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Timeline of the gunpowder age
Timeline article

This is a timeline of the history of gunpowder and related topics such as weapons, warfare, and industrial applications. The timeline covers the history of gunpowder from the first hints of its origin as a Taoist alchemical product in China until its replacement by smokeless powder in the late 19th century (from 1884 to the present day).

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Pre-gunpowder formula

Major developments: Earliest stage of gunpowder development. Mentions of gunpowder ingredients and their uses in conjunction with each other.

YearDateRegionEvent
142ChinaA Taoist text known as the Cantong qi, or the Book of the Kinship of Three, by Wei Boyang, who lived in the Eastern Han dynasty, mentions a combination of three powders that fly and dance violently.12
318ChinaThe ingredients of gunpowder are recorded in the Baopuzi, also known as The Master Who Embraces Simplicity, by Taoist philosopher Ge Hong, who lived in the Jin dynasty (266–420). It describes experiments to create gold with heated saltpeter, pine resin, and charcoal among other carbon materials, resulting in a purple powder and arsenic vapours.34
492ChinaTao Hongjing, a Taoist alchemist, notes that saltpeter burns with a purple flame.5
756ChinaThe Taoist Mao Kua reports in his Pinglongren (Recognition of the Recumbent Dragon) that by heating saltpeter, the yin of the air can be obtained, which combines with sulphur, carbon, and metals other than gold.6

9th century

Major developments: Earliest definite references to a gunpowder formula and awareness of its danger.

YearDateRegionEvent
808ChinaThe Taoist priest Qing Xuzi mentions the gunpowder formula in his Taishang Shengzu Jindan Mijue, describing six parts sulfur to six parts saltpeter to one part birthwort herb.7
858ChinaThe Taoist text Zhenyuan miaodao yaolüe (Classified Essentials of the Mysterious Way of the True Origin of Things) contains a warning on the dangers of gunpowder: "Some have heated together sulfur, realgar (arsenic disulphide), and saltpeter with honey; smoke [and flames] result, so that their hands and faces have been burnt, and even the whole house burned down."8

10th century

Major developments: Gunpowder is utilized in Chinese warfare and an assortment of gunpowder weapons appear. Fire arrows utilizing gunpowder as an incendiary appear in the early 900s and possibly rocket arrows as well by the end of the century. The gunpowder slow match is used for igniting flame throwers. The ancestor of firearms, the fire lance, also appears, but its usage in the 10th century is uncertain and no textual evidence for it exists during this period.

YearDateRegionEvent
904ChinaFire arrows utilizing gunpowder are used by Southern Wu troops during the siege of Yuzhang.910
919ChinaThe gunpowder slow match appears in China (for igniting flamethrowers).11
950ChinaFire lances appear in China.12
969ChinaGunpowder propelled fire arrows, rocket arrows, are invented by Yue Yifang and Feng Jisheng.13
975ChinaThe state of Wuyue sends a group of soldiers skilled in the use of fire arrows to the Song dynasty, which uses fire arrows and incendiary bombs in the same year to destroy the fleet of Southern Tang.14
994ChinaThe Liao dynasty attacks the Song dynasty and lays siege to Zitong with 100,000 troops, but fails due to the defenders' use of fire arrows.15
1000ChinaTang Fu demonstrates gunpowder pots and caltrops to the Song court and is rewarded.16

11th century

Major developments: The chemical formula for gunpowder is recorded in the Wujing Zongyao by 1044. Bombs appear in the early 11th century. Gunpowder becomes more common in the Song dynasty and production of gunpowder weapons is systematized. The Song court restricts trade of gunpowder ingredients with the Liao and Western Xia dynasties.

YearDateRegionEvent
1002ChinaShi Pu demonstrates fireballs utilizing gunpowder to the Song court and blueprints are created for promulgation throughout the realm.17
1044ChinaThe chemical formula for gunpowder appears in the military manual Wujing Zongyao, also known as the Complete Essentials for the Military Classics.1819
China"Thunderclap bombs" are mentioned in the Wujing Zongyao.20
ChinaA "triple-bed-crossbow" firing fire arrows is mentioned in the Wujing Zongyao.21
1067ChinaPrivate trade of gunpowder ingredients is banned in the Song dynasty.22
1075SinosphereVietnam's Lý dynasty used fire arrows and against the Song dynasty during the Lý–Song War (1075–1077).23
1076ChinaTrade of gunpowder ingredients with the Liao and Western Xia dynasties is outlawed by the Song court.24
1083ChinaThree hundred thousand fire arrows are produced by the Song court and delivered to two garrisons.25

12th century

Major developments: Gunpowder fireworks are mentioned. Ships are equipped with trebuchets for hurling bombs. Earliest recorded usage of gunpowder artillery in ship to ship combat, first mention of the fire lance in battle, and the earliest possible depiction of a cannon appears.

YearDateRegionEvent
1110ChinaThe Song army puts on a firework display for the emperor including a spectacle which opened with "a noise like thunder" and explosives that light up the night. Considered by some to be the first mention of gunpowder fireworks.26
1126FebruaryChinaJingkang Incident: Thunderclap bomb as well as fire arrows and fire bombs are used by Song troops during the siege of Kaifeng by the Jin dynasty (1115–1234).27
1127DecemberChina"Molten metal bombs", suspected to contain gunpowder, are employed by Song troops when the Jin army returns with fire arrows and gunpowder bombs made by captured Song artisans. Kaifeng is taken.28
1128ChinaThe earliest extant depiction of a cannon appears among the Dazu Rock Carvings, one of which is a human figure holding a gourd shaped hand cannon.29
1129ChinaGunpowder weapons are applied to naval warfare as Song warships are outfitted with trebuchets and supplies of gunpowder bombs.30
1132ChinaSiege of De'an: Fire lances are used by Song troops.313233
ChinaGunpowder is referred to specifically for its military applications for the first time and is known as "fire bomb medicine" rather than "fire medicine".34
ChinaFirecrackers using gunpowder are mentioned for the first time.35
1159ChinaFire arrows are employed by a Song fleet in sinking a Jin fleet off the shore of Shandong peninsula.36
116126–27 NovemberChinaBattle of Caishi: Thunderclap bombs are employed by Song treadmill boats in sinking a Jin fleet on the Yangtze.37
1163ChinaFire lances are attached to war carts, known as "at-your-desire-war-carts", for defending Song mobile trebuchets.38

13th century

Major developments: Bomb shells gain an iron casing. Fire lances are equipped with projectiles and reusable iron barrels. Rockets are used in warfare. "Fire emitting tubes" are produced in the Song dynasty by the mid-13th century and hand cannons are recorded to have been used in battle by the Yuan dynasty in 1287. The earliest extant cannons appear in China. The Mongols spread gunpowder weaponry to Japan, Southeast Asia, and possibly the Middle East as well as Europe. Europe and India both acquire gunpowder by the end of the century, but only in the Middle East are gunpowder weapons mentioned in any detail.

YearDateRegionEvent
1207ChinaThunderclap bombs are employed by Song forces in a sneak attack on a Jin camp, killing 2000 men and 800 horses.39
1221ChinaIron casing bombs are employed by Jin troops in the siege of Qi Prefecture (Hubei).40
1227ChinaThe Wuwei Bronze Cannon, excavated in 1980, is dated to the Western Xia (1038–1227) period. It is currently the oldest possible extant cannon, however like the Heilongjiang hand cannon it contains no inscription and dating is based on contextual evidence.41
1230ChinaCo-viative projectiles are added to fire lances.42
1231China"Thunder crash bombs" are employed by Jin troops in destroying a Mongol warship.43
1232ChinaReusable fire lance barrels made of durable paper are employed by Jin troops during the Mongol siege of Kaifeng.44
China"Flying fire-lances" with re-usable barrels are used in the defense of Bianjing against Mongols. Some interpret these to be rockets.45
1237ChinaLarge bombs requiring several hundred men to hurl using trebuchets are employed by Mongols in the siege of Anfeng (modern Shouxian, Anhui).46
1240Middle EastThe Middle East acquires knowledge of gunpowder.47
1245ChinaRockets are used during a military exercise conducted by the Song navy.48
1257ChinaThree hundred thirty-three "fire emitting tubes" are produced in a Song arsenal in Jiankang Prefecture (Nanjing, Jiangsu).4950
1258IndiaIn India, gunpowder is used in pyrotechnics.51
1259ChinaThe History of Song describes a "fire-emitting lance" employing a pellet wad projectile which occludes the barrel. Some consider this to be the first bullet.5253
ChinaThe city of Qingzhou produces one to two thousand iron cased bomb shells a month and sends them in deliveries of ten to twenty thousand at a time to Xiangyang and Yingzhou.54
1264ChinaA display of miniature rockets frightens the Song empress.55
1267WestIn Europe gunpowder in the form of a firecracker is mentioned in textual sources by Roger Bacon, in his Opus Majus.5657
1272ChinaBattle of Xiangyang: Fire lances are used by a Song riverine relief force to repel boarders.58
1276ChinaReusable fire lance barrels made of metal are employed by the Song army.59
ChinaFire lances are used by Song cavalry in combating Mongols.60
1277ChinaA suicide bombing occurs in China when Song garrisons set off a large bomb, killing themselves.6162
1280China"Eruptors," cannons firing co-viative projectiles, are employed in the Yuan dynasty.63
ChinaA major accidental explosion occurs in China when a Yuan gunpowder storehouse at Weiyang, Yangzhou catches fire and explodes, killing 100 guards and hurling building materials over 5 km away.64
Middle EastThe Middle East acquires fire lances and rockets.65 Hasan al-Rammah writes, in Arabic, recipes for gunpowder, instructions for the purification of saltpeter, and descriptions of gunpowder incendiaries.66 He also provides a description and illustration of the world's first torpedo.67
WestEurope acquires the gunpowder formula.68
1281SinosphereBombs are employed by Mongols in the Mongol invasions of Japan.69
1287ChinaHand cannons are employed by the troops of Yuan Jurchen commander Li Ting in putting down a rebellion by Mongol prince Nayan.70
1288ChinaThe Heilongjiang hand cannon is dated to this year based on contextual evidence and its proximity to the rebellion by Mongol prince Nayan, although it contains no inscription.7172
1293Southeast AsiaMongol troops of Yuan dynasty carried Chinese cannons to Java in 1293.73
1298ChinaThe Xanadu Gun, the oldest confirmed extant hand cannon, is dated to this year based on its inscription and contextual evidence.74
1299Middle EastFire lances are used in battles between the Mongols and Muslims75
1300IndiaIn India Mongol mercenaries deploy fire arrows during a siege.76

14th century

Major developments: Chinese gunpowder weaponry continues to advance with the development of one-piece cast iron cannons, accompanying carriages, and the addition of land mines, naval mines and rocket launchers. Earliest recorded instance of volley fire with gunpowder weaponry, by the Ming dynasty. The rest of the world catches up quickly and most of Eurasia acquires gunpowder weapons by the second half of the 14th century. Cannon development in Europe progresses rapidly and by 1374, cannons in Europe are able to breach a city wall for the first time. Breech loading cannons appear in Europe.

YearDateRegionEvent
1307WestThe Armenian monk Hetoum writes about a powerful weapon having been invented in China.77
1325ChinaBronze "thousand-ball thunder-cannons" on four wheeled carriages appear in the Yuan dynasty.78
1326WestIn Europe the depiction of a cannon appears.7980
1330WestIn Andalusia cannons are mentioned in textual sources.81
WestEurope's oldest extant firearm, the Loshult gun, is dated to this year.82
1331IberiaThe Nasrid army besieging Elche makes use of "iron pellets shot with fire."83
1333WestEarliest extant cannon arrow projectile is dated to this year. Now kept in the Eltz Castle.84
1338WestAn organ gun and three pounds of gunpowder are recorded to have been in the possession of a raiding party that sacked Southampton.85
1339WestThe word "cannon", derived from the Greek kanun and Latin canna, meaning "tube," is used for the first time in Europe.86
WestThe word "gun" is used to describe a firearm in English for the first time.87
1340ChinaA "watermelon bomb" containing miniature rockets known as "ground rats" is employed by Liu Bowen against rebels and pirates in Zhejiang.88
1344WestWooden cannons appear in Europe.89
134626 AugustWestBattle of Crécy: Organ guns are used.90
WestThe term "bombard" is used to refer to guns of any kind.91
1350ChinaCast iron technology becomes reliable enough to make one-piece iron cannons in China.92
ChinaFlint and wheel mechanisms are employed in igniting land mines and naval mines in China.93
ChinaIn China organ guns appear.94
ChinaTwo wheeled gun carriages appear in China.95
IndiaIndia acquires rockets.96
1352Southeast AsiaCannons are mentioned to have been used by the Ayutthaya Kingdom in their invasion of the Khmer Empire97
1358ChinaDefending garrisons fire cannons en masse at the siege of Shaoxing and defeat a Ming army.98
1360Middle EastIn the middle east metal-barrel guns start appearing in textual sources.99
Southeast AsiaGunpowder barrels aboard a Khmer ship explode.100
136330 August – 4 OctoberChinaBattle of Lake Poyang: Cannons are used in ship combat and a new weapon called the "No Alternative" also appears. It consists of a reed mat bundled together with gunpowder and iron pellets hung on a pole from the foremast of a ship. When an enemy ship is within range, the fuse is lit, and the bundle falls onto the enemy ship spitting iron pellets and burning their men and sails.101
1364WestBreech loading cannons start appearing in Europe.102
1366ChinaTwo thousand four hundred large and small cannons are deployed by the Ming army at the siege of Suzhou.103
IndiaThe Vijayanagara Empire acquires firearms.104
1368ChinaCrouching-tiger cannons are employed by the Ming army.105
1370ChinaGunpowder is corned to strengthen the explosive power of land mines in the Ming dynasty.106
ChinaCannon projectiles transition from stone to iron ammunition in the Ming dynasty.107
1372ChinaCannons made specifically for naval usage appear in the Ming dynasty.108
1373WestThe term "hand gun", also known as handgonne, gunnies, vasam scolpi, pot, capita, and testes, appears in European texts for the first time.109
1374SinosphereGoryeo starts producing gunpowder.110
WestCannons breach a city wall for the first time in Europe.111
1375West"Basilisk" cannons appear.112
WestA 900 kg large-calibre gun is produced in Europe.113
WorldwideFlash pans are added to hand cannons.114
WestEuropean gunsmiths begin testing barrels for structural integrity, improving quality.115
1377SinosphereGoryeo starts producing cannons and rockets.116117
1380China"Wasp nest" rocket launchers are manufactured for the Ming army.118
24 JuneWestBattle of Chioggia: In Europe rockets are used in battle.119
WestEuropeans develop the means to produce saltpeter for themselves.120
1382WestEuropean sailing ships are equipped with cannons.121
3 MayWestBattle of Beverhoutsveld: The first military conflict in Europe where cannons play a decisive role.122
1388ChinaMing–Mong Mao War: Volley fire is implemented with cannons by the Ming artillery corps in the anti-insurrection war waged against the Mong Mao.123
WestSaltpeter plantations start appearing in Europe.124
1390Southeast AsiaĐại Việt soldiers kill the king of Champa, Che Bong Nga, using hand cannons.125
1396WestIn Europe mounted knights start employing fire lances.126
139817 DecemberIndiaDelhi Sultanate uses bombs against Tamerlane.127
1399WestGermany's oldest extant firearm is dated to this year.128

15th century

Major developments: Large-calibre artillery weighing several thousand kg are produced in Europe during the early 15th century and spread to the Ottoman Empire. Modifiable two wheeled gun carts known as limbers and caissons appear, greatly improving the mobility of artillery. The matchlock arquebus, the first firearm with a trigger mechanism, appears in Europe by 1475. Rifled barrels also appear in the late 15th century. The term musket is used for the first time in 1499. Rocket launchers are used in battle by the Ming dynasty and the Korean kingdom of Joseon develops a mobile rocket launcher vehicle called the hwacha. Chinese style bombs are used in Japan by 1468 at the latest.

YearDateRegionEvent
1400WestIn Europe the gunpowder slow match appears.129
ChinaLi Jinglong uses rocket launchers against the army of the Yongle Emperor.130
WestSpringalds are entirely replaced by gunpowder weapons131
1405WestEurope acquires bombs.132
1407ChinaIronwood wadding is added to Ming cannons, increasing their effectiveness.133
1409SinosphereBattle carts armed with cannons firing iron fletched darts are produced in Joseon.134
1410SinosphereJoseon ships are equipped with cannons.135
West"Culverins" are mentioned for the first time.136
West"Saker" cannons appear.137
1411WestA "serpentine" lever is added to the stocks of hand cannons in Europe to hold matches. The resulting firearm, the hook gun, becomes known as the arquebus.138
1412ChinaShells are used as ammunition in the Ming dynasty.139
1413SinosphereJoseon mortars capable of firing 500 meter iron shots and 600 meter stone shots are mentioned.140
Southeast AsiaThe customs of firing cannons and pole gun is mentioned as part of Javanese marriage ceremony.141142: 245 
1415Sinosphere10,000 guns are deployed throughout Joseon143
1419ChinaDuring the Lantern Festival, the Ming imperial palace puts on a display of pyrotechnics involving rockets running along wires which light up lanterns, illuminating the palace.144
1420WestIn Europe war wagons are used as mobile firearm platforms during the Hussite Wars.145
1420SinosphereIron shot replaces stone as the standard ammunition in Joseon146
1421Southeast AsiaA Chinese pole cannon found in Java is dated from this year, bearing the name of Yongle Emperor.147148
1425WestIn Europe gunpowder corning is practiced.149
1429ChinaMounted infantry carrying hand cannons are employed by the Ming army.150
1431WestA 12,000 kg wrought iron large-calibre gun capable of firing 300 kg projectiles, called Dulle Griet, is produced in Europe.151
WestEuropean cannon projectiles transition from stone to iron ammunition.152
1437WestIn Europe shells are used as ammunition.153
WestA master gunner in Europe is forced to make a pilgrimage to Rome after scaring his fellow soldiers, who accused him of satanic devilry, with an astounding rate of fire of three rounds in one day.154
1447SinosphereSejong the Great of Joseon decrees that all fire-squads should carry standardized firearms.155
1450WestEuropean walls become lower and thicker in response to cannons.156
WestTrunnions appear in Europe.157
15 AprilWestBattle of Formigny: Marks the rapid decline of the English longbow as they prove to be inferior to cannons in both range and rate of fire.158
1451SinosphereA type of multiple arrow rocket launcher known as the "Munjong Hwacha" is produced in Joseon.159
1453WestModifiable two wheeled gun carts known as limbers appear, greatly improving cannon maneuverability and mobility.160161
1456IndiaMalwa Sultanate uses cannons as siege weapons to demolish ramparts: In India cannons become widespread.162163
14603 AugustWestJames II of Scotland is killed by one of his own guns, which exploded while he was standing close to it.164
West"Mortars" are mentioned for the first time.165
1464Middle EastA 16,800 kg cast bronze large-calibre gun known as the Great Turkish Bombard is created in the Ottoman Empire.166
1468SinosphereA Chinese "thunderbomb" made of paper and bamboo wrapping two pounds of gunpowder and iron filings is mentioned to have been in use in Japan; Chinese style bombs are used as trebuchet shots until at least 1500167
1470WestA shoulder stock is added to hand cannons in Europe.168
1471Southeast AsiaCham–Annamese War: Lê dynasty troops use cannons to blast a breach in Vijaya's fortifications prior to capturing the city169
1472IndiaIn India land mines appear; Bahmani Sultanate utilizes them in siege warfare.170
1475WestThe matchlock mechanism is added to the arquebus, making it the first firearm with a trigger.171
1479WestA four layer artillery tower is built at Querfurth in Saxony.172
1480WestGuns reach their classic form in Europe.173
West"Falconets" are mentioned for the first time.174
West"Minion" cannons appear.175
1486WestEuropean oar ships start carrying cannons.176
1488WestHenry VII of England's ships, the Regent and Sovereign, are among the first to carry enough cannons to deliver a 'ship killing' blow at a distance.177
1498WestSpecialized hunting firearms with rifled barrels appear in Europe.178
149925 AugustWestBattle of Zonchio: Breech-loading iron cannons are used in naval warfare.179
WestThe term musket or moschetto is used for the first time in Europe.180

16th century

Major developments: Matchlock firearms spread throughout Eurasia, reaching China and Japan by the mid-16th century. The volley fire technique is implemented using matchlock firearms by the Ottomans, Ming dynasty, and Dutch Republic by the end of the century. The arquebus is replaced by its heavier variant called the musket to combat heavily armoured troops. "Musket" becomes the dominant term for all shoulder arms fireweapons until the mid-19th century. The wheellock and flintlock trigger mechanisms are invented. Pistols and revolvers both appear during this period. Ottoman troops attach bayonets to their firearms. Both Europe and China develop handheld breech loading firearms. The star fort spreads across Europe in response to increasing effectiveness of siege artillery. The Ming dynasty uses gunpowder for hydraulic engineering.

YearDateRegionEvent
1500IndiaIndia acquires matchlocks.181
WestThe term "artillery" solidifies as a general term for cannons, their ammunition, support equipment, and operating personnel.182
150328 AprilWestBattle of Cerignola: Marks the first military conflict where arquebusiers played a decisive role.183
1505WestThe wheellock appears in Europe as an expensive alternative to the matchlock.184
1508IndiaIndia acquires Portuguese cannons.185
WestThe earliest extant rifles are dated to this year.186
1510SinosphereJapan acquires cannons.187
ChinaPortuguese "Frankish" cannons are used on Guangdong's coastline by Chinese pirates.188
1515WestA man in (Germany) accidentally shoots a prostitute in the chin with a pistol. Considered to be the earliest recorded firearm accident.189
1516Southeast AsiaĐại Việt and Lê dynasty produce matchlocks.190
1521WestA larger arquebus capable of penetrating plate armor known as the musket appears in Europe.191
1523ChinaThe Ming dynasty produces breech-loading swivel guns based on Portuguese designs.192
152621 AprilIndiaMughal Emperor Babur use firearms against Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, therefore winning the First Battle of Panipat.
29 AugustWestBattle of Mohács: Volley fire is implemented with matchlocks by Ottoman Janissaries.193
1527West"Ordnance" is used to describe artillery for the first time.194
1530WestThe star fort becomes the dominant type of defensive structure in Italy.195
WestEarliest dated "carbine" made in Augsburg.196
1533ChinaComposite metal cannons are produced in the Ming dynasty.197198199
1537WestHandheld breech-loading firearms start appearing in Europe.200
WestNiccolò Fontana Tartaglia applies mathematical applications to artillery trajectories in his Nova Scientia.201
1540WestCast iron cannons in Europe become reliable enough to arm sailing ships with two full broadsides.202
Southeast AsiaIn Southeast Asia matchlocks start seeing widespread use.203
WestCavalry in Europe start abandoning the lance and adopt the wheellock pistol.204
1541ChinaGunpowder is used for hydraulic engineering in the Ming dynasty.205
1543SinosphereJapan acquires knowledge of matchlocks.206
154427 JanuarySinosphereIn Japan Tanegashima Tokitaka employs matchlocks in the invasion of Yakushima.207
WestWooden cannons are used for the last time in Europe.208
WestCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor attempts to standardize gun types.209
1545IndiaGujarat experiments with composite metal cannons.210
WestNiccolò Fontana Tartaglia invents the gunner's quadrant, an instrument which calculates trajectory.211
1548ChinaThe Ming army starts fielding matchlocks.212
1550WestThe large arquebus known as the musket becomes obsolete due to lack of armor, but continues as the most widely used term for similar firearms in Europe.213
WestThe snaphance flintlock mechanism appears in Europe.214
WestThe 'flask trail' carriage replaces solid stock trail carriages in Europe.215
1560ChinaQi Jiguang publishes his Jixiao Xinshu describing the musket volley fire technique and his experience training the Ming army in its use.216
1561ChinaThe Ming dynasty starts producing handheld breech-loading firearms.217218
1563SinosphereJoseon starts producing breech-loading swivel guns.219
1568WestCalivers are mentioned for the first time in Europe.220
1573WestIn Europe explosive mines are implemented by Samuel Zimmermann of Augsburg.221
1574WestIn Europe designs for naval mines are completed.222
157528 JuneSinosphereBattle of Nagashino: In Japan Oda Nobunaga's tanegashima troops employ volley fire.223
WestTrigger guards start appearing on European firearms.224
1580WestRevolvers appear in Europe.225
15948 DecemberWestWilliam Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg describes the countermarch volley fire technique in a letter to his cousin Maurice, Prince of Orange, and starts training the Dutch army in volley fire.226
1598ChinaMing cavalry experiments with firing a three-barreled matchlock before using it as a shield while they attack with a saber using their other hand.227
Middle EastThe first mention of a bayonet occurs in the Shenqipu describing a knife attached to an Ottoman musket.228
1600Middle EastOttoman cavalry starts carrying pistols.229
WestThe term "howitzer" comes to refer to the weapon.230

17th century

Major developments: Bayonets spread across Eurasia. A paper cartridge is introduced by Gustavus Adolphus. Rifles are used for war by Denmark. A ship of the line carrying 60 to 120 cannons appears in Europe. Samuel Pepys' diary mentions a machine gun like pistol. The "true" flintlock replaces the snaphance flintlock in Europe by the end of the 17th century. Both China and Japan reject the flintlock and the Mughal Empire only uses it in limited quantities. Gunpowder is used for mining in Europe.

YearDateRegionEvent
1606ChinaMing muskets are attached with plug bayonets.231
1607SinosphereJoseon musketeers are trained in the volley fire technique.232
1611WestPaper cartridges are introduced by Gustavus Adolphus.233
WestRifles are used in warfare by Denmark.234
1613SinosphereIn Japan Date Masamune orders the construction of the Date Maru, a ship built in the style of a Spanish galleon, capable of carrying large cannons.235
161914–18 AprilSinosphereBattle of Sarhu: Later Jin cavalry defeats Ming and Joseon musketeers.236
1620ChinaMing foundries start producing Hongyipao.237
1627WestGunpowder is used for mining in Europe.238
1629WestHolland experiments with composite metal cannons.239
1632ChinaMing defensive planners build some star forts but they don't catch on in China.240
1633ChinaMing dockyards start construction of multidecked broadside sailing ships capable of holding large cannons under the supervision of Zheng Zhilong.241
1635ChinaTelescopes are used for aiming artillery in the Ming dynasty.242
1636SinosphereThe Dutch attempt to trade flintlock firearms with the Japanese but the new firing mechanism doesn't catch on in Japan.243
1637SinosphereShimabara Rebellion: In Japan the last major military engagement involving muskets, before firearm suppression policies are enacted, is conducted against an uprising of peasant-farmers and landless samurai.244
164220 JanuaryChinaLi Zicheng's rebels manage to create a two zhang breach in Ming fortifications using cannons.245
164326 JulyWestStorming of Bristol: In Europe fire lances are used for the last time.246
1650WestShip of the line carrying 60 to 120 cannons in broadside batteries appear in Europe.247
16623 JulyWestSamuel Pepys' diary mentions a mechanic who claimed to be able to make a machine-gun like pistol.248249
1671WestEuropean forces attach bayonets to their firearms.250
1680WestThe snaphance goes out of fashion in favor of the "true" flintlock in Europe.251
1694IndiaIndia acquires flintlocks; Mughal Empire uses them in limited quantities.252

18th century

Major developments: Flintlocks completely displace matchlock firearms in Europe both on land and at sea. Sir William Congreve, 1st Baronet discovers "cylinder powder", gunpowder produced using charcoal in iron cylinders, which is twice as powerful as traditional gunpowder and less likely to spoil. He also invents block trail carriages, the most advanced artillery transport of the time. James Puckle invents a breechloader flintlock capable of firing 63 shots in seven minutes. The Kingdom of Mysore deploys iron cased rockets known as Mysorean rockets.

YearDateRegionEvent
1702WestIn Europe telescopes are used to aid in the aiming of artillery.253
1715WestJean Maritz introduces the horizontal drilling technique for casting cannons, increasing their reliability and accuracy while reducing the amount of metal needed for the barrel.254
1718WestJames Puckle invents the Puckle gun, a breech loading flintlock with a revolving set of chambers capable of firing 63 shots in seven minutes.255
1720WestFrance establishes Europe's first national artillery school.256
1725WestFlintlock firearms completely displace matchlocks in Europe.257
1742WestBenjamin Robins invents the ballistic pendulum, which provides the first way to accurately measure the velocity of a bullet.258
1750WorldwideFirearms overtake the composite bow in cost, ease of use, range, and rate of fire, making mounted horse archers completely obsolete.259
WestA detent is added to flintlocks to prevent the sear from catching in the half-cock notch.260
1755WestNaval guns are outfitted with flintlocks261
1759West"Carronades" appear.262
1770WestA roller bearing is added to flintlocks to reduce friction and produce more sparks.263
1780WestA waterproof pan is added to flintlocks.264
1783WestSir William Congreve, 1st Baronet improves gunpowder production by constructing dedicated testing ranges, new saltpeter refineries, and special proving houses. He also discovers "cylinder powder", gunpowder produced using charcoal sealed in iron cylinders, which is twice as powerful as traditional gunpowder and less likely to spoil, giving British gunpowder a reputation as best in the world.265
1790WestEngland begins fielding block trail carriages, invented by Sir William Congreve, 1st Baronet, the most advanced artillery transport of the time.266
179922 AprilIndiaIron-cased Mysorean rockets are deployed by the Kingdom of Mysore against the East India Company.267

19th century

Major developments: Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet develops the Congreve rockets based on Mysorean rockets and British forces successfully deploy them against Copenhagen. Joshua Shaw invents percussion caps which replace the flintlock trigger mechanism. Claude-Étienne Minié invents the Minié ball, making rifles a viable military firearm, ending the era of smoothbore muskets. Subsequently rifles are deployed in the Crimean War with resounding success. Benjamin Tyler Henry invents the Henry rifle, the first reliable repeating rifle. Richard Jordan Gatling invents the Gatling gun, capable of firing 200 cartridges in a minute. Hiram Maxim invents the Maxim gun, the first single-barreled machine gun. Both China and Europe start using cast iron molds for casting cannons. Alfred Nobel invents dynamite, the first stable explosive stronger than gunpowder. Smokeless powder is invented and replaces the traditional "black powder" in Europe by the end of the century.

YearDateRegionEvent
1803WestEngland starts producing shrapnel shells.268
1804WestSir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet starts experimenting extensively with rockets based on Mysorean rockets.269
1805WestCongreve rockets are produced in Britain.270
1807WestBritish forces successfully deploy 40,000 rockets and ignite devastating fires in Copenhagen271
1812WestJean Samuel Pauly invents a cartridge containing a primer, making it the first self-contained cartridge.272
WestJoseph Manton patents the gravitating lock, which prevents muzzle loaders from accidentally firing while the muzzle is held upward.273
1815WestJoshua Shaw invents percussion caps.274
1820WestBritish guns are manufactured with bouched vents.275
1825WestThe percussion cap mechanism starts replacing flintlocks in Europe.276
1829WestRocket programs in continental Europe fizzle out as poor performance lead to their rejection until the 20th century.277
1830WestThe percussion cap becomes the most widely accepted firing mechanism in Europe.278
1831WestWilliam Bickford invents the safety fuse.279
1835WestCasimir Lefaucheux invents the first practical breech loading firearm with a cartridge.280
1836WestJohann Nicolaus von Dreyse invents the Dreyse needle gun, a breech loading rifle, increasing the rate of fire to six times that of muzzle loading weapons.281
1837WestEdward Alfred Cowper uses gunpowder explosions as railway fog-signals to alert the locomotive crew of danger.282
1841ChinaWei Yuan recommends the incorporation of flintlock firearms into the Qing army but matchlocks continue to be used.283
1845ChinaGong Zhenlin invents cast iron molds for the casting of iron cannons.284
1849WestClaude-Étienne Minié invents the Minié ball and makes the rifle a viable military firearm, ending the smoothbore musket era.285
1854WestRifles are deployed during the Crimean War with resounding success, proving to be vastly superior to smoothbore muskets.286
WestVolcanic Repeating Arms produces a rifle with a self-contained cartridge.287
1855WestThe Elswick Ordnance Company starts producing the Armstrong Gun.288
WestEdward Boxer uses rockets for throwing life-lines to shipwrecked sailors.289
1860WestBenjamin Tyler Henry invents the Henry rifle, the first reliable repeating rifle.290
1861WestRichard Jordan Gatling invents the Gatling gun, capable of firing 200 gunpowder cartridges in a minute.291
1862ChinaThe Qing dynasty starts production of percussion caps for rifles.292
ChinaLi Xiucheng of the Taiping army equips his army with foreign rifles.293
1863WestAlfred Nobel invents dynamite, the first stable explosive stronger than gunpowder.294
1864ChinaLi Hongzhang of the Qing dynasty equips his army with 15,000 foreign rifles.295
1873WestWinchester Repeating Arms Company introduces the Model 1873 Winchester rifle.296
WestIn Europe cast iron molds are utilized in casting cannons.297
187720 July – 10 DecemberWestSiege of Plevna: The first time metallic cartridge repeating rifles have a large impact in battle.298
1880WestSmokeless powder is invented and starts replacing gunpowder, also known as black powder.299
1884WestHiram Maxim invents the Maxim gun, the first single-barreled machine gun.300
1886WestA safer and more stable form of smokeless powder is invented in France.301
1890WestEuropean countries transition to smokeless powder, which is referred to as "gunpowder", whereas the old mixture is known as "black powder".302

20th century

Major developments: Smokeless powder replaces traditional "black powder" across the globe, ending the gunpowder age.

YearDateRegionEvent
1902WorldwideSmokeless powder is adopted nearly everywhere in the world and "black powder" is relegated to hobbyist usage, ending the Gunpowder Age.303

See also

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