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Microchannel (microtechnology)
A channel with a hydraulic diameter

Microchannel in microtechnology is a channel with a hydraulic diameter below 1 mm, usually 1–99 μm. Microchannels are used in fluid control (see Microfluidics), heat transfer (see Micro heat exchanger) and cell migration observation. They are more efficient than their 'macro' counterparts, because of a high surface-area to volume ratio yet pose a multitude of challenges due to their small size.

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Materials

Different types of materials are required for the different uses of microchannels. These are the three main categories.4

Polymeric and glass substrates

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is used as a solution to a wide range of microfluidic devices due to its low cost and easier fabricating methods.5 Silicon elastomers can be used for situations in which elasticity and deformation is necessary.6

Metallic substrates

Metallic substrates are often chosen for their advantageous metallic properties, such as withstanding high temperatures and transferring heat faster. They can be subject to corrosion.78

Semiconductors, ceramics and composites

Ceramic materials allow for high-temperature operation in comparison to metallic substrates and enable operation in harsh chemical environments in which metals cannot be used.9

History

The concept of the microchannel was proposed for the first time by researchers Tuckerman and Pease of Stanford Electronics Laboratories in 1981.10 They suggested an effective method for designing microchannels in the laminar and fully developed flow.11

Common uses

Microchannels are extensively used in the pharmaceuticals, and biochemical industries due to short diffusion distances, higher interfacial area, and higher heat/mass transfer rates.12

See also

Sources

References

  1. Kandlikar, Satish G. (2006). Heat transfer and fluid flow in minichannels and microchannels. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier B.V. pp. 450. ISBN 978-0-08-044527-4. 978-0-08-044527-4 ↩

  2. "Microchannels". 4Dcell. Retrieved 2022-07-15. https://www.4dcell.com/cell-culture-systems/microchannels/ ↩

  3. Puccio, Kris (2020-02-10). "Understanding Microchannel Heat Exchangers & Their Use Cases". Therma. Retrieved 2022-07-15. https://www.therma.com/microchannel-heat-exchangers/ ↩

  4. Prakash, Shashi; Kumar, Subrata. "Fabrication of microchannels: A review". Journal of Engineering Manufacture. 229 (8). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280923796 ↩

  5. Prakash, Shashi; Kumar, Subrata. "Fabrication of microchannels: A review". Journal of Engineering Manufacture. 229 (8). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280923796 ↩

  6. Yuen, Michelle; Kramer, Rebecca. "Fabricating microchannels in elastomer substrates for stretchable electronics" (PDF). MSEC Science. https://www.eng.yale.edu/faboratory/publications/conference/2016/Yuen%20and%20Kramer%20-%202016%20-%20Fabricating%20Microchannels%20in%20Elastomer%20Substrates%20for%20Stretchable%20Electronics.pdf ↩

  7. Prakash, Shashi; Kumar, Subrata. "Fabrication of microchannels: A review". Journal of Engineering Manufacture. 229 (8). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280923796 ↩

  8. Andou, F.; Yamamoto, A.; Kawai, T.; Ohmori, H.; Ishida, T.; Takeuchi, Y. (2007-01-01), Arai, Eiji; Arai, Tatsuo (eds.), "MICROCHANNEL ARRAY CREATION BY MEANS OF ULTRAPRECISION MACHINING", Mechatronics for Safety, Security and Dependability in a New Era, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 163–168, ISBN 978-0-08-044963-0, retrieved 2022-07-15 978-0-08-044963-0 ↩

  9. Kee, Robert J.; Almand, Berkeley B.; Blasi, Justin M.; Rosen, Benjamin L.; Hartmann, Marco; Sullivan, Neal P.; Zhu, Huayang; Manerbino, Anthony R.; Menzer, Sophie; Coors, W. Grover; Martin, Jerry L. (2011-08-01). "The design, fabrication, and evaluation of a ceramic counter-flow microchannel heat exchanger". Applied Thermal Engineering. 31 (11): 2004–2012. Bibcode:2011AppTE..31.2004K. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.03.009. ISSN 1359-4311. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359431111001414 ↩

  10. Tuckerman, D. B., & Pease, R. F. W. (1981). High-performance heat sinking for VLSI. IEEE Electron device letters, 2(5), 126-129. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EDL.1981.25367 /w/index.php?title=IEEE_Electron_device_letters&action=edit&redlink=1 ↩

  11. Salimpour, M. R., Al-Sammarraie, A. T., Forouzandeh, A., & Farzaneh, M. (2019). Constructal design of circular multilayer microchannel heat sinks. Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, 11(1), 011001. https://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4041196 https://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4041196 ↩

  12. Jaiswal, P., Kumar, U., Biswas, K. G.(2021) Liquid-Liquid Flow through Micro Dimensional Reactors: A Review on Hydrodynamics, Mass Transfer, and Reaction Kinetics. Exp. Comput. Multiph. Flow 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42757-020-0092-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42757-020-0092-0 ↩