Menu
Home Explore People Places Arts History Plants & Animals Science Life & Culture Technology
On this page
USB 3.0
Third major version of the Universal Serial Bus standard

USB 3.0, released in 2008 and marketed as SuperSpeed USB, introduced a new architecture enabling transfer speeds up to 5 Gbit/s, about 10 times faster than USB 2.0. It added additional wires while maintaining backward-compatibility. Its successor, USB 3.1, released in 2013, doubled speeds to 10 Gbit/s with the SuperSpeedPlus mode (USB 3.1 Gen 2) and introduced enhanced protocols over Type-A, Type-B, and Type-C connectors. In 2017, USB 3.2 further improved performance by adding multi-lane operation modes, reaching up to 20 Gbit/s (Gen 2×2), though widespread adoption remains limited. Major chipsets like Intel's LGA 1200 and AMD's AM5 support these standards, while backward-compatibility with USB 2.0 remains integral across all versions.

Related Image Collections Add Image
Profiles
1 Image
We don't have any YouTube videos related to USB 3.0 yet.
We don't have any PDF documents related to USB 3.0 yet.
We don't have any Books related to USB 3.0 yet.

Overview

The USB 3.0 specification is similar to USB 2.0, but with many improvements and an alternative implementation. Earlier USB concepts such as endpoints and the four transfer types (bulk, control, isochronous and interrupt) are preserved but the protocol and electrical interface are different. The specification defines a physically separate channel to carry USB 3.0 traffic. The changes in this specification make improvements in the following areas:

  • Transfer speed – USB 3.0 adds a new transfer type called SuperSpeed or SS, 5 Gbit/s (electrically, it is more similar to PCI Express 2.0 and SATA than USB 2.0).8
  • Increased bandwidth – USB 3.0 uses two unidirectional data paths instead of only one: one to receive data and the other to transmit.
  • Power management – U0 to U3 link power management states are defined.
  • Improved bus use – a new feature is added (using packets NRDY and ERDY) to let a device asynchronously notify the host of its readiness, with no need for polling.
  • Support for rotating media – the bulk protocol is updated with a new feature called Stream Protocol that allows a large number of logical streams within an Endpoint.

USB 3.0 has transmission speeds of up to 5 Gbit/s, or 5000 Mbit/s, about ten times as fast as USB 2.0 (0.48 Gbit/s) even without considering that USB 3.0 is full duplex whereas USB 2.0 is half duplex. This gives USB 3.0 a potential total bidirectional bandwidth twenty times as great as that of USB 2.0.9 Considering flow control, packet framing and protocol overhead, applications can expect 450 MB/s of bandwidth.10

Architecture and features

In USB 3.0, dual-bus architecture is used to allow both USB 2.0 (Full Speed, Low Speed, or High Speed) and USB 3.0 (SuperSpeed) operations to take place simultaneously, thus providing backward compatibility. The structural topology is the same, consisting of a tiered star topology with a root hub at level 0 and hubs at lower levels to provide bus connectivity to devices.

Data transfer and synchronization

The SuperSpeed transaction is initiated by a host request, followed by a response from the device. The device either accepts the request or rejects it; if accepted, the device sends data or accepts data from the host. If the endpoint is halted, the device responds with a STALL handshake. If there is lack of buffer space or data, it responds with a Not Ready (NRDY) signal to tell the host that it is not able to process the request. When the device is ready, it sends an Endpoint Ready (ERDY) to the host which then reschedules the transaction.

The use of unicast and the limited number of multicast packets, combined with asynchronous notifications, enables links that are not actively passing packets to be put into reduced power states, which allows better power management.

USB 3.0 uses a spread-spectrum clock varying by up to 5000 ppm at 33 kHz to reduce EMI. As a result, the receiver needs to continually "chase" the clock to recover the data. Clock recovery is helped by the 8b/10b encoding and other designs.11

Data encoding

The "SuperSpeed" bus provides for a transfer mode at a nominal rate of 5.0 Gbit/s, in addition to the three existing transfer modes. Accounting for the encoding overhead, the raw data throughput is 4 Gbit/s, and the specification considers it reasonable to achieve 3.2 Gbit/s (400 MB/s) or more in practice.12

All data is sent as a stream of eight-bit (one-byte) segments that are scrambled and converted into 10-bit symbols via 8b/10b encoding; this helps prevent transmissions from generating electromagnetic interference (EMI).13 Scrambling is implemented using a free-running linear feedback shift register (LFSR). The LFSR is reset whenever a COM symbol is sent or received.14

Unlike previous standards, the USB 3.0 standard does not specify a maximum cable length, requiring only that all cables meet an electrical specification: for copper cabling with AWG 26 wires, the maximum practical length is 3 meters (10 ft).15

Power and charging

As with earlier versions of USB, USB 3.0 provides power at 5 volts nominal. The available current for low-power (one unit load) SuperSpeed devices is 150 mA, an increase from the 100 mA defined in USB 2.0. For high-power SuperSpeed devices, the limit is six unit loads or 900 mA (4.5 W)—almost twice USB 2.0's 500 mA.16: section 9.2.5.1 Power Budgeting 

USB 3.0 ports may implement other USB specifications for increased power, including the USB Battery Charging Specification for up to 1.5 A or 7.5 W, or, in the case of USB 3.1, the USB Power Delivery Specification for charging the host device up to 100 W.17

Naming scheme

Starting with the USB 3.2 specification, USB-IF introduced a new naming scheme.18 To help companies with branding of the different operation modes, USB-IF recommended branding the 5, 10, and 20 Gbit/s capabilities as SuperSpeed USB 5Gbps, SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps, and SuperSpeed USB 20 Gbps, respectively.19

In 2023, they were replaced again,20 replacing "SuperSpeed" with USB 5Gbps, USB 10Gbps, and USB 20Gbps, and introducing new Packaging and Port logos.21

Availability

The USB 3.0 Promoter Group announced on 17 November 2008 that the specification of version 3.0 had been completed and had made the transition to the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF), the managing body of USB specifications.22 This move effectively opened the specification to hardware developers for implementation in future products.

The first USB 3.0 consumer products were announced and shipped by Buffalo Technology in November 2009, while the first certified USB 3.0 consumer products were announced on 5 January 2010, at the Las Vegas Consumer Electronics Show (CES), including two motherboards by Asus and Gigabyte Technology.2324

Manufacturers of USB 3.0 host controllers include, but are not limited to, Renesas Electronics, Fresco Logic, ASMedia, Etron, VIA Technologies, Texas Instruments, NEC and Nvidia. As of November 2010, Renesas and Fresco Logic25 have passed USB-IF certification. Motherboards for Intel's Sandy Bridge processors have been seen with Asmedia and Etron host controllers as well. On 28 October 2010, Hewlett-Packard released the HP Envy 17 3D featuring a Renesas USB 3.0 host controller several months before some of their competitors. AMD worked with Renesas to add its USB 3.0 implementation into its chipsets for its 2011 platforms.[needs update] At CES2011, Toshiba unveiled a laptop called "Qosmio X500" that included USB 3.0 and Bluetooth 3.0, and Sony released a new series of Sony VAIO laptops that would include USB 3.0. As of April 2011, the Inspiron and Dell XPS series were available with USB 3.0 ports, and, as of May 2012, the Dell Latitude laptop series were as well; yet the USB root hosts failed to work at SuperSpeed under Windows 8.

Adding to existing equipment

Additional power for multiple ports on a laptop PC may be obtained in the following ways:

  • Some ExpressCard-to-USB 3.0 adapters may connect by a cable to an additional USB 2.0 port on the computer, which supplies additional power.
  • The ExpressCard may have a socket for an external power supply.
  • If the external device has an appropriate connector, it can be powered by an external power supply.
  • USB 3.0 port provided by an ExpressCard-to-USB 3.0 adapter may be connected to a separately-powered USB 3.0 hub, with external devices connected to that USB 3.0 hub.

On the motherboards of desktop PCs which have PCI Express (PCIe) slots (or the older PCI standard), USB 3.0 support can be added as a PCI Express expansion card. In addition to an empty PCIe slot on the motherboard, many "PCI Express to USB 3.0" expansion cards must be connected to a power supply such as a Molex adapter or external power supply, in order to power many USB 3.0 devices such as mobile phones, or external hard drives that have no power source other than USB; as of 2011, this is often used to supply two to four USB 3.0 ports with the full 0.9 A (4.5 W) of power that each USB 3.0 port is capable of (while also transmitting data), whereas the PCI Express slot itself cannot supply the required amount of power.

If faster connections to storage devices are the reason to consider USB 3.0, an alternative is to use eSATAp, possibly by adding an inexpensive expansion slot bracket that provides an eSATAp port; some external hard disk drives provide both USB (2.0 or 3.0) and eSATAp interfaces.26 To ensure compatibility between motherboards and peripherals, all USB-certified devices must be approved by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF). At least one complete end-to-end test system for USB 3.0 designers is available on the market.27

Adoption

The USB Promoter Group announced the release of USB 3.0 in November 2008. On 5 January 2010, the USB-IF announced the first two certified USB 3.0 motherboards, one by ASUS and one by Giga-Byte Technology.2829 Previous announcements included Gigabyte's October 2009 list of seven P55 chipset USB 3.0 motherboards,30 and an Asus motherboard that was cancelled before production.31

Commercial controllers were expected to enter into volume production in the first quarter of 2010.32 On 14 September 2009, Freecom announced a USB 3.0 external hard drive.33 On 4 January 2010, Seagate announced a small portable HDD bundled with an additional USB 3.0 ExpressCard, targeted for laptops (or desktops with ExpressCard slot addition) at the CES in Las Vegas Nevada.3435

The Linux kernel mainline contains support for USB 3.0 since version 2.6.31, which was released in September 2009.363738

FreeBSD supports USB 3.0 since version 8.2, which was released in February 2011.39

Windows 8 was the first Microsoft operating system to offer built in support for USB 3.0.40 In Windows 7 support was not included with the initial release of the operating system.41 However, drivers that enable support for Windows 7 are available through websites of hardware manufacturers.

Intel released its first chipset with integrated USB 3.0 ports in 2012 with the release of the Panther Point chipset. Some industry analysts have claimed that Intel was slow to integrate USB 3.0 into the chipset, thus slowing mainstream adoption.42 These delays may be due to problems in the CMOS manufacturing process,43 a focus to advance the Nehalem platform,44 a wait to mature all the 3.0 connections standards (USB 3.0, PCIe 3.0, SATA 3.0) before developing a new chipset,4546 or a tactic by Intel to favor its new Thunderbolt interface.47 Apple, Inc. announced laptops with USB 3.0 ports on 11 June 2012, nearly four years after USB 3.0 was finalized.

AMD began supporting USB 3.0 with its Fusion Controller Hubs in 2011. Samsung Electronics announced support of USB 3.0 with its ARM-based Exynos 5 Dual platform intended for handheld devices.

Issues

Speed and compatibility

Various early USB 3.0 implementations widely used the NEC/Renesas μD72020x family of host controllers,48 which are known to require a firmware update to function properly with some devices.495051

A factor affecting the speed of USB storage devices (more evident with USB 3.0 devices, but also noticeable with USB 2.0 ones) is that the USB Mass Storage Bulk-Only Transfer (BOT) protocol drivers are generally slower than the USB Attached SCSI protocol (UAS[P]) drivers.52535455

On some old (2009–2010) Ibex Peak-based motherboards, the built-in USB 3.0 chipsets are connected by default via a 2.5 GT/s PCI Express lane of the PCH, which then did not provide full PCI Express 2.0 speed (5 GT/s), so it did not provide enough bandwidth even for a single USB 3.0 port. Early versions of such boards (e.g. the Gigabyte Technology P55A-UD4 or P55A-UD6) have a manual switch (in BIOS) that can connect the USB 3.0 chip to the processor (instead of the PCH), which did provide full-speed PCI Express 2.0 connectivity even then, but this meant using fewer PCI Express 2.0 lanes for the graphics card. However, newer boards (e.g. Gigabyte P55A-UD7 or the Asus P7P55D-E Premium) used a channel bonding technique (in the case of those boards provided by a PLX PEX8608 or PEX8613 PCI Express switch) that combines two PCI Express 2.5 GT/s lanes into a single PCI Express 5 GT/s lane (among other features), thus obtaining the necessary bandwidth from the PCH.565758

Radio frequency interference

USB 3.0 devices and cables may interfere with wireless devices operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. This may result in a drop in throughput or complete loss of response with Bluetooth and Wi-Fi devices.59 When manufacturers were unable to resolve the interference issues in time, some mobile devices, such as the Vivo Xplay 3S, had to drop support for USB 3.0 just before they shipped.60 Various strategies can be applied to mitigate the problem, ranging from simple solutions, such as increasing the distance of USB 3.0 devices from Wi-Fi and Bluetooth devices, to applying additional shielding around internal computer components.61

Connectors

See also: USB hardware § Connectors

A USB 3.0 Standard‑A receptacle accepts either a USB 3.0 Standard‑A plug or a USB 2.0 Standard‑A plug. Conversely, it is possible to plug a USB 3.0 Standard‑A plug into a USB 2.0 Standard‑A receptacle. This is a principle of backward compatibility. The Standard‑A plug is used for connecting to a computer port, at the host side.

A USB 3.0 Standard‑B receptacle accepts either a USB 3.0 Standard‑B plug or a USB 2.0 Standard‑B plug. Backward compatibility applies to connecting a USB 2.0 Standard‑B plug into a USB 3.0 Standard‑B receptacle. However, it is not possible to plug a USB 3.0 Standard‑B plug into a USB 2.0 Standard‑B receptacle, due to the physically larger connector. The Standard‑B plug is used at the device side.

Since USB 2.0 and USB 3.0 ports may coexist on the same machine and they look similar, the USB 3.0 specification recommends that the Standard‑A USB 3.0 receptacle have a blue insert (Pantone 300 C color). The same color-coding applies to the USB 3.0 Standard‑A plug.62: sections 3.1.1.1 and 5.3.1.3 

USB 3.0 also introduced a new Micro‑B cable plug, which consists of a standard USB 1.x/2.0 Micro‑B cable plug, with an additional 5-pin plug "stacked" beside it. That way, the USB 3.0 Micro‑B host receptacle preserves its backward compatibility with the USB 1.x/2.0 Micro‑B cable plug, allowing devices with USB 3.0 Micro‑B ports to run at USB 2.0 speeds on USB 2.0 Micro‑B cables. However, it is not possible to plug a USB 3.0 Micro‑B plug into a USB 2.0 Micro‑B receptacle, due to the physically larger connector.

Pin assignments

The connector has the same physical configuration as its predecessor but with five more pins.

The VBUS, D−, D+, and GND pins are required for USB 2.0 communication. The five additional USB 3.0 pins are two differential pairs and one ground (GND_DRAIN). The two additional differential pairs are for SuperSpeed data transfer; they are used for full duplex SuperSpeed signaling. The GND_DRAIN pin is for drain wire termination and to control EMI and maintain signal integrity.

USB 3.0 connector pin assignments63
PinColorSignal nameDescription
A connectorB connector
Shell—ShieldMetal housing
1RedVBUSPower
2WhiteD−USB 2.0 differential pair
3GreenD+
4BlackGNDGround for power return
5BlueStdA_SSRX−StdB_SSTX−SuperSpeed receiver differential pair
6YellowStdA_SSRX+StdB_SSTX+
7—GND_DRAINGround for signal return
8PurpleStdA_SSTX−StdB_SSRX−SuperSpeed transmitter differential pair
9OrangeStdA_SSTX+StdB_SSRX+
The USB 3.0 Powered‑B connector has two additional pins for power and ground supplied to the device.64
10—DPWRPower provided to device (Powered‑B only)
11DGNDGround for DPWR return (Powered‑B only)

Backward compatibility

USB 3.0 and USB 2.0 (or earlier) Type‑A plugs and receptacles are designed to interoperate.

USB 3.0 Type‑B receptacles, such as those found on peripheral devices, are larger than in USB 2.0 (or earlier versions), and accept both the larger USB 3.0 Type‑B plug and the smaller USB 2.0 (or earlier) Type‑B plug. USB 3.0 Type‑B plugs are larger than USB 2.0 (or earlier) Type‑B plugs; therefore, USB 3.0 Type‑B plugs cannot be inserted into USB 2.0 (or earlier) Type‑B receptacles.

Micro USB 3.0 (Micro‑B) plug and receptacle are intended primarily for small portable devices such as smartphones, digital cameras and GPS devices. The Micro USB 3.0 receptacle is backward compatible with the Micro USB 2.0 plug.

A receptacle for eSATAp, which is an eSATA/USB combo, is designed to accept USB Type‑A plugs from USB 2.0 (or earlier), so it also accepts USB 3.0 Type‑A plugs.

USB 3.1

In January 2013 the USB group announced plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s (1250 MB/s).65 The group ended up creating a new USB specification, USB 3.1, which was released on 31 July 2013,66 replacing the USB 3.0 standard. The USB 3.1 specification takes over the existing USB 3.0's SuperSpeed USB transfer rate, now referred to as USB 3.1 Gen 1, and introduces a faster transfer rate called SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps, corresponding to operation mode USB 3.1 Gen 2,67 putting it on par with a single first-generation Thunderbolt channel. The new mode's logo features a caption stylized as SUPERSPEED+;68 this refers to the updated SuperSpeedPlus protocol. The USB 3.1 Gen 2 mode also reduces line encoding overhead to just 3% by changing the encoding scheme to 128b/132b, with raw data rate of 1,212 MB/s.69 The first USB 3.1 Gen 2 implementation demonstrated real-world transfer speeds of 7.2 Gbit/s.70

The USB 3.1 specification includes the USB 2.0 specification while fully preserving its dedicated physical layer, architecture, and protocol in parallel. USB 3.1 specification defines the following operation modes:

  • USB 3.1 Gen 1 – newly marketed as SuperSpeed or SS, 5 Gbit/s signaling rate over 1 lane using 8b/10b encoding (raw data rate: 500 MB/s); replaced USB 3.0.
  • USB 3.1 Gen 2 – new, marketed as SuperSpeed+ or SS+, 10 Gbit/s signaling rate over 1 lane using 128b/132b encoding (raw data rate: 1212 MB/s).

The nominal data rate in bytes accounts for bit-encoding overhead. The physical SuperSpeed signaling bit rate is 5 Gbit/s. Since transmission of every byte takes 10 bit times, the raw data overhead is 20%, so the raw byte rate is 500 MB/s, not 625. Similarly, for Gen 2 link the encoding is 128b/132b, so transmission of 16 bytes physically takes 16.5 bytes, or 3% overhead. Therefore, the new raw byte-rate is 128/132 * 10 Gbit/s = 9.697 Gbit/s = 1212 MB/s. In reality any operation mode has additional link management and protocol overhead, so the best-case achievable data rates for the Gen 2 operation mode are of roughly below 800 MB/s for reading bulk transfers only.7172

The re-specification of USB 3.0 as "USB 3.1 Gen 1" was misused by some manufacturers to advertise products with signaling rates of only 5 Gbit/s as "USB 3.1" by omitting the defining generation.73

USB 3.2

On 25 July 2017, a press release from the USB 3.0 Promoter Group detailed a pending update to the USB Type‑C specification, defining the doubling of bandwidth for existing USB‑C cables. Under the USB 3.2 specification, released 22 September 2017,74 existing SuperSpeed certified USB‑C 3.1 Gen 1 cables will be able to operate at 10 Gbit/s (up from 5 Gbit/s), and SuperSpeed+ certified USB‑C 3.1 Gen 2 cables will be able to operate at 20 Gbit/s (up from 10 Gbit/s). The increase in bandwidth is a result of multi-lane operation over existing wires that were intended for flip-flop capabilities of the USB‑C connector.7576

The USB 3.2 standard includes the USB 2.0 specification with four dedicated wires on the physical layer. The Enhanced SuperSpeed System encompasses both, but separated – and in parallel to the USB 2.0 implementation:77: Figure 3-2 

  • SuperSpeed USB (based on SuperSpeed architecture and protocols):
    • USB 3.2 Gen 1×1 – newly marketed as SuperSpeed USB 5Gbps (replaces SuperSpeed or SS), 5 Gbit/s signaling rate over 1 lane using 8b/10b encoding (raw data rate: 500 MB/s); replaces USB 3.1 Gen 1, which replaced USB 3.0.
  • SuperSpeedPlus USB (based on SuperSpeedPlus architecture and protocols):
    • USB 3.2 Gen 2×1 – newly marketed as SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps (replaces SuperSpeed+ or SS+),78 10 Gbit/s signaling rate over 1 lane using 128b/132b encoding (raw data rate: 1212 MB/s); replaces USB 3.1 Gen 2.
    • USB 3.2 Gen 1×2 – new, 10 Gbit/s signaling rate over 2 lanes using 8b/10b encoding (raw data rate: 1000 MB/s).
    • USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 – new, marketed as SuperSpeed USB 20 Gbps, 20 Gbit/s signaling rate over 2 lanes using 128b/132b encoding (raw data rate: 2424 MB/s).

As with the previous version, the same considerations around encoding and raw data rates apply. Although both Gen 1×2 and Gen 2(×1) signal at 10 Gbit/s, Gen 1×2 uses the older, less efficient 8b/10b line coding which results in a lower raw data rate compared with Gen 2(×1), though both using the newer SuperSpeedPlus protocol.79: Figure 3-2 

In May 2018, Synopsys demonstrated the first USB 3.2 Gen 2×2 operation mode, where a Windows PC was connected to a storage device, reaching an average data rate of 1600 MB/s for reading bulk transmissions,8081 which is 66% of its raw throughput.

USB 3.2 is supported with the default Windows 10 USB drivers and in Linux kernels 4.18 and onwards.828384

In February 2019, USB-IF simplified the marketing guidelines by excluding Gen 1×2 mode and required the SuperSpeed trident logos to include maximum transfer speed.8586

Two-lane operation (USB 3.2 Gen 1×2, USB 3.2 Gen 2×2) is only possible with Full-Featured Type‑C connectors.87

USB 3.2 specification operation modes
USB-IF recommendedmarketing name88Logo89USB 3.2 specification operation mode90Older operation mode names(first publication)9192Dual laneEncodingNominal signal rate93Raw data rate94Measured real-world throughput95Supporting connectors96
SuperSpeed USB 5GbpsUSB 3.2 Gen 1×1USB 3.0,USB 3.1 Gen 1(USB 3.0)No8b/10b5 Gbit/s0.5 GB/s≤ 0.45 GB/sSS Standard-[A, B], SS Micro-[A, B, AB], C
SuperSpeed USB 10GbpsUSB 3.2 Gen 2×1USB 3.1 Gen 2(USB 3.1)128b/132b10 Gbit/s1.2 GB/s≤ 0.8 GB/s
—USB 3.2 Gen 1×2—(USB 3.2)Yes8b/10b1 GB/s≤ 0.70 GB/sC
SuperSpeed USB 20GbpsUSB 3.2 Gen 2×2128b/132b20 Gbit/s2.4 GB/s≤ 1.6 GB/s

See also

  • Electronics portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to USB 3.

References

  1. "Universal Serial Bus Revision 3.1 Specification". USB.org. USB Implementers Forum. Archived from the original (ZIP) on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141121225502/http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/usb_31_102214.zip ↩

  2. McFedries, Paul (2013). "Connecting USB Devices". PCs for Grown-Ups: Getting the Most Out of Your Windows 8 Computer. Indianapolis: Que Publishing. ISBN 978-0-13-303501-8. Retrieved 18 February 2016 – via Internet Archive. Most PC manufacturers label each USB port using the logo for USB type ... the USB 2.0 logo is a trident, while the USB 3.0 logo is a similar trident with the letters 'SS' (which stands for SuperSpeed) attached. 978-0-13-303501-8 ↩

  3. "USB 3.1 Specification Language Usage Guidelines from USB-IF" (PDF). USB.org. USB Implementers Forum. 28 May 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160312135950/http://www.usb.org/developers/ssusb/USB_3_1_Language_Product_and_Packaging_Guidelines_FINAL.pdf ↩

  4. "USB 3.1 Gen 1 & Gen 2 explained". MSI.com. Micro-Star International. 5 August 2015. https://www.msi.com/blog/usb-3-1-gen1-gen2-explained ↩

  5. "USB 3.1 Specification Language Usage Guidelines from USB-IF" (PDF). USB.org. USB Implementers Forum. 28 May 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160312135950/http://www.usb.org/developers/ssusb/USB_3_1_Language_Product_and_Packaging_Guidelines_FINAL.pdf ↩

  6. "Universal Serial Bus 3.2 Specification". USB.org. USB Implementers Forum. Retrieved 30 August 2018. http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/ ↩

  7. "Universal Serial Bus Revision 3.1 Specification". USB.org. USB Implementers Forum. Archived from the original (ZIP) on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141121225502/http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/usb_31_102214.zip ↩

  8. Engbretson, Mike (January 2009). "USB 3.0 Physical Layer Measurements". Evaluation Engineering. Retrieved 31 January 2013. https://www.evaluationengineering.com/home/article/13003984/usb-30-physical-layer-measurements ↩

  9. "USB 3.0 Technology" (PDF). hp.com. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140103080959/http://h20195.www2.hp.com/v2/GetPDF.aspx%2F4AA4-2724ENW.pdf ↩

  10. "USB 3.2 Specification". USB.org. 1.0. USB Implementers Forum. September 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2019. https://www.usb.org/document-library/usb-32-specification-released-september-22-2017-and-ecns ↩

  11. "The USB 3.0 physical layer". www.techdesignforums.com. https://www.techdesignforums.com/practice/technique/usb-3-0-physical-layer/ ↩

  12. "Universal Serial Bus Revision 3.0 Specification". 1.0. 6 June 2011. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140519092924/http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/documents_archive/usb_30_spec_070113.zip ↩

  13. "Universal Serial Bus 3.2 Specification". USB.org. USB Implementers Forum. Retrieved 30 August 2018. http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/ ↩

  14. "Universal Serial Bus Revision 3.0 Specification". 1.0. 6 June 2011. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140519092924/http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/documents_archive/usb_30_spec_070113.zip ↩

  15. Axelson, Jan. "USB 3.0 Developers FAQ". JanAxelson.com. Retrieved 14 November 2018. http://janaxelson.com/usb3faq.htm#ca_maximum ↩

  16. "Universal Serial Bus Revision 3.0 Specification". 1.0. 6 June 2011. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140519092924/http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/documents_archive/usb_30_spec_070113.zip ↩

  17. "USB Power Delivery Specification 1.0" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160404052839/http://www.usb.org/developers/powerdelivery/PD_1.0_Introduction.pdf ↩

  18. "USB 3.2 Specification Language Usage Guidelines from USB-IF" (PDF). usb.org. 26 February 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2019. https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/usb_3_2_language_product_and_packaging_guidelines_final.pdf ↩

  19. Ravencraft, Jeff (19 November 2019). "USB DevDays 2019 – Branding Session" (PDF). USB Implementers Forum (Presentation). p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200322121822/https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/D1T2-1%20-%20USB%20Branding%20Session.pdf ↩

  20. USB Data Performance Language Usage Guidelines from USB-IF https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/usb_data_performance_language_usage_guidelines_jan_2024.pdf ↩

  21. Trademark Requirements Chart https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/trademark_license_agreement_licensed_mark_requirements_final_as_of_september_20_2023.pdf ↩

  22. "USB-IF" (PDF). USB.org. USB Implementers Forum. 17 November 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100331035202/http://www.usb.org/press/USB-IF_Press_Releases/2008_11_17_USB_IF.pdf ↩

  23. "First Certified USB 3.0 Products Announced". PC World. 7 January 2010. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20121019125507/http://www.pcworld.com/article/186209/usb_3_0.html ↩

  24. "SuperSpeed USB Consumer Cert Final 2" (PDF). USB.org. USB Implementers Forum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20120402051100/http://www.usb.org/press/SuperSpeed_USB_Consumer_Cert_FINAL_2_.pdf ↩

  25. "USB-IF announces second certified USB 3.0 host controller" (Press release). USB Implementers Forum, Inc. 16 November 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2018. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20101116005617/en/USB-IF-Announces-Certified-USB-3.0-Host-Controller ↩

  26. "SuperSpeed USB Consumer Cert Final 2" (PDF). USB.org. USB Implementers Forum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20120402051100/http://www.usb.org/press/SuperSpeed_USB_Consumer_Cert_FINAL_2_.pdf ↩

  27. "USB 3". Lecroy. Retrieved 22 June 2010. http://www.lecroy.com/tm/solutions/serialdata/usb3/ ↩

  28. "SuperSpeed USB Consumer Cert Final 2" (PDF). USB.org. USB Implementers Forum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20120402051100/http://www.usb.org/press/SuperSpeed_USB_Consumer_Cert_FINAL_2_.pdf ↩

  29. "First Certified Superspeed USB Consumer Products Announced" (PDF) (Press release). USB Implementers Forum. 5 January 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100114073455/http://www.usb.org/press/SuperSpeed_USB_Consumer_Cert_FINAL_2_.pdf ↩

  30. "USB 3.0 Motherboards". Gigabyte.com. Indianapolis: Gigabyte Technology. Archived from the original on 1 June 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2019.. https://www.gigabyte.com/microsite/102/data/mb-usb3-models.htm ↩

  31. Kerr, Rob (28 July 2009). "Asus cancels its first usb 3.0 motherboard". The Inquirer. Archived from the original on 30 July 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20090730190448/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1495417/asus-cancels-usb-motherboard ↩

  32. "Digitimes". 15 March 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2010. http://www.digitimes.com/news/a20090415PB204.html ↩

  33. "Freecom.com". Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100617080920/http://www.freecom.com/news.asp?id=9205&catName=press ↩

  34. Ngo, Dong (5 January 2010). "Seagate ships USB 3.0-based external hard-drive kit for laptops | CES". CNET. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20110715101446/http://ces.cnet.com/8301-31045_1-10420360-269.html ↩

  35. "BlackArmor PS 110 with USB 3.0 | Portable Hard Drive for Business with Backup Software". Seagate. Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20100815044140/http://www.seagate.com/www/en-us/products/external/blackarmor/blackarmor_ps_110_usb3/?intcmp=bac-en-us-home-h_hero1-baps110kit ↩

  36. "Kernel newbies". 9 September 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2010. http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_31 ↩

  37. "Erste USB 3.0 Treiber" [First USB 3 drivers coming with Linux 2.6.31]. Heise Online (in German). Germany: Heise Medien. 3 December 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2010. http://www.heise.de/newsticker/Erste-USB-3-0-Treiber--/meldung/140103 ↩

  38. "First driver for USB 3.0". Linux magazine. 9 June 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2010. http://www.linux-magazine.com/online/news/first_driver_for_usb_3_0 ↩

  39. "FreeBSD 8.2-RELEASE Release Notes". FreeBSD.org. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2015. https://www.freebsd.org/releases/8.2R/relnotes.html ↩

  40. McVay, Bob (15 September 2011). "Understanding USB 3.0 in Windows 8 | Build2011 | Channel 9". Channel9.MSDN.com. Retrieved 19 January 2014. http://channel9.msdn.com/Events/BUILD/BUILD2011/HW-256T ↩

  41. "USB in MS Windows 7 more reliable, but no 3.0 speed boost". APCMag.com. Retrieved 22 June 2010. http://apcmag.com/usb_in_windows_7_more_reliable_but_no_30_speed_boost.htm ↩

  42. Crothers, Brooke (7 March 2010). "Long delay expected for Intel support of USB 3.0 | Nanotech – The Circuits Blog". CNet News. Retrieved 19 January 2014. http://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-20001891-64.html ↩

  43. "Spekulationen über Verzögerungen bei USB 3.0". Heise Online (in German). Germany: Heise Medien. 21 October 2009. http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Spekulationen-ueber-Verzoegerungen-bei-USB-3-0-835980.html ↩

  44. Mah, Paul (23 October 2009). "Fiercecio.com". Retrieved 22 June 2010. http://www.fiercecio.com/techwatch/story/insider-intel-hindering-usb-3-0-adoption/2009-10-23 ↩

  45. "FAQ — PCI Express 3.0". PCISIG.com. Peripheral Component Interconnect Special Interest Group. 1 July 2009. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20140201172536/http://www.pcisig.com/news_room/faqs/pcie3.0_faq/ ↩

  46. "PCIe 3.0 Specification Coming Soon". Enterprise Storage Forum. 5 May 2010. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20110710194442/http://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/technology/news/article.php/3880536 ↩

  47. "Intel delays USB 3.0 support until 2011". TechSpot. 22 October 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2010. http://www.techspot.com/news/36673-intel-delays-usb-30-support-until-2011.html ↩

  48. TeamVR (23 August 2011). "USB 3.0 Speed Tests: 7-way Host Controllers Roundup – Page 5 of 11". VR-Zone.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140201191302/http://vr-zone.com/articles/usb-3-0-speed-tests-7-way-host-controllers-roundup/13358.html/5 ↩

  49. "USB 3.0: Renesas Electronics USB 3.0 Firmware Updates". DownloadCenter.Intel.com. Intel Corporation. Retrieved 19 January 2014. These firmware updates resolve the following issues related to the USB 3.0 ports on these boards: • BIOS and operating system do not detect devices attached to the USB 3.0 ports. • System hangs on POST code 58 for one minute if any device is attached to USB 3.0 ports, and then continues the boot process. • In Device Manager, the Renesas USB 3.0 eXtensible Host Controller is shown with a yellow bang and the error message 'Windows has stopped this device because it has reported problems. Code 43'. https://downloadcenter.intel.com/Detail_Desc.aspx?DwnldID=22775 ↩

  50. "NEC uPD720200 USB 3.0 not working on Ubuntu 12.04". Ask Ubuntu. Stack Exchange Network. Retrieved 19 January 2014. http://askubuntu.com/questions/161862/nec-upd720200-usb-3-0-not-working-on-ubuntu-12-04 ↩

  51. "How to improve the compatibility of USB3.0 devices?". Gigabyte.com. Gigabyte Technology. Retrieved 19 January 2014. http://www.gigabyte.com/support-downloads/faq-page.aspx?fid=1380 ↩

  52. Nilsson, Lars-Göran (30 July 2010). "Gigabyte adds UASP support to its USB 3.0 motherboards". SemiAccurate. Retrieved 19 January 2014. http://semiaccurate.com/2010/07/30/gigabyte-adds-uasp-support-its-usb-30-motherboards/ ↩

  53. Nilsson, Lars-Göran (11 August 2010). "Gigabyte's UASP USB 3.0 driver boosts USB 2.0 performance". SemiAccurate. Retrieved 19 January 2014. http://semiaccurate.com/2010/08/11/gigabytes-uasp-usb-30-driver-boosts-usb-20-performance/ ↩

  54. Ku, Andrew (19 June 2012). "USB Attached SCSI (UAS): Enabling Even Better USB 3.0 Performance – Faster USB 3.0 Performance: Examining UASP And Turbo Mode". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 19 January 2014. http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/usb-3-uas-turbo,3215-4.html ↩

  55. Hamid, Adnan (18 March 2012). "What's the Difference Between USB UASP And BOT | Embedded content from". Electronic Design. Retrieved 22 January 2014. http://electronicdesign.com/embedded/whats-difference-between-usb-uasp-and-bot ↩

  56. Soderstrom, Thomas (9 December 2009). "New Motherboards from Asus and Gigabyte – USB 3.0 Performance: Two Solutions from Asus and Gigabyte". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 22 January 2014. http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/usb-3.0-performance,2490-2.html ↩

  57. Schmid, Patrick; Roos, Achim (26 August 2010). "Gigabyte P55A-UD6 and UD7 (NEC PD720200) – Not All USB 3.0 Implementations Are Created Equal". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 22 January 2014. http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/nec-controller-usb-3-pd720200,2682-3.html ↩

  58. PLX model numbers are from the P55A-UD7 manual, page 7 and Asus P7P55D-E Premium manual p. 2-2; the P55A-UD7 has a block diagram on page 8 ↩

  59. "USB 3.0 Radio Frequency Interference Impact on 2.4 GHz Wireless Devices" (PDF). USB.org. USB Implementers Forum. April 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2019. http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/whitepapers/327216.pdf ↩

  60. "手机厂商阉割Type-C接口的真相：影响手机信号！-科技频道-手机搜狐" [The Truth About Mobile-Phone Manufacturers Cutting the Type‑C Interface: Affecting Cell Phone Signals!]. Sohu.com (in Chinese). 2017. http://m.sohu.com/n/445606397/ ↩

  61. Lynn, Samara (5 September 2013). "Wireless Witch: The Truth About USB 3.0 and Wi-Fi Interference". PC Magazine. Retrieved 14 July 2014. https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2423604,00.asp ↩

  62. "Universal Serial Bus Revision 3.0 Specification". 1.0. 6 June 2011. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140519092924/http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/documents_archive/usb_30_spec_070113.zip ↩

  63. "USB 3.0 Interface Bus, Cable Diagram". 100806 interfacebus.com http://www.interfacebus.com/usb-cable-diagram-30.html ↩

  64. "USB Background". TotalPhase.com. Total Phase Corporation. Retrieved 11 September 2016. USB 3.0 includes a variant of the Standard‑B connectors which has two additional conductors to provide power to USB adapters. Image courtesy of USB Implementers Forum http://www.totalphase.com/support/articles/200349256-USB-Background#s1.1.3.2 ↩

  65. "SuperSpeed USB (USB 3.0) Performance to Double with New Capabilities" (PDF). Implementers Forum (Press release). 6 January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130113222037/http://www.usb.org/press/USB-IF_Press_Releases/SuperSpeed_10Gbps_USBIF_Final.pdf ↩

  66. "SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps – Ready for Development" (PDF) (Press release). Hillsboro, Oregon. 31 July 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160127094452/http://www.usb.org/press/USB-IF_Press_Releases/SuperSpeedUSB_10Gbps_Available_20130731.pdf ↩

  67. "USB 3.1 Specification Language Usage Guidelines from USB-IF" (PDF). USB.org. USB Implementers Forum. 28 May 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160312135950/http://www.usb.org/developers/ssusb/USB_3_1_Language_Product_and_Packaging_Guidelines_FINAL.pdf ↩

  68. "USB Logo Usage Guideline" (PDF). USB.org. USB Implementers Forum. 30 November 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228130357/https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/usb-if_logo_usage_guidelines_final_as_of_november_30_2018_locked.pdf ↩

  69. "SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps – Ready for Development". Rock Hill Herald. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20141011015741/http://www.heraldonline.com/2013/07/31/5071745/superspeed-usb-10-gbps-ready-for.html ↩

  70. "Synopsys Demonstrates Industry's First SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbps Platform-to-Platform Host-Device IP Data Transfer". News.Synopsis.com (Press release). Mountain View, California: Synopsys. 10 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013. As measured by the Ellisys USB Explorer Protocol Analyzer, the IP realized 10 Gbps USB 3.1 nominal data rates of more than 900 MBps between two Synopsys HAPS-70 FPGA-based prototyping systems while using backward compatible USB connectors, cables and software. http://news.synopsys.com/2013-12-10-Synopsys-Demonstrates-Industrys-First-SuperSpeed-USB-10-Gbps-Platform-to-Platform-Host-Device-IP-Data-Transfer ↩

  71. Real-World USB 3.2 Gen 2×1 throughput Everything USB, October 2022 https://www.everythingusb.com/ssd.html ↩

  72. "USB 3.2 Specification". USB.org. 1.0. USB Implementers Forum. September 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2019. https://www.usb.org/document-library/usb-32-specification-released-september-22-2017-and-ecns ↩

  73. Bright, Peter (26 February 2019). "USB 3.2 is going to make the current USB branding even worse". Ars Technica. Retrieved 27 February 2019. https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/02/usb-3-2-is-going-to-make-the-current-usb-branding-even-worse/ ↩

  74. "USB 3.2 Specification". USB.org. 1.0. USB Implementers Forum. September 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2019. https://www.usb.org/document-library/usb-32-specification-released-september-22-2017-and-ecns ↩

  75. Saunders, Brad; Nardozza, Liz (25 July 2017). "USB 3.0 Promoter Group Announces USB 3.2 Update" (PDF) (Press release). USB 3.0 Promoter Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017 – via USB.org. https://web.archive.org/web/20170921191940/http://www.usb.org/press/USB_3.2_PR_USB-IF_Final.pdf ↩

  76. Bright, Peter (26 July 2017). "USB 3.2 will make your cables twice as fast ... once you've bought new devices". Ars Technica. Retrieved 27 July 2017. https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/07/usb-3-2-will-make-your-cables-twice-as-fast-once-youve-bought-new-devices/ ↩

  77. "USB 3.2 Specification". USB.org. 1.0. USB Implementers Forum. September 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2019. https://www.usb.org/document-library/usb-32-specification-released-september-22-2017-and-ecns ↩

  78. "USB Logo Usage Guideline" (PDF). USB.org. USB Implementers Forum. 30 November 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228130357/https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/usb-if_logo_usage_guidelines_final_as_of_november_30_2018_locked.pdf ↩

  79. "USB 3.2 Specification". USB.org. 1.0. USB Implementers Forum. September 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2019. https://www.usb.org/document-library/usb-32-specification-released-september-22-2017-and-ecns ↩

  80. "Synopsys Shows World's First USB 3.2 Demo With 20Gbps Speeds". Tom's Hardware. 25 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018. https://www.tomshardware.com/news/usb-3.2-synopsys-20gbps,37124.html ↩

  81. "World's First USB 3.2 Demonstration". Synopsys. 18 May 2018. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2018 – via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPUvHeq_Sgs ↩

  82. "Synopsys Shows World's First USB 3.2 Demo With 20Gbps Speeds". Tom's Hardware. 25 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018. https://www.tomshardware.com/news/usb-3.2-synopsys-20gbps,37124.html ↩

  83. "World's First USB 3.2 Demonstration". Synopsys. 18 May 2018. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2018 – via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPUvHeq_Sgs ↩

  84. "USB 3.2 Work Is On the Way for the Linux 4.18 Kernel". Phoronix.com. Phoronix. Retrieved 27 May 2018. https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=USB-3.2-Linux-4.18-Next ↩

  85. "USB 3.2 standard gets new, even more confusing names ahead of its mainstream debut". 27 February 2019. https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2019/2/27/18243425/usb-3-2-standard-names-connectivity-cables-innovators-forum ↩

  86. "USB 3.2 Specification Language Usage Guidelines from USB-IF" (PDF). usb.org. 26 February 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2019. https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/usb_3_2_language_product_and_packaging_guidelines_final.pdf ↩

  87. Universal Serial Bus Type‑C Cable and Connector Specification, Release 2.2. USB Implementers Forum (Technical report). USB 3.0 Promoter Group. October 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2023. https://www.usb.org/document-library/usb-type-cr-cable-and-connector-specification-release-22 ↩

  88. USB Data Performance Language Usage Guidelines from USB-IF https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/usb_data_performance_language_usage_guidelines_jan_2024.pdf ↩

  89. Trademark Requirements Chart https://www.usb.org/sites/default/files/trademark_license_agreement_licensed_mark_requirements_final_as_of_september_20_2023.pdf ↩

  90. "USB 3.2 Specification". USB.org. 1.0. USB Implementers Forum. September 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2019. https://www.usb.org/document-library/usb-32-specification-released-september-22-2017-and-ecns ↩

  91. "Universal Serial Bus Revision 3.0 Specification". 1.0. 6 June 2011. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140519092924/http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/documents_archive/usb_30_spec_070113.zip ↩

  92. "Universal Serial Bus Revision 3.1 Specification". USB.org. USB Implementers Forum. Archived from the original (ZIP) on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141121225502/http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/usb_31_102214.zip ↩

  93. "USB 3.2 Specification". USB.org. 1.0. USB Implementers Forum. September 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2019. https://www.usb.org/document-library/usb-32-specification-released-september-22-2017-and-ecns ↩

  94. "USB 3.2 Specification". USB.org. 1.0. USB Implementers Forum. September 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2019. https://www.usb.org/document-library/usb-32-specification-released-september-22-2017-and-ecns ↩

  95. Real-world USB 3.2 throughput Everything USB, February 2022 https://www.everythingusb.com/speed.html ↩

  96. "USB 3.1 Legacy Connectors and Cable Assemblies Compliance Document Rev 1.1". USB.org. USB Implementers Forum. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190228130325/https://usb.org/document-library/usb-31-legacy-connectors-and-cable-assemblies-compliance-document-rev-11 ↩