A tincture is an extract of plant or animal material dissolved mainly in ethanol, with solvent concentrations typically between 25–60%, and sometimes up to 90%. In herbal medicine, tinctures require at least 20% alcohol for preservation. Alternative solvents include vinegar, glycerol, diethyl ether, and propylene glycol, though not all are safe internally. A glycerol-based tincture is called a glycerite, which is a weaker solvent than ethanol. Ethanol effectively extracts both acidic and alkaline compounds, while vinegar favors alkaloids. Low volatility substances like iodine can also be prepared as tinctures.
Characteristics
Tinctures are often made of a combination of ethyl alcohol and water as solvents, each dissolving constituents the other is unable to, or weaker at. Varying their proportions can also produce different levels of constituents in the final extraction. As an antimicrobial, alcohol also acts as a preservative.
A downside of using alcohol as a solvent is that ethanol has a tendency to denature some organic compounds, reducing or destroying their effectiveness. This tendency can also have undesirable effects when extracting botanical constituents, such as polysaccharides. Certain other constituents, common among them proteins, can become irreversibly denatured, or "pickled" by the alcohol. Alcohol can also have damaging effects on some aromatic compounds.
Ether and propylene glycol based tinctures are not suitable for internal consumption, although they are used in preparations for external use, such as personal care creams and ointments.
Examples
Some examples that were formerly common in medicine4 include:
- Tincture of benzoin
- Tincture of cannabis
- Tincture of cantharides
- Tincture of castoreum
- Tincture of ferric citrochloride, a chelate of citric acid and Iron(III) chloride
- Tincture of green soap, which classically contains lavender oil
- Tincture of guaiac gum
- Tincture of iodine
- Tincture of opium (laudanum)
- Camphorated tincture of opium (paregoric)
- Tincture of pennyroyal
- Warburg's tincture ("Tinctura Antiperiodica" or "Antiperiodic Tincture", a 19th-century antipyretic)
Examples of spirits include:
- Spirit of ammonia (spirits of hartshorn)
- Spirit of camphor
- Spirit of ether, a solution of diethyl ether in alcohol
- "Spirit of Mindererus", ammonium acetate in alcohol
- "Spirit of nitre" is not a spirit in this sense, but an old name for nitric acid (but "sweet spirit of nitre" was ethyl nitrite)
- Similarly "spirit(s) of salt" actually meant hydrochloric acid. The concentrated, fuming, 35% acid is still sold under this name in the UK, for use as a drain-cleaning fluid.
- "Spirit of vinegar" is an antiquated term for glacial acetic acid
- "Spirit of vitriol" is an antiquated term for sulfuric acid
- "Spirit of wine" or "spirits of wine" is an old term for alcohol (especially food grade alcohol derived from the distillation of wine)
- "Spirit of wood" referred to methanol, often derived from the destructive distillation of wood
See also
- Nalewka, traditional Polish category of alcoholic tincture.
- Infusion, water or oil based extract with similar historical uses to a tincture.
- Elixir, pharmaceutical preparation containing an active ingredient that is dissolved in a solution containing some percentage of ethyl alcohol.
- Extract
- Klosterfrau Melissengeist
- Spagyric, fermentation, distillation, and extraction of mineral components from the ash residue of calcinated plants.
- Topical, categorization of topical skin preparation options
- Theriac
References
Groot Handboek Geneeskrachtige Planten by Geert Verhelst ↩
Groot Handboek Geneeskrachtige Planten by Geert Verhelst ↩
Ullian, Naomi (2016-09-19). "How To Make A Medicinal Mushroom Double-Extraction Tincture". Herbal Academy. Retrieved 2021-01-12. https://theherbalacademy.com/make-medicinal-mushroom-double-extraction-tincture/ ↩
The Pharmacopoeia of the United States, 1850 ed. ↩