Devanagari is a Unicode block containing characters for writing languages such as Hindi, Marathi, Bodo, Maithili, Sindhi, Nepali, and Sanskrit, among others. In its original incarnation, the code points U+0900..U+0954 were a direct copy of the characters A0-F4 from the 1988 ISCII standard. The Bengali, Gurmukhi, Gujarati, Oriya, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam blocks were similarly all based on their ISCII encodings.
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Block
| Devanagari[1]Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+090x | ऀ | ँ | ं | ः | ऄ | अ | आ | इ | ई | उ | ऊ | ऋ | ऌ | ऍ | ऎ | ए |
| U+091x | ऐ | ऑ | ऒ | ओ | औ | क | ख | ग | घ | ङ | च | छ | ज | झ | ञ | ट |
| U+092x | ठ | ड | ढ | ण | त | थ | द | ध | न | ऩ | प | फ | ब | भ | म | य |
| U+093x | र | ऱ | ल | ळ | ऴ | व | श | ष | स | ह | ऺ | ऻ | ़ | ऽ | ा | ि |
| U+094x | ी | ु | ू | ृ | ॄ | ॅ | ॆ | े | ै | ॉ | ॊ | ो | ौ | ् | ॎ | ॏ |
| U+095x | ॐ | ॑ | ॒ | ॓ | ॔ | ॕ | ॖ | ॗ | क़ | ख़ | ग़ | ज़ | ड़ | ढ़ | फ़ | य़ |
| U+096x | ॠ | ॡ | ॢ | ॣ | । | ॥ | ० | १ | २ | ३ | ४ | ५ | ६ | ७ | ८ | ९ |
| U+097x | ॰ | ॱ | ॲ | ॳ | ॴ | ॵ | ॶ | ॷ | ॸ | ॹ | ॺ | ॻ | ॼ | ॽ | ॾ | ॿ |
| Notes1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0 | ||||||||||||||||
History
The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Devanagari block:
| Version | Final code points1 | Count | UTC ID | L2 ID | WG2 ID | Document |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.0.0 | U+0901..0903, 0905..0939, 093C..094D, 0950..0954, 0958..0970 | 104 | X3L2/90-124 | N667 | "36. 36. Devanagari script", Minutes of SC2/WG2 Meeting 18 in Munich, 1990-11-12 | |
| UTC/1991-056 | Whistler, Ken, Indic Charts: Devanagari, Bengali, Gurmukhi, Gujarati, Oriya, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam | |||||
| UTC/1991-057 | Whistler, Ken, Indic names list | |||||
| UTC/1991-048B | Whistler, Ken (1991-03-27), "III. L. Walk In proposals", Draft Minutes from the UTC meeting #46 day 2, 3/27 at Apple | |||||
| L2/99-235 | Nepali Font Standards - White Paper Version 2 | |||||
| UTC/1999-001 | L2/99-026 | Agenbroad, James E. (1999-01-27), 3.0 Devanagari--Eyelash RA (3rd version) | ||||
| L2/99-046 | Becker, Joe (1999-02-04), Specification of UTC Resolution on Eyelash RA | |||||
| L2/99-234 | N1999 | Proposal for Encoding Nepalese script in the ISO/IEC 10646, 1999-03-05 | ||||
| L2/99-054R | Aliprand, Joan (1999-06-21), "Eyelash RA and Eyelash RA (continued)", Approved Minutes from the UTC/L2 meeting in Palo Alto, February 3-5, 1999 | |||||
| N2055 | Ross, Hugh McGregor (1999-07-29), Comment on Proposal for Nepalese Script | |||||
| L2/00-010 | N2103 | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2000-01-05), "8.5", Minutes of WG 2 meeting 37, Copenhagen, Denmark: 1999-09-13—16 | ||||
| L2/01-303 | Vikas, Om (2001-07-26), Letter from the Government from India on "Draft for Unicode Standard for Indian Scripts" | |||||
| L2/01-304 | Feedback on Unicode Standard 3.0, 2001-08-02 | |||||
| L2/01-305 | McGowan, Rick (2001-08-08), Draft UTC Response to L2/01-304, "Feedback on Unicode Standard 3.0" | |||||
| L2/01-430R | McGowan, Rick (2001-11-20), UTC Response to L2/01-304, "Feedback on Unicode Standard 3.0" | |||||
| L2/02-017 | Whistler, Ken (2002-01-14), Character Properties for avagrahas, etc. | |||||
| L2/02-215 | N2466 | Sato, T. K. (2002-05-15), Status in Nepal on n2055 (UK comment on encoding request for Nepali n1999-Nepal) | ||||
| L2/04-279 | Constable, Peter (2004-06-30), Proposal on Clarification and Consolidation of the Function of ZERO WIDTH JOINER in Indic Scripts | |||||
| L2/04-328 | Leca, Antoine (2004-08-04), Response to Public Review Issue #37 | |||||
| L2/04-418 | Muller, Eric (2004-11-18), "PRI: script specific Indic dandas", Report of the Indic ad-hoc | |||||
| L2/04-361 | Moore, Lisa (2004-11-23), "101-A101", UTC #101 Minutes | |||||
| L2/05-049 | Public Review Issue #59, Disunification of Dandas, 2005-01-28 | |||||
| L2/05-055 | Muller, Eric (2005-01-29), Comments on PRI 59: Script Specific Danda and Double Danda | |||||
| L2/05-147 | Muller, Eric (2005-05-11), Comments on PRI 65: Devanagari Eyelash Ra | |||||
| L2/06-203 | Baums, Stefan (2006-05-14), Latin Dandas | |||||
| L2/06-373 | Proposal for additional character, 2006-11-04 | |||||
| L2/06-398 | Pandey, Anshuman (2006-12-15), Comments on L2/06-373 (addition of 'apostrophe' to Devanagari) | |||||
| L2/08-086 | Danda Guidelines Draft, 2008-01-30 | |||||
| L2/08-118R | N3457 (pdf, doc) | Criteria for the encoding of script-specific dandas, 2008-03-02 | ||||
| L2/08-197 | Representation of Bodo, Dogri and Maithili languages in Unicode Standard, 2008-05-06 | |||||
| L2/08-210 | Lata, Swaran (2008-05-07), Usage examples for Bodo, Dogri, Maithili tone marker | |||||
| L2/09-340 | Sharma, Shriramana (2009-10-09), Request for change of annotation of 0951 Devanagari Stress Sign Udatta | |||||
| L2/09-423 | Sharma, Shriramana (2009-11-01), Request for an annotation for the generic Indic danda-s | |||||
| L2/10-015R | Moore, Lisa (2010-02-09), "Consensus 122-C24", UTC #122 / L2 #219 Minutes, Change the script of U+0970 DEVANAGARI ABBREVIATION SIGN to Devanagari for Unicode 6.0. | |||||
| L2/10-167 | Anderson, Deborah; McGowan, Rick; Whistler, Ken (2010-05-05), "4", Review of Indic-related L2 documents and Recommendations to the UTC | |||||
| L2/12-029 | Whistler, Ken (2012-01-26), Error in ScriptExtensions.txt (Takri use of dandas) | |||||
| L2/12-106 | Sharma, Shriramana (2012-03-17), "Generic Indic", Request for editorial updates to various Indic scripts | |||||
| L2/12-147 | Anderson, Deborah; McGowan, Rick; Whistler, Ken (2012-04-25), "I. INDIC", Review of Indic-related L2 documents and Recommendations to the UTC | |||||
| L2/12-164 | Sharma, Shriramana (2012-05-02), "Devanagari", Further editorial updates for Indic | |||||
| L2/13-202 | McGowan, Rick (2013-11-01), "Dandas need more scripts in ScriptExtensions.txt", Comments on Public Review Issues (July 30 - Oct 31, 2013) | |||||
| L2/13-224 | Pournader, Roozbeh (2013-11-07), Samples for usage of dandas in Gujarati, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and Tamil | |||||
| L2/17-424 | A, Srinidhi; A, Sridatta (2017-12-08), Changes to ScriptExtensions.txt for Indic characters for Unicode 11.0 | |||||
| L2/18-039 | Anderson, Deborah; Whistler, Ken; Pournader, Roozbeh; Moore, Lisa; Liang, Hai; Cook, Richard (2018-01-19), "ScriptExtensions.txt changes for Indic", Recommendations to UTC #154 January 2018 on Script Proposals | |||||
| L2/18-007 | Moore, Lisa (2018-03-19), "Action item 154-A120", UTC #154 Minutes, Make script extension changes in version 11.0 as documented in section 6B, pages 6-9 of L2/18-039. | |||||
| L2/19-054 | Pournader, Roozbeh (2019-01-11), Feedback on Properties | |||||
| L2/19-047 | Anderson, Deborah; et al. (2019-01-13), "29. PROPERTIES", Recommendations to UTC #158 January 2019 on Script Proposals | |||||
| L2/19-008 | Moore, Lisa (2019-02-08), "Consensus 158-C21", UTC #158 Minutes, Change the script property of U+0953 DEVANAGARI GRAVE ACCENT and U+0954 DEVANAGARI ACUTE ACCENT from "Devanagari" to "Inherited", for Unicode version 12.0. | |||||
| L2/20-055 | Pournader, Roozbeh (2020-01-16), Proposed sequences for composition exclusions | |||||
| L2/20-015R | Moore, Lisa (2020-05-14), "B.13.1.1 Proposed sequences for composition exclusions", Draft Minutes of UTC Meeting 162 | |||||
| 4.0 | U+0904 | 1 | L2/01-431R2 | McGowan, Rick (2001-11-08), Actions for UTC and Editorial Committee in response to L2/01-430R | ||
| L2/01-405R | Moore, Lisa (2001-12-12), "Consensus 89-C19", Minutes from the UTC/L2 meeting in Mountain View, November 6-9, 2001, Accept the twelve Indic characters with names and coding positions as documented in L2/01-431R | |||||
| L2/02-117 | N2425 | McGowan, Rick (2002-03-21), Additional Characters for Indic Scripts | ||||
| L2/17-425 | A, Srinidhi; A, Sridatta (2017-12-08), Request to annotate DEVANAGARI LETTER SHORT A | |||||
| L2/18-039 | Anderson, Deborah; Whistler, Ken; Pournader, Roozbeh; Moore, Lisa; Liang, Hai; Cook, Richard (2018-01-19), "b. SHORT A", Recommendations to UTC #154 January 2018 on Script Proposals | |||||
| L2/18-115 | Moore, Lisa (2018-05-09), "D.3.2", UTC #155 Minutes | |||||
| 4.1 | U+097D | 1 | L2/02-394 | N2543 | Constable, Peter; Smith, Steve (2002-11-01), Proposal for Encoding Devanagari Glottal Stop | |
| 5.0 | U+097B..097C, 097E..097F | 4 | L2/02-402 | Bhaskararao, Peri (2002-12-20), Comments on Revision of Unicode Standard 3.0 for Devanagari Script | ||
| L2/03-102 | Vikas, Om (2003-03-04), Unicode Standard for Indic Scripts | |||||
| L2/03-101.2 | Proposed Changes in Indic Scripts [Devanagari document], 2003-03-04 | |||||
| L2/05-063 | Vikas, Om (2005-02-07), "Awaiting Updates-Devanagari", Issues in Representation of Indic Scripts in Unicode | |||||
| L2/05-070 | McGowan, Rick (2005-02-09), Indic ad hoc report | |||||
| L2/05-082 | N2934 | Everson, Michael (2005-03-30), Proposal to add four characters for Sindhi to the BMP of the UCS | ||||
| L2/05-026 | Moore, Lisa (2005-05-16), "Scripts - Indic (C.12)", UTC #102 Minutes | |||||
| L2/05-108R | Moore, Lisa (2005-08-26), "Additional Sindhi Characters (C.3)", UTC #103 Minutes | |||||
| L2/05-279 | Moore, Lisa (2005-11-10), "Motion 105-M3", UTC #105 Minutes | |||||
| N2953 (pdf, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2006-02-16), "7.4.1", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 47, Sophia Antipolis, France; 2005-09-12/15 | |||||
| 5.1 | U+0971 | 1 | L2/06-137 | N3111, N3125 | Kew, Jonathan; Smith, Steve (2006-04-20), Proposal to encode Devanagari Sign High Spacing Dot | |
| L2/06-108 | Moore, Lisa (2006-05-25), "Devanagari (C.1)", UTC #107 Minutes | |||||
| N3153 (pdf, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2007-02-16), "M49.5b", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 49 AIST, Akihabara, Tokyo, Japan; 2006-09-25/29 | |||||
| U+0972 | 1 | L2/07-027 | Constable, Peter (2007-01-23), Encoded Representation of Devanagari Candra A | |||
| L2/07-015 | Moore, Lisa (2007-02-08), "Devanagari Candra A (C.18)", UTC #110 Minutes | |||||
| N3249 | Proposal to Encode Devanagari Letter Candra A in the UCS [originally N2809], 2007-04-20 | |||||
| L2/07-133 | Constable, Peter (2007-04-30), Proposal to Encode Devanagari Letter Candra A in the UCS | |||||
| L2/07-268 | N3253 (pdf, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2007-07-26), "M50.1", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 50, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany; 2007-04-24/27 | ||||
| 5.2 | U+0900, 094E, 0955, 0979..097A | 5 | L2/00-155 | Moore, Lisa (2000-05-31), Comments on Encoding Vedic Accents Proposal | ||
| L2/03-066 | New Proposal for Vedic Characters and Symbols, 2003-02-26 | |||||
| L2/03-067 | Joshi, R. K. (2003-02-27), Vedic Code Set; a draft | |||||
| L2/04-398 | Proposal to encode Vedic accents, etc., 2004-11-12 | |||||
| L2/05-228 | Muller, Eric (2005-08-11), Analysis of a TDIL proposal for Vedic | |||||
| L2/06-185 | Proposal for Encoding of Vedic Characters & Symbols in Unicode, 2006-05-10 | |||||
| L2/06-384 | Lata, Swaran (2006-10-25), Letter from T. N. Dharmadhikari in support of Vedic repertoire | |||||
| L2/07-060 | Scharf, Peter (2007-02-02), Vedic Unicode Workshop Report | |||||
| L2/07-095R | N3235R | Everson, Michael; Scharf, Peter; Angot, Michel; Chandrashekar, R.; Hyman, Malcolm; Rosenfield, Susan; Sastry, B. V. Venkatakrishna; Witzel, Michael (2007-04-13), Proposal to encode characters for Vedic Sanskrit in the BMP of the UCS | ||||
| L2/07-230 | N3290 | Everson, Michael; Scharf, Peter; Angot, Michel; Chandrashekar, R.; Hyman, Malcolm; Rosenfield, Susan; Sastry, B. V. Venkatakrishna; Witzel, Michael (2007-07-26), Revised proposal to encode characters for Vedic Sanskrit in the BMP of the UCS | ||||
| L2/07-254 | Bhushan, E. K. Bharat (2007-08-01), Unicode for Vedic Sanskrit (letter to Mark Davis) | |||||
| L2/07-262 | Scharf, Peter (2007-08-07), Outline of the development of WG2/n3290 = L2/07-230 | |||||
| L2/07-271 | Scharf, Peter (2007-08-08), Comparison of proposed characters in Lata 2006 (L2/06-185) with Scharf and Everson WG2/n3290 (L2/07-230) | |||||
| L2/07-272 | Muller, Eric (2007-08-10), "11", Report of the South Asia subcommittee | |||||
| L2/07-396 | Joshi, R. K.; Irani, Alka (2007-10-10), Proposal for Encoding of Vaidika Character and Symbols in Unicode | |||||
| L2/07-386 | Joshi, R. K. (2007-10-17), Comments on Comparison of proposed characters in Lata 2006 (L2/06-185) with Scharf and Everson WG2/n3290 (L2/07-230) | |||||
| L2/07-388 | Joshi, R. K. (2007-10-17), Following observations have been made with reference to the document No. L2/07-095 dated: 2007-04-13 | |||||
| L2/07-343 | N3366 | Everson, Michael; Scharf, Peter; Angot, Michel; Chandrashekar, R.; Hyman, Malcolm; Rosenfield, Susan; Sastry, B. V. Venkatakrishna; Witzel, Michael (2007-10-18), Proposal to encode 55 characters for Vedic Sanskrit in the BMP of the UCS | ||||
| L2/07-394 | Scharf, Peter (2007-10-18), Significant differences between L2/07-230 and L2/07-343 | |||||
| L2/07-395 | Joshi, R. K.; et al. (2007-10-18), Request for feedback on draft proposal for encoding Vaidika characters and symbols in Unicode | |||||
| L2/07-397 | Joshi, R. K.; et al. (2007-10-18), Vaidika Vowels and Consonants | |||||
| L2/07-400 | Scharf, Peter (2007-10-18), Comments on R. K. Joshi's documents L2/07-386 and L2/07-388 | |||||
| L2/07-401 | Scharf, Peter (2007-10-18), Equivalences between L2/07-396 and L2/07-343 | |||||
| L2/07-345 | Moore, Lisa (2007-10-25), "Consensus 113-C19", UTC #113 Minutes | |||||
| L2/08-035 | Scharf, Peter; Rosenfield, Susan J. (2008-01-22), Vedic Revisions 2008 Jan 14, Revisions to N3366 = L2/07-343 | |||||
| L2/08-042 | Joshi, R. K. (2008-01-23), Proposal for Encoding of Vaidika Characters & Symbols in Unicode | |||||
| L2/08-043 | Joshi, R. K. (2008-01-28), Vaidika Extensions A & B (Vedic evidence to accompany L2/08-042) | |||||
| L2/08-092 | N3385 | Everson, Michael; Scharf, Peter (2008-01-31), Comparison between two Vedic proposals of January 2008 | ||||
| L2/08-097 | Amendments to L2/08-042, L2/08-043, 2008-01-31 | |||||
| L2/08-050R | N3383R | Everson, Michael; Scharf, Peter (2008-03-06), Summary proposal to encode characters for Vedic in the BMP of the UCS | ||||
| L2/08-096 | Joshi, R. K. (2008-02-02), Comparison of L2/08-042 and L2/08-050 | |||||
| L2/08-110 | Muller, Eric (2008-02-08), South Asia Subcommittee Report | |||||
| L2/08-003 | Moore, Lisa (2008-02-14), "Vedic", UTC #114 Minutes | |||||
| L2/08-176 | N3456R | Anderson, Deborah (2008-04-18), Summary of Vedic Characters based on N3385, N3383R, and the Unicode Pipeline | ||||
| L2/08-196 | Proposal for Encoding of Vaidika Sanskrit Characters & Symbols in the BMP of UCS, 2008-05-05 | |||||
| L2/08-216 | Scharf, Peter (2008-05-08), Comments on L2/08-196 regarding the encoding of Sanskrit and Vedic | |||||
| L2/08-294 | Scharf, Peter (2008-08-06), Placement of characters in Vedic, Devanagari, and Devanagari Extended blocks | |||||
| L2/08-317 | Muller, Eric (2008-08-11), "1.1", South Asia Subcommittee Report | |||||
| L2/08-318 | N3453 (pdf, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2008-08-13), "M52.18", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 52 | ||||
| L2/08-253R2 | Moore, Lisa (2008-08-19), "Vedic (B.15.2, E.1)", UTC #116 Minutes | |||||
| L2/08-273R3 | N3488R3 | Everson, Michael; Scharf, Peter (2008-08-21), Proposal to encode two characters for Vedic in the UCS | ||||
| L2/08-412 | N3553 (pdf, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2008-11-05), "M53.03", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 53 | ||||
| L2/09-067 | Lata, Swaran (2009-01-28), Encoding of Vaidika Sanskrit Characters & Symbols in the BMP of UCS | |||||
| 6.0 | U+093A..093B, 094F, 0956..0957, 0973..0977 | 10 | L2/08-250 | N3480 | Everson, Michael; Satpute, Pravin (2006-07-03), Proposal to add four characters for Kashmiri to the BMP | |
| L2/09-012 | Lata, Swaran (2009-01-07), Encoding of additional characters in Unicode for representation of Kashmiri | |||||
| L2/09-311 | Lata, Swaran (2009-08-11), Letter from Swaran Lata re Kashmiri Additions to Devanagari | |||||
| L2/09-389 | N3731 | Everson, Michael (2009-09-18), Consensus on Kashmiri additions for Devanagari | ||||
| L2/09-369 | N3710 | Proposal to add Six characters in the Devanagari block for representation of Kashmiri language in Devanagari script, 2009-10-14 | ||||
| L2/09-377 | N3725 | Pandey, Anshuman (2009-10-26), Comments on India's Proposal to Add Devanagari Characters for Kashmiri (N3710 L2/09-369) | ||||
| N3703 (pdf, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2010-04-13), "M55.7", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting no. 55, Tokyo 2009-10-26/30 | |||||
| L2/09-403 | Pandey, Anshuman (2009-11-01), Comments on 'Consensus on Kashmiri additions for Devanagari' (N3727 L2/09-389) | |||||
| L2/09-335R | Moore, Lisa (2009-11-10), "Consensus 121-C15", UTC #121 / L2 #218 Minutes | |||||
| 7.0 | U+0978 | 1 | L2/11-042 | Anderson, Deborah; McGowan, Rick; Whistler, Ken (2011-02-02), "3. Devanagari DDA", Review of Indic related L2 documents and Recommendations to the UTC | ||
| L2/11-016 | Moore, Lisa (2011-02-15), "D.3.2", UTC #126 / L2 #223 Minutes | |||||
| L2/10-475R | N3970 | Pandey, Anshuman (2011-05-23), Proposal to Encode the Marwari Letter DDA for Devanagari | ||||
| N4103 | "11.2.13 Marwari Letter DDA in Devanagari", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 58, 2012-01-03 | |||||
See also
References
Proposed code points and characters names may differ from final code points and names ↩
See also L2/01-303, L2/01-304, L2/01-305, and L2/01-430R https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2001/01303-india-letter.pdf ↩