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PlayStation Portable
Handheld game console by Sony

The PlayStation Portable (PSP) is a handheld game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment, first released in Japan in 2004 and later in North America and PAL regions. As a seventh generation console, it competed with the Nintendo DS. Announced at E3 2003, the PSP featured advanced graphics, multimedia functions, and used proprietary Universal Media Discs (UMDs) for games and movies. It connected to the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, and the Internet. The PSP sold over 80 million units before being succeeded by the PlayStation Vita, which offered backward compatibility via the PlayStation Network and PlayStation Store. Production ended in 2014, with UMD manufacturing ceasing in 2016.

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History

Sony Computer Entertainment first announced development of the PlayStation Portable at a press conference preceding E3 2003.5 Although samples were not presented,6 Sony released extensive technical details.7 CEO Ken Kutaragi called the device the "Walkman of the 21st century", a reference to the console's multimedia capabilities.8 Several gaming websites were impressed with the handheld's computing capabilities, and looked forward to its potential as a gaming platform.91011

In the 1990s, Nintendo had dominated the handheld market since launching its Game Boy in 1989, experiencing close competition only from Sega's Game Gear (1990–1997) and Bandai's WonderSwan (1999-2001) and WonderSwan Color (2000–2004) in Japan.12 In January 1999, Sony had released the briefly successful PocketStation in Japan as its first foray into the handheld gaming market.13 The SNK Neo Geo Pocket and Nokia's N-Gage also failed to cut into Nintendo's share.14 According to an IDC analyst in 2004, the PSP was the "first legitimate competitor to Nintendo's dominance in the handheld market".15

The first concept images of the PSP appeared at a Sony corporate strategy meeting in November 2003, and featured a model with flat buttons and no analog joystick.16 Although some reviewers expressed concern about the lack of an analog stick,17 these fears were allayed when the PSP was officially unveiled at the Sony press conference during E3 2004.1819 Sony released a list of 99 developer companies that pledged support for the new handheld.20 Several game demos such as Konami's Metal Gear Acid and Studio Liverpool's Wipeout Pure were also shown at the conference.21

The PSP's development posed several challenges for Sony and third-party developers, with battery life being a primary concern. To address this, Sony implemented power management strategies, including restricting the CPU to two-thirds of its full speed for the first few years. The Universal Media Disc (UMD) drive was another significant hurdle, as it drained the battery and had slow read speeds. Developers had to optimize their game data layout to minimize disc access and reduce power consumption. These limitations sometimes led to performance constraints and long loading times, with some titles like WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw 2006 experiencing load times of up to two minutes for certain scenes.22

Launch

On October 18, 2004, Sony announced that the PSP base model would be launched in Japan on December 11 that year for ¥19,800 (about US$181 in 2004) while the Value System would launch for ¥24,800 (about US$226).23 The launch was a success, with over 200,000 units sold on the first day of sales.24 Color variations were sold in bundle packs that cost around $200. On February 3, 2005, Sony announced that the PSP would be released in North America on March 24 in one configuration for an MSRP of US$249/CA$299.25 Some commentators expressed concern over the high price,26 which was almost US$20 higher than that of the Japanese model and over $100 higher than the Nintendo DS.27 Despite these concerns, the PSP's North American launch was a success;2829 Sony said 500,000 units were sold in the first two days of sales,30 though it was also reported that this figure was below expectations.31

The PSP was originally intended to have a simultaneous PAL and North American launch,32 but on March 15, 2005, Sony announced that the PAL launch would be delayed due to high demand for the console in Japan and North America.33 The next month, Sony announced that the PSP would be launched in the PAL region on September 1, 2005, for €249/£179.34 Sony defended the high price by saying North American consumers had to pay local sales taxes and that the Value Added Tax (sales tax) was higher in the UK than the US.35 Despite the high price, the PSP's PAL launch was a success, with the console selling over 185,000 units in the UK.36 All stock of the PSP in the UK sold out within three hours of its launch, more than doubling the previous first-day sales record of 87,000 units set by the Nintendo DS. The system also enjoyed great success in other areas of the PAL region; over 25,000 units were pre-ordered in Australia37 and nearly one million units were sold across Europe in the system's first week of sales.38

Hardware

Further information: PlayStation Portable hardware

The PlayStation Portable uses the common "bar" form factor. The original model measures approximately 6.7 by 2.9 by 0.9 inches (170 by 74 by 23 mm) and weighs 9.9 ounces (280 g). The front of the console is dominated by the system's 4.3-inch (110 mm) LCD screen, which is capable of 480 × 272 pixel display resolution with 24-bit color, outperforming the Nintendo DS. Also on the unit's front are the four iconic PlayStation face buttons (, , , ); the directional pad, the analog "nub", and several other buttons. The system also has two shoulder buttons, a USB 2.0 mini-B port on the top of the console, and a wireless LAN switch and power cable input on the bottom. The back of the PSP features a read-only Universal Media Disc (UMD) drive for access to movies and games, and a reader compatible with Sony's Memory Stick PRO Duo flash cards is located on the left of the system. Other features include an IrDA-compatible infrared port (this was discontinued in PSP-2000 and later) and a two-pin docking connector; built-in stereo speakers and headphone port; and IEEE 802.11b Wi-Fi for access to the Internet, free online multiplayer gaming via PlayStation Network, the ability to purchase games from PlayStation Store (now discontinued), and data transfer.39

The PSP uses two 333 MHz MIPS32 R4000 R4k-based CPUs, as a main CPU and Media Engine, a GPU running at 166 MHz, and includes 32 MB main RAM (64 MB on PSP-2000 and later models), and 4 MB embedded DRAM split between the aforementioned GPU and Media Engine.40 The hardware was originally forced to run more slowly than it was capable of; most games ran at 222 MHz.41 With firmware update 3.50 on May 31, 2007, however, Sony removed this limit and allowed new games to run at 333 MHz.42

The PSP is powered by an 1800 mAh battery (1200 mAh on the 2000 and 3000 models) that provides between about three and six hours of gameplay, between four and five hours of video playback, or between eight and eleven hours of audio playback.4344

To make the unit slimmer, the capacity of the PSP's battery was reduced from 1800 mAh to 1200 mAh in the PSP-2000 and 3000 models. The original high-capacity batteries work on the newer models, giving increased playing time, though the battery cover does not fit. The batteries take about 1.5 hours to charge and last for between four-and-a-half and seven hours depending on factors such as screen brightness settings, the use of WLAN, and volume levels.45 In March 2008, Sony released the Extended Life Battery Kit in Japan, which included a bulkier 2200 mAh battery with a fitting cover. In Japan, the kit was sold with a specific-colored cover matching the many PSP variations available.46 The North American kit released in December 2008 was supplied with two new covers; one black and one silver.47

Revisions

PSP-2000

The PSP-2000, marketed in PAL countries as the "PSP Slim & Lite",48 is the first redesign of the PlayStation Portable. The PSP-2000 system is slimmer and lighter49 than the original PSP, reduced from 0.91 to 0.73 inches (23 to 18.6 mm) and from 9.87 to 6.66 ounces (280 to 189 g).5051 At E3 2007, Sony released information about a slimmer and lighter version for the device,52 which was first released in Hong Kong on August 30, 2007, in Europe on September 5, in North America on September 6, in South Korea on September 7, and in Australia on September 12. The UK release for the PSP-2000 was September 14.53

The serial port was modified to accommodate a new video-out feature, making it incompatible with older PSP remote controls. On the PSP-2000, games only output to external monitors and televisions in progressive scan mode. Non-game video outputs work in either progressive or interlaced mode. USB charging was introduced and the D-Pad was raised in response to complaints of poor performance,5455 and the responsiveness of the buttons was improved.56

Other changes include improved WLAN modules and micro-controller, and a thinner,57 brighter LCD screen. To improve the poor loading times of UMD games on the original PSP,58 the internal memory (RAM and Flash ROM) was doubled from 32 MB to 64 MB, part of which now acting as a cache, also improving the web browser's performance.59

PSP-3000

In comparison with the PSP-2000, the 3000, marketed in PAL areas as "PSP Slim & Lite" or "PSP Brite", has an improved LCD screen60 with an increased color range,61 five times the contrast ratio,62 a halved pixel response time, new sub-pixel structure, and anti-reflective technology to reduce outdoor glare. The disc tray, logos, and buttons were all redesigned, and a microphone was added. Games could now be output in either component or composite video using the video-out cable.63 One outlet called this model "a minor upgrade".64

The PSP-3000 was released in North America on October 14, 2008, in Japan on October 16, in Europe on October 17,6566 and in Australia on October 23.67 In its first four days on sale in Japan, the PSP-3000 sold over 141,270 units, according to Famitsu;68 it sold 267,000 units during October.69

On its release, a problem with interlacing when objects were in motion on the PSP-3000 screen was noticed.70 Sony announced this problem would not be fixed.71

PSP Go (N1000)

The PSP Go (model PSP-N1000)727374 was released on October 1, 2009, in North American and European territories,75 and on October 31 in Japan. It was revealed prior to E3 2009 through Sony's Qore video on demand service.76 Its design is significantly different from other PSP models.77

The unit is 43% lighter and 56% smaller than the original PSP-1000,78 and 16% lighter and 35% smaller than the PSP-3000.79 Its rechargeable battery is not intended to be removed by the user.80 It has a 3.8-inch (97 mm) 480 × 272 pixel LCD screen,8182 which slides up to reveal the main controls. The overall shape and sliding mechanism are similar to those of Sony's mylo COM-2 Internet device.83

The PSP Go features 802.11b84 Wi-Fi like its predecessors, although the USB port was replaced with a proprietary connector. A compatible cable that connects to other devices' USB ports is included with the unit. The new multi-use connector allows video and sound output with the same connector using an optional composite or component AV cable. As with previous models, Sony also offers a cradle (PSP-N340)85 for charging, video out, and USB data transfer on the PSP Go. This model adds support for Bluetooth connectivity,86 which enables the playing of games using a Sixaxis or DualShock 3 controller. The use of the cradle with the controller allow players to use the PSP Go as a portable device and as a console, although the output is not upscaled. PlayStation 1 games can be played in full screen using the AV/component cable87 or the cradle.

The PSP Go lacks a UMD drive, and instead has 16 GB of internal flash memory,88 which can be extended by up to 32 GB with the use of a Memory Stick Micro (M2). Games must be downloaded from the PlayStation Store. The removal of the UMD drive effectively region-locks the unit because it must be linked to a single, region-locked PlayStation Network account. While the PSP Go can download games to itself, users can also download and transfer games to the device from a PlayStation 3 console,89 or the Windows-based software Media Go.

All downloadable PSP and PlayStation games available for older PSP models are compatible with the PSP Go. Sony confirmed that almost all UMD-based PSP games released after October 1, 2009, would be available to download9091 and that most older UMD-only games would also be downloadable.92

In February 2010, it was reported that Sony might re-launch the PSP Go due to the lack of consumer interest and poor sales.9394 In June 2010, Sony began bundling the console with 10 free downloadable games; the same offer was made available in Australia in July. Three free games for the PSP Go were offered in America.9596979899 In October that year, Sony announced it would reduce the price of the unit.100101102 On April 20, 2011, the manufacturer announced that the PSP Go would be discontinued outside of North America so it could concentrate on the PlayStation Vita.103104105106

PSP Street (E1000)

The PSP-E1000, which was announced at Gamescom 2011, is a budget-focused model that was released across the PAL region on October 26 of that year.107 The E1000 model lacks Wi-Fi capability and has a matte finish similar to that of the slim PlayStation 3.108 It has a mono speaker instead of the previous models' stereo speakers and lacks a microphone.109 This model also lacked the physical brightness buttons from the front of the handheld, instead offering brightness controls in the System Software's 'Power Save Settings' menu.110

An ice-white version was released in PAL territories on July 20, 2012.111

Bundles and colors

The PSP was sold in four main configurations. The Base Pack, called the Core Pack in North America,112 contained the console, a battery, and an AC adapter.113 This version was available at launch in Japan114 and was released later in North America and Europe.115

Many limited editions of the PSP were bundled with accessories, games, or movies.116117118

The first two initial releases of the Slims in North America were both on September 10, 2007, were the Daxter PSP. Included with the bundle was an Ice Silver PSP with a Daxter UMD, the Family Guy : Freaking Sweet Collection, and a 1 GB Memory Stick for usage.119 The other was a Piano Black Only PSP

Limited-edition models were first released in Japan on September 12, 2007;120 North America and Europe on September 5;121 in Australia on September 12, and in the UK on October 26. The PSP-2000 was made available in piano black, ceramic white,122 ice silver,123 mint green, felicia blue, lavender purple, deep red, matte bronze,124 metallic blue, and rose pink as standard colors. Several special-edition consoles were colored and finished to sell with certain games, including Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII (ice silver engraved), Star Ocean: First Departure (felicia blue engraved), Gundam (red gloss/matte black), and Monster Hunter Freedom (gold silkscreened) in Japan,125 Star Wars (Darth Vader silkscreened),126 and God of War: Chains of Olympus (Kratos silkscreened) in North America, The Simpsons (bright yellow with white buttons, analog and disc tray) in Australia and New Zealand,127 and Spider-Man (red gloss/matte black) in Europe.

The PSP-3000 was made available in piano black, pearl white, mystic silver, radiant red, vibrant blue, spirited green, blossom pink, turquoise green and lilac purple for standard colors. For limited edition colors were "Big Boss Pack" of Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker had a camouflage pattern while the God of War: Ghost of Sparta bundle pack included a black-and-red two-toned PSP.128 The Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy Cosmos & Chaos edition that was released on March 3, 2011, has an Amano artwork as the PSP's face plate.129

Comparison

Below is a comparison of the different PlayStation Portable models:

ModelsPSP-1000130PSP-2000131PSP-3000132PSP Go (PSP-N1000)133PSP Street (PSP-E1000)134
Image
Original release dateDecember 12, 2004 (Japan)August 30, 2007 (Hong Kong)October 14, 2008 (North America)October 1, 2009 (NA and EU)October 26, 2011 (EU and PAL)
DiscontinuedDecember 2014December 2014December 2012April 20, 2011December 2014
Display4.3 in (110 mm) 30:17 TFT at 480 × 272, 16.77 million colors3.8 in (97 mm) 30:17 TFT at 480 × 272, 16.77 million colors; sliding screen4.3 in (110 mm) 30:17 TFT at 480 × 272, 16.77 million colors
CPUMIPS R4000 at 1~333 MHz
RAM32 MB64 MB135
Internal storage32 MB; reserved for system software64 MB; reserved for system software16 GB; shared between user and system software64 MB; reserved for system software
ConnectivityUSB 2.0, UMD, serial port, headphone jack, Memory Stick PRO DuoUSB 2.0, UMD, video out, headphone jack, Memory Stick PRO DuoUSB 2.0, UMD, video out, headphone jack, microphone, Memory Stick PRO DuoAll-in-one port, headphone jack, microphone, Memory Stick Micro (M2)USB 2.0, UMD, headphone jack, Memory Stick PRO Duo
Wireless802.11b Wi-Fi, IRDA802.11b Wi-Fi802.11b Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR—
Battery3.6 V DC 1800 mAh removable battery; upgradeable to 2200 mAh3.6 V DC 1200 mAh removable battery; upgradeable to 2200 mAh3.6 V DC 930 mAh non removable battery3.6 V DC non removable battery
Original system software1.003.604.205.706.50136

Software

System software

Main article: PlayStation Portable system software

The PSP runs a custom operating system referred to as the System Software, which can be updated over the Internet, or by loading an update from a Memory Stick or UMD.137 Sony offers no method for downgrading such software.

While System Software updates can be used with consoles from any region,138 Sony recommends only downloading updates released for the model's region. System Software updates have added many features, including a web browser, Adobe Flash support, additional codecs for various media, PlayStation 3 (PS3) connectivity, and patches against security exploits and the execution of homebrew programs.139 The most recent version, numbered 6.61, was released on January 15, 2015.

Apps and functionality

Web browser

See also: PlayStation Portable system software § Web browser

The PSP Internet Browser is a version of the NetFront browser and came with the system via the 2.00 update.140 The browser supports most common web technologies, such as HTTP cookies, forms, CSS, and basic JavaScript.141 It features basic tabbed browsing and has a maximum of three tabs.142

Remote Play

Main article: Remote Play

Remote Play allows the PSP to access many of the features of the PlayStation 3 console from a remote location using the PS3's WLAN capabilities, a home network, or the Internet.143 Using Remote Play, users can view photographs, listen to music, and watch videos stored on the PS3 or connected USB devices.144 Remote Play also allows the PS3 to be turned on and off remotely and lets the PSP control audio playback from the PS3 to a home theater system.145146 Although most of the PS3's capabilities are accessible with Remote Play, playback of DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, PlayStation games, PlayStation 2 games, most PS3 games, and copy-protected files stored on the hard drive are not supported.147

VoIP access

Starting with System Software version 3.90, the PSP-2000, 3000, and Go could use the Skype VoIP service. Due to hardware constraints it was not possible to use the service on the PSP-1000. The service allowed Skype calls to be made over Wi-Fi and – on the Go – over the Bluetooth modem. Users had to purchase Skype credit to make telephone calls.148 Skype for PlayStation®Portable was discontinued on June 22, 2016.149

Room for PlayStation Portable

Main article: Room for PlayStation Portable

At Tokyo Game Show 2009, Sony announced that a service similar to PlayStation Home, the PS3's online community-based service, was being developed for the PSP.150 Named "Room" (stylized R∞M), it was being beta-tested in Japan from October 2009 to April 2010. It could be launched directly from the PlayStation Network section of the XMB. As in Home, PSP owners would have been able to invite other PSP owners into their rooms to "enjoy real time communication".151152 Development of Room halted on April 15, 2010, due to feedback from the community.153

SensMe application

The SensMe software, which had already existed on some Walkman music players and Sony Ericsson handsets, was added to the PSP through a software update in 2009. It is a music analyser that reads music files stored on the PSP and categorises them into "channels" representing moods and creates automatic playlists from it.154155 The PSP has support for the playback of MP3 and ATRAC audio files,156 as well as WMA since firmware version 2.60.157

Digital Comics Reader

Sony partnered with publishers such as Rebellion Developments, Disney, IDW Publishing, Insomnia Publications, iVerse, Marvel Comics, and Titan Books to release digitized comics on the PlayStation Store.158159 The Digital Comics Reader application required PSP firmware 6.20.160

The PlayStation Store's "Comic" section premiered in Japan on December 10, 2009, with licensed publishers ASCII Media Works, Enterbrain, Kadokawa, Kodansha, Shueisha, Shogakukan, Square-Enix, Softbank Creative (HQ Comics), Hakusensha, Bandai Visual, Fujimishobo, Futabasha, and Bunkasha.161 It launched in the United States and in English-speaking PAL countries on December 16, 2009, though the first issues of Aleister Arcane, Astro Boy: Movie Adaptation, Star Trek: Enterprise Experiment and Transformers: All Hail Megatron were made available as early as November 20 through limited-time PlayStation Network redemption codes.162 In early 2010 the application was expanded to the German, French, Spanish and Italian languages.163 The choice of regional Comic Reader software is dictated by the PSP's firmware region; the Japanese Comic Reader will not display comics purchased from the European store, and vice versa. Sony shut down the Digital Comics service in September 2012.164

x-Radar Portable

In Japanese market PSPs, an application called x-Radar Portable came preloaded starting with firmware version 6.35 (January 2010). This is a port of a map software for PCs and mobile phones called x-Radar, developed by PetaMap. x-Radar Portable gets the location of the PSP on a map and obtains information of places around the user. It determines the location through "PlaceEngine" technology, via wireless LAN spots.165

Homebrew development and custom firmware

Main articles: PlayStation Portable homebrew and Custom firmware

On June 15, 2005, hackers disassembled the code of the PSP and distributed it online.166 Initially the modified PSP allowed users to run custom code and a limited amount of protected software, including custom-made PSP applications such as a calculator or file manager.167 Sony responded to this by repeatedly upgrading the software. Some users were able to unlock the firmware to allow them to run more custom content and DRM-restricted software. Hackers were able to run protected software on the PSP through the creation of ISO loaders that could load copies of UMD games from a memory stick.168 Custom firmware including the M33 Custom Firmware, Minimum Edition (ME/LME) CFW and PRO CFW were commonly seen in PSP systems.169

Content management

The management of media content of the PSP through personal computers was fulfilled by Sony's PSP Media Manager software for Windows, allowing transfer as well as music/video playback and backups.170 In 2009 the PSP Media Manager was replaced by Media Go.171

Games

See also: List of PlayStation Portable games, List of downloadable PlayStation Portable games, List of best-selling PSP video games, and List of cancelled PlayStation Portable video games

There were 1,370 games released for the PSP during its 10-year lifespan. Launch games for PSP included; Ape Escape: On the Loose (North America, Europe, Japan), Darkstalkers Chronicle: The Chaos Tower (North America, Europe, Japan), Dynasty Warriors (all regions), Lumines (North America, Europe, Japan), Metal Gear Acid (North America, Europe, Japan), Need for Speed: Underground Rivals (North America, Europe, Japan), NFL Street 2: Unleashed (North America, Europe), Ridge Racer (North America, Europe, Japan), Spider-Man 2 (2004) (North America, Europe, Japan), Tiger Woods PGA Tour (North America, Europe, Japan), Tony Hawk's Underground 2 Remix (North America, Europe), Twisted Metal: Head-On (North America, Europe), Untold Legends: Brotherhood of the Blade (North America, Europe, Japan), Wipeout Pure (all regions), and World Tour Soccer: Challenge Edition (North America, Europe).172173174 Additionally, Gretzky NHL and NBA were North America exclusive launch titles. The best selling PSP game is Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories, which sold 8 million copies as of March 2008.

Other top selling PSP games include Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories, Monster Hunter Portable 3rd,175 Gran Turismo,176 and Monster Hunter Freedom Unite.177 Retro City Rampage DX, which was released in July 2016, was the final PSP game that was released. The best rated PSP games on Metacritic are God of War: Ghost of Sparta, Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories, and Daxter,178 Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker is the only PSP game to receive a perfect score from Famitsū.179 During E3 2006, Sony Computer Entertainment America announced that the Greatest Hits range of budget titles were to be extended to the PSP system.180 On July 25, 2006, Sony Computer Entertainment America released the first batch of Greatest Hits titles. These titles included Ape Escape:On the Loose, ATV Offroad Fury: Blazin' Trails, Hot Shots: Open Tee, Twisted Metal: Head-On, and Wipeout Pure.181 The PSP Greatest Hits lineup consists of games that have sold 250,000 copies or more and have been released for nine months.182 PSP games in this lineup retail for $19.99 each.183 Downloadable games were limited to 1.8 GB, most likely to guarantee a potential UMD release.184 A section of the PlayStation Store was dedicated to "Minis"; smaller, cheaper games available as download only.

Trophy support was planned for the PSP but the idea was cancelled after the firmware was cracked.185

Demos and emulation

In late 2004, Sony released a series of PSP demo games, including Duck In Water, world/ball, Harmonic City, and Luga City.186 Demos for commercial PSP games could be downloaded and booted directly from a Memory Stick.187 Demos were sometimes issued in UMD format and mailed out or given to customers at retail outlets.188 In addition, several older PlayStation games were re-released; these can be played on the PSP using emulation. As of 2008[update], this feature could be officially accessed through the PlayStation Network service for PlayStation 3, PSP, PlayStation Vita (or PlayStation TV), or a personal computer.189 Emulation of the PSP is well-developed; the first emulator was pspplayer by Noxa, which ran on C#, then afterwards was JPCSP which ran on Java.190 PPSSPP is currently the fastest and most compatible PSP emulator; it supports all major games.191

Data installation

In mid 2009,192 as larger memory stick storage became available for the PSP, the ability to pre-install some or all data from a game became a feature in certain games. Although for a large majority of the games the feature merely improved load times, there were a small number of games that added features, such as speech in Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker.193

Peripherals

Official accessories for the console include an AC adapter, car adapter, headset, headphones with remote control, extended-life 2200 mAh battery, battery charger, console carrying case, game carrying case, accessories pouch and cleaning cloth, and system pouch and wrist strap.194 A 1seg television tuner peripheral (model PSP-S310), designed specifically for the PSP-2000, was released in Japan on September 20, 2007.195

Sony sold a GPS accessory for the PSP-2000; this was released first in Japan and announced for the United States in 2008. It features maps on a UMD and offers driving directions and city guides.196 A digital camera add-on, the Go!Cam, was also released.197

After the discontinuation of PSP, the Chinese electronics company Lenkeng released a PSP-to-HDMI converter called the LKV-8000.198199 The device is compatible with the PSP-2000, PSP-3000 and PSP Go.200 To overcome the problem of PSP games being displayed in a small window surrounded by a black border, the LKV-8000 has a zoom button on the connector. A few other Chinese companies have released clones of this upscaler under different names, like the Pyle PSPHD42.201 The LKV-8000 and its variants have become popular among players and reviewers as the only means of playing and recording PSP gameplay on a large screen.202203

Reception

The PSP received generally positive reviews soon after launch; most reviewers noted similar strengths and weaknesses. CNET awarded the system 8.5 out of 10 and praised the console's powerful hardware and its multimedia capabilities but lamented the lack of a guard to cover the screen and the reading surface of UMD cartridges.204 Engadget praised the console's design, stating that "it is definitely one well-designed, slick little handheld".205 PC World commended the built-in Wi-Fi capability but criticized the lack of a web browser at launch, and the glare and smudges that resulted from the console's glossy exterior.206 Most reviewers also praised the console's large, bright viewing screen and its audio and video playback capabilities. In 2008, Time listed the PSP as a "gotta have travel gadget", citing the console's movie selection, telecommunications capability, and upcoming GPS functionality.207

The PlayStation Portable was initially seen as superior to the Nintendo DS when both devices were revealed in early 2004 because of the designers' emphasis on the technical accomplishments of the system. Nintendo of America President Reggie Fils-Aime, however, focused on the experience aspect of the Nintendo DS.208 The DS started to become more popular than the PSP early on because it attracted more third-party developers, and appealed more to the casual gaming market. The DS sold more units partly because of its touchscreen and second display.209

From a multimedia perspective, the PSP has also been seen as a competitor to portable media players, notably the iPod Video that was released in the same year.210211

Reviews of the PSP Go were mixed. It was mainly criticized for its initial pricing; Ars Technica called it "way too expensive" and The Guardian stated that cost was the "biggest issue" facing the machine.212213 Engadget said the Go cost only $50 less than the PS3, which has a Blu-ray player.214 Wired said the older PSP-3000 model was cheaper and supports UMDs, and IGN stated that the price increase made the PSP Go a "hard sell".215216 The placement of the analog stick next to the D-pad was also criticized.217218219 Reviewers also commented on the change from a mini-USB port to a proprietary port, making hardware and cables bought for previous models incompatible.220221 The Go's screen was positively received by Ars Technica, which called the screen's image "brilliant, sharp and clear" and T3 stated that "pictures and videos look great".222223 The controls received mixed reviews; The Times described them as "instantly familiar" whereas CNET and Stuff called the position of the analog stick "awkward".224225226 The device's capability to use a PS3 controller was praised by The New Zealand Herald but Ars Technica criticized the need to connect the controller and the Go to a PS3 for initial setup.227228

Sales

RegionUnits soldFirst available
Japan19 million (as of April 28, 2013)December 12, 2004
United States17 million (as of March 14, 2010)229March 24, 2005
Europe12 million (as of May 6, 2008)230September 1, 2005
United Kingdom3.2 million (as of January 3, 2009)231September 1, 2005
Worldwide76.4 million (as of March 31, 2012[update])232December 12, 2004

By March 31, 2007, the PlayStation Portable had shipped 25.39 million units worldwide with 6.92 million in Asia, 9.58 million in North America, and 8.89 million Europe.233 In Europe, the PSP sold 4 million units in 2006 and 3.1 million in 2007, according to estimates by Electronic Arts.234235 In 2007, the PSP sold 3.82 million units in the US, according to the NPD Group236237 and 3,022,659 in Japan according to Enterbrain.238239240 In 2008, the PSP sold 3,543,171 units in Japan, according to Enterbrain.241242

In the United States, the PSP had sold 10.47 million units by January 1, 2008, according to the NPD Group.243244245 In Japan, during the week March 24–30, 2008, the PSP nearly outsold all of the other game consoles combined, selling 129,986 units, some of which were bundled with Monster Hunter Portable 2nd G,246 which was the bestselling game in that week, according to Media Create.247 As of December 28, 2008, the PSP had sold 11,078,484 units in Japan, according to Enterbrain.248249 In Europe, the PSP had sold 12 million units as of May 6, 2008, according to SCE Europe.250 In the United Kingdom, the PSP had sold 3.2 million units as of January 3, 2009, according to GfK Chart-Track.251

From 2006 to the third quarter of 2010, the PSP sold 53 million units.252 In a 2009 interview, Peter Dillon, Sony's senior vice-president of marketing, said piracy of video games was leading to lower sales than hoped.253 Despite being aimed at a different audience,254 the PSP competed directly with the Nintendo DS. During the last few years of its life cycle, sales of the PSP models started to decrease. Shipments to North America ended in January 2014, later in Europe, and on June 3, 2014, Sony announced sales of the device in Japan would end. Production of the device and sales to the rest of Asia would continue.255 During its lifetime, the PSP sold 80 million fewer units than the Nintendo DS.256

Marketing

In late 2005, Sony said it had hired graffiti artists to spray-paint advertisements for the PSP in seven major U.S. cities, including New York City, Atlanta, Philadelphia, and San Francisco. According to Sony, it was paying businesses and building owners for the right to spray-paint their walls.257 A year later, Sony ran a poster campaign in England; a poster bearing the slogan "Take a running jump here" was removed from a Manchester Piccadilly station tram platform due to concerns it might encourage suicide.258

Later in 2006, news of a billboard advertisement released in the Netherlands depicting a white woman holding a black woman by the jaw, saying "PlayStation Portable White is coming", spread. Two similar advertisements existed; one showed the two women facing each other on equal footing in fighting stances, the other showed the black woman in a dominant position on top of the white woman. Sony's stated purpose was to contrast the white and black versions of the PSP, but the advertisements were interpreted as being racially charged. These advertisements were never released in the rest of the world and were withdrawn from the Netherlands after the controversy.259 The advertisement attracted international press coverage; Engadget said Sony may have hoped to "capitalize on a PR firestorm".260

Sony came under scrutiny online in December 2006 for a guerrilla marketing campaign in which advertisers posed as young bloggers who desperately wanted a PSP. The site was created by advertising firm Zipatoni.261

At E3 2010, Sony created a fictional 12-year-old character that was used by Sony Computer Entertainment America as part of their Step Your Game Up advertising campaign for the PlayStation Portable and PSPgo consoles in North America, as part of the PlayStation 3's "It Only Does Everything" advertising campaign.262 The character, Marcus Rivers, was played by child-actor Bobb'e J. Thompson, and started as the publicist of the PlayStation Portable division of Sony, responding to "Dear PSP" queries.263 Marcus was additionally used to advertise games for the system.264 The character was eventually discontinued, with the "Dear PSP" campaign continuing without them.265

See also

Notes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to PlayStation Portable.

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