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Description

The Pisco Formation of the Pisco Basin consists of tuffaceous sandstones, diatomaceous yellow to gray siltstones and a basal conglomerate.⁶ The formation is deposited from Pisco in the north to Yauca in the south. The northern portion is known as the Ocucaje Area and the southern part as the Sacaco Area.⁷ The total thickness of the formation is estimated at 640 metres (2,100 ft).⁸ The formation unconformably overlies the Chilcatay and Caballas Formations.

Paleobiota of the Pisco Formation

The Pisco Formation has provided a rich resource of marine fauna, including marine mammals like cetaceans and seals, large fishes, reptiles, and penguins.⁹ It is also one of the richest sites in the world for fossil cetaceans, with close to 500 examples being found in the formation.¹⁰

The oldest fossils of the aquatic sloth Thalassocnus (T. antiquus) come from the Aguada de Lomas horizon of the Pisco Formation and were dated at roughly 7 Ma. The youngest specimen (T. carolomartini) was found in the Sacaco horizon and dated to approximately 3 Ma.¹¹ Thalassocnus was preyed upon by the probable apex predators of the environment, Livyatan and megalodon.¹²¹³ The youngest strata belonging to the formation have been dated at 2 Ma, corresponding to the Early Pleistocene (Uquian). Fossils of the Humboldt penguin were found in these deposits at the Yauca locality.¹⁴

Birds

Fish

Bony fish

Rays

Sharks

Mammals

Cetaceans

Pinnipeds

Xenarthrans

Mollusks

Bivalves

Polychaetes

Gastropods

Reptiles

Correlations

Laventan

See also

• Bahía Inglesa Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Chile
• Castilletes Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of the Cocinetas Basin, Colombia
• Cerro Ballena, contemporaneous fossil site of the Bahía Inglesa Formation of Chile
• Coquimbo Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Chile
• Collón Curá Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Patagonia, Argentina
• Honda Group, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Colombia
• Navidad Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of Chile
• Pebas Formation, contemporaneous fossiliferous formation of the Amazon Basin
• Urumaco, contemporaneous fossil site of the Falcón Basin, Venezuela

Bibliography

• Altamirano Sierra, Alí J (2013), "Primer registro de pelicano (Aves: Pelecanidae) para el Mioceno tardio de la formacion Pisco, Peru" (PDF), Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines, 42: 1–12, retrieved 2017-09-04
• Amson, E.; De Muizon, C. (2013), "A new durophagous phocid (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the late Neogene of Peru and considerations on monachine seals phylogeny", Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 12 (5): 523–548, doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.799610, retrieved 2019-03-13
• Báez Gómez, Diego A (2006), "Estudio paleoambiental de la Formación Pisco: Localidad Ocucaje" (PDF), Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG, 9: 64–69, retrieved 2017-09-04
• Bianucci, G.; Di Celma, C.; Landini, W.; Post, K.; Tinelli, C.; de Muizon, C. (2015), "Distribution of fossil marine vertebrates in Cerro Colorado, the type locality of the giant raptorial sperm whale Livyatan melvillei (Miocene, Pisco Formation, Peru)", Journal of Maps, 12 (3): 543–557, doi:10.1080/17445647.2015.1048315, hdl:11568/760494
• Brand, Leonard; Urbina, Mario; Chadwick, Arthur; DeVries, Thomas J.; Esperante, Raul (2011), "A high resolution stratigraphic framework for the remarkable fossil cetacean assemblage of the Miocene/Pliocene Pisco Formation, Peru", Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 31 (4): 414–425, Bibcode:2011JSAES..31..414B, doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2011.02.015
• Brand, Leonard R.; Esperante, Raúl; Chadwick, Arthur V.; Poma Porras, Orlando; Alomía, Merling (2004), "Fossil whale preservation implies high diatom accumulation rate in the Miocene–Pliocene Pisco Formation of Peru", Geology, 32 (2): 165–168, Bibcode:2004Geo....32..165B, doi:10.1130/G20079.1, retrieved 2018-09-07
• Chávez Hoffmeister, Martín Felipe; Stucchi, Marcelo; Urbina Schmitt, Mario (2007), "El registro de Pelagornithidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes) y la avifauna neógena del Pacífico sudeste", Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines, 33 (36 (2)): 175–197, doi:10.4000/bifea.3780, retrieved 2019-03-13
• Collareta, Alberto; Lambert, Olivier; de Muizon, Christian; Urbina, Mario; Bianucci, Giovanni (2017), "Koristocetus pescei gen. et sp. nov., a diminutive sperm whale (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Kogiidae) from the late Miocene of Peru" (PDF), Fossil Record, 20 (2): 259–278, Bibcode:2017FossR..20..259C, doi:10.5194/fr-20-259-2017, retrieved 2018-09-07
• Demeré, Thomas A.; Berta, Annalisa; McGowen, Michael R. (2005), "The Taxonomic and Evolutionary History of Fossil and Modern Balaenopteroid Mysticetes" (PDF), Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 12 (1–2): 99–143, doi:10.1007/s10914-005-6944-3, retrieved 2019-03-13
• Göhlich, Ursula B. (2007), "The oldest fossil record of the extant penguin genus Spheniscus — a new species from the Miocene of Peru" (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 52: 285–298, retrieved 2019-03-13
• Lambert, Olivier; Bianucci, Giovanni; Urbina, Mario; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2017), "A new inioid (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Delphinida) from the Miocene of Peru and the origin of modern dolphin and porpoise families", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 179 (4): 919–946
• Lambert, Olivier; Bianucci, Giovanni; Post, Klaas; De Muizon, Christian; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Urbina, Mario; Reumer, Jelle (2010), "The giant bite of a new raptorial sperm whale from the Miocene epoch of Peru", Nature, 466 (7302): 105–108, Bibcode:2010Natur.466..105L, doi:10.1038/nature09067, ISSN 0028-0836, PMID 20596020, retrieved 2017-09-04
• Lambert, Olivier; Bianucci, Giovanni; De Muizon, Christian (2008), "A New Stem-Sperm Whale (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Physeteroidea) from the Latest Miocene of Peru", Comptes Rendus Palevol, 7 (6): 361–369, Bibcode:2008CRPal...7..361L, doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2008.06.002, retrieved 2019-03-13
• Marx, Felix G.; Kohno, Naoki (2016), "A new Miocene baleen whale from the Peruvian desert", Royal Society Open Science, 3 (10): 1–27, Bibcode:2016RSOS....360542M, doi:10.1098/rsos.160542, PMC 5098998, PMID 27853573
• De Muizon, Christian; McDonald, H. Gregory; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Urbina Schmitt, Mario (2004), "The youngest species of the aquatic sloth Thalassocnus and a reassessment of the relationships of the nothrothere sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra)", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24: 287–297, retrieved 2018-09-05
• De Muizon, Christian; McDonald, H. Gregory; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Urbina, Mario (2003), "A new early species of the aquatic sloth Thalassocnus (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from the Late Miocene of Peru", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23 (4): 886–894, Bibcode:2003JVPal..23..886D, doi:10.1671/2361-13, ISSN 0272-4634, retrieved 2017-09-04
• De Muizon, Christian; Domning, Daryl P. (2002), "The anatomy of Odobenocetops (Delphinoidea, Mammalia), the walrus-like dolphin from the Pliocene of Peru and its palaeobiological implications", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 134 (4): 423–452, doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00015.x, ISSN 1096-3642, retrieved 2017-09-04
• De Muizon, C (1988), "Les Vertébrés fossiles de la Formation Pisco (Pérou). Troisième partie: Les Odontocètes (Cetacea, Mammalia) du Miocène", Editions Recherche Sur les Civilisations, 78: 1–244, retrieved 2019-03-13
• Parham, J.F.; Pyenson, N.D. (2010), "New sea turtle from the Miocene of Peru and iterative evolution of feeding ecomorphologies since the Cretaceous" (PDF), Journal of Paleontology, 84 (2): 231–247, Bibcode:2010JPal...84..231P, doi:10.1666/09-077R.1, retrieved 2018-09-07
• Poma Porras, Orlando; Horna Santillán, Edgard; Esperante, Raúl (2009), "Baleen Fósil (Cetacea: mysticeti) en Sedimentos de la Cuenca Marina del Neógeno en la Formación Pisco, al Sur del Perú" (PDF), Revista de Investigación Universitaria, 1: 84–97, retrieved 2017-09-04
• Stucchi, M.; Varas Malca, R.M.; Urbina Schmitt, M. (2016), "New Miocene sulid birds from Peru and considerations on their Neogene fossil record in the Eastern Pacific Ocean" (PDF), Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 61: 417–427, retrieved 2018-09-07
• Stucchi, M (2007), "Los pingüinos de la Formación Pisco (Neógeno), Perú" (PDF), 4th European Meeting on the Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of Latin America, Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, 8: 367–373, retrieved 2017-09-04

Further reading

• A. Alván, J. Apolín, and C. Chacaltana. 2004. Los dientes de Seláceos (Condrichthyies) y su aplicación estratigráfica en Las Lomas de Ullujaya (Ica, Perú). XIII Congreso Peruano de Geología. Resúmenes Extendidos 595–598
• A. Collareta, O. Lambert, W. Landini, C. Di Celma, E. Malinverno, R. Varas-Malca, M. Urbina and G. Bianucci. 2017. Did the giant extinct shark Carcharocles megalodon target small prey? Bite marks on marine mammal remains from the late Miocene of Peru. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 469:84-91
• R. Esperante, L. Brand, K. E. Nick, O. Poma, and M. Urbina. 2008. Exceptional occurrence of fossil baleen in shallow marine sediments of the Neogene Pisco Formation, Southern Peru. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 257:344-360
• A. Gioncada, A. Collareta, K. Gariboldi, O. Lambert, C. Di Clema, E. Bonaccorsi, M. Urbina and G. Bianucci. 2016. Inside baleen: Exceptional microstructure preservation in a late Miocene whale skeleton from Peru. Geology
• C. S. Gutstein, M. A. Cozzuol, A. O. Vargas, M. E. Suarez, C. L. Schultz and D. Rubilar-Rogers. 2009. Patterns of skull variation of Brachydelphis (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Neogene of the Southeastern Pacific. Journal of Mammalogy 90(2):504-519
• O. Lambert, A. Collareta, W. Landini, K. Post, B. Ramanssamy, C. Di Celma, M. Urbina and G. Bianucci. 2015. No deep diving: evidence of predation on epipelagic fish for a stem beaked whale from the Late Miocene of Peru. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 282:20151530
• J. Machare, T. DeVries, and E. Fourtanier. 1988. Oligo-Miocene transgression along the Pacific margin of South America: new paleontological and geological evidence from the Pisco basin (Peru). Géodyynamique 3(1–2):25-37
• R. Marocco and C. de Muizon. 1988. Los vertebrados del Neogeno de La Costa Sur del Perú: Ambiente sedimentario y condiciones de fosilización. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines 17(2):105-117
• C. de Muizon and D. P. Domning. 1985. The first records of fossil sirenians in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section C: Sciences de la Terre: Paléontologie, Géologie, Minéralogie, Paris: Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 7(3):189-213
• C. de Muizon. 1983. Pliopontos littoralis un nouveau Platanistidae Cetacea du Pliocene de la cote peruvienne. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Paris Série II (296)1101-1104
• C. de Muizon. 1978. Arctocephalus (Hydrarctos) lomasiensis, subgen. nov. et nov sp., un nouvel Otariidae du Mio-Pliocene de Sacaco. Bulletin de l'Institute Français d'Études Andines 7(3–4):169-189
• M. Urbina and M. Stucchi. 2005. Los cormoranes (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) del Mio-Plioceno de la Formacion Pisco, Peru. Boletin de la Sociedad Geologica del Peru 99:41-49
• R. M. Varas Malca and A. Valenzuela Toro. 2011. A basal monachine seal from the middle Miocene of the Pisco Formation, Peru. Ameghiniana 48(4):R216-R217
• T. J. DeVries. 2008. Pliocene and Pleistocene Fissurella Bruguiére, 1789 (Gastropoda: Fissurellidae) from Southern Peru. The Veliger 50(2):129-148
• T. J. DeVries. 2007. Cenozoic Turritellidae (Gastropoda) from southern Peru. Journal of Paleontology 81(2):331-351
• T. J. DeVries, L. T. Groves, and M. Urbina. 2006. A new early Miocene Muracypraea Woodring, 1957 (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) from the Pisco Basin of southern Peru. The Nautilus 120(3):101-105
• T. J. DeVries. 2003. Acanthina Fischer von Waldheim, 1807 (Gastropoda: Muricidae), an ocenebrine genus endemic to South America. The Veliger 46(4):332-350
• T. J. DeVries. 1997. Neogene Ficus (Mesogastropoda: Ficidae) from the Pisco Basin (Peru). Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica de Perú 86:11-18

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