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Omne datum optimum
Papal bull

Omne datum optimum (Latin for "Every perfect gift", a quotation from the Epistle of James 1:17) was a papal bull issued by Pope Innocent II on 29 March 1139 that endorsed the Order of the Poor Knights of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Knights Templar), in which the Templar Rule was officially approved, and papal protection given.

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Background

By the end of the 1130s, the Templars had prospered as a complete military order with a stratified structure, due to the efforts of Grand Master Robert de Craon.3 Already facing ecclesiastical criticism for receiving tithes and alms, Robert de Craon reasoned that the Order could only flourish with papal support.4 It was during one of Robert's visits to France and Italy that Innocent II issued the bull Omne datum optimum on 29 March 1139.5

Contents

The contents of Omne datum optimum:

  • promised all spoils from Muslim conquest to the Order6
  • allowed the Order to build churches, cemeteries, and houses78
  • permitted a chaplain in every house910
  • leaders of the Order could expel unworthy members11
  • allowed chapels for members and burials12
  • forbid the election of an outsider as Master of the Order13
  • no homage or tithes were to be extracted from the Order14

Included in the contents of the bull was the creation of a group of chaplain brothers for the Order.15 They were capable of hearing confessions and giving absolution, to all members of the Orders.16 The Omne datum optimum gave the Order the papal sanction it needed to operate independently of ecclesiastical and secular authorities.17

Aftermath

Omne datum optimum was followed by Pope Celestine II's Milites Templi in 1144 and Pope Eugene III's Militia Dei in 1145, which together gave the Templars an extraordinary range of rights and privileges.1819

See also

Notes

Sources

  • Barber, Malcolm (1978). The Trial of the Templars. Cambridge University Press.
  • Barber, Malcolm (1994). The New Knighthood. Cambridge University Press.
  • Barber, Malcolm; Bate, A. K. (2002). The Templars: selected sources. Manchester University Press. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-0-7190-5110-4. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  • Jones, Dan (2017). The Templars: The Rise and Spectacular Fall of God's Holy Warriors. Penguin Books.
  • Nicholson, Helen J.; Burgtorf, Jochen, eds. (2020). The Templars, the Hospitallers and the Crusades: Essays in Homage to Alan J Forey. Routledge.
  • Rayborn, Tim (2013). The Violent Pilgrimage: Christians, Muslims and Holy Conflicts, 850-1150. McFarland, Inc.
  • Selwood, Dominic (2001). Knights of the Cloister: Templars and Hospitallers in Central-southern Occitania, C.1100-c.1300. The Boydell Press.
  • Upton-Ward, Judith Mary, ed. (1997). "Introduction". The Rule of the Templars: The French Text of the Rule of the Order of the Knights Templar. The Boydell Press.

References

  1. Barber 1978, p. 8. - Barber, Malcolm (1978). The Trial of the Templars. Cambridge University Press. ↩

  2. Barber & Bate 2002, p. 59. - Barber, Malcolm; Bate, A. K. (2002). The Templars: selected sources. Manchester University Press. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-0-7190-5110-4. Retrieved 5 May 2011. https://books.google.com/books?id=rhTT3M9uWe4C&pg=PA59 ↩

  3. Upton-Ward 1997, p. 5. - Upton-Ward, Judith Mary, ed. (1997). "Introduction". The Rule of the Templars: The French Text of the Rule of the Order of the Knights Templar. The Boydell Press. ↩

  4. Upton-Ward 1997, p. 5. - Upton-Ward, Judith Mary, ed. (1997). "Introduction". The Rule of the Templars: The French Text of the Rule of the Order of the Knights Templar. The Boydell Press. ↩

  5. Jones 2017, p. 56. - Jones, Dan (2017). The Templars: The Rise and Spectacular Fall of God's Holy Warriors. Penguin Books. ↩

  6. Barber 1994, p. 56-57. - Barber, Malcolm (1994). The New Knighthood. Cambridge University Press. ↩

  7. Selwood states that clergy, parishes, and monastic houses prevented the Order from building cemeteries, which caused them financial loss.[6] ↩

  8. Selwood 2001, p. 90. - Selwood, Dominic (2001). Knights of the Cloister: Templars and Hospitallers in Central-southern Occitania, C.1100-c.1300. The Boydell Press. ↩

  9. Templar church and houses were served by the Order's own priests.[8] ↩

  10. Barber 1978, p. 8. - Barber, Malcolm (1978). The Trial of the Templars. Cambridge University Press. ↩

  11. Barber 1978, p. 8. - Barber, Malcolm (1978). The Trial of the Templars. Cambridge University Press. ↩

  12. Barber 1978, p. 8. - Barber, Malcolm (1978). The Trial of the Templars. Cambridge University Press. ↩

  13. Barber 1978, p. 8. - Barber, Malcolm (1978). The Trial of the Templars. Cambridge University Press. ↩

  14. Barber 1978, p. 8. - Barber, Malcolm (1978). The Trial of the Templars. Cambridge University Press. ↩

  15. Upton-Ward 1997, p. 5. - Upton-Ward, Judith Mary, ed. (1997). "Introduction". The Rule of the Templars: The French Text of the Rule of the Order of the Knights Templar. The Boydell Press. ↩

  16. Upton-Ward 1997, p. 5. - Upton-Ward, Judith Mary, ed. (1997). "Introduction". The Rule of the Templars: The French Text of the Rule of the Order of the Knights Templar. The Boydell Press. ↩

  17. Upton-Ward 1997, p. 5. - Upton-Ward, Judith Mary, ed. (1997). "Introduction". The Rule of the Templars: The French Text of the Rule of the Order of the Knights Templar. The Boydell Press. ↩

  18. Rayborn 2013, p. 43. - Rayborn, Tim (2013). The Violent Pilgrimage: Christians, Muslims and Holy Conflicts, 850-1150. McFarland, Inc. ↩

  19. Barber & Bate 2002, p. 8. - Barber, Malcolm; Bate, A. K. (2002). The Templars: selected sources. Manchester University Press. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-0-7190-5110-4. Retrieved 5 May 2011. https://books.google.com/books?id=rhTT3M9uWe4C&pg=PA59 ↩