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Geography

The riding is home to most of Edmonton's francophones. The historic district of Old Strathcona, the University of Alberta, the University of Alberta Campus Saint-Jean and the Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre are all located in the riding.

Edmonton Strathcona encompasses the neighbourhoods of Allendale, Argyll, Avonmore, Belgravia, Bonnie Doon, Capilano, Cloverdale, Empire Park, Forest Heights, Fulton Place, Garneau, Gold Bar, Grandview Heights, Hazeldean, Holyrood, Idylwylde, Kenilworth, King Edward Park, Lansdowne, Lendrum Place, Malmo Plains, McKernan, Ottewell, Parkallen, Pleasantview, Queen Alexandra Park, Ritchie, Riverdale, Strathcona, Strathearn, Terrace Heights, and Windsor Park.

It borders on the federal ridings of Edmonton Centre, Edmonton Griesbach, Sherwood Park—Fort Saskatchewan, Edmonton Southeast, Edmonton Gateway and Edmonton Riverbend.

This district is bounded:¹

• On the north by the North Saskatchewan River (except for a jog that goes around the neighbourhood of Riverdale, which is north of the river).
• On the west by the Whitemud Creek from the North Saskatchewan River to Whitemud Drive.
• On the south by Whitemud Drive, from Whitemud Creek to the City Limits.
• On the east by Edmonton's City Limits.

Political geography

As evidenced by the 2008 and 2011 elections, this riding is heavily polarized between more urban New Democratic Party (NDP) voters concentrated in the northwest of the riding and suburban Conservative voters concentrated in the south and east.

The NDP picked up this seat in 2008 for the first time in its history, when Edmonton lawyer Linda Duncan defeated Tory incumbent Rahim Jaffer, thanks to a consolidation of non-Conservative votes. They have retained the riding since and it has established itself as clearly the most left-leaning riding in Alberta and one of the safest seats for the NDP in the prairies.

Demographics

According to the 2011 Canadian census; 2013 representation²³

Languages: 77.3% English, 3.8% French, 3.5% Chinese, 2.5% German, 1.5% Ukrainian, 1.3% Spanish, 1.3% Tagalog Religions: 52.8% Christian (22.1% Catholic, 5.6% United Church, 3.5% Lutheran, 3.5% Anglican, 2.2% Baptist, 2.0% Christian Orthodox, 1.1% Pentecostal, 13.0% Other), 2.5% Muslim, 1.2% Hindu, 1.1% Buddhist, 40.6% No religion Median income (2010): $35,026 Average income (2010): $46,710

Panethnic groups in Edmonton Strathcona (2011−2021)

Panethnicgroup	20214		20165		20116
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
European7	71,690	71.24%	75,835	73.84%	79,705	79.24%
East Asian8	6,895	6.85%	7,240	7.05%	5,565	5.53%
Indigenous	6,305	6.27%	5,405	5.26%	4,320	4.29%
South Asian	4,855	4.82%	4,150	4.04%	2,825	2.81%
Southeast Asian9	3,615	3.59%	3,655	3.56%	2,925	2.91%
African	2,410	2.39%	2,335	2.27%	1,505	1.5%
Middle Eastern10	2,180	2.17%	1,955	1.9%	1,840	1.83%
Latin American	1,500	1.49%	1,385	1.35%	1,185	1.18%
Other/Multiracial11	1,190	1.18%	735	0.72%	730	0.73%
Total responses	100,635	98.48%	102,695	96.82%	100,585	97.48%
Total population	102,188	100%	106,066	100%	103,183	100%
Notes: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.Demographics based on 2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution riding boundaries.

History

The Strathcona riding dates back to Territorial times (see Strathcona (federal electoral district). It was represented by Liberal MPs, then a Liberal MP who after election became a Unionist, then became a Conservative), and a United Farmer of Alberta MP in that early incarnation. (This riding was abolished in 1924 and its area was split among the Edmonton East, Edmonton West and Vegreville ridings.)

The electoral district of "Edmonton-Strathcona" (later Edmonton Strathcona) was created in 1952 from Edmonton East and Edmonton West ridings.

"Edmonton—Strathcona" gained territory from Edmonton East and was renamed "Edmonton Strathcona" during the 2012 electoral redistribution.

Historical boundaries

Members of Parliament

This riding has elected the following members of the House of Commons:

Parliament	Years	Member		Party
Edmonton—StrathconaRiding created from Edmonton East and Edmonton West
22nd	1953–1957		Richmond Francis Hanna	Liberal
23rd	1957–1958		Sydney Herbert Thompson	Social Credit
24th	1958–1962		Terry Nugent	Progressive Conservative
25th	1962–1963
26th	1963–1965
27th	1965–1968
28th	1968–1972		Hu Harries	Liberal
29th	1972–1974		Douglas Roche	Progressive Conservative
30th	1974–1979
31st	1979–1980		David Kilgour
32nd	1980–1984
33rd	1984–1988
34th	1988–1993		Scott Thorkelson
35th	1993–1997		Hugh Hanrahan	Reform
36th	1997–200012		Rahim Jaffer
	2000–2000			Alliance
37th	2000–200313
	2003–2004			Conservative
38th	2004–2006
39th	2006–2008
40th	2008–2011		Linda Duncan	New Democratic
41st	2011–2015
Edmonton Strathcona
42nd	2015–2019		Linda Duncan	New Democratic
43rd	2019–2021		Heather McPherson
44th	2021–2025
45th	2025–present

Current member of Parliament

The current member of Parliament is Heather McPherson of the New Democratic Party who was first elected in the 2019 federal election and re-elected in the 2021 federal election. Winning 61% of the district vote in 2021, McPherson holds the largest margin of victory among elected NDP MPs in the 44th parliament.

Election results

Graph of election results in Edmonton—Strathcona, Edmonton Strathcona (minor parties that never got 2% of the vote or didn't run consistently are omitted)

Edmonton Strathcona (2013–present)

Graph of election results in Edmonton Strathcona (minor parties that never got 2% of the vote or didn't run consistently are omitted)

v t e 2025 Canadian federal election
** Preliminary results — Not yet official **
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%	Expenditures
	New Democratic	Heather McPherson	27,959	46.82	–11.13
	Conservative	Miles Berry	19,773	33.11	+6.34
	Liberal	Ron Thiering	10,806	18.09	+9.07
	People's	David Joel Wojtowicz	385	0.64	–3.88
	Green	Atul Deshmukh	365	0.61	–0.64
	Independent	Graham Lettner	251	0.42	N/A
	Communist	Christian Bourque	181	0.30	N/A
Total valid votes/expense limit
Total rejected ballots
Turnout			59,720	72.59
Eligible voters			82,266
	New Democratic notional hold		Swing		–8.74
Source: Elections Canada1415

v t e 2021 Canadian federal election: Edmonton Strathcona
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%	Expenditures
	New Democratic	Heather McPherson	31,690	60.31	+13.04	$84,080.08
	Conservative	Tunde Obasan	13,310	25.33	-11.74	$96,778.74
	Liberal	Hibo Mohamed	3,948	7.51	-4.11	$22,672.65
	People's	Wes Janke	2,366	4.50	+2.84	$4,252.77
	Green	Kelly Green	634	1.21	-0.82	$0.00
	Libertarian	Malcolm Stinson	275	0.52	-	none listed
Total valid votes/Expense limit			52,223	99.40	-0.16	$108,879.96
Total rejected ballots			317	0.60	+0.16
Turnout			52,540	69.37	-2.89
Eligible voters			75,736
	New Democratic hold		Swing		+12.39
Source: Elections Canada16

2021 federal election redistributed results17
Party		Vote	%
	New Democratic	32,556	57.95
	Conservative	15,040	26.77
	Liberal	5,068	9.02
	People's	2,539	4.52
	Green	701	1.25
	Others	273	0.49

v t e 2019 Canadian federal election: Edmonton Strathcona
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%	Expenditures
	New Democratic	Heather McPherson	26,823	47.27	+3.30	$91,753.90
	Conservative	Sam Lilly	21,035	37.07	+5.79	$88,211.43
	Liberal	Eleanor Olszewski	6,592	11.62	-9.11	$91,354.39
	Green	Michael Kalmanovitch	1,152	2.03	-0.27	$8,919.41
	People's	Ian Cameron	941	1.66	-	none listed
	Communist	Naomi Rankin	125	0.22	-	none listed
	Marxist–Leninist	Dougal MacDonald	77	0.14	-0.03	none listed
Total valid votes/expense limit			56,745	99.56
Total rejected ballots			250	0.44	+0.05
Turnout			56,995	72.26	+1.27
Eligible voters			78,876
	New Democratic hold		Swing		-1.24
Source: Elections Canada1819

v t e 2015 Canadian federal election: Edmonton Strathcona
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%	Expenditures
	New Democratic	Linda Duncan	24,446	43.96	-9.75	$87,241.42
	Conservative	Len Thom	17,395	31.28	-9.04	$36,812.49
	Liberal	Eleanor Olszewski	11,524	20.73	+17.87	$62,711.39
	Green	Jacob K. Binnema	1,278	2.30	-0.04	$1,924.74
	Libertarian	Malcolm Stinson	311	0.56	–	$1,599.80
	Pirate	Ryan Bromsgrove	201	0.36	–	$2,183.76
	Rhinoceros	Donovan Eckstrom	133	0.24	–	–
	Independent	Chris Jones	116	0.21	–	–
	Independent	Andrew Schurman	107	0.19	–	–
	Marxist–Leninist	Dougal MacDonald	93	0.17	-0.02	–
Total valid votes/expense limit			55,604	99.61		$208,715.39
Total rejected ballots			217	0.39	–
Turnout			55,821	70.99
Eligible voters			78,635
	New Democratic hold		Swing		-0.35

2011 federal election redistributed results20
Party		Vote	%
	New Democratic	26,753	53.71
	Conservative	20,084	40.32
	Liberal	1,422	2.85
	Green	1,165	2.34
	Others	384	0.77

Edmonton—Strathcona (1952-2013)

Graph of election results in Edmonton—Strathcona (minor parties that never got 2% of the vote or didn't run consistently are omitted)

v t e 2011 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%	Expenditures
	New Democratic	Linda Duncan	26,093	53.55	+10.97	$84,389
	Conservative	Ryan Hastman	19,762	40.55	−1.05	$78,272
	Liberal	Matthew Sinclair	1,372	2.82	−6.24	$15,741
	Green	Andrew Fehr	1,119	2.30	−4.14	$43
	Independent	Kyle Murphy	206	0.42	–	$2,005
	Marxist–Leninist	Kevan Hunter	91	0.19	−0.12
	Independent	Christopher White	87	0.18	–	$880
Total valid votes/expense limit			48,730	100.00
Total rejected ballots			124	0.25	+0.04
Turnout			48,854	68.76	+3.3

v t e 2008 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%	Expenditures
	New Democratic	Linda Duncan	20,103	42.58	+10.07	$71,669
	Conservative	Rahim Jaffer	19,640	41.60	−0.11	$81,597
	Liberal	Claudette Roy	4,279	9.06	−8.74	$72,953
	Green	Jane Thrall	3,040	6.44	+0.49	$3,801
	Marxist–Leninist	Kevan Hunter	147	0.31	+0.11
Total valid votes/expense limit			47,209	99.79		$82,492
Total rejected ballots			99	0.21	−0.07
Turnout			47,308	65.4	−5.2

v t e 2006 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%	Expenditures
	Conservative	Rahim Jaffer	22,009	41.71	+2.31	$75,063
	New Democratic	Linda Duncan	17,153	32.51	+8.71	$53,478
	Liberal	Andy Hladyshevsky	9,391	17.80	−11.21	$76,923
	Green	Cameron Wakefield	3,139	5.95	−0.54	$755
	Progressive Canadian	Michael Fedeyko	582	1.10	–	$0.0
	Marijuana	Dave Dowling	390	0.74	−0.33	$0.0
	Marxist–Leninist	Kevan Hunter	106	0.20	−0.01	$16
Total valid votes			52,770	100.00
Total rejected ballots			148	0.28	−0.03
Turnout			52,918	70.6	+3.9

v t e 2004 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%	Expenditures
	Conservative	Rahim Jaffer	19,089	39.40	−2.60	$67,449
	Liberal	Debby Carlson	14,057	29.01	−2.88	$67,910
	New Democratic	Malcolm Azania	11,535	23.80	+9.02	$46,100
	Green	Cameron Wakefield	3,146	6.49	–	$2,353
	Marijuana	Dave Dowling	519	1.07	−0.38
	Marxist–Leninist	Kevan Hunter	103	0.21	−0.08	$26
Total valid votes			48,449	100.00
Total rejected ballots			150	0.31
Turnout			48,599	65.66

v t e 2000 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%	Expenditures
	Alliance	Rahim Jaffer	23,463	42.00	+0.70	$57,365
	Liberal	Jonathan Dai	17,816	31.89	−3.49	$48,430
	New Democratic	Hélène Narayana	8,256	14.78	+0.25	$25,883
	Progressive Conservative	Gregory Toogood	5,047	9.03	+1.79	$4,252
	Marijuana	Ken Kirk	814	1.45	–	$149
	Canadian Action	Kesa Rose Semenchuk	299	0.53	+0.35	$1,485
	Marxist–Leninist	Kevan Hunter	164	0.29	–	$275
Total valid votes			55,859	100.00

v t e 1997 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%	Expenditures
	Reform	Rahim Jaffer	20,605	41.30	+1.95	$58,003
	Liberal	Ginette Rodger	17,654	35.38	−3.12	$58,244
	New Democratic	Jean McBean	7,251	14.53	+9.48	$42,936
	Progressive Conservative	Edo Nyland	3,614	7.24	−4.05	$10,183
	Green	Karina Gregory	406	0.81	+0.23	$520
	Natural Law	Maury Shapka	153	0.30	−0.29
	Independent	Naomi Rankin	115	0.23	+0.05	$1,732
	Canadian Action	J. Alex Ford	92	0.18	–	$845
Total valid votes			49,890	100.00
Total rejected ballots			101	0.20
Turnout			49,991	62.74

v t e 1993 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Reform	Hugh Hanrahan	19,531	39.35	+17.10
	Liberal	Chris Peirce	19,113	38.50	+20.61
	Progressive Conservative	Scott Thorkelson	5,604	11.29	−22.17
	New Democratic	Rita Egan	2,508	5.05	−20.27
	National	Adrian Greenwood	2,131	4.29
	Natural Law	Maury Shapka	292	0.59
	Green	Harry Garfinkle	287	0.58	+0.28
	Independent	Naomi Rankin	90	0.18
	Canada Party	Oran K. Johnson	83	0.17
Total valid votes			49,639	100.00

v t e 1988 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Progressive Conservative	Scott Thorkelson	18,088	33.46	−27.97
	New Democratic	Halyna Freeland	13,686	25.32	+5.10
	Reform	Doug Main	12,024	22.24	–
	Liberal	Una MacLean Evans	9,672	17.89	+2.40
	Rhinoceros	Marcel Zeeto Kotowich	199	0.37	–
	Green	Isabelle Foord	159	0.29	−0.56
	Independent	Kevin Bruce	86	0.16	–
	Independent	Daniel P. Hermansen	56	0.10	–
	Independent	Mary Joyce	43	0.08	–
	Confederation of Regions	Thomas Roger Brown	40	0.07	−1.29
Total valid votes			54,053	100.00

v t e 1984 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Progressive Conservative	David Kilgour	33,712	61.43	+2.05
	New Democratic	Doris S. Burghardt	11,095	20.22	+8.21
	Liberal	Sandra Douglas-Tubb	8,500	15.49	−11.66
	Confederation of Regions	Lorne Cass	749	1.36
	Green	Russell John Mulvey	466	0.85
	Social Credit	Norman Utz	218	0.40
	Communist	Anne McGrath	137	0.25	−0.01
Total valid votes			54,877	100.00

v t e 1980 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Progressive Conservative	David Kilgour	23,920	59.38	−0.09
	Liberal	John Borger	10,938	27.15	−0.91
	New Democratic	Doug Trace	4,837	12.01	−0.03
	Rhinoceros	Dave Walker	453	1.12
	Communist	Joe Hill	106	0.26	−0.01
	Marxist–Leninist	Sandy Mowat	31	0.08	−0.09
Total valid votes			40,285	100.00
lop.parl.ca

v t e 1979 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Progressive Conservative	David Kilgour	26,430	59.47	+4.73
	Liberal	Julian Kinisky	12,471	28.06	−2.35
	New Democratic	Robert Davidson	5,352	12.04	+0.53
	Communist	Joe Hill	120	0.27	−0.01
	Marxist–Leninist	Carol Arnold	73	0.16	−0.00
Total valid votes			44,446	100.00

v t e 1974 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Progressive Conservative	Doug Roche	25,808	54.73	+5.01
	Liberal	B.C. Tanner	14,337	30.40	−0.32
	New Democratic	Lila Fahlman	5,426	11.51	−5.30
	Social Credit	Leif Oddson	1,146	2.43	+0.08
	Libertarian	Robin Gillespie	226	0.48
	Communist	Harry Strynadka	132	0.28
	Marxist–Leninist	Peggy Askin	79	0.17
Total valid votes			47,154	100.00

v t e 1972 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Progressive Conservative	Doug Roche	26,908	49.72	+11.89
	Liberal	Hu Harries	16,625	30.72	−21.63
	New Democratic	Howard Alfred Leeson	9,098	16.81	+9.99
	Social Credit	Bill Pelch	1,272	2.35
	Independent	Elizabeth Rowley	152	0.28
	Independent	Peggy Morton	63	0.12
Total valid votes			54,118	100.00

v t e 1968 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Hu Harries	21,074	52.35	+22.59
	Progressive Conservative	Terry Nugent	15,228	37.83	−0.22
	New Democratic	Lawrence Radcliffe	2,745	6.82	−3.28
	Independent	John R. Beatty	1,206	3.00
Total valid votes			40,253	100.00

v t e 1965 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Progressive Conservative	Terry Nugent	21,004	38.05	+2.68
	Liberal	Bill Sinclair	16,431	29.77	−0.57
	Social Credit	Sigurd Sorenson	11,696	21.19	−4.74
	New Democratic	Bill McLean	5,572	10.09	+1.73
	Independent	Bill Stocks	493	0.89
Total valid votes			55,196	100.00

v t e 1963 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Progressive Conservative	Terry Nugent	18,880	35.37	+0.98
	Liberal	John Decore	16,195	30.34	+4.60
	Social Credit	S.A. Sorenson	13,841	25.93	−3.22
	New Democratic	Ian Sowton	4,464	8.36	−2.37
Total valid votes			53,380	100.00

v t e 1962 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Progressive Conservative	Terry Nugent	16,030	34.39	−26.93
	Social Credit	S.A. Sorenson	13,585	29.14	+11.92
	Liberal	Roy C. Marler	11,996	25.74	+8.64
	New Democratic	Bill McLean	5,001	10.73	+6.37
Total valid votes			46,612	100.00

v t e 1958 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Progressive Conservative	Terry Nugent	25,885	61.32	+32.73
	Social Credit	Sydney Herbert Thompson	7,270	17.22	−18.43
	Liberal	Richmond Francis Hanna	7,218	17.10	−12.05
	Co-operative Commonwealth	Arnold Holmes	1,838	4.35	−2.26
Total valid votes			42,211	100.00

v t e 1957 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Social Credit	Sydney Herbert Thompson	13,124	35.65	−1.05
	Liberal	Richmond Francis Hanna	10,731	29.15	−8.18
	Progressive Conservative	Terry Nugent	10,525	28.59	+11.76
	Co-operative Commonwealth	Floyd Albin Johnson	2,434	6.61	−2.54
Total valid votes			36,814	100.00

v t e 1953 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%
	Liberal	Richmond Francis Hanna	8,901	37.33
	Social Credit	Orvis A. Kennedy	8,750	36.70
	Progressive Conservative	Sidney Giffard Main	4,012	16.83
	Co-operative Commonwealth	Floyd Albin Johnson	2,182	9.15
Total valid votes			23,845	100.00

See also

• List of Canadian electoral districts
• Historical federal electoral districts of Canada

Notes

• "Edmonton Strathcona (Code 48018) Census Profile". 2011 census. Government of Canada - Statistics Canada. Retrieved March 6, 2011.

External links

• 2006 Election Resource wiki
• Riding history for Edmonton Strathcona from the Library of Parliament
• Expenditures - 2008
• Expenditures - 2004
• Expenditures - 2000
• Expenditures - 1997
• Elections Canada

53°31′N 113°29′W / 53.52°N 113.48°W / 53.52; -113.48

References

1. "History of Federal Ridings since 1867". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved March 27, 2011. https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/ElectionsRidings/Ridings/Profile?OrganizationId=202 ↩

2. "2011 Census Profile". February 8, 2012. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=FED2013&Code1=48019&Geo2=PR&Code2=48&Data=Count&SearchText=Edmonton%20Strathcona&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 ↩

3. "Statistics Canada: 2011 National Household Survey Profile". May 8, 2013. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=FED2013&Code1=48019&Data=Count&SearchText=Edmonton%20Strathcona&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 ↩

4. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved April 1, 2023. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Edmonton%20Strathcona&DGUIDlist=2013A000448019&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&HEADERlist=0 ↩

5. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 27, 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved April 1, 2023. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=FED&Code1=48019&Geo2=PR&Code2=48&SearchText=Edmonton%20Strathcona&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0 ↩

6. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (November 27, 2015). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved April 1, 2023. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=FED2013&Code1=48019&Data=Count&SearchText=Edmonton%20Strathcona&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 ↩

7. Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity. ↩

8. Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census. ↩

9. Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census. ↩

10. Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census. ↩

11. Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census. ↩

12. The Reform Party merged with the Canadian Alliance on 27 March 2000. ↩

13. The Canadian Alliance merged with the Progressive Conservatives to form the Conservative Party on 8 December 2003. ↩

14. "Voter information service". Elections Canada. Retrieved April 18, 2025. https://www.elections.ca/Scripts/vis/candidates?L=e&ED=48022&EV=62&EV_TYPE=1&PC=c1a1s4&PROV=&PROVID=&MAPID=&QID=8&PAGEID=17&TPAGEID=&PD=&STAT_CODE_ID=-1 ↩

15. "Election Night Results - Electoral Districts". Elections Canada. April 29, 2025. Retrieved April 29, 2025. https://enr.elections.ca/ElectoralDistricts.aspx?lang=e ↩

16. "September 20, 2021 General Election Election Results". Elections Canada. Retrieved September 27, 2021. https://enr.elections.ca/ElectoralDistricts.aspx?ed=1624 ↩

17. "Transposition of Votes from the 44th General Election to the 2023 Representation Orders". Elections Canada. Retrieved April 9, 2024. https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rep/tra/2023rep&document=index&lang=e ↩

18. "List of confirmed candidates". Elections Canada. Retrieved October 4, 2019. https://www.elections.ca/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand/lst&document=index&lang=e ↩

19. "Official Voting Results". Elections Canada. Retrieved August 13, 2021. https://www.elections.ca/res/rep/off/ovr2019app/51/11259e.html ↩

20. Pundits' Guide to Canadian Elections http://www.punditsguide.ca/riding.php?riding=2114 ↩