Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Type 63 multiple rocket launcher
open-in-new
<h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>The launcher's 12 tubes are arranged in three removable rows of four, mounted on a single-axle carriage with rubber tires. The Type 63 originally fired an 18.8 kilogram rocket (Type 63-2)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> with a 1.3 kilogram warhead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> Ammunition for the Type 63 was later improved (Type 75 and Type 81 series), although the overall weight of the rocket remained the same.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> A fixed amount of propellant is contained in the rocket motor. The steel-cased rocket is stabilized with spin imparted by six angled nozzles in its base.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> The Type 63 was distributed on the basis of six per infantry regiment, or 18 per infantry division.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> For airborne and mountain units the lighter Type 63-I was developed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p><p>The Type 63 and its copies can be mounted on different kinds of armoured and unarmoured vehicles, for example the <a href="/facts/MT-LB/ornRRs3L">MT-LB</a>, the <a href="/facts/Safir_(vehicle)/UXIcanvQ">Safir</a>, the <a href="/facts/Mamba_APC/Usc3aHHu">Mamba</a>, the <a href="/facts/RG-32_Scout/rk6zTPgV">RG-32 Scout</a>, the <a href="/facts/GAZ-66/Y7I5Xnwu">GAZ-66</a> and the <a href="/facts/M113/N3aekwcp">M113</a>. </p> <h2 id="versions">Versions</h2> <p>The Type 63 and its rockets are built in several countries including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Sudan/yGeaNdvS">Sudan</a> – Taka.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a> – Fajr-1 of D.I.O. with Haseb-1 rocket.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li>South Africa – RO 107 of Mechem Developments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/North_Korea/Q41laakP">North Korea</a> – Type 75.</li> <li><a href="/facts/North_Vietnam/1d0osuEy">North Vietnam</a>, <a href="/facts/Vietnam/0ulfA8Eq">Vietnam</a> – H-12.</li> <li>Turkey – Produced by <a href="/facts/Mechanical_and_Chemical_Industry_Corporation/u55bh3TN">MKEK</a> as TR-107 "Anadolu" and TRB-107. Actually based on the Iranian Fajr-1 system, after some units were confiscated in a shipping vessel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li>Egypt – RL812/TLC of the Helwan Machinery and Equipment Factory (Factory 999).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="bm-12-nomenclature-issue">BM-12 nomenclature issue</h2> <p>NATO and western sources have used the Soviet-style designation <i>BM-12</i> to describe this weapon system, and further even ascribe Soviet origin and initial manufacture of both launcher and rockets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> However, there is no evidence in non-western sources of Soviet development or production, or of the BM-12 moniker being applied. Very similar Type 50-5 or Type 488 102mm rockets were manufactured in China and used in the <a href="/facts/Korean_War/Qo93pNhE">Korean War</a> prior to development of the Type 63.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p><p>It appears the systems designated BM-12 (for example in Afghanistan and Libya) were or are all of Chinese origin, being merely used or cross-traded by Soviet interests. </p> <h2 id="variants">Variants</h2> <h3>Multiple rocket launchers</h3> <ul><li>The Chinese Type 81 SPMRL 107mm is a self-propelled export version, based on the Nanjing NJ-230 truck.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>Manufactured in North Korea as Type 75 with variants of 16 up to 27 launch tubes that are mounted on vehicles such as the tracked <a href="/facts/VTT-323/Qf3J2Pqb">VTT-323</a> or the wheeled M1992 along developed cluster warhead with 15 submunitions<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/ROKETSAN/Np1p6kq5">ROKETSAN</a> of Turkey has designed an improved 107mm multiple rocket launch system, consisting of a HMMWV with two 12-round launch modules and a fire control system. The system uses the TR-107 and TRB-107 rockets but the range has been increased to 11 km.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> <ul><li>T-107M, Vehicle Mounted, 12 Steel Tube MBRL<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>T-107SPM, Vehicle-mounted 2 × 12 Tubes Disposable MBRL with Insulated Pod<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li>T-107/122, Vehicle Mounted 3 × 20 Tubes Disposable MBRL with Insulated Pod<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul> <h3>Single-tube rocket launchers</h3> <p>A number of countries have developed single-tube, man-portable rocket launchers that fire the same type of rockets: </p> <ul><li>China: Type 85 with an empty weight of 22.5 kg.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li> <li>Egypt: PRL-81, similar to the Type 85 system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li>South Africa: Inflict of Mechem Developments with an empty weight of 26 kg.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li>Iran: Karkhe, Single shot disposable launcher.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="operators">Operators</h2> <h3>Current operators</h3> <ul><li> <a href="/facts/Afghanistan/v63Auu1C">Afghanistan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Albania/8GP40BUD">Albania</a> – 270.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Azerbaijan/Ho5joRTJ">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Burkina_Faso/L3zPAJwx">Burkina Faso</a> – ~4 as of 2021<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Cambodia/t1wJd6GU">Cambodia</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Chad/KStYoub3">Chad</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">People's Republic of China</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo/E2KmHDdv">Congo-Kinshasa</a> – 12 as of 2021<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Djibouti/77jY0eII">Djibouti</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Egypt/8Ttg0JwB">Egypt</a> - Manufactured locally as RL812/TLC</li> <li> <a href="/facts/Ethiopia/LVujNp5v">Ethiopia</a> – 25</li> <li> <a href="/facts/Gabon/RKDffnwV">Gabon</a> - 25 as of 2021<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Ghana/IkUw32Ya">Ghana</a> – ~3 as of 2016<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a> – 1,300 as of 2020<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> <ul><li> <a href="/facts/Liwa_Fatemiyoun/pGlBojXW">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Iraq/pqYSFJw8">Iraq</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> <ul><li> <a href="/facts/Kurdistan_Region/zk6GP3bG">Iraqi Kurdistan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Popular_Mobilization_Forces/ksB0jS6F">Popular Mobilization Forces</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Jordan/JC5sS1oJ">Jordan</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/North_Korea/Q41laakP">North Korea</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Libya/HMPH8PWR">Libya</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Mauritania/JcP8EJku">Mauritania</a> – 4 as of 2016<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Myanmar/zcqQH2oE">Myanmar</a> – 30 as of 2016<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Namibia/ahXuaypy">Namibia</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Nicaragua/PsyPGXxm">Nicaragua</a> – 33 as of 2016<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a> – Type-81 variant in service as of 2021<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Palestine/XYeHy1af"></a> <a href="/facts/Palestine_Liberation_Organisation/9Kk16qMp">Palestine Liberation Organisation</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/People%2527s_Defense_Units/UacrAabp">People's Defense Units</a> (YPG)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a> – (Launchers captured in Angola, rockets manufactured locally)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/South_Sudan/DacJpKfT">South Sudan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Sudan/yGeaNdvS">Sudan</a> – 477 as of 2016<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Syria/7pDXGzq8">Syria</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a> – Manufactured locally as TR-107.</li> <li> <a href="/facts/Somaliland/5sSah01x">Somaliland</a>: estimated12 <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Venezuela/eX1qnkln">Venezuela</a> - Fajr 1<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Vietnam/0ulfA8Eq">Vietnam</a> – Fielded during the <a href="/facts/Vietnam_War/W0gfbGTE">Vietnam War</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> 360 as of 2016<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Zimbabwe/8Yqt8490">Zimbabwe</a> – 16 as of 2016<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Former operators</h3> <ul><li> <a href="/facts/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina/jNVA1gPB">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> – Former user<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Lebanon/2dReTXyp">Lebanon</a> <ul><li> <a href="/facts/Lebanese_Forces_(militia)/ejml1shh">Lebanese Forces</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/People%2527s_Liberation_Army_(Lebanon)/zodh25I4">People's Liberation Army (Lebanon)</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Lebanese_Resistance_Regiments/FdWEIA0n">Amal Movement</a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party_in_Lebanon/raEreLlf">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a> (SSNP)/<a href="/facts/Eagles_of_the_Whirlwind/2Aev6HuL">Eagles of the Whirlwind</a></li></ul></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam/rWpNHtoI">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a>: 2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></li> <li> <a href="/facts/Malaysia/8zbUMzCP">Malaysia</a> – retired</li> <li> <a href="/facts/Tigray_Defense_Forces/hzYhC7xh">Tigray Defense Forces</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> − Surrendered to the Ethiopian forces in the aftermath of the <a href="/facts/Tigray_War/3dGvh8to">Tigray War</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/T-122_Sakarya/IAFQVYGP">T-122 Sakarya</a> – (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fajr-5/Ph24L3hs">Fajr-5</a> – (Iran)</li> <li><a href="/facts/15_cm_Nebelwerfer_41/RcmbVtHo">15 cm Nebelwerfer 41</a> – (Nazi Germany, Germany)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Fajr-2_(artillery_rocket)/o46vD9hx">Fajr-2 (artillery rocket)</a> – (Iran)</li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li>(JAA) <i>Jane's Armour and Artillery 1981–82</i>, Christopher Foss (ed.), London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd., 1981. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-7106-0727-X.</li> <li>International Institute for Strategic Studies (2006). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xyC7AgAACAAJ"><i>The Military Balance 2006</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-85743-399-9.</li> <li><a href="/facts/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies/tAeBSPd9">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (February 2016). <i>The Military Balance 2016</i>. Vol. 116. Routlegde. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781857438352.</li> <li><a href="/facts/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies/tAeBSPd9">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (February 2021). <i>The Military Balance 2021</i>. Vol. 121. Routledge. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781032012278.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Type 63 multiple rocket launcher. <ul><li><a href="http://ordatamines.maic.jmu.edu/displaydata.aspx?OrDataId=1274">OrData report on 107-mm rocket projectile</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/type-63-r.htm">GlobalSecurity on the Type 63 and Type 81</a></li> <li><a href="https://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/26/maos-rockets-and-the-eastern-afghan-border-war-part-i/">Mao's Rockets and the Eastern Afghan Border War, Part I</a> <a href="https://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/27/maos-rockets-and-the-eastern-afghan-border-war-part-ii/">Part II</a> <a href="https://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/19/more-on-maos-rockets-and-modern-war-part-iii/">Part III</a>, article series about the use of Type 63 rockets in Afghanistan.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"sinodefence.com". sinodefence.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100123002839/http://www.sinodefence.com/army/mrl/type63.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100123002839/http://www.sinodefence.com/army/mrl/type63.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>JAA, p. 594. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"fas.org". fas.org. Retrieved 12 April 2018. <a href="https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/type-63-r.htm" target="_blank">https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/type-63-r.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"sinodefence.com". sinodefence.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2018. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100123002839/http://www.sinodefence.com/army/mrl/type63.asp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20100123002839/http://www.sinodefence.com/army/mrl/type63.asp</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Jeremy Kelly (August 21, 2012). "Despite drones and blimps, rocket attacks in Afghanistan prove hard to stop". Christian Science Monitor. <a href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2012/0821/Despite-drones-and-blimps-rocket-attacks-in-Afghanistan-prove-hard-to-stop-video" target="_blank">http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2012/0821/Despite-drones-and-blimps-rocket-attacks-in-Afghanistan-prove-hard-to-stop-video</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Brian Anderson (2012). "Chinese-Made 107mm Rockets Are the Workhorses of Insurgencies (and Goons)". Motherboard. Archived from the original on 2015-04-08. <a href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/107/" target="_blank">https://www.vice.com/en/article/107/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>JAA, p. 593. <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Type 63 107mm Rocket". Fas.org. Retrieved 2013-04-01. <a href="https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/type-63-r.htm" target="_blank">https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/type-63-r.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>MIC page on Small Arms including Taka <a href="http://www.mic.sd/idex/en/products/smallarms" target="_blank">http://www.mic.sd/idex/en/products/smallarms</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Defense Industries Organization 2013 Catalog, Section 3: Rocket Industries Group. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130810110748/http://www.diomil.ir/pdf/Section3.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130810110748/http://www.diomil.ir/pdf/Section3.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's | IHS". Articles.janes.com. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-01. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503102640/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Armour-and-Artillery/Mechem-Developments-107-mm-RO-107-12-round-towed-multiple-rocket-launcher-system-South-Africa.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120503102640/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Armour-and-Artillery/Mechem-Developments-107-mm-RO-107-12-round-towed-multiple-rocket-launcher-system-South-Africa.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>http://www.acig.info/CMS/?option=com_content&task=view&id=190&Itemid=47 [dead link] <a href="http://www.acig.info/CMS/?option=com_content&task=view&id=190&Itemid=47" target="_blank">http://www.acig.info/CMS/?option=com_content&task=view&id=190&Itemid=47</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's | IHS". Articles.janes.com. Retrieved 2013-04-01. <a href="http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Armour-and-Artillery/107-mm-12-round-RL812-TLC-multiple-rocket-launcher-Egypt.html" target="_blank">http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Armour-and-Artillery/107-mm-12-round-RL812-TLC-multiple-rocket-launcher-Egypt.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Egypt :: Helwan Machinery and Equipment Co. .::. حلوان للآلات و المعدات :: تفاصيل المنتجات الحربيه". Fact999.momp.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 2011-12-20. Retrieved 2013-04-01. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111220052154/http://fact999.momp.gov.eg/Ar/MilProductDetials.aspx?pro=hMF%2FIhxili5ZUAKbNEFn0Iu8g1ve7yeLfUVhTAlV1yw%3D" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20111220052154/http://fact999.momp.gov.eg/Ar/MilProductDetials.aspx?pro=hMF%2FIhxili5ZUAKbNEFn0Iu8g1ve7yeLfUVhTAlV1yw%3D</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Jalali; Ali Ahmad, & Grau; Lester W., (2002), Afghan Guerrilla Warfare: In the Words of the Mujahideen Fighters, Zenith Imprint, pg. 407, ISBN 0760313229 <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Armour-and-Artillery/NORINCO-107-mm-12-round-Type-63-and-Type-81-multiple-rocket-systems-China.html Type 63 <a href="http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Armour-and-Artillery/NORINCO-107-mm-12-round-Type-63-and-Type-81-multiple-rocket-systems-China.html" target="_blank">http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Armour-and-Artillery/NORINCO-107-mm-12-round-Type-63-and-Type-81-multiple-rocket-systems-China.html</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Foss, Christopher F. (15 June 1998). "Norinco 107 mm (12-round) Type 63 and Type 81 multiple rocket systems". Jane's Armour and Artillery 1998–99. <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Foss, Christopher F. (15 June 1998). "Norinco 107 mm (12-round) Type 63 and Type 81 multiple rocket systems". Jane's Armour and Artillery 1998–99. <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>https://militarnyi.com/en/news/russians-have-installed-mrl-from-north-korea-on-uaz-truck/ <a href="https://militarnyi.com/en/news/russians-have-installed-mrl-from-north-korea-on-uaz-truck/" target="_blank">https://militarnyi.com/en/news/russians-have-installed-mrl-from-north-korea-on-uaz-truck/</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's | IHS". Articles.janes.com. Retrieved 2013-04-01. <a href="http://articles.janes.com/articles/International-Defence-Review-2005/Roketsan-considers-feasibility-of-shore-bombardment-system.html" target="_blank">http://articles.janes.com/articles/International-Defence-Review-2005/Roketsan-considers-feasibility-of-shore-bombardment-system.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Emin, Zafer (2016-11-29). "Roketsan 107 mm çok namlulu roketatar". Teknoformat (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-04-06. <a href="https://teknoformat.com/roketsan-107-mm-cok-namlulu-roketatarcnra-1445" target="_blank">https://teknoformat.com/roketsan-107-mm-cok-namlulu-roketatarcnra-1445</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Emin, Zafer (2016-11-29). "Roketsan 107 mm çok namlulu roketatar". Teknoformat (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-04-06. <a href="https://teknoformat.com/roketsan-107-mm-cok-namlulu-roketatarcnra-1445" target="_blank">https://teknoformat.com/roketsan-107-mm-cok-namlulu-roketatarcnra-1445</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Emin, Zafer (2016-11-29). "Roketsan 107 mm çok namlulu roketatar". Teknoformat (in Turkish). Retrieved 2021-04-06. <a href="https://teknoformat.com/roketsan-107-mm-cok-namlulu-roketatarcnra-1445" target="_blank">https://teknoformat.com/roketsan-107-mm-cok-namlulu-roketatarcnra-1445</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Foss, Christopher F. (15 June 1998). "Norinco 107 mm (12-round) Type 63 and Type 81 multiple rocket systems". Jane's Armour and Artillery 1998–99. <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Foss, Christopher F. (15 June 1998). "Lightweight man-portable and vehicle-mounted systems". Jane's Armour and Artillery 1998-99. <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"Mechem Developments 107 mm Inflict (single-tube) rocket launcher". Articles.janes.com. 6 March 2012. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-01. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503102712/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Armour-and-Artillery/Mechem-Developments-107-mm-Inflict-single-tube-rocket-launcher-South-Africa.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120503102712/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Armour-and-Artillery/Mechem-Developments-107-mm-Inflict-single-tube-rocket-launcher-South-Africa.html</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Oryx. "The Oryx Handbook of Iranian Fighting Vehicles". Oryx Blog. Retrieved 2021-04-14. <a href="https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2020/01/the-oryx-handbook-of-iranian-fighting.html" target="_blank">https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2020/01/the-oryx-handbook-of-iranian-fighting.html</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Bhatia, Michael Vinai; Sedra, Mark (May 2008). Small Arms Survey (ed.). Afghanistan, Arms and Conflict: Armed Groups, Disarmament and Security in a Post-War Society. Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-415-45308-0. <a href="978-0-415-45308-0" target="_blank">978-0-415-45308-0</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Foss, Christopher F. (15 June 1998). "Norinco 107 mm (12-round) Type 63 and Type 81 multiple rocket systems". Jane's Armour and Artillery 1998–99. <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>The Military Balance 2021, p. 452. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. Vol. 121. Routledge. ISBN 9781032012278. <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>The Military Balance 2016, p. 239. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 9781857438352. <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>The Military Balance 2016, p. 437. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 9781857438352. <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>The Military Balance 2016, pp. 242–246. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 9781857438352. <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>The Military Balance 2021, p. 461. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. Vol. 121. Routledge. ISBN 9781032012278. <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Debay, Yves (2004). VBL Panhard (in French). Histoire et collections. p. 120. ISBN 9782913903166. <a href="9782913903166" target="_blank">9782913903166</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>The Military Balance 2021, p. 467. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. Vol. 121. Routledge. ISBN 9781032012278. <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>The Military Balance 2016, p. 448. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 9781857438352. <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>The Military Balance 2016, p. 328. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 9781857438352. <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Puxton, Matteo (25 February 2019). Macé, Maxime (ed.). "Pour se battre en Syrie, l'Iran enrôle massivement des Afghans chiites". France Soir (in French). <a href="http://www.francesoir.fr/en-coop-matteo-puxton/pour-se-battre-en-syrie-iran-enrole-massivement-des-afghans-chiites" target="_blank">http://www.francesoir.fr/en-coop-matteo-puxton/pour-se-battre-en-syrie-iran-enrole-massivement-des-afghans-chiites</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Iraqi army equipment 1930–2017. Vol. 2. p. 81. <a href="https://archive.org/details/IraqiArmyEquipment1930-2017SpecialReportVol.2" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/IraqiArmyEquipment1930-2017SpecialReportVol.2</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>The Military Balance 2016, p. 491. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 9781857438352. <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Puxton, Matteo (30 August 2017). "Kataib al-Imam Ali, cette puissante milice chiite qui se bat à la fois en Irak et en Syrie". France Soir (in French). <a href="http://www.francesoir.fr/politique-monde/kataib-al-imam-ali-cette-puissante-milice-chiite-qui-se-bat-la-fois-en-irak-et-en-syrie-anti-djihadistes-moqtada-al-sadr-bachar-al-assad-batailles-mossoul-alep-tal-afar-exactions-abou-azrael" target="_blank">http://www.francesoir.fr/politique-monde/kataib-al-imam-ali-cette-puissante-milice-chiite-qui-se-bat-la-fois-en-irak-et-en-syrie-anti-djihadistes-moqtada-al-sadr-bachar-al-assad-batailles-mossoul-alep-tal-afar-exactions-abou-azrael</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>The Military Balance 2016, p. 265. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 9781857438352. <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>The Military Balance 2016, p. 342. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 9781857438352. <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>The Military Balance 2016, p. 343. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 9781857438352. <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>The Military Balance 2016, p. 276. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 9781857438352. <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>The Military Balance 2016, p. 406. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 9781857438352. <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:48"><p>The Military Balance 2021, p. 290. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2021). The Military Balance 2021. Vol. 121. Routledge. ISBN 9781032012278. <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:49"><p>Foss, Christopher F. (15 June 1998). "Norinco 107 mm (12-round) Type 63 and Type 81 multiple rocket systems". Jane's Armour and Artillery 1998–99. <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:50"><p>Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (29 October 2021). "Kurdish Armour: Inventorising YPG Equipment In Northern Syria". Oryx Blog. <a href="https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/10/kurdish-armour-inventorising-ypg.html" target="_blank">https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/10/kurdish-armour-inventorising-ypg.html</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:51"><p>Heitman, Helmoed-Römer (2013). The Battle in Bangui: The Untold Story. Johannesburg: Parktown Publishers. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-9921902-8-6. <a href="978-0-9921902-8-6" target="_blank">978-0-9921902-8-6</a> <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:52"><p>The Military Balance 2016, p. 469. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 9781857438352. <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:53"><p>The Military Balance 2016, p. 492. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 9781857438352. <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:54"><p>The Military Balance 2016, p. 471. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 9781857438352. <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:55"><p>The Military Balance 2016, p. 354. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 9781857438352. <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:56"><p>The Military Balance 2006, p. 468. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (2006). The Military Balance 2006. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-85743-399-9. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xyC7AgAACAAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=xyC7AgAACAAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:57"><p>"Venezuela's Zolfaghar boats are just the latest military equipment provided by Iran". 10 January 2024. <a href="https://observers.france24.com/en/americas/20240110-venezuela-zolfaghar-boats-military-material-tehran-iran-caracas" target="_blank">https://observers.france24.com/en/americas/20240110-venezuela-zolfaghar-boats-military-material-tehran-iran-caracas</a> <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:58"><p>Zabecki, David T. (May 2011). "Rockets and Rocket Launchers". In Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2 ed.). p. 988. ISBN 978-1-85109-960-3. <a href="978-1-85109-960-3" target="_blank">978-1-85109-960-3</a> <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:59"><p>The Military Balance 2016, p. 297. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 9781857438352. <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:60"><p>The Military Balance 2016, p. 478. - International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. Vol. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 9781857438352. <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:61"><p>Foss, Christopher F. (15 June 1998). "Norinco 107 mm (12-round) Type 63 and Type 81 multiple rocket systems". Jane's Armour and Artillery 1998–99. <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:62"><p>Zaloga, Steven J. (2003). Tank Battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The Wars of 1973 to the Present. Hong Kong: Concord Publications. p. 66. ISBN 962-361-613-9. <a href="962-361-613-9" target="_blank">962-361-613-9</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:63"><p>Humanitarian Operation Factual Analysis July 2006 – May 2009 (PDF). Ministry Of Defence Democratic Socialist Republic Of Sri Lanka. Retrieved 9 September 2021. <a href="http://slembassyusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Sri-Lankan-Humanitarian-Operation-Factual-Analysis.pdf" target="_blank">http://slembassyusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Sri-Lankan-Humanitarian-Operation-Factual-Analysis.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:64"><p>Oryx. "The Tigray Defence Forces - Documenting Its Heavy Weaponry". Oryx Blog. Retrieved 2021-09-03. <a href="https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/09/the-tigray-defence-forces-documenting.html" target="_blank">https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/09/the-tigray-defence-forces-documenting.html</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:65"><p>Misikir, Maya (11 January 2023). "Tigray Forces Start Handing Over Heavy Weapons as Part of Peace Deal". Voice of America. Retrieved 11 January 2024. <a href="https://www.voanews.com/a/tigray-forces-start-handing-over-heavy-weapons-as-part-of-peace-deal-/6913979.html" target="_blank">https://www.voanews.com/a/tigray-forces-start-handing-over-heavy-weapons-as-part-of-peace-deal-/6913979.html</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>