30, 2007. Retrieved September 26, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070430072858/http://www.mainstreetmobile.org/html/guide/walking.html ↩

256. "History Museum of Mobile". Museumofmobile.com. Retrieved March 4, 2022. http://www.museumofmobile.com/html/other_museums.php ↩

257. "Mobile Attractions". Al.com. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071213035111/http://www.al.com/mobile/index.ssf?cityguide%2Fattractions.html ↩

258. "Parks and Recreation". City of Mobile. Retrieved November 18, 2007. http://www.cityofmobile.org/parks/parklist.php ↩

259. "City Officials". City of Mobile. Retrieved November 23, 2012. http://www.cityofmobile.org/cityofficials/ ↩

260. Sharp, John (August 9, 2022). "'History was made': Mobile adopts map that, for first time ever, includes majority Black council representation". al. https://www.al.com/news/2022/08/history-was-made-mobile-adopts-map-that-for-first-time-ever-includes-majority-black-council-districts.html ↩

261. Thomason, Michael. Mobile: The New History of Alabama's First City, pp. 272–273. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8173-1065-7 /wiki/ISBN_(identifier) ↩

262. Sharp, John (August 24, 2021). "Mayor, council races on ballot today in Mobile". AL.com. Alabama Media Group. Retrieved January 16, 2022. https://www.al.com/news/mobile/2021/08/mayor-council-races-on-ballot-today-in-mobile.html ↩

263. Charles J. Dean (July 24, 2011). "Reinventing Our Community: Mobile's first black mayor points to city's progress on race". The Birmingham News. Retrieved December 4, 2021. https://www.al.com/birmingham-news-stories/2011/07/reinventing_our_community_mobi.html ↩

264. Specker, Lawrence (August 21, 2017). "Mobile Mayor Sandy Stimpson wins another term". al. Retrieved December 4, 2021. https://www.al.com/news/mobile/2017/08/mobile_voters_go_to_polls_tues.html ↩

265. "City council". City of Mobile. Retrieved January 16, 2022. https://www.cityofmobile.org/government/city-council/ ↩

266. "MCPSS Strategic Plan" (PDF). Mobile County Public School System. Retrieved January 16, 2022. https://content.schoolinsites.com/api/documents/210c3b80e9ee4a8c903266a890697c4f.pdf ↩

267. "FY 2021 Amended Budget" (PDF). Mobile County Public School System. Retrieved January 16, 2022. https://content.schoolinsites.com/api/documents/1173aadc8cd94920b52a691f842d97f7.pdf ↩

268. "About ASMS". Alabama School of Math and Science. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved October 19, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071011053512/http://www.asms.net/about.htm ↩

269. "Mobile's Private Schools". Private Schools Report. Archived from the original on November 2, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071102104523/http://alabama.privateschoolsreport.com/schools/AL/Mobile.html ↩

270. "The UMS-Wright Tradition". UMS-Wright Preparatory School. Archived from the original on May 29, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130529134033/http://www.ums-wright.org/page.aspx?pid=408 ↩

271. "Mobile's Private Schools". Private Schools Report. Archived from the original on November 2, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071102104523/http://alabama.privateschoolsreport.com/schools/AL/Mobile.html ↩

272. "Mobile's Private Schools". Private Schools Report. Archived from the original on November 2, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071102104523/http://alabama.privateschoolsreport.com/schools/AL/Mobile.html ↩

273. "Institutions". SACSCOC. Archived from the original on March 25, 2025. Retrieved June 5, 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250325011529/https://www.sacscoc.org/institutions/?state=AL&results_per_page=25&curpage=1&status=Accredited%2CCandidate ↩

274. "Schools, Colleges, Departments". University of South Alabama. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2007. http://www.southalabama.edu/departms.html ↩

275. "Bachelor Degrees Mobile Campus". Faulkner University. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071114095932/http://www.faulkner.edu/admissions/mobile/bs.asp ↩

276. "Associate Degrees Mobile Campus". Faulkner University. Archived from the original on October 7, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071007113401/http://www.faulkner.edu/admissions/mobile/as.asp ↩

277. "History of the College". Spring Hill College. Archived from the original on September 12, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070912211058/http://www.shc.edu/about-shc/history-of-the-college ↩

278. "Graduate Studies". Spring Hill College. Archived from the original on May 2, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2007. https://archive.today/20070502113817/http://www.shc.edu/graduate-and-adult-programs/graduate ↩

279. "Undergraduate Studies". Spring Hill College. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071011103538/http://shc.edu/academics/undergrad-programs/ ↩

280. "Areas of Study". University of Mobile. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121127054848/http://www.umobile.edu/Academics/AreasofStudy.aspx ↩

281. "Academic Programs". Bishop State Community College. Archived from the original on July 10, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070710112422/http://www.bscc.cc.al.us/academic.htm ↩

282. "Mobile Alabama Colleges and Universities". United States College Search. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071016233007/http://www.uscollegesearch.org/mobile-alabama-colleges.html ↩

283. "Newhouse News Service – The Press-Register" (description), Newhouse News Service, 2007, webpage:NH-Register Archived May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. http://www.newhouse.com/the-press-register.html ↩

284. "Newhouse News Service – The Press-Register" (description), Newhouse News Service, 2007, webpage:NH-Register Archived May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. http://www.newhouse.com/the-press-register.html ↩

285. "About us". Lagniappe Mobile. Archived from the original on October 18, 2007. Retrieved December 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20071018023858/http://www.lagniappemobile.com/about ↩

286. "Mobile Bay Monthly". PMT Publishing. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20110715094415/http://www.pmtpublishing.com/default.aspx?id=42 ↩

287. Tynes, Gabriel (December 12, 2018). "Mobile Beacon set to close after 75 years of publishing". Lagniappe. https://lagniappemobile.com/mobile-beacon-set-to-close-after-75-years-of-publishing/ ↩

288. "Mod Mobilian". Promoting Mobile Bay Culture. Archived from the original on January 11, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100111053902/http://modmobilian.com/ ↩

289. "5 Full-power television stations in the Mobile – Pensacola market". Station Index. Retrieved November 23, 2012. http://www.stationindex.com/tv/markets/Mobile-Pensacola ↩

290. "5 Full-power television stations in the Mobile – Pensacola market". Station Index. Retrieved November 23, 2012. http://www.stationindex.com/tv/markets/Mobile-Pensacola ↩

291. "Local Television Market Universe Estimates". Nielsenmedia.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200433/http://www.nielsenmedia.com/nc/nmr_static/docs/2007-2008_DMA_Ranks.xls ↩

292. "Radio Stations in Mobile, Alabama". https://radio-locator.com/cgi-bin/locate?select=city&city=mobile&state=al ↩

293. "Radio in Mobile". TheCityOfMobile.com. Retrieved October 20, 2007. http://www.thecityofmobile.com/radio/index.html ↩

294. "RADIO MARKET SURVEY POPULATION, RANKINGS & INFORMATION: FALL 2020" (PDF). Rab.com. Retrieved March 4, 2022. https://www.rab.com/public/pdf/Nielsen-Fall%202020.pdf ↩

295. "Arbitron Radio Market Rankings: Fall 2007" (PDF). Arbitron.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071127083722/http://www.arbitron.com/downloads/redbook_fa07.pdf ↩

296. "MAA Properties Overview". Mobile Airport Authority. Archived from the original on October 9, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2007. https://archive.today/20071009040842/http://www.mobileairportauthority.com/properties.php ↩

297. "MAA Properties Overview". Mobile Airport Authority. Archived from the original on October 9, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2007. https://archive.today/20071009040842/http://www.mobileairportauthority.com/properties.php ↩

298. "MAA Properties Overview". Mobile Airport Authority. Archived from the original on October 9, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2007. https://archive.today/20071009040842/http://www.mobileairportauthority.com/properties.php ↩

299. "Three Mile Creek Greenway Trail". Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200804014632/https://mapformobile.org/threemilecreek/ ↩

300. "Infrastructure: Rail Overview". Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070717185947/http://www.mobilechamber.com/infrastructure.asp ↩

301. "Infrastructure: Rail Overview". Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070717185947/http://www.mobilechamber.com/infrastructure.asp ↩

302. Amtrak (September 2, 2005). "Modified Amtrak Service to and from the Gulf Coast to be in Effect Until Further Notice". Retrieved December 6, 2007. http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak/am2Copy/News_Release_Page&c=am2Copy&cid=1093554015790&ssid=170 ↩

303. Amtrak (April 2, 2007). "Sunset Limited timetable" (PDF). Retrieved June 19, 2007. http://www.amtrak.com/timetable/apr07/P01.pdf ↩

304. "Rail Advocates Contend New Gulf Coast Amtrak Service isn't the Sunset Limited". AL.com. June 11, 2019. Retrieved May 6, 2020. https://www.al.com/news/2019/06/rail-advocates-contend-new-gulf-coast-amtrak-service-isnt-the-sunset-limited.html ↩

305. "Ivey Says Questions Remain before Alabama can Commit to Amtrak's Mobile Return". AL.com. June 8, 2019. Retrieved May 6, 2020. https://www.al.com/news/2019/06/ivey-says-questions-remain-before-alabama-can-commit-to-amtraks-mobile-return.html ↩

306. "Amtrak Proposal has Good 'Vibe Potential' and Millennials want a yes". AL.com. January 30, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2020. https://www.al.com/news/mobile/2020/01/amtrak-proposal-has-good-vibe-potential-and-millennials-want-a-yes.html ↩

307. "Mobile Hops Aboard Amtrak Support by Endorsing Gulf Coast Rail Commitment". The Birmingham News. February 4, 2020. https://www.al.com/news/mobile/2020/02/mobile-hops-aboard-amtrak-support-by-endorsing-gulf-coast-rail-commitment.html ↩

308. "Planes, trains and Mobile: Why Brookley might be the 'better alternative' for an Amtrak station". AL.com. October 17, 2019. Retrieved May 6, 2020. https://www.al.com/news/mobile/2019/10/planes-trains-and-mobile-why-brookley-might-be-the-better-alternative-for-an-amtrak-station.html ↩

309. "About Us". Retrieved July 20, 2023. https://www.thewavetransit.com/35/About-Us ↩

310. "Alabama Roads" (PDF). Milebymile.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071025170631/http://www.milebymile.com/maps/Alabama_road_map.pdf ↩

311. "Alabama Roads" (PDF). Milebymile.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071025170631/http://www.milebymile.com/maps/Alabama_road_map.pdf ↩

312. "Wave Transit moda!". Wave Transit System. Retrieved January 28, 2010. http://www.thewavetransit.com/ ↩

313. "Baylinc Facts" (PDF). The Wave Transit System. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2007. Retrieved November 6, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071127083724/http://www.thewavetransit.com/files/BratSchedule.pdf ↩

314. "Mobile City Guide". AL.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071110222417/http://www.al.com/mobile/cityguide/?transportation.html ↩

315. "Infrastructure: Rail Overview". Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070717185947/http://www.mobilechamber.com/infrastructure.asp ↩

316. "Infrastructure: Rail Overview". Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070717185947/http://www.mobilechamber.com/infrastructure.asp ↩

317. "Infrastructure: Rail Overview". Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070717185947/http://www.mobilechamber.com/infrastructure.asp ↩

318. "Infrastructure: Rail Overview". Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070717185947/http://www.mobilechamber.com/infrastructure.asp ↩

319. "Carnival Elation Cruises | Elation Cruise Ship | Carnival Cruise Line". Carnival.com. January 6, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2013. http://www.carnival.com/cms/fun/ships/carnival_elation/default.aspx?shipCode=EL ↩

320. Brian Lyman (September 17, 2009). "Carnival Cruise Lines to deploy Elation to Mobile; could carry 170,000 passengers a year". Press Register. Retrieved December 4, 2021. https://www.al.com/live/2009/09/carnival_cruise_lines_to_deplo.html ↩

321. Chad Petri (January 19, 2012). "For Rent: The Alabama Cruise Terminal". WKRG News 5. Media General Communications Holdings. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120304175429/http://www2.wkrg.com/news/2012/jan/19/rent-alabama-cruise-terminal-ar-3077353/ ↩

322. "Carnival, City Of Mobile Announce Year-Long Season Of Cruises From Port Of Mobile Aboard Carnival Fantasy Beginning In 2016". Carnival News. September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2016. http://carnival-news.com/2015/09/23/carnival-city-of-mobile-announce-year-long-season-of-cruises-from-port-of-mobile-aboard-carnival-fantasy-beginning-in-2016/ ↩

323. "Carnival Fantasy May be Gone for Good". mynbc15.com. Retrieved March 6, 2020. https://mynbc15.com/news/local/carnival-fantasy-may-be-gone-for-good ↩

324. Pruitt, Lori Chandler (June 14, 2021). "Spotlight on Mobile County: Health Care". Business Alabama Magazine. https://businessalabama.com/spotlight-on-mobile-county-health-care/ ↩

325. Sharp, Jon (December 4, 2018). "USA trauma center gets state boost as governor eyes rural health problem". AL.com. Archived from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201212222423/https://www.al.com/news/mobile/2018/12/usa-trauma-center-gets-state-boost-as-governor-eyes-rural-health-problem.html ↩

326. "Our Facilities: USA Family Medicine". University of South Alabama College of Medicine. Archived from the original on April 7, 2019. Retrieved December 30, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20190407171959/http://fammed.usouthal.edu/residencyprogram/facilities.html ↩

327. "Trauma Centers". Alabama Public Health. Alabama Department of Public Health. December 15, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020. https://www.alabamapublichealth.gov/aths/trauma-center-levels.html ↩

328. "Healthcare". Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved January 28, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080509124546/http://www.mobilechamber.com/healthcare.asp ↩

329. "Healthcare". Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved January 28, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080509124546/http://www.mobilechamber.com/healthcare.asp ↩

330. Andrews, Casandra (September 18, 2008). "USA Mitchell Cancer Institute opens in Mobile". Press Register. al.com. Retrieved March 23, 2009. https://www.al.com/live/2008/09/usa_mitchell_cancer_institute.html ↩

331. Kirby, Brendan (October 15, 2012). "Citing Obamacare, Infirmary Health System announces it will close Infirmary West Hospital". Press Register. al.com. Retrieved December 4, 2021. https://www.al.com/live/2012/10/citing_obamacare_infirmary_hea.html ↩

332. "Children's Hospital and Residential Services". AltaPointe Health Systems. Archived from the original on June 14, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080614020724/http://www.altapointe.org/baypoint.htm ↩

333. "Healthcare". Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved January 28, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080509124546/http://www.mobilechamber.com/healthcare.asp ↩

334. "Alabama Nursing Home Association". Retrieved January 29, 2008. http://www.anha.org/ ↩

335. Washington, U. S. Capitol Room H154; p:225-7000, DC 20515-6601. "Jerry L. Carl (Alabama (AL)), 118th Congress Profile". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved November 26, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) https://clerk.house.gov/ ↩

336. "Former driver Rick Crawford to be released into home confinement in child sex case". NBC Sports. March 8, 2018. https://www.nbcsports.com/nascar/news/former-driver-rick-crawford-to-be-released-into-home-confinement-in-child-sex-case ↩

337. "Anne Cross, MD". Washington University Physicians. Retrieved April 9, 2024. https://physicians.wustl.edu/items/anne-cross/ ↩

338. "Obituary for George Washington Dennis (Aged 91)". San Francisco Chronicle. September 18, 1916. p. 7. ISSN 1932-8672. Retrieved April 20, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/san-francisco-chronicle-obituary-for-geo/86544311/ ↩

339. Johanesen, Harry (July 26, 1968). "George Dennis -- won freedom, riches". The San Francisco Examiner. p. 14. ISSN 2574-593X. Retrieved April 20, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-george-dennis/112341021/ ↩

340. "Profiles: George Washington Dennis". Black Enterprise. Earl G. Graves, Ltd. June 1976. pp. 123, 125 – via Google Books. https://books.google.com/books?id=gqDOQ7KNrCEC&pg=PA123 ↩

341. Mitchell, Garry (September 14, 1996). "Legislator Figures dies". Montgomery Advertiser. Associated Press. p. 1A. Retrieved April 14, 2024. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montgomery-advertiser/34804529/ ↩

342. Washington, U. S. Capitol Room H154; p:225-7000, DC 20515-6601. "Shomari Figures (Alabama (AL)), 119th Congress Profile". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved May 20, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) https://clerk.house.gov/members/F000481 ↩

343. Strunk, Taylor Peyton (March 22, 2015). "Life Stories: A drum major for justice, Thomas Henry Figures fulfilled his dreams of judgeship, fatherhood". AL.com. Retrieved April 12, 2024. https://www.al.com/news/mobile/2015/03/life_stories_a_drum_major_for.html ↩

344. Harris, Hunter (July 30, 2020). "Flo Milli Summer". Vulture. OCLC 1118502440. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved August 12, 2020. https://www.vulture.com/2020/07/flo-milli-profile-ho-why-is-you-here-beef-flomix.html ↩

345. Inabinett, Mark (March 11, 2012). "Cale Gale captures hometown victory in Mobile ARCA 200". al. https://www.al.com/sports/2012/03/cale_gale_captures_hometown_vi.html ↩

346. Roberts, Regina. "Guides: Black Graphic Design History Collections Initiative: Dorothy Hayes". Stanford Libraries. Stanford University. Retrieved December 30, 2024. https://guides.library.stanford.edu/Black_graphic_design_collections/Hayes ↩

347. DeMarko, Sharon (February 19, 1971). "Black Artists Graphics Displayed at Art Center". Pensacola News Journal. p. 11– 12. – via Newspapers.com. /wiki/Pensacola_News_Journal ↩

348. Clark, E. Culpepper (1993). The Schoolhouse Door. Oxford University Press. pp. 175–176. ↩

349. Historical Vignette 079 – The Oldest U.S. Army Officer to Serve in World War II Was an Engineer https://web.archive.org/web/20161019101819/http://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/Historical-Vignettes/Military-Construction-Combat/079-Oldest-Officer/ ↩

350. Charles Keller – Brigadier General, United States Army https://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/charles-keller.htm ↩

351. Hicks, Tommy (July 28, 2014). "Mobile's Antonio Lang returning to NBA, U.S. basketball after 13 seasons in Japan". al. https://www.al.com/sports/2014/07/mobiles_antonio_lang_returning.html ↩

352. Owen, Thomas McAdory (1921). History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography. S. J. Clarke publishing Company. p. 1079. Retrieved December 24, 2023. https://books.google.com/books?id=R2Z5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1079 ↩

353. Who's Who in American Jewry, 1926. New York, N.Y.: The Jewish Biographical Bureau, Inc. January 1927. p. 406 – via Google Books. https://books.google.com/books?id=uWrXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Lyons,%20Alexander%22 ↩

354. Janes, Theodon (July 8, 2020). "Bubba Wallace's long road through racism, and how it led to his being targeted by Trump". The Charlotte Observer. Retrieved July 23, 2020. https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/nascar-auto-racing/article244046107.html ↩

355. https://web.archive.org/web/20091120140240/http://percypringle.com/biography.html https://web.archive.org/web/20091120140240/http://percypringle.com/biography.html ↩

356. "Sister Cities". City of Mobile. Retrieved June 4, 2025. https://www.cityofmobile.org/sister-cities/ ↩

357. "Sister Cities". City of Mobile. Retrieved June 4, 2025. https://www.cityofmobile.org/sister-cities/ ↩

358. "Sister Cities". City of Mobile. Retrieved June 4, 2025. https://www.cityofmobile.org/sister-cities/ ↩

359. "Sister Cities". City of Mobile. Retrieved June 4, 2025. https://www.cityofmobile.org/sister-cities/ ↩

360. "Sister Cities". City of Mobile. Retrieved June 4, 2025. https://www.cityofmobile.org/sister-cities/ ↩

361. "Sister Cities". City of Mobile. Retrieved June 4, 2025. https://www.cityofmobile.org/sister-cities/ ↩

362. "Sister Cities". City of Mobile. Retrieved June 4, 2025. https://www.cityofmobile.org/sister-cities/ ↩

363. "Sister Cities". City of Mobile. Retrieved June 4, 2025. https://www.cityofmobile.org/sister-cities/ ↩

364. "Sister Cities". City of Mobile. Retrieved June 4, 2025. https://www.cityofmobile.org/sister-cities/ ↩

365. "Sister Cities". City of Mobile. Retrieved June 4, 2025. https://www.cityofmobile.org/sister-cities/ ↩