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List of stellar streams
Astronomical object type

This is a list of stellar streams. A stellar stream is an association of stars orbiting a galaxy. It was once a globular cluster or dwarf galaxy that has now been torn apart and stretched out along its orbit by tidal forces. An exception in the list about Milky Way streams given below is the Magellanic Stream, composed of gas (mostly hydrogen), although in 2023 a population of stars has been described inside it.

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Local Group streams

Milky Way streams

Known streams in the Milky Way3
NameOriginMass(solar masses)Length(light-years)CompositionDiscovery year
Arcturus streamDefunct dwarf galaxyUnknownUnknownOld stars deficient in heavy elements19714
Magellanic StreamLarge and Small Magellanic Clouds200 million1 millionHydrogen gas1972
Sagittarius StreamSagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy100 million1 millionWide variety of stars1994
Helmi streamDefunct dwarf galaxy10—100 millionSeveral complete loops around the Milky WayOld stars deficient in heavy elements1999
Palomar 5 stream (Serpens Stream)Globular cluster Palomar 55,00030,000Old stars2001
Virgo streamDefunct dwarf galaxy30,0002001
Monoceros ringCanis Major Overdensity100 million200,000Intermediate age stars2002
Anticenter streamDefunct dwarf galaxyUnknown30,000Old stars2006
GD-1Globular clusterMetal-poor stars20065
NGC 5466 stream45 Degree tidal streamGlobular cluster NGC 546610,00060,000Very old stars200667
Orphan streamUnknown source (hence its name)Unknown820,000Old stars2006
Acheron streamGlobular cluster2007910
Boötes III streamEmbedded in, and possible progenitor of the Styx stream20071112
Cocytus streamGlobular cluster20071314
Lethe streamGlobular cluster200715
Styx streamDefunct dwarf galaxy (possibly Boötes III)20071617
Cetus Polar StreamDefunct dwarf galaxyUnknownUnknownOld stars200918
Aquarius StreamDefunct dwarf galaxyUnknown30,000Old stars2010
Lamost 1Disrupted globular cluster21,000Intermediate-age stars201519
Phoenix StreamDisrupted globular clusterUnknown8,000Very old stars2021201622
S1 Streamdisrupted dwarf galaxy9420172324
Fimbulthul streamGlobular cluster Omega Centauri318201925
Pisces-Eridanus streamdisrupted cluster or association2,0001,300very young (~120 Myr) nearby (260 - 870 light-years) stream262019 27
Nyx streamremnant of a disrupted dwarf galaxy — long-ago galaxy mergerabout 200 stars20202829
Specter streamdisrupted ultra-faint dwarf galaxy2,00018,000202230

Andromeda Galaxy streams

Known streams in the Andromeda Galaxy
NameOriginMass(solar masses)Length(light-years)CompositionDiscovery year
M31 Giant stellar stream
Andromeda NE stellar stream312004
Tidal Stream Northwest (Tidal Stream E and F)32disrupted dwarf galaxies2009
Tidal Stream Southwest332009
East Cloud
North Spur
Stream A
Stream B
Stream C
Stream D

Streams beyond the Local Group

Due to new deeper sky surveys, such as the DESI Legacy Imaging Survey, a large number of streams are to be expected to be discovered in the future. An initial search in 2023 by Martínez-Delgado et al. searched 389 galaxies and found 89 candidates with stellar streams (22,9%). They plan to search about 3100 galaxies, which might yield hundreds of candidates. In the pasts less sensitive surveys such as SDSS were only able to detect the brightest stellar streams.34

Other known streams outside the Local Group
NameLocationOriginMass(solar masses)Length(light-years)CompositionCharacteristicsDiscovery year
Young Blue Tidal Stream35NGC 5128A gas fragment ora dwarf galaxy2002
stream 947-4966NGC 401336former dwarf satellite with low inclination orbitlarge looping structure2008
9477-J0949.4-STO 749988 (SMS J 4977449 tI947)NGC 590737low-mass satellite accretionmultiple surrounding loops2009
NGC 465138satellite accretionnarrow jet-like structure and surrounding debris shell2010
NGC 352139satellite accretionjet-like structure and surrounding debris shell2010
NGC 753140satellite accretionsurrounding debris shell2010
NGC 108441satellite accretionthree giant disconnected plumes of similar width2010
NGC 421642satellite accretionongoing tidal disruption of satellite galaxies seen as long tails extending from the progenitor satellite2010
NGC 105543satellite accretionclear box shaped inner halo sprinkled with a plethora of coherent spikes2010
NGC 529144galaxy interactiontwo separate tidal tails to the north and south?
petal of the sunflowerMessier 63 (NGC 5055)45dwarf satellite accretion4x1081979/2011
NGC 538746satellite accretion6x10811.7 kpcyoung starsenhanced star formation, metal-poor2014
feather on the hatMessier 104 (NGC 4594)47major mergerextremely metal rich2021

See also

Further reading

References

  1. Schilling, Govert (January 12, 2022). "Stellar streams are revealing their secrets". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved December 13, 2022. https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/stellar-streams-are-revealing-their-secrets/ ↩

  2. Chandra, Vedant &+ (27 June 2023). "Discovery of the Magellanic Stellar Stream Out to 100 KPC". The Astrophysical Journal. 956 (2): 110. arXiv:2306.15719. Bibcode:2023ApJ...956..110C. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acf7bf. https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Facf7bf ↩

  3. Ibata, Rodrigo & Gibson, Brad (April 2007). "The Ghosts of Galaxies Past". Scientific American. 296 (4): 40–45. Bibcode:2007SciAm.296d..40I. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0407-40. PMID 17479629. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  4. Ibata, Rodrigo & Gibson, Brad (April 2007). "The Ghosts of Galaxies Past". Scientific American. 296 (4): 40–45. Bibcode:2007SciAm.296d..40I. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0407-40. PMID 17479629. /wiki/Bibcode_(identifier) ↩

  5. Grillmair, C.J. & Dionatos, O. (2 May 2006). "Detection of a 63° cold stellar stream in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey". The Astrophysical Journal. 643 (1): L17 – L20. arXiv:astro-ph/0604332. Bibcode:2006ApJ...643L..17G. doi:10.1086/505111. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 8561289. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  6. "Rings around the galaxy". Astronomy. 1 June 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2019. http://www.astronomy.com/news/2007/06/rings-around-the-galaxy ↩

  7. Grillmair, C. J. & Johnson, R. (8 February 2006). "The Detection of a 45° Tidal Stream Associated with the Globular Cluster NGC 5466". The Astrophysical Journal. 639 (1): L17 – L20. arXiv:astro-ph/0602602. Bibcode:2006ApJ...639L..17G. doi:10.1086/501439. S2CID 17925570. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  8. Newberg, Heidi Jo; Willett, Benjamin A.; Yanny, Brian & Xu, Yan (5 February 2010). "The Orbit of the Orphan Stream". The Astrophysical Journal. 711 (1): 32–49. arXiv:1001.0576. Bibcode:2010ApJ...711...32N. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/711/1/32. S2CID 91177423. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  9. "Rings around the galaxy". Astronomy. 1 June 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2019. http://www.astronomy.com/news/2007/06/rings-around-the-galaxy ↩

  10. Grillmair, C.J. (5 March 2009). "Four new stellar debris streams in the galactic halo". The Astrophysical Journal. 693 (2): 1118–1127. arXiv:0811.3965. Bibcode:2009ApJ...693.1118G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/693/2/1118. S2CID 17328907. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  11. "Rings around the galaxy". Astronomy. 1 June 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2019. http://www.astronomy.com/news/2007/06/rings-around-the-galaxy ↩

  12. Grillmair, C.J. (5 March 2009). "Four new stellar debris streams in the galactic halo". The Astrophysical Journal. 693 (2): 1118–1127. arXiv:0811.3965. Bibcode:2009ApJ...693.1118G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/693/2/1118. S2CID 17328907. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  13. "Rings around the galaxy". Astronomy. 1 June 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2019. http://www.astronomy.com/news/2007/06/rings-around-the-galaxy ↩

  14. Grillmair, C.J. (5 March 2009). "Four new stellar debris streams in the galactic halo". The Astrophysical Journal. 693 (2): 1118–1127. arXiv:0811.3965. Bibcode:2009ApJ...693.1118G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/693/2/1118. S2CID 17328907. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  15. Grillmair, C.J. (5 March 2009). "Four new stellar debris streams in the galactic halo". The Astrophysical Journal. 693 (2): 1118–1127. arXiv:0811.3965. Bibcode:2009ApJ...693.1118G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/693/2/1118. S2CID 17328907. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  16. "Rings around the galaxy". Astronomy. 1 June 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2019. http://www.astronomy.com/news/2007/06/rings-around-the-galaxy ↩

  17. Grillmair, C.J. (5 March 2009). "Four new stellar debris streams in the galactic halo". The Astrophysical Journal. 693 (2): 1118–1127. arXiv:0811.3965. Bibcode:2009ApJ...693.1118G. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/693/2/1118. S2CID 17328907. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  18. Newberg, Heidi Jo; Yanny, Brian & Willett, Benjamin A. (10 July 2009). "Discovery of a new, polar-orbiting debris stream in the Milky Way stellar halo". The Astrophysical Journal. 700 (2): L61 – L64. arXiv:0906.3291. Bibcode:2009ApJ...700L..61N. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/700/2/L61. S2CID 118395419. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  19. Vickers, John J.; Smith, Martin C.; Hou, Yonghui; Wang, Yuefei & Zhang, Yong (23 December 2015). "LAMOST 1: A disrupted satellite in the constellation Draco". The Astrophysical Journal. 816 (1): L2 (5 pp). arXiv:1512.05090. Bibcode:2016ApJ...816L...2V. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/816/1/L2. S2CID 118542097. https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8205%2F816%2F1%2FL2 ↩

  20. Wan, Zhen; Lewis, Geraint F.; Li, Ting S.; Simpson, Jeffrey D.; Martell, Sarah L.; Zucker, Daniel B.; et al. (29 July 2020). "The tidal remnant of an unusually metal-poor globular cluster". Nature. 583 (7818): 768–770. arXiv:2007.14577. Bibcode:2020Natur.583..768W. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2483-6. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32728241. S2CID 220845585. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  21. Wan, J. M. Diederiky (29 July 2020). "Observations of a star system called the Phoenix stellar stream offer the first evidence of vanished star clusters that had extremely low levels of heavy elements. Their remnants might cast light on the early assembly of the Milky Way". News and views / Astronomy and astrophysics. Nature. 583 (7818): 768–770. arXiv:2007.14577. Bibcode:2020Natur.583..768W. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2483-6. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 32728241. S2CID 220845585. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  22. Balbinot, E.; Yanny, B.; Li, T.S.; Santiago, B.; Marshall, J.L.; Finley, D.A.; et al. (March 2016). "The Phoenix Stream: A cold stream in the southern hemisphere". Astrophysical Journal. 820 (1): 58. arXiv:1509.04283. Bibcode:2016ApJ...820...58B. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/820/1/58. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 12590274. https://doi.org/10.3847%2F0004-637X%2F820%2F1%2F58 ↩

  23. Myeong, G C; Evans, N W; Belokurov, V; Amorisco, N C; Koposov, S E (2017-12-20). "Halo substructure in the SDSS--Gaia catalogue: streams and clumps". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 1537–1548. arXiv:1712.04071. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3262. ISSN 0035-8711. https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstx3262 ↩

  24. O’Hare, Ciaran A. J.; McCabe, Christopher; Evans, N. Wyn; Myeong, GyuChul; Belokurov, Vasily (2018-11-07). "Dark matter hurricane: Measuring the S1 stream with dark matter detectors". Physical Review D. 98 (10): 103006. arXiv:1807.09004. Bibcode:2018PhRvD..98j3006O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.103006. ISSN 2470-0010. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  25. Malhan, Khyati (23 April 2019). "Ghostly tributaries to our galaxy: Catastrophic tale of the most massive globular cluster of the Milky Way". Nature Research Astronomy Community. Retrieved 12 July 2019. https://astronomycommunity.nature.com/users/253571-khyati-malhan/posts/47356-ghostly-tributaries-to-our-galaxy-catastrophic-tale-of-the-most-massive-globular-cluster-of-the-milky-way ↩

  26. Curtis, Jason L.; Agüeros, Marcel A.; Mamajek, Eric E.; Wright, Jason T. & Cummings, Jeffrey D. (August 2019). "TESS reveals that the nearby Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream is only 120 Myr old". The Astrophysical Journal. 158 (2): 77. arXiv:1905.10588. Bibcode:2019AJ....158...77C. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab2899. ISSN 0004-6256. https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Fab2899 ↩

  27. Meingast, Stefan; Alves, João & Fürnkranz, Verena (February 2019). "Extended stellar systems in the solar neighborhood. II. Discovery of a nearby 120° stellar stream in Gaia DR2". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 622: L13. arXiv:1901.06387. Bibcode:2019A&A...622L..13M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834950. ISSN 0004-6361. https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201834950 ↩

  28. "Nyx: Stellar stream of stars discovered in Milky Way that originated in another galaxy". ScitechDaily. 8 July 2020. https://scitechdaily.com/nyx-stellar-stream-of-stars-discovered-in-milky-way-that-originated-in-another-galaxy/ ↩

  29. Necib, L.; Ostdiek, B.; Lisanti, M.; et al. (6 July 2020). "Evidence for a vast prograde stellar stream in the solar vicinity". Nature Astronomy. 4 (11): 1078–1083. arXiv:1907.07190. Bibcode:2020NatAs...4.1078N. doi:10.1038/s41550-020-1131-2. S2CID 197430957. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  30. Chandra, Vedant; Conroy, Charlie; Caldwell, Nelson; Bonaca, Ana; Naidu, Rohan P.; Zaritsky, Dennis; Cargile, Phillip A.; Han, Jiwon Jesse; Johnson, Benjamin D.; Speagle, Joshua S.; Ting, Yuan-Sen; Woody, Turner (2022). "A Ghost in Boötes: The Least-Luminous Disrupted Dwarf Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 940 (2): 127. arXiv:2207.13717. Bibcode:2022ApJ...940..127C. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac9b4b. S2CID 251134878. https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fac9b4b ↩

  31. Zucker, Daniel B.; Kniazev, Alexei Y.; Bell, Eric F.; Martinez-Delgado, David; Grebel, Eva K.; Rix, Hans-Walter; et al. (10 August 2004). "A New Giant Stellar Structure in the Outer Halo of M31". The Astrophysical Journal. 612 (2): L117–L120. arXiv:astro-ph/0401098. Bibcode:2004ApJ...612L.117Z. doi:10.1086/424706. S2CID 16057037. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  32. "New tidal streams found in Andromeda reveal history of galactic mergers". Retrieved 12 July 2019. http://www.ucolick.org/~raja/aas_prs_rls_010610/ ↩

  33. "New tidal streams found in Andromeda reveal history of galactic mergers". Retrieved 12 July 2019. http://www.ucolick.org/~raja/aas_prs_rls_010610/ ↩

  34. Martínez-Delgado, David; Cooper, Andrew P.; Román, Javier; Pillepich, Annalisa; Erkal, Denis; Pearson, Sarah; Moustakas, John; Laporte, Chervin F. P.; Laine, Seppo; Akhlaghi, Mohammad; Lang, Dustin; Makarov, Dmitry; Borlaff, Alejandro S.; Donatiello, Giuseppe; Pearson, William J. (2023-03-01). "Hidden depths in the local Universe: The Stellar Stream Legacy Survey". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 671: A141. arXiv:2104.06071. Bibcode:2023A&A...671A.141M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245011. ISSN 0004-6361. https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202245011 ↩

  35. Peng, Eric W.; Ford, Holland C.; Freeman, Kenneth C.; White, Richard L. (December 2002). "A Young Blue Tidal Stream in NGC 5128". The Astronomical Journal. 124 (6): 3144–3156. arXiv:astro-ph/0208422. Bibcode:2002AJ....124.3144P. doi:10.1086/344308. S2CID 16642381. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  36. Martinez-Delgado, David; Pohlen, Michael; Gabany, R. Jay; Majewski, Steven R.; Penarrubia, Jorge; Palma, Chris (23 February 2009). "Discovery of a Giant Stellar Tidal Stream Around the Disk Galaxy NGC 4013". The Astrophysical Journal. 692 (2): 955–963. arXiv:0801.4657. Bibcode:2009ApJ...692..955M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/955. S2CID 14957582. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  37. Martinez-Delgado, David; Penarrubia, Jorge; Gabany, R. Jay; Trujillo, Ignacio; Majewski, Steven R.; Pohlen, Michael (10 December 2008). "The Ghost of a Dwarf Galaxy: Fossils of the Hierarchical Formation of the Nearby Spiral Galaxy NGC 5907". The Astrophysical Journal. 689 (1): 184–193. arXiv:0805.1137. Bibcode:2008ApJ...689..184M. doi:10.1086/592555. S2CID 8387773. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

  38. Martinez-Delgado, David; Gabany, R. Jay; Crawford, Ken; Zibetti, Stefano; Majewski, Steven R.; Rix, Hans-Walter; Fliri, Jurgen; Carballo-Bello, Julio A.; Bardalez-Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; Penarrubia, Jorge; Chonis, Taylor S.; Madore, Barry; Trujillo, Ignacio; Schirmer, Mischa; McDavid, David A. (7 September 2010). "Stellar Tidal Streams in Spiral Galaxies of the Local Volume: A Pilot Survey with Modest Aperture Telescopes". The Astronomical Journal. 140 (4): 962–967. arXiv:1003.4860. Bibcode:2010AJ....140..962M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/4/962. S2CID 43034946. /wiki/ArXiv_(identifier) ↩

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  45. Chonis, Taylor S.; Martínez-Delgado, David; Gabany, R. Jay; Majewski, Steven R.; Hill, Gary J.; Gralak, Ray; Trujillo, Ignacio (2011-11-01). "A Petal of the Sunflower: Photometry of the Stellar Tidal Stream in the Halo of Messier 63 (NGC 5055)". The Astronomical Journal. 142 (5): 166. arXiv:1109.0019. Bibcode:2011AJ....142..166C. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/5/166. hdl:2152/34376. ISSN 0004-6256. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AJ....142..166C ↩

  46. Beaton, Rachael L.; Martínez-Delgado, David; Majewski, Steven R.; D'Onghia, Elena; Zibetti, Stefano; Gabany, R. Jay; Johnson, Kelsey E.; Blanton, Michael; Verbiscer, Anne (2014-08-01). "Cannibalization and Rebirth in the NGC 5387 System. I. The Stellar Stream and Star-forming Region". The Astrophysical Journal. 790 (2): 117. arXiv:1312.0585. Bibcode:2014ApJ...790..117B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/790/2/117. ISSN 0004-637X. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...790..117B ↩

  47. Martínez-Delgado, David; Román, Javier; Erkal, Denis; Schirmer, Mischa; Roca-Fàbrega, Santi; Laine, Seppo; Donatiello, Giuseppe; Jimenez, Manuel; Malin, David; Carballo-Bello, Julio A. (2021-10-01). "A feather on the hat: tracing the giant stellar stream around the Sombrero galaxy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 506 (4): 5030–5038. arXiv:2106.04548. Bibcode:2021MNRAS.506.5030M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1874. ISSN 0035-8711. https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstab1874 ↩