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Terminology

The etymology of the term satyr (Ancient Greek: σάτυρος, romanized: sátyros) is unclear, and several different etymologies have been proposed for it,⁴ including a possible Pre-Greek origin.⁵ Some scholars have linked the second part of name to the root of the Greek word θηρίον, thēríon, meaning 'wild animal'.⁶ This proposal may be supported by the fact that at one point Euripides refers to satyrs as theres.⁷ Another proposed etymology derives the name from an ancient Peloponnesian word meaning 'the full ones', alluding to their permanent state of sexual arousal.⁸ Eric Partridge suggested that the name may be related to the root sat-, meaning 'to sow', which has also been proposed as the root of the name of the Roman god Saturn.⁹ Satyrs are usually indistinguishable from sileni, whose iconography is virtually identical.¹⁰¹¹¹² According to Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, the name 'satyr' is sometimes derogatorily applied to a "brutish or lustful man".¹³ The term satyriasis refers to a medical condition in males characterized by excessive sexual desire.¹⁴¹⁵ It is the male equivalent of nymphomania.¹⁶

Origin hypotheses

Indo-European

According to classicist Martin Litchfield West, satyrs and silenoi in Greek mythology are similar to a number of other entities appearing in other Indo-European mythologies,¹⁷ indicating that they probably go back, in some vague form, to Proto-Indo-European mythology.¹⁸ Like satyrs, these other Indo-European nature spirits are often human-animal hybrids, frequently bearing specifically equine or asinine features.¹⁹ Human-animal hybrids known as Kiṃpuruṣas or Kiṃnaras are mentioned in the Rāmāyaṇa, an Indian epic poem written in Sanskrit.²⁰ According to Augustine of Hippo (354–430 AD) and others, the ancient Celts believed in dusii, which were hairy demons believed to occasionally take human form and seduce mortal women.²¹ Later figures in Celtic folklore, including the Irish bocánach, the Scottish ùruisg and glaistig, and the Manx goayr heddagh, are part human and part goat.²² The lexicographer Hesychius of Alexandria (fifth or sixth century AD) records that the Illyrians believed in satyr-like creatures called Deuadai.²³ The Slavic leshy also bears similarities to satyrs, since he is described as being covered in hair and having "goat's horns, ears, feet, and long clawlike fingernails."²⁴

Like satyrs, these similar creatures in other Indo-European mythologies are often also tricksters, mischief-makers, and dancers.²⁵ The leshy was believed to trick travelers into losing their way.²⁶ The Armenian Pay(n) were a group of male spirits said to dance in the woods.²⁷ In Germanic mythology, elves were also said to dance in woodland clearings and leave behind fairy rings.²⁸ They were also thought to play pranks, steal horses, tie knots in people's hair, and steal children and replace them with changelings.²⁹ West notes that satyrs, elves, and other nature spirits of this variety are a "motley crew" and that it is difficult to reconstruct a prototype behind them.³⁰ Nonetheless, he concludes that "we can recognize recurrent traits" and that they can probably be traced back to the Proto-Indo-Europeans in some form.³¹

Near Eastern

On the other hand, a number of commentators have noted that satyrs are also similar to beings in the beliefs of ancient Near Eastern cultures. Various demons of the desert are mentioned in ancient Near Eastern texts, although the iconography of these beings is poorly-attested.³² Beings possibly similar to satyrs called śě'îrîm are mentioned several times in the Hebrew Bible.³³³⁴ Śĕ'îr was the standard Hebrew word for 'he-goat', but it could also apparently sometimes refer to demons in the forms of goats.³⁵³⁶ They were evidently subjects of veneration, because Leviticus 17:7 forbids Israelites from making sacrificial offerings to them³⁷ and 2 Chronicles 11:15 mentions that a special cult was established for the śě'îrîm of Jeroboam I.³⁸³⁹ Like satyrs, they were associated with desolate places and with some variety of dancing.⁴⁰ Isaiah 13:21 predicts,⁴¹ in Karen L. Edwards's translation: "But wild animals [ziim] will lie down there, and its houses will be full of howling creatures [ohim]; there ostriches will live, and there goat-demons [śĕ'îr] will dance."⁴² Similarly, Isaiah 34:14 declares: "Wildcats [ziim] shall meet with hyenas [iim], goat-demons [śĕ'îr] shall call to each other; there too Lilith [lilit] shall repose and find a place to rest."⁴³⁴⁴ Śě'îrîm were understood by at least some ancient commentators to be goat-like demons of the wilderness.⁴⁵⁴⁶ In the Latin Vulgate translation of the Old Testament, śĕ'îr is translated as pilosus, which also means 'hairy'.⁴⁷ Jerome, the translator of the Vulgate, equated these figures with satyrs.⁴⁸ Both satyrs and śě'îrîm have also been compared to the jinn of Pre-Islamic Arabia,⁴⁹⁵⁰⁵¹ who were envisioned as hairy demons in the forms of animals who could sometimes change into other forms, including human-like ones.⁵²

In archaic and classical Greece

Physical appearance

In archaic and classical Greek art, satyrs are shown with the ears and tails of horses.⁵³⁵⁴⁵⁵ They walk upright on two legs, like human beings.⁵⁶ They are usually shown with bestial faces, snub noses, and manelike hair.⁵⁷ They are often bearded and balding.⁵⁸ Like other Greek nature spirits, satyrs are always depicted nude.⁵⁹ Sometimes they also have the legs of horses,^6061626364 but, in ancient art, including both vase paintings and in sculptures, satyrs are most often represented with human legs and feet.⁶⁵⁶⁶

Satyrs' genitals are always depicted as either erect or at least extremely large.^67686970 Their erect phalli represent their association with wine and women, which were the two major aspects of their god Dionysus's domain.⁷¹ In some cases, satyrs are portrayed as very human-like, lacking manes or tails.⁷² As time progressed, this became the general trend, with satyrs losing aspects of their original bestial appearance over the course of Greek history and gradually becoming more and more human.⁷³ In the most common depictions, satyrs are shown drinking wine, dancing, playing flutes, chasing nymphs, or consorting with Dionysus.⁷⁴⁷⁵⁷⁶ They are also frequently shown masturbating or copulating with animals.⁷⁷⁷⁸ In scenes from ceramic paintings depicting satyrs engaging in orgies, satyrs standing by and watching are often shown masturbating.⁷⁹

Behavior

One of the earliest written sources for satyrs is the Catalogue of Women, which is attributed to the Boeotian poet Hesiod. Here satyrs are born alongside the nymphs and Kouretes and are described as "good-for-nothing, prankster Satyrs".⁸⁰⁸¹ Satyrs were widely seen as mischief-makers who routinely played tricks on people and interfered with their personal property.⁸² They had insatiable sexual appetites and often sought to seduce or ravish both nymphs and mortal women alike,^83848586 though these attempts were not always successful.⁸⁷ Satyrs almost always appear in artwork alongside female companions of some variety.⁸⁸ These female companions may be clothed or nude, but the satyrs always treat them as mere sexual objects.⁸⁹ A single elderly satyr named Silenus was believed to have been the tutor of Dionysus on Mount Nysa.⁹⁰⁹¹⁹² After Dionysus grew to maturity, Silenus became one of his most devout followers, remaining perpetually drunk.⁹³

This image was reflected in the classical Athenian satyr play.⁹⁴⁹⁵ Satyr plays were a genre of plays defined by the fact that their choruses were invariably made up of satyrs.^96979899 These satyrs are always led by Silenus, who is their "father".¹⁰⁰ According to Carl A. Shaw, the chorus of satyrs in a satyr play were "always trying to get a laugh with their animalistic, playfully rowdy, and, above all, sexual behavior."¹⁰¹ The satyrs play an important role in driving the plot of the production, without any of them actually being the lead role, which was always reserved for a god or tragic hero.¹⁰² Many satyr plays are named for the activity in which the chorus of satyrs engage during the production, such as Δικτυουλκοί, Diktyoulkoí, 'Net-Haulers', Θεωροὶ ἢ Ἰσθμιασταί, Theōroì ē Isthmiastaí, 'Spectators or Competitors at the Isthmian Games', and Ἰχνευταί, Ichneutaí, 'Searchers'.¹⁰³ Like tragedies, but unlike comedies, satyr plays were set in the distant past and dealt with mythological subjects.¹⁰⁴ The third or second-century BC philosopher Demetrius of Phalerum famously characterized the satiric genre in his treatise De Elocutione as the middle ground between tragedy and comedy: a "playful tragedy" (τραγῳδία παίζουσα, tragōdía paízdousa).¹⁰⁵¹⁰⁶

The only complete extant satyr play is Euripides's Cyclops,^107108109110 which is a burlesque of a scene from the eighth-century BC epic poem, the Odyssey, in which Odysseus is captured by the Cyclops Polyphemus in a cave.¹¹¹ In the play, Polyphemus has captured a tribe of satyrs led by Silenus, who is described as their "Father", and forced them to work for him as his slaves.¹¹² After Polyphemus captures Odysseus, Silenus attempts to play Odysseus and Polyphemus off each other for his own benefit, primarily by tricking them into giving him wine.¹¹³ As in the original scene, Odysseus manages to blind Polyphemus and escape.¹¹⁴ Approximately 450 lines, most of which are fragmentary, have survived of Sophocles's satyr play Ichneutae (Tracking Satyrs).¹¹⁵ In the surviving portion of the play, the chorus of satyrs are described as "lying on the ground like hedgehogs in a bush, or like a monkey bending over to fart at someone."¹¹⁶ The character Cyllene scolds them: "All you [satyrs] do you do for the sake of fun!... Cease to expand your smooth phallus with delight. You should not make silly jokes and chatter, so that the gods will make you shed tears to make me laugh."¹¹⁷

In Dionysius I of Syracuse's fragmentary satyr play Limos (Starvation), Silenus attempts to give the hero Heracles an enema.¹¹⁸ A number of vase paintings depict scenes from satyr plays, including the Pronomos Vase, which depicts the entire cast of a victorious satyr play, dressed in costume, wearing shaggy leggings, erect phalli, and horse tails.¹¹⁹ The genre's reputation for crude humor is alluded to in other texts as well.¹²⁰ In Aristophanes's comedy Thesmophoriazusae, the tragic poet Agathon declares that a dramatist must be able to adopt the personae of his characters in order to successfully portray them on stage.¹²¹ In lines 157–158, Euripides's unnamed relative retorts: "Well, let me know when you're writing satyr plays; I'll get behind you with my hard-on and show you how."¹²² This is the only extant reference to the genre of satyr plays from a work of ancient Greek comedy¹²³ and, according to Shaw, it effectively characterizes satyr plays as "a genre of 'hard-ons.'"¹²⁴

In spite of their bawdy behavior, however, satyrs were still revered as semi-divine beings and companions of the god Dionysus.¹²⁵ They were thought to possess their own kind of wisdom that was useful to humans if they could be convinced to share it.¹²⁶¹²⁷ In Plato's Symposium, Alcibiades praises Socrates by comparing him to the famous satyr Marsyas.¹²⁸ He resembles him physically, since he is balding and has a snub-nose,¹²⁹ but Alcibiades contends that he resembles him mentally as well, because he is "insulting and abusive", in possession of irresistible charm, "erotically inclined to beautiful people", and "acts as if he knows nothing".¹³⁰ Alcibiades concludes that Socrates's role as a philosopher is similar to that of the paternal satyr Silenus, because, at first, his questions seem ridiculous and laughable, but, upon closer inspection, they are revealed to be filled with much wisdom.¹³¹ One story, mentioned by Herodotus in his Histories and in a fragment by Aristotle, recounts that King Midas once captured a silenus, who provided him with wise philosophical advice.¹³²

Mythology

According to classicist William Hansen, although satyrs were popular in classical art, they rarely appear in surviving mythological accounts.¹³³ Different classical sources present conflicting accounts of satyrs' origins.¹³⁴ According to a fragment from the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women, satyrs are sons of the five granddaughters of Phoroneus and therefore siblings of the Oreads and the Kouretes.^135136137 The satyr Marsyas, however, is described by mythographers as the son of either Olympos or Oiagros.¹³⁸ Hansen observes that "there may be more than one way to produce a satyr, as there is to produce a Cyclops or a centaur."¹³⁹ The classical Greeks recognized that satyrs obviously could not self-reproduce since there were no female satyrs,¹⁴⁰ but they seem to have been unsure whether satyrs were mortal or immortal.¹⁴¹

Rather than appearing en masse as in satyr-plays, when satyrs appear in myths it is usually in the form of a single, famous character.¹⁴² The comic playwright Melanippides of Melos (c. 480–430 BC) tells the story in his lost comedy Marsyas of how, after inventing the aulos, the goddess Athena looked in the mirror while she was playing it.¹⁴³ She saw how blowing into it puffed up her cheeks and made her look silly, so she threw the aulos away and cursed it so that whoever picked it up would meet an awful death.¹⁴⁴ The aulos was picked up by the satyr Marsyas,¹⁴⁵ who challenged Apollo to a musical contest.¹⁴⁶ They both agreed beforehand that whoever won would be allowed to do whatever he wanted to the loser.¹⁴⁷ Marsyas played the aulos and Apollo played the lyre.¹⁴⁸ Apollo turned his lyre upside-down and played it.¹⁴⁹ He asked Marsyas to do the same with his instrument.¹⁵⁰ Since he could not, Apollo was deemed to victor.¹⁵¹ Apollo hung Marsyas from a pine tree and flayed him alive to punish him for his hubris in daring to challenge one of the gods.¹⁵² Later, this story became accepted as canonical¹⁵³ and the Athenian sculptor Myron created a group of bronze sculptures based on it, which was installed before the western front of the Parthenon in around 440 BC.¹⁵⁴ Surviving retellings of the legend are found in the Library of Pseudo-Apollodorus, Pausanias's Guide to Greece, and the Fabulae of Pseudo-Hyginus.¹⁵⁵¹⁵⁶

In a myth referenced in multiple classical texts, including the Bibliotheke of Pseudo-Apollodorus and the Fabulae of Pseudo-Hyginus, a satyr from Argos once attempted to rape the nymph Amymone, but she called to the god Poseidon for help and he launched his trident at the satyr, knocking him to the ground.^157158159 This myth may have originated from Aeschylus's lost satyr play Amymone.^160161162 Scenes of one or more satyrs chasing Amymone became a common trope in Greek vase paintings starting in the late fifth century BC.¹⁶³¹⁶⁴ Among the earliest depictions of the scene come from a bell krater in the style of the Peleus Painter from Syracuse (PEM 10, pl. 155) and a bell krater in the style of the Dinos Painter from Vienna (DM 7).¹⁶⁵

According to one account, Satyrus was one of the many sons of Dionysus and the Bithynian nymph Nicaea, born after Dionysus tricked Nicaea into getting drunk and raped her as she laid unconscious.¹⁶⁶

List of Satyrs

Many names of the satyrs that appear in Nonnos' Dionysiaca are heavily assumed to have been coined by the author, and are nothing more than plot devices with no mythological significance. Four names listed in the epic, when translated, are merely adjectives associated to the character ¹⁹⁷("Pastoral", "Cult-association", "Tall-horn", and "Mountain-dweller").

The names of the satyrs according to various vase paintings were: Babacchos, Briacchos, Dithyrambos, Demon, Dromis, Echon, Hedyoinos ("Sweet Wine"), Hybris ("Insolence"), Hedymeles, ("Sweet Song"), Komos ("Revelry"), Kissos ("Ivy"), Molkos, Oinos, Oreimachos, Simos ("Snub-nose"), Terpon and Tyrbas ("Rout").¹⁹⁸

Later antiquity

Hellenistic Era

The iconography of satyrs was gradually conflated with that of the Pans, plural forms of the god Pan, who were regularly depicted with the legs and horns of a goat.¹⁹⁹²⁰⁰ By the Hellenistic Period (323–31 BC), satyrs were beginning to sometimes be shown with goat-like features.²⁰¹²⁰² Meanwhile, both satyrs and Pans also continued to be shown as more human and less bestial.²⁰³ Scenes of satyrs and centaurs were very popular during the Hellenistic Period.²⁰⁴ They often appear dancing or playing the aulos.²⁰⁵ The maenads that often accompany satyrs in Archaic and Classical representations are often replaced in Hellenistic portrayals with wood nymphs.²⁰⁶

Artists also began to widely represent scenes of nymphs repelling the unwanted advances of amorous satyrs.²⁰⁷ Scenes of this variety were used to express the dark, beastly side of human sexuality at a remove by attributing that sexuality to satyrs, who were part human and part animal.²⁰⁸ In this way, satyrs became vehicles of a metaphor for a phenomenon extending far beyond the original narrative purposes in which they had served during earlier periods of Greek history.²⁰⁹ Some variants on this theme represent a satyr being rebuffed by a hermaphrodite, who, from the satyr's perspective, appears to be a beautiful, young girl.²¹⁰ These sculptures may have been intended as kind of sophisticated erotic joke.²¹¹

The Athenian sculptor Praxiteles's statue Pouring Satyr represented the eponymous satyr as very human-like.²¹²²¹³ The satyr was shown as very young, in line with Praxiteles's frequent agenda of representing deities and other figures as adolescents.²¹⁴ This tendency is also attested in the descriptions of his sculptures of Dionysus and the Archer Eros written in the third or fourth century AD by the art critic Callistratus.²¹⁵ The original statue is widely assumed to have depicted the satyr in the act of pouring an oinochoe over his head into a cup, probably a kantharos.²¹⁶²¹⁷ Antonio Corso describes the satyr in this sculpture as a "gentle youth" and "a precious and gentle being" with "soft and velvety" skin.²¹⁸ The only hints at his "feral nature" were his ears, which were slightly pointed, and his small tail.²¹⁹²²⁰

The shape of the sculpture was an S-shape, shown in three-quarter view.²²¹ The satyr had short, boyish locks, derived from those of earlier Greek athletic sculpture.²²² Although the original statue has been lost, a representation of the pouring satyr appears in a late classical relief sculpture from Athens²²³²²⁴ and twenty-nine alleged "copies" of the statue from the time of the Roman Empire have also survived.²²⁵ Olga Palagia and J. J. Pollitt argue that, although the Pouring Satyr is widely accepted as a genuine work of Praxiteles,²²⁶ it may not have been a single work at all and the supposed "copies" of it may merely be Roman sculptures repeating the traditional Greek motif of pouring wine at symposia.²²⁷

Ancient Rome

The Romans identified satyrs with their own nature spirits, fauns.^228229230 Although generally similar to satyrs, fauns differed in that they were usually seen as "shy, woodland creatures" rather than the drunk and boisterous satyrs of the classical Greeks.²³¹ Also, fauns generally lacked the association Greek satyrs had with secret wisdom.²³² Unlike classical Greek satyrs, fauns were unambiguously goat-like;²³³²³⁴ they had the upper bodies of men, but the legs, hooves, tail, and horns of goats.²³⁵²³⁶ The first-century BC Roman poet Lucretius mentions in his lengthy poem De rerum natura that people of his time believed in "goat-legged" (capripedes) satyrs, along with nymphs who lived in the mountains and fauns who played rustic music on stringed instruments and pipes.²³⁷

In Roman-era depictions, satyrs and fauns are both often associated with music and depicted playing the Pan pipes or syrinx.²³⁸ The poet Virgil, who flourished during the early years of the Roman Empire, recounts a story in his sixth Eclogue about two boys who tied up the satyr Silenus while he was in a drunken stupor and forced him to sing them a song about the beginning of the universe.²³⁹ The first-century AD Roman poet Ovid makes Jupiter, the king of the gods, express worry that the viciousness of humans will leave fauns, nymphs, and satyrs without a place to live, so he gives them a home in the forests, woodlands, and mountains, where they will be safe.²⁴⁰²⁴¹ Ovid also retells the story of Marsyas's hubris.²⁴² He describes a musical contest between Marsyas, playing the aulos, and the god Apollo, playing the lyre.²⁴³²⁴⁴ Marsyas loses and Apollo flays him as punishment.²⁴⁵²⁴⁶

The Roman naturalist and encyclopedist Pliny the Elder conflated satyrs with gibbons, which he describes using the word satyrus, a Latinized form of the Greek satyros.²⁴⁷ He characterizes them as "a savage and wild people; distinct voice and speech they have none, but in steed thereof, they keep a horrible gnashing and hideous noise: rough they are and hairie all over their bodies, eies they have red like the houlets [owls] and toothed they be like dogs."²⁴⁸

The second-century Greek Middle Platonist philosopher Plutarch records a legendary incident in his Life of Sulla, in which the soldiers of the Roman general Sulla are reported to have captured a satyr sleeping during a military campaign in Greece in 89 BC.²⁴⁹ Sulla's men brought the satyr to him and he attempted to interrogate it,²⁵⁰ but it spoke only in an unintelligible sound: a cross between the neighing of a horse and the bleating of a goat.²⁵¹ The second-century Greek travel writer Pausanias reports having seen the tombs of deceased silenoi in Judaea and at Pergamon.²⁵²²⁵³ Based on these sites, Pausanias concludes that silenoi must be mortal.²⁵⁴²⁵⁵

The third-century Greek biographer Philostratus records a legend in his Life of Apollonius of Tyana of how the ghost of an Aethiopian satyr was deeply enamored with the women from the local village and had killed two of them.²⁵⁶²⁵⁷ Then, the philosopher Apollonius of Tyana set a trap for it with wine, knowing that, after drinking it, the ghost-satyr would fall asleep forever.²⁵⁸²⁵⁹ The wine diminished from the container before the onlookers' eyes, but the ghost-satyr himself remained invisible.²⁶⁰²⁶¹ Once all the wine had vanished, the ghost-satyr fell asleep and never bothered the villagers again.²⁶² Amira El-Zein notes similarities between this story and later Arabic accounts of jinn.²⁶³ The treatise Saturnalia by the fifth-century AD Roman poet Macrobius connects both the word satyr and the name Saturn to the Greek word for "penis".²⁶⁴ Macrobius explains that this is on account of satyrs' sexual lewdness.²⁶⁵ Macrobius also equates Dionysus and Apollo as the same deity²⁶⁶ and states that a festival in honor of Bacchus is held every year atop Mount Parnassus, at which many satyrs are often seen.²⁶⁷

After antiquity

Middle Ages

Starting in late antiquity, Christian writers began to portray satyrs and fauns as dark, evil, and demonic.²⁶⁸ Jerome (c. 347 – 420 AD) described them as symbols of Satan on account of their lasciviousness.²⁶⁹ Despite this, however, satyrs were sometimes clearly distinguished from demons and sometimes even portrayed as noble.²⁷⁰ Because Christians believed that the distinction between humans and animals was spiritual rather than physical, it was thought that even a satyr could attain salvation.²⁷¹ Isidore of Seville (c. 560 – 636) records an anecdote later recounted in the Golden Legend, that Anthony the Great encountered a satyr in the desert who asked to pray with him to their common God.²⁷² During the Early Middle Ages, features and characteristics of satyrs and the god Pan, who resembled a satyr, became absorbed into traditional Christian iconography of Satan.²⁷³

Medieval storytellers in Western Europe also frequently conflated satyrs with wild men.²⁷⁴²⁷⁵ Both satyrs and wild men were conceived as part human and part animal²⁷⁶ and both were believed to possess unrestrained sexual appetites.²⁷⁷ Stories of wild men during the Middle Ages often had an erotic tone²⁷⁸ and were primarily told orally by peasants, since the clergy officially disapproved of them.²⁷⁹ In this form, satyrs are sometimes described and represented in medieval bestiaries,²⁸⁰²⁸¹ where a satyr is often shown dressed in an animal skin, carrying a club and a serpent.²⁸² In the Aberdeen Bestiary, the Ashmole Bestiary, and MS Harley 3244, a satyr is shown as a nude man holding a wand resembling a jester's club and leaning back, crossing his legs.²⁸³ Satyrs are sometimes juxtaposed with apes, which are characterized as "physically disgusting and akin to the Devil".²⁸⁴ In other cases, satyrs are usually shown nude, with enlarged phalli to emphasize their sexual nature.²⁸⁵ In the Second-Family Bestiary, the name "satyr" is used as the name of a species of ape, which is described as having a "very agreeable face, restless, however, in its twitching movements."²⁸⁶

Renaissance

During the Renaissance, satyrs and fauns began to reappear in works of European art.²⁸⁷²⁸⁸ During the Renaissance, no distinction was made between satyrs and fauns and both were usually given human and goat-like features in whatever proportion the artist deemed appropriate.^289290291 A goat-legged satyr appears at the base of Michelangelo's statue Bacchus (1497).²⁹² Renaissance satyrs still sometimes appear in scenes of drunken revelry like those from antiquity,²⁹³ but they also sometimes appear in family scenes, alongside female and infant or child satyrs.²⁹⁴²⁹⁵ This trend towards more familial, domestic satyrs may have resulted from conflation with wild men, who, especially in Renaissance depictions from Germany, were often portrayed as living relatively peaceful lives with their families in the wilderness.²⁹⁶²⁹⁷ The most famous representation of a domestic satyr is Albrecht Dürer's 1505 engraving The Satyr's Family, which has been widely reproduced and imitated.²⁹⁸ This popular portrayal of satyrs and wild men may have also helped give rise to the later European concept of the noble savage.²⁹⁹³⁰⁰

Satyrs occupied a paradoxical, liminal space in Renaissance art, not only because they were part human and part beast, but also because they were both antique and natural.³⁰¹ They were of classical origin, but had an iconographical canon of their own very different from the standard representations of gods and heroes.³⁰² They could be used to embody what Stephen J. Campbell calls a "monstrous double" of the category in which human beings often placed themselves.³⁰³ It is in this aspect that satyrs appear in Jacopo de' Barbari's c. 1495 series of prints depicting satyrs and naked men in combat³⁰⁴ and in Piero di Cosimo's Stories of Primitive Man, inspired by Lucretius.³⁰⁵ Satyrs became seen as "pre-human", embodying all the traits of savagery and barbarism associated with animals, but in human-like bodies.³⁰⁶ Satyrs also became used to question early modern humanism in ways which some scholars have seen as similar to present-day posthumanism,³⁰⁷ as in Titian's Flaying of Marsyas (c. 1570–1576).³⁰⁸ The Flaying of Marysas depicts the scene from Ovid's Metamorphoses in which the satyr Marysas is flayed alive.³⁰⁹ According to Campbell, the people performing the flaying are shown calmly absorbed in their task, while Marsyas himself even displays "an unlikely patience".³¹⁰ The painting reflects a broad continuum between the divine and the bestial.³¹¹

Early modern period

In the 1560 Geneva Bible, the word sa'ir in both of the instances in Isaiah is translated into English as 'satyr'.³¹² The 1611 King James Version follows this translation and likewise renders sa'ir as 'satyr'.³¹³ Edwards states that the King James Version's translation of this phrase and others like it was intended to reduce the strangeness and unfamiliarity of the creatures described in the original Hebrew text by rendering them as names of familiar entities.³¹⁴ Edmund Spenser refers to a group of woodland creatures as Satyrs in his epic poem The Faerie Queene. In Canto VI, Una is wandering through the forest when she stumbles upon a "troupe of Fauns and Satyrs far away Within the wood were dancing in a round." Although Satyrs are often negatively characterized in Greek and Roman mythology, the Satyrs in this poem are docile, helpful creatures. This is evident by the way they help protect Una from Sansloy. Sylvanus, the leader, and the rest of the Satyrs become enamored by Una's beauty and begin to worship her as if she is a deity.³¹⁵ However, the Satyrs prove to be simple-minded creatures because they begin to worship the donkey she was riding.

In the seventeenth century, satyrs became identified with great apes.³¹⁶³¹⁷ In 1699, the English anatomist Edward Tyson (1651–1708) published an account of his dissection of a creature which scholars have now identified as chimpanzee.³¹⁸ In this account, Tyson argued that stories of satyrs, wild men, and other hybrid mythological creatures had all originated from the misidentification of apes or monkeys.³¹⁹ The French materialist philosopher Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709–1751) included a section titled "On savage men, called Satyrs" in his Oeuvres philosophiques, in which he describes great apes, identifying them with both satyrs and wild men.³²⁰ Many early accounts of the orangutan describe the males as being sexually aggressive towards human women and towards females of its own species, much like classical Greek satyrs. The first scientific name given to this ape was Simia satyrus.³²¹

Relationships between satyrs and nymphs of this period are often portrayed as consensual.³²²³²³ This trend is exemplified by the 1623 painting Satyr and Nymph by Gerard van Honthorst,³²⁴ which depicts a satisfied satyr and nymph lasciviously fondling each other after engaging in obviously consensual sex.³²⁵ Both are smiling and the nymph is showing her teeth, a sign commonly used by painters of the era to signify that the woman in question is of loose morals.³²⁶ The satyr's tongue is visible as the nymph playfully tugs on his goat beard and he strokes her chin.³²⁷ Even during this period, however, depictions of satyrs uncovering sleeping nymphs are still common, indicating that their traditional associations with rape and sexual violence had not been forgotten.³²⁸

Nineteenth century

During the nineteenth century, satyrs and nymphs came to often function as a means of representing sexuality without offending Victorian moral sensibilities.³²⁹³³⁰ In the novel The Marble Faun (1860) by the American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, the Italian count Donatello is described as bearing a remarkable resemblance to one of Praxiteles's marble satyr statues.³³¹³³² Like the satyrs of Greek legend, Donatello has a carefree nature.³³³ His association with satyrs is further cemented by his intense sexual attraction to the American woman Miriam.³³⁴

Satyrs and nymphs provided a classical pretext which allowed sexual depictions of them to be seen as objects of high art rather than mere pornography.³³⁵ The French emperor Napoleon III awarded the Academic painter Alexandre Cabanel the Legion of Honour, partly on account of his painting Nymph Abducted by a Faun.³³⁶ In 1873, another French Academicist William-Adolphe Bouguereau painted Nymphs and Satyr, which depicts four nude nymphs dancing around "an unusually submissive satyr", gently coaxing him into the water of a nearby stream.³³⁷ This painting was bought that same year by an American named John Wolfe,³³⁸³³⁹ who displayed it publicly in a prominent location in the bar at the Hoffman House, a hotel he owned on Madison Square and Broadway.³⁴⁰ Despite its risqué subject, many women came to the bar to view the painting.³⁴¹ The painting was soon mass reproduced on ceramic tiles, porcelain plates, and other luxury items in the United States.³⁴²

In 1876, Stéphane Mallarmé wrote "The Afternoon of a Faun", a first-person narrative poem about a faun who attempts to kiss two beautiful nymphs while they are sleeping together.³⁴³ He accidentally wakes them up.³⁴⁴ Startled, they transform into white water birds and fly away, leaving the faun to play his pan pipes alone.³⁴⁵ Claude Debussy composed a symphonic poem Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune (Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun), which was first performed in 1894.³⁴⁶

The late nineteenth-century German Existentialist philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche was either unaware of or chose to ignore the fact that, in all the earliest representations, satyrs are depicted as horse-like.³⁴⁷ He accordingly defined a satyr as a "bearded" creature "who derived his name and attributes from the goat."³⁴⁸ Nietzsche excluded the horse-like satyrs of Greek tradition from his consideration entirely³⁴⁹ and argued that tragedy had originated from a chorus of men dressed up as satyrs or goats (tragoi).³⁵⁰ Thus, Nietzsche held that tragedy had begun as a Dionysian activity.³⁵¹ Nietzsche's rejection of the early evidence for horse-like satyrs was a mistake his critics severely excoriated him for.³⁵² Nonetheless, he was the first modern scholar to recognize the full importance of satyrs in Greek culture and tradition, as Dionysian symbols of humanity's close ties to the animal kingdom.³⁵³ Like the Greeks, Nietzsche envisioned satyrs as essentially humans stripped down to their most basic and bestial instincts.³⁵⁴

Twentieth and twenty-first centuries

See also: List of satyrs in popular culture

In 1908, the French painter Henri Matisse produced his own Nymph and Satyr painting, in which the animal nature of the satyr is drastically minimized.³⁵⁵ The satyr is given human legs, but is exceptionally hairy.³⁵⁶ The seduction element is removed altogether; the satyr simply extends his arms towards the nymph, who lies on the ground, defeated.³⁵⁷ Penny Florence writes that the "generic scene displays little sensuality"³⁵⁸ and that the main factor distinguishing it is its tone, because "[i]t does not seem convincing as a rape, despite the nymph's reluctance."³⁵⁹ In 1912, Vaslav Nijinsky choreographed Debussy's symphonic poem Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun as a ballet and danced in it as the lead role of the faun.³⁶⁰ The choreography of the ballet and Nijinsky's performance were both highly erotic and sexually charged, causing widespread scandal among upper-class Parisians.³⁶¹ In the 1980 biographical film Nijinsky, directed by Herbert Ross, Nijinsky, who is played by George de la Peña, is portrayed as actually masturbating on stage in front of the entire live audience during the climax of the dance.³⁶²

The 1917 Italian silent film Il Fauno, directed by Febo Mari, is about a statue of a faun who comes to life and falls in love with a female model.³⁶³ Fauns appear in the animated dramatization of Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 6 (1808) in the 1940 Disney animated film Fantasia.³⁶⁴ Their goat-legs are portrayed as brightly colored, but their hooves are black.³⁶⁵ They play the Pan pipes and, like traditional satyrs and fauns, are portrayed as mischievous.³⁶⁶ One young faun plays hide-and-seek with a unicorn and imitates a statue of a faun atop a pedestal.³⁶⁷ Though the fauns are not portrayed as overtly sexual, they do assist the Cupids in pairing the centaurs into couples.³⁶⁸ A drunken Bacchus appears in the same scene.³⁶⁹

A faun named Mr. Tumnus appears in the classic juvenile fantasy novel The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950) by C. S. Lewis.³⁷⁰ Mr. Tumnus has goat legs and horns, but also a tail long enough for him to carry it draped over his arm to prevent it from dragging in the snow.³⁷¹ He is a domesticated figure who lacks the bawdiness and hypersexuality that characterized classical satyrs and fauns.³⁷² Instead, Mr. Tumnus wears a scarf and carries an umbrella and lives in a cozy cave with a bookshelf with works such as The Life and Letters of Silenus, Nymphs and their Ways, and Is Man a Myth?.³⁷³

The satyr has appeared in all five editions of the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game, having been introduced in 1976 in the earliest edition, in Supplement IV: Gods, Demi-Gods & Heroes (1976),³⁷⁴ then in the first edition of the Monster Manual (1977),³⁷⁵ where it is described as a sylvan woodland inhabitant primarily interested in sport such as frolicking, piping, and chasing wood nymphs. The life history of satyrs was further detailed in Dragon No. 155 (March 1990), in "The Ecology of the Satyr".³⁷⁶ The satyr was later detailed as a playable character race in The Complete Book of Humanoids (1993),³⁷⁷ and is later presented as a playable character race again in Player's Option: Skills & Powers (1995).³⁷⁸ The satyr appears in the Monster Manual for the 3.0 edition.³⁷⁹ Savage Species (2003) presented the satyr as both a race and a playable class.³⁸⁰ The satyr appears in the revised Monster Manual for version 3.5 and also appears in the Monster Manual for the 4th edition,³⁸¹ and as a playable character race in the Heroes of the Feywild sourcebook (2011).³⁸²

Matthew Barney's art video Drawing Restraint 7 (1993) includes two satyrs wrestling in the backseat of a moving limousine.³⁸³ A satyr named Grover Underwood appears in the young adult fantasy novel The Lightning Thief (2005) by American author Rick Riordan, as well as in subsequent novels in the series Percy Jackson & the Olympians.³⁸⁴ Though consistently referred to as a "satyr", Grover is described as having goat legs, pointed ears, and horns.³⁸⁵ Grover is not portrayed with the sexually obscene traits that characterized classical Greek satyrs.³⁸⁶ Instead, he is the loyal protector to the main character Percy Jackson, who is the son of a mortal woman and the god Poseidon.³⁸⁷

See also

• Ancient Greece portal
• Myths portal

• Fairy
• Kinnara
• List of hybrid creatures in folklore
• The Birth of Tragedy, by Nietzsche
• Thiasos, the Dionysian retinue
• The Trackers of Oxyrhynchus, a play
• Maryland Goatman
• Pope Lick Monster
• Lake Worth Monster

Notes

Bibliography

• Baguley, David (2000), Napoleon III and His Regime: An Extravaganza, Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, ISBN 978-0807126240
• Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham; Evans, Ivor H. (1989), Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (14th ed.), New York City, New York, Grand Rapids, Michigan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, St. Louis, Missouri, San Francisco, California, London, England, Singapore, Singapore, Sydney, Australia, Tokyo, Japan, and Toronto, Canada: Harper & Row Publishers, ISBN 978-0-06-016200-9
• Burn, Lucilla (2004), Hellenistic Art: From Alexander the Great to Augustus, Los Angeles, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-776-4
• Campbell, Stephen J. (2016), "Titian's Flaying of Marsyas", in Campana, Joseph; Maisano, Scott (eds.), Renaissance Posthumanism, New York City, New York: Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0823269563
• Clark, Willene B. (2006), A Medieval Book of Beasts: The Second-Family Bestiary: Commentary, Art, Text and Translation, Woodbridge, England: Boydell Press, ISBN 978-0-85115-682-8
• Corso, Antonio (2004), The Art of Praxiteles: The Development of Praxiteles' Workshop and Its Cultural Tradition Until the Sculptor's Acme (364–1 BC), Rome, Italy: L'Erma Di Bretschneider, ISBN 978-8-882-65295-1
• Edwards, Karen L. (2015), "The King James Bible and Biblical Images of Desolation", The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Early Modern England, c. 1530-1700, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 71–82, ISBN 978-0-19-968697-1
• El-Zein, Amira (2009), Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn, Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, ISBN 978-0-8156-3200-9
• Florence, Penny (2004), Sexed Universals in Contemporary Art, New York City, New York: Allworth Press, ISBN 978-1-58115-313-2
• Fracer, Robert (2014), Chrzanovsky, Laurent; Topoleanu, Florin (eds.), Gerulata: The Lamps: Roman Lamps in a Provincial Context, Prague, Czech Republic: Karolinum, ISBN 978-80-246-2710-6
• Faedo, Lucia (2010), "Faun", in Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.), The Classical Tradition, translated by Baker, Patrick, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 359–360, ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0
• Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2
• Hansen, William (2017), The Book of Greek & Roman Folktales, Legends & Myths, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, ISBN 9780691170152
• Hassig, Debra (1999), "Sex in the Bestiaries", in Hassig, Debra (ed.), The Mark of the Beast: The Medieval Bestiary in Art, Life, and Literature, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-8153-2952-7
• Henrichs, Albert (1987), "Myth Visualized: Dionysos and His Circle in Sixth-Century Attic Vase Painting", Papers on the Amasis Painter and His World: A Colloquium Sponsored by the Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities and Symposium Sponsored by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-093-2
• Jahoda, Gustav (1999), Images of Savages: Ancient Roots of Modern Prejudice in Western Culture, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-18855-5
• Janowski, B. (1999), "Satyrs", in van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem (eds.), Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (second ed.), Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company, pp. 1381–1382, ISBN 978-0-8028-2491-2
• Kandoleon, Christine (1995), Domestic and Divine: Roman Mosaics in the House of Dionysos, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, ISBN 978-0-801-43058-9
• Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27048-6
• Link, Luther (1995), The Devil: A Mask Without a Face, London, England: Reaktion Books, ISBN 978-0-948462-67-2
• Luta, Isabel (February 2017), "Nymphs and Nymphomania: Mythological Medicine and Classical Nudity in Nineteenth Century Britain", Journal of International Women's Studies, 18 (3), Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier: 35–50
• March, Jennifer R. (2014) [1996], "Satyrs and Silens", Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Oxford, England and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Oxbow Books, pp. 435–436, ISBN 978-1-78297-635-6
• Matheson, Susan B. (1995), Polygnotos and Vase Painting in Classical Athens, Wisconsin Studies in Classics, Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 978-0-299-13870-7
• Miles, Geoffrey (2009) [1999], Classical Mythology in English Literature: A Critical Anthology, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-203-19483-6
• Mitchell, Alexandre G. (2009), Greek Vase-Painting and the Origins of Visual Humour, Cambridge, Englalnd: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-51370-8
• Ogden, Daniel (2013), Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Ancient Greek and Roman Worlds, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-955732-5
• Palagia, Olga; Pollitt, J. J. (1996), Personal Styles in Greek Sculpture, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-65738-9
• Poehlmann, Egert (2017), "Aristotle on Music and Theatre (Politics VIII 6. 1340 b 20 - 1342 b 34; Poetics)", in Fountoulakis, Andreas; Markantonatos, Andreas; Vasilaros, Georgios (eds.), Theatre World: Critical Perspectives on Greek Tragedy and Comedy. Studies in Honour of Georgia Xanthakis-Karamenos, Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-051896-2
• Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2
• Roman, Luke; Roman, Monica (2010), "Satyrs", Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology, New York City, New York: Infobase Publishing, p. 432, ISBN 978-0-8160-7242-2
• Room, Adrian (1983), Room's Classical Dictionary: The Origins of the Names of Characters in Classical Mythology, London, England, Boston, Massachusetts, Melbourne, Australia, and Henley, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 978-0-7100-9262-5
• Scobey, David (2002), "Nymphs and Satyrs: Sex and the Bourgeois Public Sphere in Victorian New York", Winterthur Portfolio, 37 (1), Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press: 43–66, doi:10.1086/376342, JSTOR 10.1086/376342, S2CID 162136704
• Shaw, Carl A. (2014), Satyric Play: The Evolution of Greek Comedy and Satyr Drama, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-995094-2
• Slenders, Willeon (2015) [2012], "Sophocles's Ichneutae or How to Write a Satyr Play", A Companion to Sophocles, Malden, Massachusetts, Oxford, England, and Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 155–168, ISBN 978-1-119-02553-5
• Stafford, Emma (2011), "Clutching the chickpea: private pleasures of the bad boyfriend", in Lambert, S. D. (ed.), Sociable Man: Essays on Ancient Greek Social Behaviour in Honour of Nick Fisher, Swansea, Wales: Classical Press of Wales, pp. 337–364, ISBN 978-1-910589-21-2
• West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9

External links

• Jewish Encyclopedia: Satyr
• "Satyrs" . The New Student's Reference Work . 1914.
• The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Satyrs)

References

1. /ˈsætər/, US also /ˈseɪtər/.[1][2] /wiki/Help:IPA/English ↩

2. English: /saɪˈliːnəs/.[3] /wiki/Help:IPA/English ↩

3. Gantz, Timothy (1996). Early Greek Myth. p. 135. ↩

4. Room 1983, p. 271. - Room, Adrian (1983), Room's Classical Dictionary: The Origins of the Names of Characters in Classical Mythology, London, England, Boston, Massachusetts, Melbourne, Australia, and Henley, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 978-0-7100-9262-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=x9t4Iz-faW0C ↩

5. R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, pp. 1311–12). /wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes ↩

6. Room 1983, p. 271. - Room, Adrian (1983), Room's Classical Dictionary: The Origins of the Names of Characters in Classical Mythology, London, England, Boston, Massachusetts, Melbourne, Australia, and Henley, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 978-0-7100-9262-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=x9t4Iz-faW0C ↩

7. Room 1983, p. 271. - Room, Adrian (1983), Room's Classical Dictionary: The Origins of the Names of Characters in Classical Mythology, London, England, Boston, Massachusetts, Melbourne, Australia, and Henley, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 978-0-7100-9262-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=x9t4Iz-faW0C ↩

8. Room 1983, p. 271. - Room, Adrian (1983), Room's Classical Dictionary: The Origins of the Names of Characters in Classical Mythology, London, England, Boston, Massachusetts, Melbourne, Australia, and Henley, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 978-0-7100-9262-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=x9t4Iz-faW0C ↩

9. Room 1983, p. 271. - Room, Adrian (1983), Room's Classical Dictionary: The Origins of the Names of Characters in Classical Mythology, London, England, Boston, Massachusetts, Melbourne, Australia, and Henley, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 978-0-7100-9262-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=x9t4Iz-faW0C ↩

10. West 2007, p. 293. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

11. Hansen 2004, p. 279. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

12. Henrichs 1987, pp. 99–100. - Henrichs, Albert (1987), "Myth Visualized: Dionysos and His Circle in Sixth-Century Attic Vase Painting", Papers on the Amasis Painter and His World: A Colloquium Sponsored by the Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities and Symposium Sponsored by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-093-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=6OVFAgAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+in+modern+literature+and+art&pg=PA99 ↩

13. Brewer & Evans 1989, p. 983. - Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham; Evans, Ivor H. (1989), Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (14th ed.), New York City, New York, Grand Rapids, Michigan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, St. Louis, Missouri, San Francisco, California, London, England, Singapore, Singapore, Sydney, Australia, Tokyo, Japan, and Toronto, Canada: Harper & Row Publishers, ISBN 978-0-06-016200-9 https://archive.org/details/brewersdictionar00evan ↩

14. Brewer & Evans 1989, p. 983. - Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham; Evans, Ivor H. (1989), Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (14th ed.), New York City, New York, Grand Rapids, Michigan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, St. Louis, Missouri, San Francisco, California, London, England, Singapore, Singapore, Sydney, Australia, Tokyo, Japan, and Toronto, Canada: Harper & Row Publishers, ISBN 978-0-06-016200-9 https://archive.org/details/brewersdictionar00evan ↩

15. Luta 2017, p. 38. - Luta, Isabel (February 2017), "Nymphs and Nymphomania: Mythological Medicine and Classical Nudity in Nineteenth Century Britain", Journal of International Women's Studies, 18 (3), Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier: 35–50 https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1955&context=jiws ↩

16. Luta 2017, p. 38. - Luta, Isabel (February 2017), "Nymphs and Nymphomania: Mythological Medicine and Classical Nudity in Nineteenth Century Britain", Journal of International Women's Studies, 18 (3), Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier: 35–50 https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1955&context=jiws ↩

17. West 2007, pp. 292–297, 302–303. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

18. West 2007, pp. 302–303. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

19. West 2007, pp. 292–294. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

20. West 2007, pp. 292–293. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

21. West 2007, pp. 292–294. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

22. West 2007, p. 294. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

23. West 2007, pp. 293–294. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

24. West 2007, p. 294. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

25. West 2007, pp. 294–295. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

26. West 2007, p. 294. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

27. West 2007, p. 295. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

28. West 2007, p. 295. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

29. West 2007, p. 295. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

30. West 2007, p. 303. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

31. West 2007, p. 303. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

32. Janowski 1999, p. 1381. - Janowski, B. (1999), "Satyrs", in van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem (eds.), Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (second ed.), Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company, pp. 1381–1382, ISBN 978-0-8028-2491-2 ↩

33. Edwards 2015, pp. 75–76. - Edwards, Karen L. (2015), "The King James Bible and Biblical Images of Desolation", The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Early Modern England, c. 1530-1700, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 71–82, ISBN 978-0-19-968697-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=nAM7CgAAQBAJ&q=satyr+Isaiah+13:21&pg=PA79 ↩

34. Janowski 1999, pp. 1381–1382. - Janowski, B. (1999), "Satyrs", in van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem (eds.), Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (second ed.), Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company, pp. 1381–1382, ISBN 978-0-8028-2491-2 ↩

35. Edwards 2015, pp. 75–76. - Edwards, Karen L. (2015), "The King James Bible and Biblical Images of Desolation", The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Early Modern England, c. 1530-1700, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 71–82, ISBN 978-0-19-968697-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=nAM7CgAAQBAJ&q=satyr+Isaiah+13:21&pg=PA79 ↩

36. Janowski 1999, p. 1381. - Janowski, B. (1999), "Satyrs", in van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem (eds.), Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (second ed.), Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company, pp. 1381–1382, ISBN 978-0-8028-2491-2 ↩

37. Leviticus 17:7 https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2017:7&version=nrsv ↩

38. 2 Chronicles 11:15 https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2011:15&version=nrsv ↩

39. Janowski 1999, p. 1381. - Janowski, B. (1999), "Satyrs", in van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem (eds.), Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (second ed.), Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company, pp. 1381–1382, ISBN 978-0-8028-2491-2 ↩

40. Janowski 1999, pp. 1381–1382. - Janowski, B. (1999), "Satyrs", in van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem (eds.), Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (second ed.), Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company, pp. 1381–1382, ISBN 978-0-8028-2491-2 ↩

41. Isaiah 13:21 https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Isaiah#13:21 ↩

42. Edwards 2015, p. 75. - Edwards, Karen L. (2015), "The King James Bible and Biblical Images of Desolation", The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Early Modern England, c. 1530-1700, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 71–82, ISBN 978-0-19-968697-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=nAM7CgAAQBAJ&q=satyr+Isaiah+13:21&pg=PA79 ↩

43. Isaiah 34:14 https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Isaiah#34:14 ↩

44. Edwards 2015, p. 75. - Edwards, Karen L. (2015), "The King James Bible and Biblical Images of Desolation", The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Early Modern England, c. 1530-1700, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 71–82, ISBN 978-0-19-968697-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=nAM7CgAAQBAJ&q=satyr+Isaiah+13:21&pg=PA79 ↩

45. Edwards 2015, p. 75. - Edwards, Karen L. (2015), "The King James Bible and Biblical Images of Desolation", The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Early Modern England, c. 1530-1700, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 71–82, ISBN 978-0-19-968697-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=nAM7CgAAQBAJ&q=satyr+Isaiah+13:21&pg=PA79 ↩

46. Alexander Kulik, 'How the Devil Got His Hooves and Horns: The Origin of the Motif and the Implied Demonology of 3 Baruch', Numen, 60 (2013), 195–229 doi:10.1163/15685276-12341263. https://www.academia.edu/6993101/How_the_Devil_Got_His_Hooves_and_Horns_The_Origin_of_the_Motif ↩

47. Edwards 2015, p. 76. - Edwards, Karen L. (2015), "The King James Bible and Biblical Images of Desolation", The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Early Modern England, c. 1530-1700, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 71–82, ISBN 978-0-19-968697-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=nAM7CgAAQBAJ&q=satyr+Isaiah+13:21&pg=PA79 ↩

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49. Janowski 1999, p. 1381. - Janowski, B. (1999), "Satyrs", in van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem (eds.), Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (second ed.), Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company, pp. 1381–1382, ISBN 978-0-8028-2491-2 ↩

50. MacDonald, D.B., Massé, H., Boratav, P.N., Nizami, K.A. and Voorhoeve, P., "Ḏj̲inn", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 21 September 2018 doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0191. First published online: 2012. /wiki/Doi_(identifier) ↩

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52. Janowski 1999, p. 1381. - Janowski, B. (1999), "Satyrs", in van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem (eds.), Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (second ed.), Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company, pp. 1381–1382, ISBN 978-0-8028-2491-2 ↩

53. West 2007, p. 293. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

54. Hansen 2004, p. 279. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

55. Riggs 2014, p. 233. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

56. Hansen 2004, p. 279. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

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58. Fracer 2014, p. 326. - Fracer, Robert (2014), Chrzanovsky, Laurent; Topoleanu, Florin (eds.), Gerulata: The Lamps: Roman Lamps in a Provincial Context, Prague, Czech Republic: Karolinum, ISBN 978-80-246-2710-6 https://books.google.com/books?id=k3xYCgAAQBAJ&q=satyr+and+the+traveler&pg=PA326 ↩

59. Hansen 2004, p. 279. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

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61. Hansen 2004, p. 279. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

62. Riggs 2014, p. 233. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

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66. March 2014, p. 435. - March, Jennifer R. (2014) [1996], "Satyrs and Silens", Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Oxford, England and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Oxbow Books, pp. 435–436, ISBN 978-1-78297-635-6 https://books.google.com/books?id=v5jwAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun+mythology&pg=PA436 ↩

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69. Henrichs 1987, p. 97. - Henrichs, Albert (1987), "Myth Visualized: Dionysos and His Circle in Sixth-Century Attic Vase Painting", Papers on the Amasis Painter and His World: A Colloquium Sponsored by the Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities and Symposium Sponsored by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-093-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=6OVFAgAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+in+modern+literature+and+art&pg=PA99 ↩

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71. Henrichs 1987, p. 97. - Henrichs, Albert (1987), "Myth Visualized: Dionysos and His Circle in Sixth-Century Attic Vase Painting", Papers on the Amasis Painter and His World: A Colloquium Sponsored by the Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities and Symposium Sponsored by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-093-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=6OVFAgAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+in+modern+literature+and+art&pg=PA99 ↩

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73. Hansen 2004, p. 279. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

74. Hansen 2004, p. 279. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

75. March 2014, p. 435. - March, Jennifer R. (2014) [1996], "Satyrs and Silens", Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Oxford, England and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Oxbow Books, pp. 435–436, ISBN 978-1-78297-635-6 https://books.google.com/books?id=v5jwAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun+mythology&pg=PA436 ↩

76. Fracer 2014, pp. 325–328. - Fracer, Robert (2014), Chrzanovsky, Laurent; Topoleanu, Florin (eds.), Gerulata: The Lamps: Roman Lamps in a Provincial Context, Prague, Czech Republic: Karolinum, ISBN 978-80-246-2710-6 https://books.google.com/books?id=k3xYCgAAQBAJ&q=satyr+and+the+traveler&pg=PA326 ↩

77. March 2014, pp. 435–436. - March, Jennifer R. (2014) [1996], "Satyrs and Silens", Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Oxford, England and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Oxbow Books, pp. 435–436, ISBN 978-1-78297-635-6 https://books.google.com/books?id=v5jwAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun+mythology&pg=PA436 ↩

78. Stafford 2011, pp. 344–364. - Stafford, Emma (2011), "Clutching the chickpea: private pleasures of the bad boyfriend", in Lambert, S. D. (ed.), Sociable Man: Essays on Ancient Greek Social Behaviour in Honour of Nick Fisher, Swansea, Wales: Classical Press of Wales, pp. 337–364, ISBN 978-1-910589-21-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=EflODgAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+masturbation&pg=PA359 ↩

79. Stafford 2011, pp. 346–347. - Stafford, Emma (2011), "Clutching the chickpea: private pleasures of the bad boyfriend", in Lambert, S. D. (ed.), Sociable Man: Essays on Ancient Greek Social Behaviour in Honour of Nick Fisher, Swansea, Wales: Classical Press of Wales, pp. 337–364, ISBN 978-1-910589-21-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=EflODgAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+masturbation&pg=PA359 ↩

80. West 2007, p. 293. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

81. Kerényi 1951, p. 179. - Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27048-6 https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich ↩

82. West 2007, p. 293. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

83. Riggs 2014, p. 233. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

84. Kerényi 1951, p. 179. - Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27048-6 https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich ↩

85. Roman & Roman 2010, p. 432. - Roman, Luke; Roman, Monica (2010), "Satyrs", Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology, New York City, New York: Infobase Publishing, p. 432, ISBN 978-0-8160-7242-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=tOgWfjNIxoMC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PT135 ↩

86. Room 1983, pp. 270–271. - Room, Adrian (1983), Room's Classical Dictionary: The Origins of the Names of Characters in Classical Mythology, London, England, Boston, Massachusetts, Melbourne, Australia, and Henley, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 978-0-7100-9262-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=x9t4Iz-faW0C ↩

87. Riggs 2014, p. 233. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

88. Henrichs 1987, pp. 100–101. - Henrichs, Albert (1987), "Myth Visualized: Dionysos and His Circle in Sixth-Century Attic Vase Painting", Papers on the Amasis Painter and His World: A Colloquium Sponsored by the Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities and Symposium Sponsored by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-093-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=6OVFAgAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+in+modern+literature+and+art&pg=PA99 ↩

89. Henrichs 1987, p. 100. - Henrichs, Albert (1987), "Myth Visualized: Dionysos and His Circle in Sixth-Century Attic Vase Painting", Papers on the Amasis Painter and His World: A Colloquium Sponsored by the Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities and Symposium Sponsored by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-093-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=6OVFAgAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+in+modern+literature+and+art&pg=PA99 ↩

90. Riggs 2014, p. 233. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

91. Fracer 2014, p. 326. - Fracer, Robert (2014), Chrzanovsky, Laurent; Topoleanu, Florin (eds.), Gerulata: The Lamps: Roman Lamps in a Provincial Context, Prague, Czech Republic: Karolinum, ISBN 978-80-246-2710-6 https://books.google.com/books?id=k3xYCgAAQBAJ&q=satyr+and+the+traveler&pg=PA326 ↩

92. Kerényi 1951, p. 179. - Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27048-6 https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich ↩

93. Riggs 2014, pp. 233–234. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

94. West 2007, p. 293. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

95. Shaw 2014, p. 5. - Shaw, Carl A. (2014), Satyric Play: The Evolution of Greek Comedy and Satyr Drama, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-995094-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtsAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr ↩

96. Shaw 2014, p. 5. - Shaw, Carl A. (2014), Satyric Play: The Evolution of Greek Comedy and Satyr Drama, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-995094-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtsAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr ↩

97. Hansen 2004, p. 279. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

98. March 2014, p. 436. - March, Jennifer R. (2014) [1996], "Satyrs and Silens", Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Oxford, England and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Oxbow Books, pp. 435–436, ISBN 978-1-78297-635-6 https://books.google.com/books?id=v5jwAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun+mythology&pg=PA436 ↩

99. Slenders 2015, p. 156. - Slenders, Willeon (2015) [2012], "Sophocles's Ichneutae or How to Write a Satyr Play", A Companion to Sophocles, Malden, Massachusetts, Oxford, England, and Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 155–168, ISBN 978-1-119-02553-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=ad0qBwAAQBAJ&q=%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%E1%BF%B3%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1&pg=PA155 ↩

100. Slenders 2015, p. 156. - Slenders, Willeon (2015) [2012], "Sophocles's Ichneutae or How to Write a Satyr Play", A Companion to Sophocles, Malden, Massachusetts, Oxford, England, and Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 155–168, ISBN 978-1-119-02553-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=ad0qBwAAQBAJ&q=%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%E1%BF%B3%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1&pg=PA155 ↩

101. Shaw 2014, p. 5. - Shaw, Carl A. (2014), Satyric Play: The Evolution of Greek Comedy and Satyr Drama, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-995094-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtsAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr ↩

102. Slenders 2015, p. 159. - Slenders, Willeon (2015) [2012], "Sophocles's Ichneutae or How to Write a Satyr Play", A Companion to Sophocles, Malden, Massachusetts, Oxford, England, and Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 155–168, ISBN 978-1-119-02553-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=ad0qBwAAQBAJ&q=%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%E1%BF%B3%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1&pg=PA155 ↩

103. Slenders 2015, p. 159. - Slenders, Willeon (2015) [2012], "Sophocles's Ichneutae or How to Write a Satyr Play", A Companion to Sophocles, Malden, Massachusetts, Oxford, England, and Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 155–168, ISBN 978-1-119-02553-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=ad0qBwAAQBAJ&q=%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%E1%BF%B3%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1&pg=PA155 ↩

104. Slenders 2015, pp. 155–156. - Slenders, Willeon (2015) [2012], "Sophocles's Ichneutae or How to Write a Satyr Play", A Companion to Sophocles, Malden, Massachusetts, Oxford, England, and Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 155–168, ISBN 978-1-119-02553-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=ad0qBwAAQBAJ&q=%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%E1%BF%B3%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1&pg=PA155 ↩

105. Shaw 2014, p. 14. - Shaw, Carl A. (2014), Satyric Play: The Evolution of Greek Comedy and Satyr Drama, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-995094-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtsAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr ↩

106. Slenders 2015, p. 156. - Slenders, Willeon (2015) [2012], "Sophocles's Ichneutae or How to Write a Satyr Play", A Companion to Sophocles, Malden, Massachusetts, Oxford, England, and Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 155–168, ISBN 978-1-119-02553-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=ad0qBwAAQBAJ&q=%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%E1%BF%B3%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1&pg=PA155 ↩

107. Riggs 2014, p. 234. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

108. Roman & Roman 2010, p. 432. - Roman, Luke; Roman, Monica (2010), "Satyrs", Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology, New York City, New York: Infobase Publishing, p. 432, ISBN 978-0-8160-7242-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=tOgWfjNIxoMC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PT135 ↩

109. March 2014, p. 436. - March, Jennifer R. (2014) [1996], "Satyrs and Silens", Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Oxford, England and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Oxbow Books, pp. 435–436, ISBN 978-1-78297-635-6 https://books.google.com/books?id=v5jwAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun+mythology&pg=PA436 ↩

110. Slenders 2015, p. 155. - Slenders, Willeon (2015) [2012], "Sophocles's Ichneutae or How to Write a Satyr Play", A Companion to Sophocles, Malden, Massachusetts, Oxford, England, and Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 155–168, ISBN 978-1-119-02553-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=ad0qBwAAQBAJ&q=%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%E1%BF%B3%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1&pg=PA155 ↩

111. Riggs 2014, p. 234. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

112. Riggs 2014, p. 233. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

113. Riggs 2014, p. 233. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

114. Riggs 2014, p. 233. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

115. Slenders 2015, p. 155. - Slenders, Willeon (2015) [2012], "Sophocles's Ichneutae or How to Write a Satyr Play", A Companion to Sophocles, Malden, Massachusetts, Oxford, England, and Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 155–168, ISBN 978-1-119-02553-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=ad0qBwAAQBAJ&q=%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%E1%BF%B3%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1&pg=PA155 ↩

116. Shaw 2014, p. 15. - Shaw, Carl A. (2014), Satyric Play: The Evolution of Greek Comedy and Satyr Drama, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-995094-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtsAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr ↩

117. Shaw 2014, p. 5. - Shaw, Carl A. (2014), Satyric Play: The Evolution of Greek Comedy and Satyr Drama, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-995094-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtsAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr ↩

118. Shaw 2014, p. 15. - Shaw, Carl A. (2014), Satyric Play: The Evolution of Greek Comedy and Satyr Drama, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-995094-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtsAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr ↩

119. March 2014, p. 436. - March, Jennifer R. (2014) [1996], "Satyrs and Silens", Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Oxford, England and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Oxbow Books, pp. 435–436, ISBN 978-1-78297-635-6 https://books.google.com/books?id=v5jwAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun+mythology&pg=PA436 ↩

120. Shaw 2014, pp. 1, 5. - Shaw, Carl A. (2014), Satyric Play: The Evolution of Greek Comedy and Satyr Drama, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-995094-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtsAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr ↩

121. Shaw 2014, p. 1. - Shaw, Carl A. (2014), Satyric Play: The Evolution of Greek Comedy and Satyr Drama, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-995094-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtsAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr ↩

122. Shaw 2014, p. 1. - Shaw, Carl A. (2014), Satyric Play: The Evolution of Greek Comedy and Satyr Drama, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-995094-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtsAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr ↩

123. Shaw 2014, p. 1. - Shaw, Carl A. (2014), Satyric Play: The Evolution of Greek Comedy and Satyr Drama, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-995094-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtsAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr ↩

124. Shaw 2014, p. 5. - Shaw, Carl A. (2014), Satyric Play: The Evolution of Greek Comedy and Satyr Drama, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-995094-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtsAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr ↩

125. Shaw 2014, p. 18. - Shaw, Carl A. (2014), Satyric Play: The Evolution of Greek Comedy and Satyr Drama, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-995094-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtsAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr ↩

126. West 2007, p. 293. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

127. Shaw 2014, p. 18. - Shaw, Carl A. (2014), Satyric Play: The Evolution of Greek Comedy and Satyr Drama, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-995094-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtsAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr ↩

128. Shaw 2014, p. 17. - Shaw, Carl A. (2014), Satyric Play: The Evolution of Greek Comedy and Satyr Drama, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-995094-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtsAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr ↩

129. Shaw 2014, p. 17. - Shaw, Carl A. (2014), Satyric Play: The Evolution of Greek Comedy and Satyr Drama, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-995094-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtsAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr ↩

130. Shaw 2014, pp. 17–18. - Shaw, Carl A. (2014), Satyric Play: The Evolution of Greek Comedy and Satyr Drama, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-995094-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtsAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr ↩

131. Shaw 2014, p. 18. - Shaw, Carl A. (2014), Satyric Play: The Evolution of Greek Comedy and Satyr Drama, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-995094-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtsAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr ↩

132. West 2007, p. 293. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

133. Hansen 2004, p. 280. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

134. Hansen 2004, pp. 279–280. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

135. West 2007, p. 293. - West, Martin Litchfield (2007), Indo-European Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC ↩

136. Hansen 2004, p. 279. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

137. Kerényi 1951, p. 179. - Kerényi, Karl (1951), The Gods of the Greeks, London, England: Thames and Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27048-6 https://archive.org/details/godsofgreeks00kerrich ↩

138. Hansen 2004, p. 280. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

139. Hansen 2004, p. 280. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

140. Hansen 2004, p. 280. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

141. Hansen 2004, p. 280. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

142. Hansen 2004, p. 280. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

143. Poehlmann 2017, p. 330. - Poehlmann, Egert (2017), "Aristotle on Music and Theatre (Politics VIII 6. 1340 b 20 - 1342 b 34; Poetics)", in Fountoulakis, Andreas; Markantonatos, Andreas; Vasilaros, Georgios (eds.), Theatre World: Critical Perspectives on Greek Tragedy and Comedy. Studies in Honour of Georgia Xanthakis-Karamenos, Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-051896-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=6e05DwAAQBAJ&q=Athena+and+Marsyas&pg=PA330 ↩

144. Poehlmann 2017, p. 330. - Poehlmann, Egert (2017), "Aristotle on Music and Theatre (Politics VIII 6. 1340 b 20 - 1342 b 34; Poetics)", in Fountoulakis, Andreas; Markantonatos, Andreas; Vasilaros, Georgios (eds.), Theatre World: Critical Perspectives on Greek Tragedy and Comedy. Studies in Honour of Georgia Xanthakis-Karamenos, Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-051896-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=6e05DwAAQBAJ&q=Athena+and+Marsyas&pg=PA330 ↩

145. Poehlmann 2017, p. 330. - Poehlmann, Egert (2017), "Aristotle on Music and Theatre (Politics VIII 6. 1340 b 20 - 1342 b 34; Poetics)", in Fountoulakis, Andreas; Markantonatos, Andreas; Vasilaros, Georgios (eds.), Theatre World: Critical Perspectives on Greek Tragedy and Comedy. Studies in Honour of Georgia Xanthakis-Karamenos, Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-051896-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=6e05DwAAQBAJ&q=Athena+and+Marsyas&pg=PA330 ↩

146. Hansen 2004, p. 280. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

147. Hansen 2004, p. 280. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

148. Hansen 2004, p. 280. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

149. Hansen 2004, p. 280. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

150. Hansen 2004, p. 280. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

151. Hansen 2004, p. 280. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

152. Hansen 2004, p. 280. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

153. Poehlmann 2017, p. 330. - Poehlmann, Egert (2017), "Aristotle on Music and Theatre (Politics VIII 6. 1340 b 20 - 1342 b 34; Poetics)", in Fountoulakis, Andreas; Markantonatos, Andreas; Vasilaros, Georgios (eds.), Theatre World: Critical Perspectives on Greek Tragedy and Comedy. Studies in Honour of Georgia Xanthakis-Karamenos, Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-051896-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=6e05DwAAQBAJ&q=Athena+and+Marsyas&pg=PA330 ↩

154. Poehlmann 2017, p. 330. - Poehlmann, Egert (2017), "Aristotle on Music and Theatre (Politics VIII 6. 1340 b 20 - 1342 b 34; Poetics)", in Fountoulakis, Andreas; Markantonatos, Andreas; Vasilaros, Georgios (eds.), Theatre World: Critical Perspectives on Greek Tragedy and Comedy. Studies in Honour of Georgia Xanthakis-Karamenos, Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-051896-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=6e05DwAAQBAJ&q=Athena+and+Marsyas&pg=PA330 ↩

155. Pseudo-Apollodorus, Library 1.4.2; Pausanias, Guide to Greece 10.30.9; Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 165 /wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus) ↩

156. Hansen 2004, p. 280. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

157. Ogden 2013, p. 170. - Ogden, Daniel (2013), Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Ancient Greek and Roman Worlds, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-955732-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&q=Amymone+satyr&pg=PA170 ↩

158. Kandoleon 1995, p. 159. - Kandoleon, Christine (1995), Domestic and Divine: Roman Mosaics in the House of Dionysos, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, ISBN 978-0-801-43058-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=gFhuDwAAQBAJ&q=Amymone+satyr&pg=PA159 ↩

159. Mitchell 2009, p. 218. - Mitchell, Alexandre G. (2009), Greek Vase-Painting and the Origins of Visual Humour, Cambridge, Englalnd: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-51370-8 https://books.google.com/books?id=uP1GAgAAQBAJ&q=Amymone+satyr&pg=PA218 ↩

160. Ogden 2013, p. 170. - Ogden, Daniel (2013), Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Ancient Greek and Roman Worlds, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-955732-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ2pAK9luwkC&q=Amymone+satyr&pg=PA170 ↩

161. Mitchell 2009, p. 218. - Mitchell, Alexandre G. (2009), Greek Vase-Painting and the Origins of Visual Humour, Cambridge, Englalnd: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-51370-8 https://books.google.com/books?id=uP1GAgAAQBAJ&q=Amymone+satyr&pg=PA218 ↩

162. Matheson 1995, pp. 260–261. - Matheson, Susan B. (1995), Polygnotos and Vase Painting in Classical Athens, Wisconsin Studies in Classics, Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 978-0-299-13870-7 https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_UTwjgroSIC&q=Amymone+satyr&pg=PA260 ↩

163. Mitchell 2009, p. 218. - Mitchell, Alexandre G. (2009), Greek Vase-Painting and the Origins of Visual Humour, Cambridge, Englalnd: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-51370-8 https://books.google.com/books?id=uP1GAgAAQBAJ&q=Amymone+satyr&pg=PA218 ↩

164. Matheson 1995, p. 260. - Matheson, Susan B. (1995), Polygnotos and Vase Painting in Classical Athens, Wisconsin Studies in Classics, Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 978-0-299-13870-7 https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_UTwjgroSIC&q=Amymone+satyr&pg=PA260 ↩

165. Matheson 1995, p. 260. - Matheson, Susan B. (1995), Polygnotos and Vase Painting in Classical Athens, Wisconsin Studies in Classics, Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 978-0-299-13870-7 https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_UTwjgroSIC&q=Amymone+satyr&pg=PA260 ↩

166. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 16.244–280; Memnon of Heraclea, History of Heraclea book 15, as epitomized by Patriarch Photius I of Constantinople in his Myriobiblon 223.28 /wiki/Nonnus ↩

167. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 10.400 & 12.190 ↩

168. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.99 /wiki/Nonnus ↩

169. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 17.196 & 29.257 ↩

170. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 10.400 & 12.190 ↩

171. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.108 ↩

172. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.106 ↩

173. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 11.5, 14.286 ↩

174. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.110 ↩

175. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.99 /wiki/Nonnus ↩

176. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 10.400 ↩

177. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.111 ↩

178. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.108 ↩

179. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.112 ↩

180. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.99 /wiki/Nonnus ↩

181. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 15.141, 18.49, 42.20 ↩

182. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.107 ↩

183. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.111 ↩

184. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 30.137 ↩

185. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.106 ↩

186. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.109 ↩

187. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.109 ↩

188. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.112 & 18.313 ↩

189. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.107 ↩

190. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 30.138 ↩

191. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.107 ↩

192. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.113 ↩

193. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 30.136 ↩

194. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.111 ↩

195. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 14.106 ↩

196. Ovid, Fasti 3.409 /wiki/Ovid ↩

197. Dionysiaca (1940 translation), footnote on page 480Nonnos, of Panopolis; Frye, Northrop. Marginalia; Rouse, W. H. D. (William Henry Denham), 1863–1950; Rose, H. J. (Herbert Jennings), 1883–1961; Lind, L. R. (Levi Robert), 1906- ↩

198. Walters, Henry Beauchamp (1905). History of Ancient Pottery: Greek, Etruscan, and Roman: Based on the Work of Samuel Birch. Vol. 2. pp. 65, 66. https://archive.org/details/historyofancient02walt/page/65/mode/2up/ ↩

199. Hansen 2004, p. 279. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

200. March 2014, p. 436. - March, Jennifer R. (2014) [1996], "Satyrs and Silens", Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Oxford, England and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Oxbow Books, pp. 435–436, ISBN 978-1-78297-635-6 https://books.google.com/books?id=v5jwAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun+mythology&pg=PA436 ↩

201. Hansen 2004, p. 279. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

202. March 2014, p. 436. - March, Jennifer R. (2014) [1996], "Satyrs and Silens", Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Oxford, England and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Oxbow Books, pp. 435–436, ISBN 978-1-78297-635-6 https://books.google.com/books?id=v5jwAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun+mythology&pg=PA436 ↩

203. Hansen 2004, p. 279. - Hansen, William F. (2004), Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530035-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NmaO-kM2UC&q=satyr+mythology&pg=PA280 ↩

204. Burn 2004, p. 145. - Burn, Lucilla (2004), Hellenistic Art: From Alexander the Great to Augustus, Los Angeles, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-776-4 https://books.google.com/books?id=TmhjC_AdoNsC&q=satyrs+during+the+Hellenistic+Era&pg=PA145 ↩

205. Burn 2004, p. 145. - Burn, Lucilla (2004), Hellenistic Art: From Alexander the Great to Augustus, Los Angeles, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-776-4 https://books.google.com/books?id=TmhjC_AdoNsC&q=satyrs+during+the+Hellenistic+Era&pg=PA145 ↩

206. Burn 2004, p. 145. - Burn, Lucilla (2004), Hellenistic Art: From Alexander the Great to Augustus, Los Angeles, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-776-4 https://books.google.com/books?id=TmhjC_AdoNsC&q=satyrs+during+the+Hellenistic+Era&pg=PA145 ↩

207. Burn 2004, p. 145. - Burn, Lucilla (2004), Hellenistic Art: From Alexander the Great to Augustus, Los Angeles, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-776-4 https://books.google.com/books?id=TmhjC_AdoNsC&q=satyrs+during+the+Hellenistic+Era&pg=PA145 ↩

208. Burn 2004, p. 145. - Burn, Lucilla (2004), Hellenistic Art: From Alexander the Great to Augustus, Los Angeles, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-776-4 https://books.google.com/books?id=TmhjC_AdoNsC&q=satyrs+during+the+Hellenistic+Era&pg=PA145 ↩

209. Burn 2004, pp. 145–146. - Burn, Lucilla (2004), Hellenistic Art: From Alexander the Great to Augustus, Los Angeles, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-776-4 https://books.google.com/books?id=TmhjC_AdoNsC&q=satyrs+during+the+Hellenistic+Era&pg=PA145 ↩

210. Burn 2004, p. 145. - Burn, Lucilla (2004), Hellenistic Art: From Alexander the Great to Augustus, Los Angeles, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-776-4 https://books.google.com/books?id=TmhjC_AdoNsC&q=satyrs+during+the+Hellenistic+Era&pg=PA145 ↩

211. Burn 2004, p. 145. - Burn, Lucilla (2004), Hellenistic Art: From Alexander the Great to Augustus, Los Angeles, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-776-4 https://books.google.com/books?id=TmhjC_AdoNsC&q=satyrs+during+the+Hellenistic+Era&pg=PA145 ↩

212. Corso 2004, pp. 281–282, 288. - Corso, Antonio (2004), The Art of Praxiteles: The Development of Praxiteles' Workshop and Its Cultural Tradition Until the Sculptor's Acme (364–1 BC), Rome, Italy: L'Erma Di Bretschneider, ISBN 978-8-882-65295-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=a0DIUrE88ssC&q=satyr+Praxiteles&pg=PA288 ↩

213. Palagia & Pollitt 1996, p. 111. - Palagia, Olga; Pollitt, J. J. (1996), Personal Styles in Greek Sculpture, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-65738-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=7qSsh7agZxEC&q=satyr+Praxiteles&pg=PA111 ↩

214. Corso 2004, p. 282. - Corso, Antonio (2004), The Art of Praxiteles: The Development of Praxiteles' Workshop and Its Cultural Tradition Until the Sculptor's Acme (364–1 BC), Rome, Italy: L'Erma Di Bretschneider, ISBN 978-8-882-65295-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=a0DIUrE88ssC&q=satyr+Praxiteles&pg=PA288 ↩

215. Corso 2004, p. 282. - Corso, Antonio (2004), The Art of Praxiteles: The Development of Praxiteles' Workshop and Its Cultural Tradition Until the Sculptor's Acme (364–1 BC), Rome, Italy: L'Erma Di Bretschneider, ISBN 978-8-882-65295-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=a0DIUrE88ssC&q=satyr+Praxiteles&pg=PA288 ↩

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218. Corso 2004, p. 288. - Corso, Antonio (2004), The Art of Praxiteles: The Development of Praxiteles' Workshop and Its Cultural Tradition Until the Sculptor's Acme (364–1 BC), Rome, Italy: L'Erma Di Bretschneider, ISBN 978-8-882-65295-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=a0DIUrE88ssC&q=satyr+Praxiteles&pg=PA288 ↩

219. Palagia & Pollitt 1996, p. 111. - Palagia, Olga; Pollitt, J. J. (1996), Personal Styles in Greek Sculpture, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-65738-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=7qSsh7agZxEC&q=satyr+Praxiteles&pg=PA111 ↩

220. Corso 2004, p. 288. - Corso, Antonio (2004), The Art of Praxiteles: The Development of Praxiteles' Workshop and Its Cultural Tradition Until the Sculptor's Acme (364–1 BC), Rome, Italy: L'Erma Di Bretschneider, ISBN 978-8-882-65295-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=a0DIUrE88ssC&q=satyr+Praxiteles&pg=PA288 ↩

221. Corso 2004, p. 288. - Corso, Antonio (2004), The Art of Praxiteles: The Development of Praxiteles' Workshop and Its Cultural Tradition Until the Sculptor's Acme (364–1 BC), Rome, Italy: L'Erma Di Bretschneider, ISBN 978-8-882-65295-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=a0DIUrE88ssC&q=satyr+Praxiteles&pg=PA288 ↩

222. Corso 2004, p. 288. - Corso, Antonio (2004), The Art of Praxiteles: The Development of Praxiteles' Workshop and Its Cultural Tradition Until the Sculptor's Acme (364–1 BC), Rome, Italy: L'Erma Di Bretschneider, ISBN 978-8-882-65295-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=a0DIUrE88ssC&q=satyr+Praxiteles&pg=PA288 ↩

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226. Palagia & Pollitt 1996, p. 112. - Palagia, Olga; Pollitt, J. J. (1996), Personal Styles in Greek Sculpture, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-65738-9 https://books.google.com/books?id=7qSsh7agZxEC&q=satyr+Praxiteles&pg=PA111 ↩

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232. Fracer 2014, p. 326. - Fracer, Robert (2014), Chrzanovsky, Laurent; Topoleanu, Florin (eds.), Gerulata: The Lamps: Roman Lamps in a Provincial Context, Prague, Czech Republic: Karolinum, ISBN 978-80-246-2710-6 https://books.google.com/books?id=k3xYCgAAQBAJ&q=satyr+and+the+traveler&pg=PA326 ↩

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277. Jahoda 1999, p. 6. - Jahoda, Gustav (1999), Images of Savages: Ancient Roots of Modern Prejudice in Western Culture, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-18855-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=0kkeCwAAQBAJ&q=Images+of+Savages+satyr&pg=PA4 ↩

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279. Jahoda 1999, p. 6. - Jahoda, Gustav (1999), Images of Savages: Ancient Roots of Modern Prejudice in Western Culture, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-18855-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=0kkeCwAAQBAJ&q=Images+of+Savages+satyr&pg=PA4 ↩

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285. Hassig 1999, p. 88. - Hassig, Debra (1999), "Sex in the Bestiaries", in Hassig, Debra (ed.), The Mark of the Beast: The Medieval Bestiary in Art, Life, and Literature, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-8153-2952-7 https://books.google.com/books?id=CWqMAQAAQBAJ&q=The+Mark+of+the+Beast:+The+Medieval+Bestiary+in+Art,+Life,+and+Literature ↩

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287. Riggs 2014, p. 234. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

288. Room 1983, p. 270. - Room, Adrian (1983), Room's Classical Dictionary: The Origins of the Names of Characters in Classical Mythology, London, England, Boston, Massachusetts, Melbourne, Australia, and Henley, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 978-0-7100-9262-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=x9t4Iz-faW0C ↩

289. March 2014, p. 436. - March, Jennifer R. (2014) [1996], "Satyrs and Silens", Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Oxford, England and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Oxbow Books, pp. 435–436, ISBN 978-1-78297-635-6 https://books.google.com/books?id=v5jwAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun+mythology&pg=PA436 ↩

290. Room 1983, p. 270. - Room, Adrian (1983), Room's Classical Dictionary: The Origins of the Names of Characters in Classical Mythology, London, England, Boston, Massachusetts, Melbourne, Australia, and Henley, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 978-0-7100-9262-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=x9t4Iz-faW0C ↩

291. Bull, 242 ↩

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293. March 2014, p. 436. - March, Jennifer R. (2014) [1996], "Satyrs and Silens", Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Oxford, England and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Oxbow Books, pp. 435–436, ISBN 978-1-78297-635-6 https://books.google.com/books?id=v5jwAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun+mythology&pg=PA436 ↩

294. March 2014, p. 436. - March, Jennifer R. (2014) [1996], "Satyrs and Silens", Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Oxford, England and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Oxbow Books, pp. 435–436, ISBN 978-1-78297-635-6 https://books.google.com/books?id=v5jwAwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun+mythology&pg=PA436 ↩

295. Link 1995, p. 52. - Link, Luther (1995), The Devil: A Mask Without a Face, London, England: Reaktion Books, ISBN 978-0-948462-67-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=EU7Qt5HSmHAC&q=origins+of+iconography+of+the+Devil ↩

296. Link 1995, p. 52. - Link, Luther (1995), The Devil: A Mask Without a Face, London, England: Reaktion Books, ISBN 978-0-948462-67-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=EU7Qt5HSmHAC&q=origins+of+iconography+of+the+Devil ↩

297. Campbell 2016, p. 70. - Campbell, Stephen J. (2016), "Titian's Flaying of Marsyas", in Campana, Joseph; Maisano, Scott (eds.), Renaissance Posthumanism, New York City, New York: Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0823269563 https://books.google.com/books?id=tFEnDAAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+from+the+Renaissance+to+modernity&pg=PA70 ↩

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300. Jahoda 1999, pp. 6–7. - Jahoda, Gustav (1999), Images of Savages: Ancient Roots of Modern Prejudice in Western Culture, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-18855-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=0kkeCwAAQBAJ&q=Images+of+Savages+satyr&pg=PA4 ↩

301. Campbell 2016, p. 70. - Campbell, Stephen J. (2016), "Titian's Flaying of Marsyas", in Campana, Joseph; Maisano, Scott (eds.), Renaissance Posthumanism, New York City, New York: Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0823269563 https://books.google.com/books?id=tFEnDAAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+from+the+Renaissance+to+modernity&pg=PA70 ↩

302. Campbell 2016, p. 70. - Campbell, Stephen J. (2016), "Titian's Flaying of Marsyas", in Campana, Joseph; Maisano, Scott (eds.), Renaissance Posthumanism, New York City, New York: Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0823269563 https://books.google.com/books?id=tFEnDAAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+from+the+Renaissance+to+modernity&pg=PA70 ↩

303. Campbell 2016, p. 70. - Campbell, Stephen J. (2016), "Titian's Flaying of Marsyas", in Campana, Joseph; Maisano, Scott (eds.), Renaissance Posthumanism, New York City, New York: Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0823269563 https://books.google.com/books?id=tFEnDAAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+from+the+Renaissance+to+modernity&pg=PA70 ↩

304. Campbell 2016, p. 70. - Campbell, Stephen J. (2016), "Titian's Flaying of Marsyas", in Campana, Joseph; Maisano, Scott (eds.), Renaissance Posthumanism, New York City, New York: Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0823269563 https://books.google.com/books?id=tFEnDAAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+from+the+Renaissance+to+modernity&pg=PA70 ↩

305. Campbell 2016, p. 70. - Campbell, Stephen J. (2016), "Titian's Flaying of Marsyas", in Campana, Joseph; Maisano, Scott (eds.), Renaissance Posthumanism, New York City, New York: Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0823269563 https://books.google.com/books?id=tFEnDAAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+from+the+Renaissance+to+modernity&pg=PA70 ↩

306. Campbell 2016, p. 70. - Campbell, Stephen J. (2016), "Titian's Flaying of Marsyas", in Campana, Joseph; Maisano, Scott (eds.), Renaissance Posthumanism, New York City, New York: Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0823269563 https://books.google.com/books?id=tFEnDAAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+from+the+Renaissance+to+modernity&pg=PA70 ↩

307. Campbell 2016, pp. 66–71. - Campbell, Stephen J. (2016), "Titian's Flaying of Marsyas", in Campana, Joseph; Maisano, Scott (eds.), Renaissance Posthumanism, New York City, New York: Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0823269563 https://books.google.com/books?id=tFEnDAAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+from+the+Renaissance+to+modernity&pg=PA70 ↩

308. Campbell 2016, pp. 66–71. - Campbell, Stephen J. (2016), "Titian's Flaying of Marsyas", in Campana, Joseph; Maisano, Scott (eds.), Renaissance Posthumanism, New York City, New York: Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0823269563 https://books.google.com/books?id=tFEnDAAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+from+the+Renaissance+to+modernity&pg=PA70 ↩

309. Campbell 2016, p. 67. - Campbell, Stephen J. (2016), "Titian's Flaying of Marsyas", in Campana, Joseph; Maisano, Scott (eds.), Renaissance Posthumanism, New York City, New York: Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0823269563 https://books.google.com/books?id=tFEnDAAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+from+the+Renaissance+to+modernity&pg=PA70 ↩

310. Campbell 2016, p. 67. - Campbell, Stephen J. (2016), "Titian's Flaying of Marsyas", in Campana, Joseph; Maisano, Scott (eds.), Renaissance Posthumanism, New York City, New York: Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0823269563 https://books.google.com/books?id=tFEnDAAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+from+the+Renaissance+to+modernity&pg=PA70 ↩

311. Campbell 2016, p. 70. - Campbell, Stephen J. (2016), "Titian's Flaying of Marsyas", in Campana, Joseph; Maisano, Scott (eds.), Renaissance Posthumanism, New York City, New York: Fordham University Press, ISBN 978-0823269563 https://books.google.com/books?id=tFEnDAAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+from+the+Renaissance+to+modernity&pg=PA70 ↩

312. Edwards 2015, p. 79. - Edwards, Karen L. (2015), "The King James Bible and Biblical Images of Desolation", The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Early Modern England, c. 1530-1700, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 71–82, ISBN 978-0-19-968697-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=nAM7CgAAQBAJ&q=satyr+Isaiah+13:21&pg=PA79 ↩

313. Edwards 2015, p. 80. - Edwards, Karen L. (2015), "The King James Bible and Biblical Images of Desolation", The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Early Modern England, c. 1530-1700, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 71–82, ISBN 978-0-19-968697-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=nAM7CgAAQBAJ&q=satyr+Isaiah+13:21&pg=PA79 ↩

314. Edwards 2015, pp. 80–81. - Edwards, Karen L. (2015), "The King James Bible and Biblical Images of Desolation", The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in Early Modern England, c. 1530-1700, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 71–82, ISBN 978-0-19-968697-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=nAM7CgAAQBAJ&q=satyr+Isaiah+13:21&pg=PA79 ↩

315. Hamilton, Albert Charles. The Spenser Encyclopedia. University of Toronto Press, 1990. ↩

316. Jahoda 1999, pp. 4, 42. - Jahoda, Gustav (1999), Images of Savages: Ancient Roots of Modern Prejudice in Western Culture, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-18855-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=0kkeCwAAQBAJ&q=Images+of+Savages+satyr&pg=PA4 ↩

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319. Jahoda 1999, p. 4. - Jahoda, Gustav (1999), Images of Savages: Ancient Roots of Modern Prejudice in Western Culture, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-18855-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=0kkeCwAAQBAJ&q=Images+of+Savages+satyr&pg=PA4 ↩

320. Jahoda 1999, p. 42. - Jahoda, Gustav (1999), Images of Savages: Ancient Roots of Modern Prejudice in Western Culture, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-18855-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=0kkeCwAAQBAJ&q=Images+of+Savages+satyr&pg=PA4 ↩

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322. Florence 2004, p. 98. - Florence, Penny (2004), Sexed Universals in Contemporary Art, New York City, New York: Allworth Press, ISBN 978-1-58115-313-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=8D1npDo0ptQC&q=satyr+modern+art&pg=PT98 ↩

323. Luta 2017, p. 42. - Luta, Isabel (February 2017), "Nymphs and Nymphomania: Mythological Medicine and Classical Nudity in Nineteenth Century Britain", Journal of International Women's Studies, 18 (3), Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier: 35–50 https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1955&context=jiws ↩

324. Florence 2004, p. 98. - Florence, Penny (2004), Sexed Universals in Contemporary Art, New York City, New York: Allworth Press, ISBN 978-1-58115-313-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=8D1npDo0ptQC&q=satyr+modern+art&pg=PT98 ↩

325. Florence 2004, p. 98. - Florence, Penny (2004), Sexed Universals in Contemporary Art, New York City, New York: Allworth Press, ISBN 978-1-58115-313-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=8D1npDo0ptQC&q=satyr+modern+art&pg=PT98 ↩

326. Florence 2004, p. 98. - Florence, Penny (2004), Sexed Universals in Contemporary Art, New York City, New York: Allworth Press, ISBN 978-1-58115-313-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=8D1npDo0ptQC&q=satyr+modern+art&pg=PT98 ↩

327. Florence 2004, p. 98. - Florence, Penny (2004), Sexed Universals in Contemporary Art, New York City, New York: Allworth Press, ISBN 978-1-58115-313-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=8D1npDo0ptQC&q=satyr+modern+art&pg=PT98 ↩

328. Luta 2017, p. 42. - Luta, Isabel (February 2017), "Nymphs and Nymphomania: Mythological Medicine and Classical Nudity in Nineteenth Century Britain", Journal of International Women's Studies, 18 (3), Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier: 35–50 https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1955&context=jiws ↩

329. Scobey 2002, pp. 43–66. - Scobey, David (2002), "Nymphs and Satyrs: Sex and the Bourgeois Public Sphere in Victorian New York", Winterthur Portfolio, 37 (1), Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press: 43–66, doi:10.1086/376342, JSTOR 10.1086/376342, S2CID 162136704 https://doi.org/10.1086%2F376342 ↩

330. Luta 2017, pp. 35–50. - Luta, Isabel (February 2017), "Nymphs and Nymphomania: Mythological Medicine and Classical Nudity in Nineteenth Century Britain", Journal of International Women's Studies, 18 (3), Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier: 35–50 https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1955&context=jiws ↩

331. Riggs 2014, p. 235. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

332. Faedo 2010, p. 359. - Faedo, Lucia (2010), "Faun", in Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (eds.), The Classical Tradition, translated by Baker, Patrick, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 359–360, ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0 ↩

333. Riggs 2014, p. 235. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

334. Riggs 2014, p. 235. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

335. Luta 2017, pp. 41–42. - Luta, Isabel (February 2017), "Nymphs and Nymphomania: Mythological Medicine and Classical Nudity in Nineteenth Century Britain", Journal of International Women's Studies, 18 (3), Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier: 35–50 https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1955&context=jiws ↩

336. Baguley 2000, p. 317. - Baguley, David (2000), Napoleon III and His Regime: An Extravaganza, Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, ISBN 978-0807126240 https://books.google.com/books?id=acgxXxume2sC&q=satyr+Bouguereau+Cabanel&pg=PA317 ↩

337. Baguley 2000, p. 317. - Baguley, David (2000), Napoleon III and His Regime: An Extravaganza, Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, ISBN 978-0807126240 https://books.google.com/books?id=acgxXxume2sC&q=satyr+Bouguereau+Cabanel&pg=PA317 ↩

338. Baguley 2000, p. 317. - Baguley, David (2000), Napoleon III and His Regime: An Extravaganza, Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, ISBN 978-0807126240 https://books.google.com/books?id=acgxXxume2sC&q=satyr+Bouguereau+Cabanel&pg=PA317 ↩

339. Scobey 2002, p. 43. - Scobey, David (2002), "Nymphs and Satyrs: Sex and the Bourgeois Public Sphere in Victorian New York", Winterthur Portfolio, 37 (1), Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press: 43–66, doi:10.1086/376342, JSTOR 10.1086/376342, S2CID 162136704 https://doi.org/10.1086%2F376342 ↩

340. Scobey 2002, p. 43. - Scobey, David (2002), "Nymphs and Satyrs: Sex and the Bourgeois Public Sphere in Victorian New York", Winterthur Portfolio, 37 (1), Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press: 43–66, doi:10.1086/376342, JSTOR 10.1086/376342, S2CID 162136704 https://doi.org/10.1086%2F376342 ↩

341. Scobey 2002, pp. 43–66. - Scobey, David (2002), "Nymphs and Satyrs: Sex and the Bourgeois Public Sphere in Victorian New York", Winterthur Portfolio, 37 (1), Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press: 43–66, doi:10.1086/376342, JSTOR 10.1086/376342, S2CID 162136704 https://doi.org/10.1086%2F376342 ↩

342. Baguley 2000, pp. 317–318. - Baguley, David (2000), Napoleon III and His Regime: An Extravaganza, Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, ISBN 978-0807126240 https://books.google.com/books?id=acgxXxume2sC&q=satyr+Bouguereau+Cabanel&pg=PA317 ↩

343. Riggs 2014, p. 235. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

344. Riggs 2014, p. 235. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

345. Riggs 2014, p. 235. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

346. Riggs 2014, p. 235. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

347. Henrichs 1987, p. 99. - Henrichs, Albert (1987), "Myth Visualized: Dionysos and His Circle in Sixth-Century Attic Vase Painting", Papers on the Amasis Painter and His World: A Colloquium Sponsored by the Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities and Symposium Sponsored by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-093-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=6OVFAgAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+in+modern+literature+and+art&pg=PA99 ↩

348. Henrichs 1987, p. 99. - Henrichs, Albert (1987), "Myth Visualized: Dionysos and His Circle in Sixth-Century Attic Vase Painting", Papers on the Amasis Painter and His World: A Colloquium Sponsored by the Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities and Symposium Sponsored by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-093-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=6OVFAgAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+in+modern+literature+and+art&pg=PA99 ↩

349. Henrichs 1987, p. 99. - Henrichs, Albert (1987), "Myth Visualized: Dionysos and His Circle in Sixth-Century Attic Vase Painting", Papers on the Amasis Painter and His World: A Colloquium Sponsored by the Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities and Symposium Sponsored by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-093-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=6OVFAgAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+in+modern+literature+and+art&pg=PA99 ↩

350. Henrichs 1987, p. 99. - Henrichs, Albert (1987), "Myth Visualized: Dionysos and His Circle in Sixth-Century Attic Vase Painting", Papers on the Amasis Painter and His World: A Colloquium Sponsored by the Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities and Symposium Sponsored by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-093-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=6OVFAgAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+in+modern+literature+and+art&pg=PA99 ↩

351. Henrichs 1987, p. 99. - Henrichs, Albert (1987), "Myth Visualized: Dionysos and His Circle in Sixth-Century Attic Vase Painting", Papers on the Amasis Painter and His World: A Colloquium Sponsored by the Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities and Symposium Sponsored by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-093-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=6OVFAgAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+in+modern+literature+and+art&pg=PA99 ↩

352. Henrichs 1987, p. 99. - Henrichs, Albert (1987), "Myth Visualized: Dionysos and His Circle in Sixth-Century Attic Vase Painting", Papers on the Amasis Painter and His World: A Colloquium Sponsored by the Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities and Symposium Sponsored by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-093-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=6OVFAgAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+in+modern+literature+and+art&pg=PA99 ↩

353. Henrichs 1987, p. 99. - Henrichs, Albert (1987), "Myth Visualized: Dionysos and His Circle in Sixth-Century Attic Vase Painting", Papers on the Amasis Painter and His World: A Colloquium Sponsored by the Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities and Symposium Sponsored by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-093-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=6OVFAgAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+in+modern+literature+and+art&pg=PA99 ↩

354. Henrichs 1987, p. 99. - Henrichs, Albert (1987), "Myth Visualized: Dionysos and His Circle in Sixth-Century Attic Vase Painting", Papers on the Amasis Painter and His World: A Colloquium Sponsored by the Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities and Symposium Sponsored by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California: The J. Paul Getty Museum, ISBN 978-0-89236-093-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=6OVFAgAAQBAJ&q=satyrs+in+modern+literature+and+art&pg=PA99 ↩

355. Florence 2004, pp. 97–98. - Florence, Penny (2004), Sexed Universals in Contemporary Art, New York City, New York: Allworth Press, ISBN 978-1-58115-313-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=8D1npDo0ptQC&q=satyr+modern+art&pg=PT98 ↩

356. Florence 2004, pp. 97–98. - Florence, Penny (2004), Sexed Universals in Contemporary Art, New York City, New York: Allworth Press, ISBN 978-1-58115-313-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=8D1npDo0ptQC&q=satyr+modern+art&pg=PT98 ↩

357. Florence 2004, pp. 97–98. - Florence, Penny (2004), Sexed Universals in Contemporary Art, New York City, New York: Allworth Press, ISBN 978-1-58115-313-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=8D1npDo0ptQC&q=satyr+modern+art&pg=PT98 ↩

358. Florence 2004, p. 98. - Florence, Penny (2004), Sexed Universals in Contemporary Art, New York City, New York: Allworth Press, ISBN 978-1-58115-313-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=8D1npDo0ptQC&q=satyr+modern+art&pg=PT98 ↩

359. Florence 2004, p. 98. - Florence, Penny (2004), Sexed Universals in Contemporary Art, New York City, New York: Allworth Press, ISBN 978-1-58115-313-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=8D1npDo0ptQC&q=satyr+modern+art&pg=PT98 ↩

360. Riggs 2014, p. 235. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

361. Riggs 2014, p. 235. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

362. Riggs 2014, p. 235. - Riggs, Don (2014), "Faun and Satyr", in Weinstock, Jeffrey Andrew (ed.), The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, New York City, New York and London, England: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 233–236, ISBN 978-1-4094-2563-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&q=satyr+faun&pg=PA233 ↩

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