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Timeline of London
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<h2 id="prehistory">Prehistory</h2> <ul><li>120,000 BC – <a href="/facts/Elephants/6prrEFFK">Elephants</a> and <a href="/facts/Hippopotami/hFGDPWRI">hippopotami</a> are roaming on the site of <a href="/facts/Trafalgar_Square/qpfN8hMX">Trafalgar Square</a>.</li> <li>6000 BC – Hunter-gatherers are on the site of <a href="/facts/Heathrow_Terminal_5/alNbxEub">Heathrow Terminal 5</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li> <li>4000 BC – Mesolithic timber structure exists on the <a href="/facts/River_Thames/XnQWN52L">River Thames</a> foreshore, south of the site of <a href="/facts/Vauxhall_Bridge/tDkYV6lq">Vauxhall Bridge</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li>3800 BC – <a href="/facts/Stanwell/daVAWPCl">Stanwell</a> <a href="/facts/Cursus/3JA3rCrj">Cursus</a> is constructed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li>2300–1500 BC – Possible community on <a href="/facts/Chiswick_Eyot/Y9zXewcj">Chiswick Eyot</a> in the Thames.</li> <li>1500 BC – A <a href="/facts/Bronze_Age/c09qWcTt">Bronze Age</a> bridge exists from the foreshore north of Vauxhall Bridge. This bridge either crosses the Thames, or goes to a subsequently lost island in the river.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></li> <li>300–1 BC – An <a href="/facts/Iron_Age/mpQYShI0">Iron Age</a> <a href="/facts/Oppidum/sCVplc03">oppidum</a> in <a href="/facts/Woolwich/FI2XfPuc">Woolwich</a>, which is possibly London's first port, in the late-Roman period reused as a fort.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="early-history-to-the-10th-century">Early history to the 10th century</h2> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Londinium/4RhdQbNu">Londinium</a> and <a href="/facts/Anglo-Saxon_London/YD6abURf">Anglo-Saxon London</a></p> <ul><li>47 AD – Original settlement of <a href="/facts/Londinium/4RhdQbNu">Londinium</a> founded by the <a href="/facts/Roman_Empire/l4E1aUuV">Romans</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>50 <ul><li>The original <a href="/facts/London_Bridge/CAv1ehzr">London bridge</a> is constructed out of wood.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Grim%2527s_Ditch_(Harrow)/lf56nhnP">Grim's Ditch (Harrow)</a> is dug from this year onwards.</li></ul></li> <li>57 – 8 January: The earliest known handwritten document in the UK is created in London, a financial record in one of the Roman '<a href="/facts/Bloomberg_tablets/1yt38Gya">Bloomberg tablets</a>' found during 2010–13 on the site of <a href="/facts/Londinium/4RhdQbNu">Londinium</a>. Another dated to 65/70-80 AD gives the earliest known written record of the name of Londinium.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>60 or 61 – Londinium is sacked by forces of <a href="/facts/Boudica/xT96Xvwd">Boudica</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li>122 – Construction of a <a href="/facts/Forum_(Roman)/TtynLd7d">forum</a> in Londinium is completed;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> Emperor <a href="/facts/Hadrian/e1RoggvV">Hadrian</a> visits. There is a major fire in the city at about this time.</li> <li>c. 190–225 – The <a href="/facts/London_Wall/2qx8zPKU">London Wall</a> is constructed.</li> <li>During 3rd century - London's population is around 50,000 due to the influence of its major port.</li> <li>c. 214 – London becomes the capital of the province of <a href="/facts/Britannia_Inferior/sLwHETzy">Britannia Inferior</a>.</li> <li>c. 240 – The <a href="/facts/London_Mithraeum/hlp4jgaL">London Mithraeum</a> is built.</li> <li>c. 250 – Coasting barge "<a href="/facts/Blackfriars_Ships/5RBh37XY">Blackfriars I</a>" sinks in the Thames at <a href="/facts/Blackfriars%2c_London/MVdWoH5D">Blackfriars</a>.</li> <li>255 – Work begins on a riverside wall in London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>296 – <a href="/facts/Constantius_Chlorus/YX5SFTF2">Constantius Chlorus</a> occupies Londinium, saving it from attack by mercenary <a href="/facts/Franks/RHyCqfkd">Franks</a>.</li> <li>368 – The city is known as Augusta by this date, indicating that it is a Roman provincial capital.</li> <li>490 – <a href="/facts/Anglo-Saxon_London/YD6abURf">Saxons</a> are in power, and the Roman city is largely abandoned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li>By early 7th century – Settlement at <i><a href="/facts/Lundenwic/YD6abURf">Lundenwic</a></i> (modern-day <a href="/facts/Aldwych/06cjKRxJ">Aldwych</a>).</li> <li>c. 604 – <a href="/facts/Mellitus/BmdpPpAm">Mellitus</a> is the first <a href="/facts/Bishop_of_London/CB20Xupj">Bishop of London</a> in the modern succession to be consecrated.</li> <li>650 – A market is active.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></li> <li>675 <ul><li>An <a href="/facts/Early_fires_of_London/NtaqIU1T">early fire of London</a> destroys the wooden Anglo-Saxon cathedral, which is rebuilt in stone over the following decade.</li> <li>The Church of <a href="/facts/All_Hallows-by-the-Tower/2g5HfUdQ">All Hallows-by-the-Tower</a> is founded in the City by <a href="/facts/Barking_Abbey/ogHbvr6V">Barking Abbey</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>By 757 – London has come under the control of <a href="/facts/%25C3%2586thelbald_of_Mercia/DXfIr1dI">Æthelbald of Mercia</a> and passes to <a href="/facts/Offa_of_Mercia/XoWa5P8V">Offa</a>, who has a mint here.</li> <li>798 – An <a href="/facts/Early_fires_of_London/NtaqIU1T">early fire of London</a> takes place.</li> <li>838 – <a href="/facts/Kingston_upon_Thames/646S6T31">Kingston upon Thames</a> is first mentioned.</li> <li>842 – London is raided by <a href="/facts/Vikings/d0WFeQ6f">Vikings</a> with "great slaughter"; they besiege it in 851.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li>871 – Autumn: <a href="/facts/Danes/bUt1hyMQ">Danes</a> take up winter quarters in Mercian London.</li> <li>886 <ul><li>King <a href="/facts/Alfred_the_Great/NuHFVuRU">Alfred the Great</a> restores London to <a href="/facts/Mercia/pdznosKY">Mercia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Royal_Mint/GF1D247S">London Mint</a> is established.</li></ul></li> <li>893 – Spring: <a href="/facts/Edward_the_Elder/agw66d98">Edward</a>, son of Alfred the Great, forces invading Danish Vikings to take refuge on <a href="/facts/Thorney_Island_(Westminster)/fUIoGg85">Thorney Island</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li>911 – <a href="/facts/Edward_the_Elder/agw66d98">Edward the Elder</a>, <a href="/facts/King_of_Wessex/KwbykSuw">King of Wessex</a>, transfers London from Mercia to <a href="/facts/Wessex/V7SlDm1k">Wessex</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li>918 – <a href="/facts/%25C3%2586lfthryth%2c_Countess_of_Flanders/NV3VGwPg">Ælfthryth, Countess of Flanders</a> and daughter of King Alfred, donates Kentish lands, including <a href="/facts/Lewisham/lyXQDCvt">Lewisham</a>, <a href="/facts/Greenwich/ognrRWm2">Greenwich</a> and <a href="/facts/Woolwich/FI2XfPuc">Woolwich</a>, to <a href="/facts/St._Peter%2527s_Abbey%2c_Ghent/YEKMTrWG">St. Peter's Abbey</a> in <a href="/facts/Ghent/cUTeuduF">Ghent</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li>925 – 4 September: Coronation of <a href="/facts/%25C3%2586thelstan/5cqXYCub">Æthelstan</a> as <a href="/facts/King_of_Wessex/KwbykSuw">King of Wessex</a> at <a href="/facts/Kingston_upon_Thames/646S6T31">Kingston upon Thames</a>.</li> <li>978 – The coronation of <a href="/facts/%25C3%2586thelred_the_Unready/I21HUBnJ">Æthelred</a> as <a href="/facts/King_of_the_English/qpow970E">King of the English</a> takes place in Kingston upon Thames.</li> <li>982 – An <a href="/facts/Early_fires_of_London/NtaqIU1T">early fire of London</a> takes place.</li> <li>989 – An <a href="/facts/Early_fires_of_London/NtaqIU1T">early fire of London</a> burns from <a href="/facts/Aldgate/RVJ9K210">Aldgate</a> to <a href="/facts/Ludgate/NGA34pfd">Ludgate</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="the-11th-to-15th-centuries">The 11th to 15th centuries</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Norman_and_Medieval_London/MGocT4Iu">Norman and Medieval London</a></p> <ul><li>1009 – August: Vikings attack London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li>1014? <ul><li><a href="/facts/Olaf_II_Haraldsson/aDHSF5Iw">Olaf II Haraldsson</a> of <a href="/facts/Norway/wlDRKRTR">Norway</a> perhaps attacks London and burns the wooden <a href="/facts/London_Bridge/CAv1ehzr">London Bridge</a> in support of <a href="/facts/%25C3%2586thelred_the_Unready/I21HUBnJ">Æthelred</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li>The origin of <a href="/facts/Borough_Market/o0MfgnYz">Borough Market</a> is claimed.</li></ul></li> <li>1016 – May: <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)/UEyFUQ56">Battle of Brentford</a>: King <a href="/facts/Edmund_Ironside/pNkPT8gY">Edmund Ironside</a> defeats <a href="/facts/Cnut_the_Great/A2CpnI6o">Cnut the Great</a>, who then besieges London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li>1065 – 28 December: <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a> is consecrated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li>1066 <ul><li>6 January: <a href="/facts/Harold_Godwinson/xemf7gQQ">Harold Godwinson</a> is crowned as the <a href="/facts/King_of_England/qpow970E">King of England</a>, probably in the new <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a>.</li> <li>Mid-October: <a href="/facts/William_the_Conqueror/TY2tfKzw">William the Conqueror</a> <a href="/facts/Burning_of_Southwark/FhFvGIcU">burns Southwark</a> while attempting to capture London Bridge.</li> <li>25 December: William the Conqueror is <a href="/facts/Coronation_of_William_I/X42shkg4">crowned as the King of England</a> in Westminster Abbey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1067 – The <a href="/facts/City_of_London/Psl9khal">City of London</a> is granted a <a href="/facts/Royal_charter/9R9nIJDR">royal charter</a> by William the Conqueror guaranteeing the same rights as it enjoyed in the reign of Edward the Confessor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li>Around 1078 – Construction of the <a href="/facts/White_Tower_(Tower_of_London)/4A4FL6jn">White Tower (Tower of London)</a> begins;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> it is probably largely completed by 1088.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li>1087 – An <a href="/facts/Early_fires_of_London/NtaqIU1T">early fire of London</a> destroys much of the city, including the <a href="/facts/Old_St_Paul%2527s_Cathedral/Hr5orCag">St Paul's Cathedral</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li>1091 – 17 October: The <a href="/facts/London_tornado_of_1091/7okrrQb4">London tornado of 1091</a> destroys the wooden <a href="/facts/London_Bridge/CAv1ehzr">London Bridge</a> and severely damages the church of <a href="/facts/St_Mary-le-Bow/1hlsjAkS">St Mary-le-Bow</a> and other buildings.</li> <li>1099 – <a href="/facts/Westminster_Hall/HCUIhwQR">Westminster Hall</a> is built.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li>1100 <ul><li>5 August: The coronation of <a href="/facts/Henry_I_of_England/X5H9N6z4">Henry I</a> takes place at <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a> by <a href="/facts/Maurice_(bishop_of_London)/qAzkvb0L">Maurice (bishop of London)</a>.</li> <li>15 August: <a href="/facts/Ranulf_Flambard/pcbevB9m">Ranulf Flambard</a>, Bishop of <a href="/facts/Durham%2c_England/JDWrbJG9">Durham</a>, becomes the first person imprisoned in the <a href="/facts/Tower_of_London/D80dKXrh">Tower of London</a>, by the new king for supposed embezzlement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> On 3 February 1101, he becomes the first person to escape from the Tower.</li></ul></li> <li>1106 – <a href="/facts/Southwark_Priory/CEI3FfFl">Southwark Priory</a> is refounded by the <a href="/facts/Augustinians/1A9zd7JX">Augustinians</a>.</li> <li>1109 – <a href="/facts/Kingston_upon_Thames/646S6T31">Kingston upon Thames</a> is first chartered.</li> <li>1114 – <a href="/facts/Merton_Priory/38yfqbKo">Merton Priory</a> is established.</li> <li>1123 – <a href="/facts/St_Bartholomew%2527s_Hospital/SbndtW4R">St Bartholomew's Hospital</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> <a href="/facts/St_Bartholomew-the-Great/LkuvH6Gk">St Bartholomew-the-Great</a> priory and Smithfield meat market<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> are established.</li> <li>1127 – A royal charter creates the <a href="/facts/Liberty_of_the_Clink/IMR3RoLd">Liberty of the Clink</a> in the Borough of Southwark.</li> <li>1133 – A royal charter establishes the first annual <a href="/facts/Bartholomew_Fair/PDlNVL6H">Bartholomew Fair</a> at <a href="/facts/Smithfield%2c_London/xK9H6aoQ">Smithfield</a>, which is later to become England's largest <a href="/facts/Cloth/PJrVeM5S">cloth</a> fair.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li>1135 – 26 May (<a href="/facts/Pentecost/FdXYJFU2">Pentecost</a>): <a href="/facts/Early_fires_of_London/NtaqIU1T">The Great Fire of 1135</a> destroys the wooden <a href="/facts/London_Bridge/CAv1ehzr">London Bridge</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> and seriously damages <a href="/facts/Old_St_Paul%2527s_Cathedral/Hr5orCag">St Paul's Cathedral</a>.</li> <li>1141 – July: <a href="/facts/The_Anarchy/nh8MBnM7">The Anarchy</a>: <a href="/facts/Matilda_I_of_Boulogne/NYpKaxIM">Matilda I of Boulogne</a>, wife of the imprisoned <a href="/facts/Stephen_of_England/TdGbogV2">King Stephen</a>, recaptures London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li>By 1144 – <a href="/facts/Winchester_Palace/BCvvCjlK">Winchester Palace</a> is completed in <a href="/facts/Southwark/8dYlVuJb">Southwark</a>.</li> <li>1147 – The <a href="/facts/Royal_Foundation_of_St_Katharine/PQjVbVyx">Royal Hospital and Collegiate Church of St Katharine by the Tower</a> is founded by Queen Matilda.</li> <li>1155 – The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Weavers/rmxVg595">Worshipful Company of Weavers</a> (established by 1130) is chartered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li>1163 – The new wooden <a href="/facts/London_Bridge/CAv1ehzr">London Bridge</a> is built, with the construction of the first stone-built structure beginning in 1176.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li>1180 – The <a href="/facts/Guild_of_Pepperers/IhgQnth5">Guild of Pepperers</a>, predecessor of the <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Grocers/IhgQnth5">Worshipful Company of Grocers</a> and the Apothecaries, is founded.</li> <li>1185 – 10 February: <a href="/facts/Temple_Church/7RXYY9o1">Temple Church</a> is consecrated.</li> <li>1189 <ul><li>3 September: The coronation of <a href="/facts/Richard_I_of_England/WaqLy3aQ">Richard I</a> takes place in Westminster Abbey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Jews_in_England/lVQ6hMsx">Rising</a> against <a href="/facts/Jews/T9Y4wE6A">Jews</a> in London.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Henry_Fitz-Ailwin_de_Londonestone/gpmnx0jm">Henry Fitz-Ailwin de Londonestone</a> becomes first <a href="/facts/List_of_Lord_Mayors_of_London/p6WE4oam">mayor of London</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li> <li>A fair is active.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1196 – Spring: A popular uprising of the poor against the rich is led by <a href="/facts/William_Fitz_Osbert/I8uPerLB">William Fitz Osbert</a>, who is hanged after being smoked out of his refuge in the tower of <a href="/facts/St_Mary-le-Bow/1hlsjAkS">St Mary-le-Bow</a>.</li> <li>1199 – Shrievalty Charter: The new <a href="/facts/John%2c_King_of_England/rbK8e7mP">King John</a> confirms that the City of London has the right to elect its own <a href="/facts/Sheriff_of_the_City_of_London/PGVfTzY6">Sheriffs</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li>c. 1200 – The royal treasury is transferred to <a href="/facts/Westminster/fpfm7LnR">Westminster</a> from <a href="/facts/Winchester/ed9fIArJ">Winchester</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li> <li>1205 – January is exceptionally cold.</li> <li>1209 – Rebuilding of the stone <a href="/facts/London_Bridge/CAv1ehzr">London Bridge</a> is completed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li> <li>1210 – c. November: 3 "<a href="/facts/Leopard/nXn20qBa">leopards</a>" (probably <a href="/facts/Lion/pcWuIuIz">lions</a>) are given to <a href="/facts/Henry_III_of_England/yRC7X3ge">Henry III of England</a> by <a href="/facts/Frederick_II%2c_Holy_Roman_Emperor/bRH1VNPd">Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, making them the first creatures in the <a href="/facts/Menagerie/8bfcHoCV">menagerie</a> at the <a href="/facts/Tower_of_London/D80dKXrh">Tower of London</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></li> <li>1212 – 10 July: <a href="/facts/Early_fires_of_London/NtaqIU1T">The Great Fire of 1212</a> takes place in <a href="/facts/Southwark/8dYlVuJb">Southwark</a> and in houses on London Bridge, with fatalities; thatched roofs are prohibited in the City as a consequence.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></li> <li>1215 <ul><li>17 May: Rebellious barons occupy London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></li> <li>15 June: <a href="/facts/Magna_Carta/0dJd8tcs">Magna Carta</a> provides that "The City of London shall have all the old Liberties and Customs which it hath been used to have."</li> <li>Mayoralty Charter: King John confirms that the City has the right to elect its own mayor annually.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1216 – 21 May: During the <a href="/facts/First_Barons%2527_War/uHlAuvnv">First Barons' War</a>, <a href="/facts/Louis_VIII_of_France/UfMthsBY">Louis, Count of Artois</a>, invades England in support of the barons, landing in <a href="/facts/Thanet_District/vQRzWp5Y">Thanet</a>. He enters London without opposition and is proclaimed, but not crowned, King of England at <a href="/facts/Old_St_Paul%2527s_Cathedral/Hr5orCag">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></li> <li>1217 – 12 September: <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Lambeth/XxF4xMza">Treaty of Lambeth</a> ends the First Barons' War.</li> <li>c. 1219 – The first, timber, <a href="/facts/Kingston_Bridge%2c_London/WFMxETy8">Kingston Bridge</a> is completed.</li> <li>1222 – 15 July: Rioting after London defeats <a href="/facts/Westminster/fpfm7LnR">Westminster</a> in an annual <a href="/facts/Wrestling/mTFzecQw">wrestling</a> contest; the ring-leaders are hanged or mutilated in punishment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></li> <li>1232 – The <a href="/facts/Domus_Conversorum/Cjz035UL">Domus Conversorum</a> ("House of the Converts"), a building and institution in London for <a href="/facts/Judaism/tjQ5Tgs6">Jewish</a> converts to <a href="/facts/Christianity/nKyJHlqq">Christianity</a>, is established by Henry III.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></li> <li>1234 – 2 December: A royal decree prohibits institutes of legal education within the City.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></li> <li>1235 – Famine in England; 20,000 people die in London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></li> <li>1236 – Many people are killed in floods in <a href="/facts/Woolwich/FI2XfPuc">Woolwich</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></li> <li>1237 – The Office of <a href="/facts/Chamberlain_of_London/FDYTuJAL">Chamberlain of London</a> and status of <a href="/facts/Freedom_of_the_City_of_London/Ewh3UcLa">Freedom of the City of London</a> are both first recorded.</li> <li>1240 – <a href="/facts/Old_St_Paul%2527s_Cathedral/Hr5orCag">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a> is <a href="/facts/Consecration/M6mxxeLw">consecrated</a>.</li> <li>1241 – The <a href="/facts/White_Friars/SkSa7mkf">White Friars</a>' <a href="/facts/List_of_monastic_houses_in_London/S6UTdz35">monastery</a> is founded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></li> <li>1246 – The <a href="/facts/Liberty_of_the_Savoy/7jw7Tafm">Liberty of the Savoy</a> is created.</li> <li>1247 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital/qmsrh7Gg">Bethlem Royal Hospital</a> is founded as the Priory of the New Order of St Mary of Bethlem.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Romford_Market/aNNbw46Y">Romford Market</a> is chartered as a sheep market.</li></ul></li> <li>1249 – The <a href="/facts/Crutched_Friars/M8tJkHqU">Crutched Friars</a> settle in London.</li> <li>1253 – The <a href="/facts/Austin_Friars%2c_London/ChheahQx">Austin Friars</a> <a href="/facts/Monastery/t8MRXpsM">monastery</a> is founded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></li> <li>1255 – An <a href="/facts/Elephant/6prrEFFK">elephant</a> joins the royal menageries at the Tower of London.</li> <li>1257 <ul><li>c. September: <a href="/facts/1257_Samalas_eruption/7pNaYSrG">1257 Samalas eruption</a>: A volcano erupts on <a href="/facts/Lombok_Island/qpMQFDAx">Lombok Island</a> in <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>, and the resultant climatic changes combine with a second successive poor grain harvest this summer in Britain to produce famine. This kills an estimated 17,000 people in Britain, of which 15,000 deaths are in London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Brothers_of_Penitence/lF9tCy9Y">Brothers of Penitence</a> (<i>Fratres Saccati</i>, 'Brothers of the Sack') first settle in England, in London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1262 – The first church of <a href="/facts/St_Mary_Abbots/QxkfA66K">St Mary Abbots</a> in <a href="/facts/Kensington/lLlKcGIl">Kensington</a> is founded.</li> <li>1263 <ul><li>16 July: Rebels occupy London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Savoy_Palace/kcREUIsR">Savoy Palace</a> built on the <a href="/facts/Strand%2c_London/Aba5mgpF">Strand</a> waterfront by <a href="/facts/Peter_II%2c_Count_of_Savoy/JVg7IJzy">Peter II, Count of Savoy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1264 – c. April: <a href="/facts/History_of_the_Jews_in_England_(1066%25E2%2580%25931290)/4KNn0Aol">Targeting of Jews during the conflict with the Barons</a>: One of <a href="/facts/Simon_de_Montfort%2c_6th_Earl_of_Leicester/97zdcpns">Simon de Montfort</a>'s followers, <a href="/facts/John_FitzJohn/7Y859gtk">John FitzJohn</a>, leads a massacre of <a href="/facts/Jews/T9Y4wE6A">Jews</a> in London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></li> <li>1265 – <a href="/facts/Covent_Garden/XxG9es93">Covent Garden</a> market is established.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></li> <li>1267 – 9 April: During the <a href="/facts/Second_Barons%2527_War/m1FWg97f">Second Barons' War</a>, <a href="/facts/Gilbert_de_Clare%2c_6th_Earl_of_Hertford/YaJDx1Du">Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford</a>, occupies London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Simon_de_Montfort%2c_6th_Earl_of_Leicester/97zdcpns">Simon de Montfort</a>'s supporters kill 500 Jews.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></li> <li>1269 – 13 October: The rebuilt <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a> is consecrated. The tomb of Edward the Confessor is relocated to behind the high altar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></li> <li>1271 – The tower of <a href="/facts/St_Mary-le-Bow/1hlsjAkS">St Mary-le-Bow</a> collapses.</li> <li>1272 – The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Cordwainers/5sgFrGtt">Worshipful Company of Cordwainers</a> and <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Curriers/nugP1r3A">Worshipful Company of Curriers</a> are granted rights to regulate the leather trade in the City, and the <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Fishmongers/3Sot9uAH">Fishmongers Company</a> is chartered.</li> <li>1282 – The <a href="/facts/Stocks_Market/mJtHR5lH">Stocks Market</a> is established.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></li> <li>By 1290 – <a href="/facts/St_Etheldreda%2527s_Church%2c_London/BEb31ez5">St Etheldreda's Church</a> is built; after 1878, it will be the oldest Roman Catholic church building in London.</li> <li>1291–4 – <a href="/facts/Eleanor_cross/r9kAbmwH">Eleanor crosses</a> erected across England to mark the route of the funeral procession at the end of 1290 of <a href="/facts/Edward_I_of_England/McXM7vvt">Edward I</a>'s Queen, <a href="/facts/Eleanor_of_Castile/zSsDmKjv">Eleanor of Castile</a>, to Westminster Abbey. In London they are erected at <a href="/facts/Westcheap/mHumQxKU">Westcheap</a> and <a href="/facts/Charing_Cross/dU2pG5yQ">Charing Cross</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></li> <li>1295 – The <a href="/facts/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom/oqbcDHyC">English Parliament constituency</a> of <a href="/facts/Southwark_(UK_Parliament_constituency)/EexTvGKs">Southwark</a> is established.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></li> <li>1296 – Edward I brings the <a href="/facts/Stone_of_Scone/wIm6T8JP">Stone of Scone</a> from Scotland to Westminster Abbey;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> it will be returned in 1996.</li> <li>1298 – The English Parliament constituency of the <a href="/facts/City_of_London_(UK_Parliament_constituency)/T7zbXfvA">City of London</a> is established.</li> <li>1299 – A fire damages the <a href="/facts/Palace_of_Westminster/HCUIhwQR">Palace of Westminster</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></li> <li>14th–15th century – London’s port develops as a European hub for the distribution of goods, particularly textiles.</li> <li>1303 – <a href="/facts/Enfield_Town/QcQxf0Gk">Enfield Town</a> market is chartered.</li> <li>1304 – The <a href="/facts/Recorder_of_London/zXPk6Yuv">Recorder of London</a> is appointed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></li> <li>1305 – 23 August: Scottish rebel <a href="/facts/William_Wallace/Unzem90M">William Wallace</a> is <a href="/facts/Hanged%2c_drawn_and_quartered/zYgsNN17">hanged, drawn and quartered</a> at <a href="/facts/Smithfield%2c_London/xK9H6aoQ">Smithfield</a> following a trial for treason in <a href="/facts/Westminster_Hall/HCUIhwQR">Westminster Hall</a>.</li> <li>1307 – <a href="/facts/The_Tabard/INjaG6wt">The Tabard</a> inn is established in <a href="/facts/Southwark/8dYlVuJb">Southwark</a>.</li> <li>1308 – The <a href="/facts/Woolwich_Ferry/YoasReDt">Woolwich Ferry</a> is first mentioned.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></li> <li>1309 – The <a href="/facts/Thames/XnQWN52L">Thames</a> freezes.</li> <li>1314 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Old_St_Paul%2527s_Cathedral/Hr5orCag">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a> is completed.</li> <li>The Mayor prohibits the playing football in the environs of London.</li></ul></li> <li>1320 – <a href="/facts/Hanseatic_League/oA756xvs">Hanseatic League</a> merchants establish the <a href="/facts/Steelyard/y3EX0n3c">Steelyard</a>, a <i><a href="/facts/Kontor/aMdXj9dF">Kontor</a></i>, in <a href="/facts/Dowgate/E0mHzIdh">Dowgate</a>.</li> <li>1322 – The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Armourers_and_Brasiers/pNGnkfby">Armourers' Guild</a> is instituted.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></li> <li>1326 – 15 October: <a href="/facts/Walter_de_Stapledon/0n7y2w7H">Walter de Stapledon</a>, <a href="/facts/Bishop_of_Exeter/lHRLD7lV">Bishop of Exeter</a> and Lord High Treasurer, is murdered by the London mob.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></li> <li>1327 – The <a href="/facts/Goldsmiths%2527_Company/ncUYkNVH">Goldsmiths' Company</a>, the <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Merchant_Taylors/9gSJLjbf">Merchant Taylors' Company</a> and the <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Skinners/sM8BnKV6">Skinners' Company</a> are incorporated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></li> <li>c. 1329 – <a href="/facts/Marshalsea/0fmIm0cW">Marshalsea</a> prison is in operation in Southwark.</li> <li>1331 – The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Butchers/SN4ucegJ">Butchers' Guild</a> is granted the right to regulate the meat trade in the City.</li> <li>1344 – <a href="/facts/Clifford%2527s_Inn/sXmU7hH0">Clifford's Inn</a> is founded.</li> <li>c. 1345 – <a href="/facts/Durham_House_(London)/HjBV4Jtq">Durham House</a> is built in <a href="/facts/Westminster/fpfm7LnR">Westminster</a>.</li> <li>1348 – September–May 1349: The outbreak of the <a href="/facts/Black_Death_in_England/j6A2FdMD">Black Death</a> is at its peak.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></li> <li>1354 – The title of <a href="/facts/Lord_Mayor_of_London/28CFLNke">Lord Mayor of London</a> is first granted.</li> <li>1361 – The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Drapers/Mn69shrA">Company of Drapers</a> is founded (it is chartered in 1364).</li> <li>1363 <ul><li>15 July: The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Vintners/DmTJ4Tn0">Company of Vintners</a> is chartered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Curfew_bell/BhuqxqhI">curfew bell</a> being sounded at <a href="/facts/St_Mary-le-Bow/1hlsjAkS">St Mary-le-Bow</a> is first recorded.</li></ul></li> <li>1365 – The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Plumbers/1o1jAN1J">Company of Plumbers</a> is granted the right to regulate <a href="/facts/Plumber/qcXdAPI1">plumbers</a>.</li> <li>1366 – The <a href="/facts/Jewel_Tower/P66JnjT3">Jewel Tower</a> of the <a href="/facts/Palace_of_Westminster/HCUIhwQR">Palace of Westminster</a> is completed.</li> <li>1368 – The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Poulters/Eagc1MwV">Company of Poulters</a> is granted the right to regulate the sale of <a href="/facts/Poultry/u8hUQ64j">poultry</a> and <a href="/facts/Small_game/2l9PGr3X">small game</a>.</li> <li>1371 – 28 March: The <a href="/facts/London_Charterhouse/kbsgQCmd">London Charterhouse</a>, a <a href="/facts/Carthusian/U1sgmFIl">Carthusian</a> <a href="/facts/Monastery/t8MRXpsM">monastery</a>, is founded in <a href="/facts/Aldersgate/hTfY6FXC">Aldersgate</a>.</li> <li>1377 <ul><li>20 February: Riots in London after <a href="/facts/John_of_Gaunt/aNXAMWt3">John of Gaunt</a> attacks the privileges of the City.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Royal_Mews/oh46DauE">Royal Mews</a> is based at <a href="/facts/Charing_Cross/dU2pG5yQ">Charing Cross</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1378 – <a href="/facts/Staple_Inn/xGev8rAv">Staple Inn</a> becomes one of the <a href="/facts/Inns_of_Chancery/0PAl3Wmt">Inns of Chancery</a>.</li> <li>1380 – Sir <a href="/facts/William_Walworth/tMISpqFz">William Walworth</a>, a member of the Fishmongers Guild, becomes <a href="/facts/Lord_Mayor_of_London/28CFLNke">Lord Mayor of London</a> for the second time.</li> <li>1381 – The <a href="/facts/Peasants%2527_Revolt/LygDBLHR">Peasants' Revolt</a> takes place: <ul><li>12 June: Rebels from <a href="/facts/Kent/aYfQI6Fc">Kent</a> and <a href="/facts/Essex/cuUqAlzH">Essex</a>, led by <a href="/facts/Wat_Tyler/nJfTrUnB">Wat Tyler</a> and <a href="/facts/Jack_Straw_(rebel_leader)/j4UL1FMV">Jack Straw</a>, meet in <a href="/facts/Blackheath%2c_London/RvGKcIeL">Blackheath</a>, where they are encouraged by a sermon from renegade <a href="/facts/Lollard/aHYhKymY">Lollard</a> <a href="/facts/Priest/fDMmV2wN">priest</a> <a href="/facts/John_Ball_(priest)/88vmhNuz">John Ball</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></li> <li>14 June: Rebels destroy <a href="/facts/John_of_Gaunt/aNXAMWt3">John of Gaunt</a>'s <a href="/facts/Savoy_Palace/kcREUIsR">Savoy Palace</a> and <a href="/facts/Winchester_Palace/BCvvCjlK">Winchester Palace</a> and storm the <a href="/facts/Tower_of_London/D80dKXrh">Tower of London</a>, finding and beheading <a href="/facts/Simon_Sudbury/6sEkHz5n">Simon Sudbury</a>, and also <a href="/facts/Robert_Hales_(knight)/VSoos8WU">Robert Hales</a>, <a href="/facts/Lord_High_Treasurer/Dm0knfx3">Lord High Treasurer</a>. <a href="/facts/Richard_II_of_England/SEdNjV5U">King Richard II</a> (age 14) meets the leaders of the revolt and agrees to reforms such as fair rents and the abolition of <a href="/facts/Serfdom/HyajBMeR">serfdom</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></li> <li>15 June: <a href="/facts/Peasants%2527_Revolt/LygDBLHR">Peasants' Revolt</a>: During further negotiations, Wat Tyler is stabbed to death by <a href="/facts/William_Walworth/tMISpqFz">William Walworth</a>, Lord Mayor of London in the King's entourage. Noble forces subsequently overpower the rebel army, the rebel leaders are captured and executed, and Richard revokes his concessions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1382 – 21 May: Shocks from an <a href="/facts/Earthquake/NGjIzagw">earthquake</a> in <a href="/facts/Canterbury/97yEjuGk">Canterbury</a> are felt as an '<a href="/facts/Earthquake_Synod/F1HpqWXG">Earthquake Synod</a>' is held in London.</li> <li>1388 – The <a href="/facts/Inner_Temple/YK7yWl9e">Inner</a> and <a href="/facts/Middle_Temple/B5RL63SH">Middle Temples</a> are recorded as corporate bodies.</li> <li>1392 – <a href="/facts/Richard_II_of_England/SEdNjV5U">King Richard II</a> retakes control of London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></li> <li>1394 – The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Mercers/Nl9K3ssF">Mercers Company</a> is incorporated, and the <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Salters/B8YP1AgL">Salters Company</a> is incorporated as the Guild of Corpus Christi.</li> <li>1395 – The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Saddlers/jY4Kz482">Worshipful Company of Saddlers</a> is incorporated.</li> <li>1397 – 6 June: <a href="/facts/Richard_Whittington/3fAmQmLQ">Richard Whittington</a> is nominated as mayor<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> for the first of four terms. He arranges for the City to buy back its liberties from the Crown.</li> <li>1400 – During Lent, children give battle in London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></li> <li>1403 – The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Stationers_and_Newspaper_Makers/Y79bdBaq">Stationers' Company</a> is formed.</li> <li>1407 <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Company_of_Merchant_Adventurers_of_London/3zC0I7KA">Company of Merchant Adventurers of London</a> is chartered.</li> <li>Plague in London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1414 – 9 January: A <a href="/facts/Lollardy/aHYhKymY">Lollard</a> rebellion in London is suppressed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></li> <li>1415 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Syon_Monastery/9U4mXUhe">Syon Monastery</a> is founded.</li> <li>Approximate date: <a href="/facts/Moorgate/znQkTSgk">Moorgate</a> is rebuilt.</li></ul></li> <li>1416 <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Guildhall%2c_London/Ifxa2DNL">Guildhall</a> is rebuilt.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Ironmongers/WTes3EoB">Worshipful Company of Ironmongers</a> is chartered.</li></ul></li> <li>1421 – c. 1 May: <a href="/facts/Whittington%2527s_Longhouse/3BNfSvFR">Whittington's Longhouse</a>, a gender-segregated <a href="/facts/Public_toilet/ysT24WLM">public toilet</a>, opens in <a href="/facts/Cheapside/mHumQxKU">Cheapside</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a></li> <li>1422 – <a href="/facts/Lincoln%2527s_Inn/caPWmoHY">Lincoln's Inn</a> is recorded as a corporate body.</li> <li>1425 – 30 October: <a href="/facts/Henry_Beaufort/oh2yKItq">Henry Beaufort</a>, Lord Chancellor, tries to occupy London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a></li> <li>1427 – <a href="/facts/Harmondsworth_Great_Barn/lGaxtLL4">Harmondsworth Great Barn</a> is completed.</li> <li>1428 <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Grocers/IhgQnth5">Company of Grocers</a> is granted a royal charter and completes its hall.</li> <li>Serious fire at <a href="/facts/Baynard%2527s_Castle/6Fj5nD51">Baynard's Castle</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1430 – A tavern is established in <a href="/facts/High_Holborn/fEdJzqP7">High Holborn</a>, which in modern times becomes Henneky's Long Bar and the <a href="/facts/Cittie_of_Yorke/SC4zm54Y">Cittie of Yorke</a>.</li> <li>1433 – <a href="/facts/Greenwich_Park/QwAUx18u">Greenwich Park</a> is enclosed by <a href="/facts/Humphrey%2c_Duke_of_Gloucester/KXV1UkgF">Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></li> <li>1434 <ul><li>The "Hopping Hall" tavern recorded in <a href="/facts/Whitehall/0GnuK4zH">Whitehall</a>, which in modern times becomes the <a href="/facts/Red_Lion%2c_Westminster/vdHLc3nU">Red Lion</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></li> <li>23 November: The Thames freezes downstream of <a href="/facts/London_Bridge/CAv1ehzr">London Bridge</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1437 – The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Vintners/DmTJ4Tn0">Worshipful Company of Vintners</a> is incorporated.</li> <li>1442 – The <a href="/facts/City_of_London_School/vBWKsN02">City of London School</a> is established.</li> <li>1444 – 24 April: Serious fire at <a href="/facts/Old_St_Paul%2527s_Cathedral/Hr5orCag">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></li> <li>1448 – The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Haberdashers/yEok6htr">Haberdashers Company</a> is chartered.</li> <li>1450 <ul><li>July: <a href="/facts/Jack_Cade/WjLnPMCj">Jack Cade</a>'s war tax rebellion<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a> is suppressed with ferocity.</li> <li>September: <a href="/facts/Richard_Plantagenet%2c_3rd_Duke_of_York/5sLGFXKG">Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York</a> marches an army to London and attacks alleged traitors in the royal government.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1452 – A Lord Mayor's barge is first recorded.</li> <li>1455 – 22 May: The <a href="/facts/First_Battle_of_St_Albans/4SXsJmDn">Battle of St Albans</a> takes place near London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a></li> <li>1460 <ul><li>26 June: During the <a href="/facts/Wars_of_the_Roses/zLnjSuNK">Wars of the Roses</a>, <a href="/facts/Richard_Neville%2c_Earl_of_Warwick/zDufKYQ8">Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick</a>, and <a href="/facts/Edward_IV_of_England/WvCXWddJ">Edward, Earl of March</a> (eldest son of <a href="/facts/Richard_Plantagenet%2c_Duke_of_York/5sLGFXKG">Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York</a>) land at Sandwich with an army and march on London. Here, the <a href="/facts/Richard_Neville%2c_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury/2X4saRCH">Earl of Salisbury</a> remains and, with the support of the citizens, besieges the <a href="/facts/Tower_of_London/D80dKXrh">Tower of London</a> whose <a href="/facts/House_of_Lancaster/0U6DPKwt">Lancastrian</a> commander, <a href="/facts/Thomas_de_Scales%2c_7th_Baron_Scales/TYCe0Urb">Lord Scales</a>, on 4 July turns its weapons against the city.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a></li> <li>19 July: Lord Scales surrenders the <a href="/facts/Tower_of_London/D80dKXrh">Tower of London</a> to the Yorkists, and is subsequently murdered by a mob.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1461 – The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Barbers/pzHESxkB">Barbers Company</a> is incorporated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></li> <li>1462 – The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Tallow_Chandlers/FP7nm6wy">Tallow Chandlers Company</a> is incorporated.</li> <li>1463 – The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Ironmongers/WTes3EoB">Ironmongers Company</a> is incorporated as the Ferrers.</li> <li>1466 – <a href="/facts/Crosby_Hall%2c_London/XhNPgHNp">Crosby Hall</a> is built in <a href="/facts/Bishopsgate/RNr2fXKN">Bishopsgate</a> by wool merchant <a href="/facts/John_Crosby_(died_1476)/d92dxJIr">John Crosby (died 1476)</a>.</li> <li>1468 – 29 July: Hansa merchant's are expelled from London as the <a href="/facts/Anglo-Hanseatic_War/7GGx3wPn">Anglo-Hanseatic War</a> breaks out with the <a href="/facts/Hanseatic_League/oA756xvs">Hanseatic League</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a></li> <li>1471 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Wars_of_the_Roses/zLnjSuNK">Wars of the Roses</a>: <ul><li>14 April: At the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Barnet/yGSJjK3V">Battle of Barnet</a>, <a href="/facts/Edward_IV_of_England/WvCXWddJ">Edward IV</a> defeats the <a href="/facts/House_of_Lancaster/0U6DPKwt">Lancastrian</a> army under <a href="/facts/Richard_Neville%2c_16th_Earl_of_Warwick/zDufKYQ8">Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick</a>, who is killed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a></li> <li>May: The Lancastrian commander <a href="/facts/Thomas_Neville_(died_1471)/AeHYL67y">Thomas Neville</a> is prevented from entering the City but burns <a href="/facts/Southwark/8dYlVuJb">Southwark</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Dyers/ce9yISY9">Dyers Company</a> is incorporated.</li></ul></li> <li>1473 – St Anthony's Chapel and Lazar House, the first medical facility on the <a href="/facts/Whittington_Hospital/DlRBU282">Whittington Hospital</a> site in <a href="/facts/Upper_Holloway/h9vdLQft">Upper Holloway</a>, is built for those with <a href="/facts/Leprosy/FSjTpMEB">leprosy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a></li> <li>1474 – The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Pewterers/tNzgqhnm">Pewterers Company</a> is incorporated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a></li> <li>1475 – Construction of the new hall of <a href="/facts/Eltham_Palace/BCSFDqcs">Eltham Palace</a> begins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a></li> <li>1476 – September/December: <a href="/facts/William_Caxton/43wHCLIu">William Caxton</a> <a href="/facts/Global_spread_of_the_printing_press/UGFgtImC">sets up the first printing press in England</a>, in <a href="/facts/Westminster/fpfm7LnR">Westminster</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> where he produces his first full-length book on 18 November 1477.</li> <li>1477 – The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Carpenters/G9W4urA0">Carpenters Company</a> is chartered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a></li> <li>1478 – <i><a href="/facts/The_Canterbury_Tales/FrrCdDy0">The Canterbury Tales</a></i> is published by William Caxton in Westminster, narrating the stories of pilgrims setting out from <a href="/facts/The_Tabard/INjaG6wt">The Tabard</a> in Southwark.</li> <li>1480 – The Fullers' Company, a predecessor of the <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Clothworkers/8cuyo8WV">Worshipful Company of Clothworkers</a>, is chartered.</li> <li>1481 – A royal charter is given to <a href="/facts/Kingston_upon_Thames/646S6T31">Kingston upon Thames</a>, granting it borough status.</li> <li>1484 <ul><li>2 March: A <a href="/facts/Royal_charter/9R9nIJDR">royal charter</a> is granted to the <a href="/facts/College_of_Arms/Sa7ultEv">College of Arms</a>, the official English <a href="/facts/Heraldic_authority/Ls5AANtA">heraldic authority</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a></li> <li>10 April: An award by Sir Robert Billesdon, <a href="/facts/Lord_Mayor_of_London/28CFLNke">Lord Mayor of London</a>, decides the order of precedence of the City <a href="/facts/Livery_company/otmLKYel">livery companies</a>, resolving a dispute between the <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Merchant_Taylors/9gSJLjbf">Merchant Taylors</a> and the <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Skinners/sM8BnKV6">Skinners</a> by a compromise.</li></ul></li> <li>1485 <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Yeoman_Warders/oKcdYB3Y">Yeoman Warders</a> of His Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress the <a href="/facts/Tower_of_London/D80dKXrh">Tower of London</a> are formed by the new king <a href="/facts/Henry_VII_of_England/dhSlzq5b">Henry VII</a>.</li> <li>Approximate date: <a href="/facts/Bromley_Hall/ufEB0Et4">Bromley Hall</a>, the oldest surviving brick building in London, is built.</li></ul></li> <li>1486 <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Bakers/f72svvkF">Bakers' Company</a> is chartered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a></li> <li>Rebuilding of the church of <a href="/facts/St_Margaret%2527s%2c_Westminster/CSzDeYMc">St Margaret's, Westminster</a> begins.</li></ul></li> <li>1495 – Two centuries after its consecration, the rebuilt <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a> is completed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a></li> <li>1497 – 17 June: <a href="/facts/Cornwall/9A3TftFP">Cornish</a> rebels under <a href="/facts/Michael_An_Gof/0T23cVqK">Michael An Gof</a> are soundly defeated by Henry VII at the <a href="/facts/Cornish_Rebellion_of_1497/tuwpwM9G">Battle of Deptford Bridge</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="16th-century">16th century</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Tudor_London/4aWQADAj">Tudor London</a></p> <ul><li>1500 – <a href="/facts/Wynkyn_de_Worde/xsh9Tt3c">Wynkyn de Worde</a> moves his print shop from <a href="/facts/Westminster/fpfm7LnR">Westminster</a> to join others in <a href="/facts/Fleet_Street/Xu5hJJj9">Fleet Street</a>.</li> <li>1501 <ul><li>March: The first royal court is held at the new <a href="/facts/Richmond_Palace/8aa38m6h">Richmond Palace</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Plaisterers/WF7CeMKR">Plaisterers Company</a> is incorporated.</li></ul></li> <li>1503 – 24 January: The construction of <a href="/facts/Henry_VII%2527s_Chapel/F7CWEDaH">Henry VII's Chapel</a> at <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a> begins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a></li> <li>1504 – <a href="/facts/St._John%2527s_Gate/DjDKCQa8">St. John's Gate</a> is built.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a></li> <li>1508 – The Shearmens' Company, a predecessor of the <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Clothworkers/8cuyo8WV">Worshipful Company of Clothworkers</a>, is chartered.</li> <li>1509 <ul><li>11 June: <a href="/facts/Henry_VIII_of_England/LFgGAjh0">Henry VIII</a> marries <a href="/facts/Catherine_of_Aragon/5xnWq5WS">Catherine of Aragon</a> privately in the church of the <a href="/facts/Observant_Friars_Minor/ezz1tGVz">Observant Friars</a> in <a href="/facts/Greenwich/ognrRWm2">Greenwich</a>.</li> <li>24 June: Henry VIII is crowned as King of England at <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a>. During his reign, London's population reaches 100,000.</li> <li><a href="/facts/St_Paul%2527s_School%2c_London/e9J5ujQF">St Paul's School, London</a>, is founded by <a href="/facts/John_Colet/EDwt3X2d">John Colet</a>, Dean of St. Paul's.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1512 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Savoy_Hospital/kcREUIsR">Savoy Hospital</a> opens.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Woolwich_Dockyard/m7MuIckL">Woolwich Dockyard</a> is established for the <a href="/facts/Royal_Navy/Xdy8YCH7">Royal Navy</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1513 – <a href="/facts/Deptford_Dockyard/MDHHRzWG">Deptford Dockyard</a> is established for the Royal Navy.</li> <li>1514 <ul><li>20 May: <a href="/facts/Trinity_House/pEsH5jV8">Trinity House</a> is established as a guild of mariners in <a href="/facts/Deptford/uTa4akqE">Deptford</a> to regulate <a href="/facts/Pilotage/IuogUza3">pilotage</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a></li> <li>13 June: <i><a href="/facts/Henry_Grace_%25C3%25A0_Dieu/aMcSJ04J">Henry Grace à Dieu</a></i> is built at the new <a href="/facts/Woolwich_Dockyard/m7MuIckL">Woolwich Dockyard</a> and is dedicated in <a href="/facts/Erith/qlFJkS7v">Erith</a>. At over 1,000 tons, she is the largest warship in the world at this time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a></li> <li>15 September: <a href="/facts/Thomas_Wolsey/ECWmU14l">Thomas Wolsey</a> is appointed as <a href="/facts/Archbishop_of_York/3zc32j5x">Archbishop of York</a> and begins to build <a href="/facts/Whitehall_Palace/fNoTyNYm">York House</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Thomas_Wolsey/ECWmU14l">Thomas Wolsey</a> leases <a href="/facts/Hampton_Court_Palace/jLMSwzMh">Hampton Court Palace</a>. In 1515, he becomes a <a href="/facts/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)/Acxx5Hd4">Cardinal</a> and begins to rebuild it lavishly.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1517 – 1 May: The <a href="/facts/Evil_May_Day/YqsWL5hJ">Evil May Day</a> unrest occurs at <a href="/facts/St_Paul%2527s_Cross/tf0hhtwc">St Paul's Cross</a>.</li> <li>1523 – The rebuilding of the church of <a href="/facts/St_Margaret%2527s%2c_Westminster/CSzDeYMc">St Margaret's, Westminster</a> is completed.</li> <li>1527 – <a href="/facts/Sir_George_Monoux_College/zyBuB3tF">Sir George Monoux College</a>, <a href="/facts/Walthamstow/X8XMJqEF">Walthamstow</a>, is founded as a <a href="/facts/Grammar_school/zhD4Mmn0">grammar school</a> by Sir <a href="/facts/George_Monoux/Chyp5M4R">George Monoux</a>, <a href="/facts/Draper/qXjsBCkX">draper</a> and Lord Mayor of London.</li> <li>1528 <ul><li>18 January: The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Clothworkers/8cuyo8WV">Worshipful Company of Clothworkers</a> is incorporated by royal charter, merging the Fullers' and Shearmens' Companies and taking over the latter's hall.</li> <li>Late May: The 4th major outbreak of the <a href="/facts/Sweating_sickness/AQRsSzbI">sweating sickness</a> appears in London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a></li> <li>June: <a href="/facts/Thomas_Wolsey/ECWmU14l">Thomas Wolsey</a> gives <a href="/facts/Hampton_Court_Palace/jLMSwzMh">Hampton Court Palace</a> to <a href="/facts/Henry_VIII_of_England/LFgGAjh0">King Henry VIII</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1532 <ul><li><a href="/facts/St_Andrew_Undershaft/5UJy7rv4">St Andrew Undershaft</a> church built.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a></li> <li>The erection of "<a href="/facts/Holbein_Gate/Nq2CGYNI">Holbein Gate</a>" across <a href="/facts/Whitehall/0GnuK4zH">Whitehall</a> is completed.</li> <li>Henry VIII purchases the area surrounding the <a href="/facts/Tyburn_(stream)/LCyzzxym">Tyburn (stream)</a> which will become <a href="/facts/St._James%2527s_Park/wdb0ULTN">St. James's Park</a>.</li> <li>Lawyer <a href="/facts/William_Portman/lwdQkuJ9">William Portman</a> leases farmland north west of the City, the basis of the <a href="/facts/Portman_Estate/hdzAHroz">Portman Estate</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1535 <ul><li>4 May: The first <a href="/facts/Carthusian_Martyrs_of_London/75z0BWuQ">Carthusian Martyrs of London</a> are killed. From now until 1681, 105 Catholic martyrs will be executed in <a href="/facts/Tyburn/kYeWqkJn">Tyburn</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sutton_House%2c_London/AdtjRPk6">Sutton House</a> is built as Bryck Place in Hackney by <a href="/facts/Ralph_Sadler/0bkEGdLj">Ralph Sadler</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1536 <ul><li>19 May: <a href="/facts/Anne_Boleyn/zN7ssVCS">Anne Boleyn</a> is executed at the Tower of London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a></li> <li>22 December: The Thames freezes.</li> <li><a href="/facts/St_James%2527s_Palace/pzPEqXxF">St James's Palace</a> is built in Westminster.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hyde_Park%2c_London/7HKxeFvc">Hyde Park</a> is acquired by Henry VIII from the canons of <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a> and enclosed as a <a href="/facts/Deer_park_(England)/mwuCpU12">deer park</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bentley_Priory/ob92ypE6">Bentley Priory</a> is dissolved as part of the <a href="/facts/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries/SSxJkzch">dissolution of the Monasteries</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1537 <ul><li>25 August: The <a href="/facts/Honourable_Artillery_Company/YTVsIsf1">Honourable Artillery Company</a> is chartered.</li> <li>18 May: The <a href="/facts/London_Charterhouse/kbsgQCmd">London Charterhouse</a> is dissolved as part of the dissolution of the Monasteries and its members martyred.</li> <li>The first complete <a href="/facts/Bible_translations_into_English/5zf1bREm">Bible translation into English</a> is printed in England by James Nicholson in <a href="/facts/Southwark/8dYlVuJb">Southwark</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1538 – <a href="/facts/Merton_Priory/38yfqbKo">Merton Priory</a> is dissolved as part of the dissolution of the Monasteries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a></li> <li>1539 – <a href="/facts/Syon_Monastery/9U4mXUhe">Syon Monastery</a> is dissolved and its community is exiled as part of the dissolution of the Monasteries, <a href="/facts/St_Thomas%2527_Hospital/AYvMTPLq">St Thomas' Hospital</a> is closed, and the Convent of <a href="/facts/Church_of_Holy_Trinity%2c_Minories/tugYC0QH">Holy Trinity, Minories</a> is surrendered.</li> <li>1540 <ul><li>14 January: <a href="/facts/Southwark_Priory/CEI3FfFl">Southwark Priory</a> is surrendered to the Crown as part of dissolution of the Monasteries.</li> <li>28 July: <a href="/facts/Thomas_Cromwell%2c_1st_Earl_of_Essex/PwX1Qz7R">Thomas Cromwell</a> is executed on order from Henry VIII on charges of <a href="/facts/Treason/lqT6ECtV">treason</a> in public on <a href="/facts/Tower_Hill/NJI5Vx9d">Tower Hill</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a></li> <li>17 September: <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a> is granted the status of cathedral as part of the dissolution of the Monasteries, which it retains until 1550.</li></ul></li> <li>1543 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Queen_Elizabeth%2527s_Hunting_Lodge/7njEdBb0">Queen Elizabeth's Hunting Lodge</a> in <a href="/facts/Epping_Forest/RBCohSWK">Epping Forest</a> is completed for Henry VIII.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a></li> <li>Approximate date: <a href="/facts/Anton_van_den_Wyngaerde/RdxqHzAJ">Wyngaerde</a>'s <a href="/facts/Panorama_of_London/LjBmqeSQ">Panorama of London</a> is engraved.</li></ul></li> <li>1545 <ul><li>The English Parliament constituency of <a href="/facts/Westminster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)/q2T48Xu1">Westminster</a> is established.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/St_Giles-without-Cripplegate/rjoGAtQB">St Giles-without-Cripplegate</a> church is rebuilt.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1547 <ul><li>28 January: <a href="/facts/Henry_VIII_of_England/LFgGAjh0">King Henry VIII</a> dies at the <a href="/facts/Palace_of_Whitehall/fNoTyNYm">Palace of Whitehall</a>. His 9-year-old son and successor <a href="/facts/Edward_VI_of_England/ByrMhg9b">Edward VI</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a> is brought to <a href="/facts/Elsyng_Palace/1b7gMxwQ">Elsyng Palace</a> at <a href="/facts/Enfield_Town/QcQxf0Gk">Enfield Town</a>, where his half-sister <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_I_of_England/5cT5QrWj">Elizabeth I</a> is living, and they are told the news.</li> <li>20 February: The <a href="/facts/Coronation/DgYPDQSE">coronation</a> of <a href="/facts/Edward_VI_of_England/ByrMhg9b">Edward VI of England</a> takes place in Westminster Abbey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Edward_Seymour%2c_1st_Duke_of_Somerset/pFcNUmFY">Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset</a> and Lord Protector of England, begins the construction of <a href="/facts/Somerset_House/ms15CJxF">Somerset House</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1550 – 24 July: The <a href="/facts/French_Protestant_Church_of_London/CbX0JbPe">French Protestant Church of London</a> is established by <a href="/facts/Royal_Charter/9R9nIJDR">Royal Charter</a>.</li> <li>1551 – <a href="/facts/St_Thomas%2527_Hospital/AYvMTPLq">St Thomas' Hospital</a> is re-established on its former site in <a href="/facts/Southwark/8dYlVuJb">Southwark</a> by the <a href="/facts/Corporation_of_London/Dweba7MW">Corporation of London</a>, which is taken as the founding date for <a href="/facts/St_Thomas%2527s_Hospital_Medical_School/KHYdej50">St Thomas's Hospital Medical School</a>.</li> <li>1552 – The first pupils enter <a href="/facts/Christ%2527s_Hospital/QdqdqSC7">Christ's Hospital</a> school for orphans at <a href="/facts/Newgate/uXpoohUv">Newgate</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a> it receives its royal charter on 16 June 1553.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a></li> <li>1553 <ul><li>25 May: <a href="/facts/Lady_Jane_Grey/1CGl0RcQ">Lady Jane Grey</a> is married to <a href="/facts/Lord_Guildford_Dudley/gIAoupNM">Lord Guildford Dudley</a>, son of the <a href="/facts/John_Dudley%2c_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland/GPfW9XlJ">Duke of Northumberland</a>, in an elaborate ceremony at his Thames-side residence, <a href="/facts/Durham_House%2c_London/HjBV4Jtq">Durham House</a>, in which her two sisters are also married. The bride and groom are both aged around 15 or 16.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a></li> <li>16 June: <a href="/facts/Edward_VI_of_England/ByrMhg9b">King Edward VI</a> founds <a href="/facts/Christ%2527s_Hospital/QdqdqSC7">Christ's Hospital</a> for London <a href="/facts/Orphan/JlxQbx5p">orphans</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a></li> <li>6 July: King Edward VI dies aged 15 at the <a href="/facts/Palace_of_Placentia/1fzu6pHr">Palace of Placentia</a> (<a href="/facts/Greenwich/ognrRWm2">Greenwich</a>),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a> having nominated Lady Jane Grey as his successor (without her knowledge).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a></li> <li>7 July: <a href="/facts/John_Dudley%2c_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland/GPfW9XlJ">Northumberland</a> secures the <a href="/facts/Tower_of_London/D80dKXrh">Tower of London</a> and other strategic locations against <a href="/facts/Mary_I_of_England/smBAdhhD">Mary</a>.</li> <li>9 July: Lady Jane Grey is summoned by Northumberland to <a href="/facts/Sion_House/Mueq6DIQ">Sion House</a> and informed for the first time that she is to be queen.</li> <li>10 July: <a href="/facts/Lady_Jane_Grey/1CGl0RcQ">Lady Jane Grey</a> is proclaimed Queen of England by the <a href="/facts/Privy_Council_of_England/HUDkz63Y">Privy Council</a> and the proclamation is set into print.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a></li> <li>19 July: The Privy Council and <a href="/facts/Thomas_White_(merchant)/8aIhymWm">Thomas White</a>, <a href="/facts/Lord_Mayor_of_London/28CFLNke">Lord Mayor of London</a>, proclaim the Catholic <a href="/facts/Mary_I_of_England/smBAdhhD">Queen Mary</a> as the rightful Queen – Lady Jane Grey is imprisoned within the Tower after using the title of queen for nine days.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a></li> <li>30 July: Mary is greeted at <a href="/facts/Wanstead/mWlGMc6p">Wanstead</a> on the approach to London by her half-sister <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_I/5cT5QrWj">Elizabeth</a>, who has ridden out from her new London residence, <a href="/facts/Somerset_House/ms15CJxF">Somerset House</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a></li> <li>3 August: Mary rides triumphantly into London to claim the throne, accompanied by Elizabeth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a></li> <li>8 August: Funeral of Edward VI at <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a>.</li> <li>22 August: The <a href="/facts/John_Dudley%2c_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland/GPfW9XlJ">Duke of Northumberland</a>, who has promoted Lady Jane Grey's claim to the throne, is beheaded on <a href="/facts/Tower_Hill/NJI5Vx9d">Tower Hill</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a></li> <li>1 October: <a href="/facts/Coronation_of_Mary_I_of_England/WkPzjqgj">Coronation of Mary I of England</a> at Westminster Abbey.</li></ul></li> <li>1554 <ul><li>25 January: <a href="/facts/Wyatt%2527s_rebellion/zLfJ9mtX">Wyatt's rebellion</a> begins,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Kingston_Bridge%2c_London/WFMxETy8">Kingston Bridge</a> is broken as a precautionary measure. On 9 February, <a href="/facts/Thomas_Wyatt_the_Younger/zwUT7fBc">Thomas Wyatt</a> surrenders.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a></li> <li>12 February: After claiming the throne of England the previous year, <a href="/facts/Lady_Jane_Grey/1CGl0RcQ">Lady Jane Grey</a> is beheaded for treason as is her husband – he publicly on Tower Hill and she privately within the Tower of London, where she has remained since the proclamation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a> On 17 March Princess <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_I_of_England/5cT5QrWj">Elizabeth</a> is briefly imprisoned in the Tower, suspected of involvement in Wyatt's rebellion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1555 – 4 February: <a href="/facts/John_Rogers_(Bible_editor_and_martyr)/4WAWuTLk">John Rogers</a> is <a href="/facts/Execution_by_burning/EB2Cx1sJ">burned at the stake</a> at <a href="/facts/Smithfield%2c_London/xK9H6aoQ">Smithfield, London</a>, making him the first Marian <a href="/facts/Protestantism/NXja4K3g">Protestant</a> martyr.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a></li> <li>1556 <ul><li>27 June: 13 Protestant <a href="/facts/Stratford_Martyrs/IehpvSeh">Stratford Martyrs</a> are burned at the stake.</li> <li>The City takes over <a href="/facts/Bridewell_Palace/XqWsq8bL">Bridewell Palace</a> as a prison and a hospital for <a href="/facts/Homeless_children/NsjNa6gg">homeless children</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1557 <ul><li>May: <a href="/facts/Benedictine/QsRVmXpw">Benedictine</a> monks are allowed to return to <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a>, but they will again be expelled in 1559.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a></li> <li>4 May: The <a href="/facts/Stationers%2527_Company/Y79bdBaq">Stationers' Company</a> is chartered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hampton_School/BJvjSjjh">Hampton School</a> founded by Robert Hammond.</li></ul></li> <li>1558 – 25 May: <a href="/facts/Enfield_Grammar_School/MPwNfCXy">Enfield Grammar School</a> is founded, incorporating an earlier endowment.</li> <li>1559 <ul><li>15 January: <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_I_of_England/5cT5QrWj">Elizabeth I of England</a> is crowned in Westminster Abbey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a></li> <li>New <a href="/facts/Custom_House%2c_City_of_London/YXWHgyuI">Custom House</a> is built.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a></li> <li>The predecessor of the <a href="/facts/Private_bank/MuM1NRll">private banking house</a> of <a href="/facts/Child_%2526_Co./YdXTduNw">Child & Co.</a>, which will still exist in the 21st century, is established.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Salters/B8YP1AgL">Salters Company</a> is incorporated.</li></ul></li> <li>1560 – <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a> is made a <a href="/facts/Royal_peculiar/qJW2TNW1">royal peculiar</a> as the Collegiate Church of St Peter<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/Westminster_School/7fTt68bQ">Westminster School</a> is re-established.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a></li> <li>1561 <ul><li>1 March: <a href="/facts/Kingston_Grammar_School/jnkVrLec">Kingston Grammar School</a> is chartered.</li> <li>4 June: The spire of the <a href="/facts/Old_St_Paul%2527s_Cathedral/Hr5orCag">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a> catches fire and crashes through the <a href="/facts/Nave/F1U8RApb">nave</a> roof, probably as the result of a <a href="/facts/Lightning/dLTuxz8n">lightning</a> strike. The spire is not rebuilt.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Merchant_Taylors%2527_School%2c_Northwood/CF8cfHR6">Merchant Taylor's School</a> is founded in the <a href="/facts/City_of_London/Psl9khal">City of London</a> by <a href="/facts/Thomas_White_(merchant)/8aIhymWm">Sir Thomas White</a>, Sir Richard Hilles, Emanuel Lucar and <a href="/facts/Stephen_Hales_(died_1574)/pTKk9IdN">Stephen Hales</a>, with <a href="/facts/Richard_Mulcaster/Ky78IydB">Richard Mulcaster</a> as first headmaster.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1563 – Between June and October, the <a href="/facts/1563_London_plague/jX6rKMIV">1563 London plague</a> outbreak kills over 20,000 people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a></li> <li>1565 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Thomas_Gresham/X3lPnLtH">Thomas Gresham</a> founds the <a href="/facts/Royal_Exchange_(London)/fotTH690">Royal Exchange</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Royal_College_of_Physicians/e2XN5DvU">College of Physicians of London</a> first licensed to carry out human <a href="/facts/Dissection/7Tbbx3rr">dissection</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1567 – <a href="/facts/John_Brayne/bzE6yjW9">John Brayne</a> builds the <a href="/facts/Red_Lion_(theatre)/XWYQGRmI">Red Lion theatre</a> just east of the <a href="/facts/City_of_London/Psl9khal">City of London</a>, which is a playhouse for touring productions and the first known to be purpose-built in the <a href="/facts/British_Isles/4fBquvMU">British Isles</a> since <a href="/facts/Roman_Empire/l4E1aUuV">Roman</a> times. However, there is little evidence that the theatre survives beyond this summer's season.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a></li> <li>1569 – <a href="/facts/Gray%2527s_Inn/fgYtIKp7">Gray's Inn</a> is recorded as a corporate body.</li> <li>1570 <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry/1uYq99A1">Whitechapel Bell Foundry</a> is known to be in existence. By the time its 18th-century premises closes in May 2017, it will be the oldest manufacturing company in <a href="/facts/Great_Britain/TNgGQRPj">Great Britain</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a></li> <li>The home and library of <a href="/facts/John_Dee/YKm1t4ru">John Dee</a> at <a href="/facts/Mortlake/m4A1nQVD">Mortlake</a> begin to serve as an informal <a href="/facts/Proposals_for_an_English_Academy/sl72ffye">prototype English academy</a> for gentlemen with scientific interests.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1571 <ul><li>23 January: The <a href="/facts/Royal_Exchange%2c_London/fotTH690">Royal Exchange</a> opens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a></li> <li>28 May: The <a href="/facts/Corporation_of_London/Dweba7MW">Corporation of London</a> is authorised to improve the <a href="/facts/Lee_Navigation/LYx0uvjL">Lee Navigation</a>.</li> <li>25 July: <a href="/facts/St_Olave%2527s_Grammar_School/YA3mMRMf">The Free Grammar School of Queen Elizabeth of the Parishioners of the Parish of Saint Olave in the County of Surrey</a> is established in <a href="/facts/Tooley_Street/LwKJMogE">Tooley Street</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Blacksmiths/zMnjPDy1">Worshipful Company of Blacksmiths</a> is chartered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a></li> <li>The first permanent London <a href="/facts/Gallows/SGcBfDpS">gallows</a> are erected at <a href="/facts/Tyburn/kYeWqkJn">Tyburn</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1572 – 13 February: <a href="/facts/Harrow_School/7uSBR5oe">Harrow School</a> is founded by local landowner <a href="/facts/John_Lyon_(school_founder)/ECy0J74y">John Lyon</a> under royal charter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a></li> <li>1573 – 24 March: <a href="/facts/Queen_Elizabeth%2527s_Grammar_School_for_Boys/s1kqfRez">Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys</a> is established in <a href="/facts/London_Borough_of_Barnet/kPYRNjzL">Barnet</a> at the petition of <a href="/facts/Robert_Dudley%2c_1st_Earl_of_Leicester/pvqDcQtg">Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a></li> <li>1576 – December: <a href="/facts/James_Burbage/m6S6pwoc">James Burbage</a> opens London's 2nd permanent public <a href="/facts/Theater_(structure)/GgCkNKEh">playhouse</a> and the first to have a substantial life, <a href="/facts/The_Theatre/1pYfP9Hv">The Theatre</a> in <a href="/facts/Shoreditch/SGU1zBbn">Shoreditch</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a></li> <li>1579 – <a href="/facts/Nonsuch_House/qplI3Hyd">Nonsuch House</a> is built on London Bridge.</li> <li>1580 <ul><li>6 April: The <a href="/facts/1580_Dover_Straits_earthquake/8NVn1lN2">1580 Dover Straits earthquake</a> causes some damage and the death of 2 children in London.</li> <li>6 July: New buildings are prohibited on less than 4 acres (16,000 m2) of ground within 3 miles of the City.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1581 <ul><li>4 April: <a href="/facts/Francis_Drake/MaXqvRCg">Francis Drake</a> is knighted by order of Queen <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_I_of_England/5cT5QrWj">Elizabeth I</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a> aboard the <i><a href="/facts/Golden_Hind/Yabwx9GS">Golden Hind</a></i> in <a href="/facts/Deptford/uTa4akqE">Deptford</a>.</li> <li>A waterwheel is installed on London Bridge for the supply of drinking water to the city by <a href="/facts/Peter_Morice/dAgjy1YW">Peter Morice</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1582 – The country house at <a href="/facts/Highgate/BvzrhDb4">Highgate</a> later known as <a href="/facts/Lauderdale_House/9UfF0J84">Lauderdale House</a> is built for <a href="/facts/Richard_Martin_(Lord_Mayor_of_London)/LoePazW7">Richard Martin (Lord Mayor of London)</a>.</li> <li>1583 – The Bunch Of Grapes pub is built on Narrow Street in <a href="/facts/Limehouse/2Ab9BY2b">Limehouse</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a> Referred to by Charles Dickens in <i><a href="/facts/Our_Mutual_Friend/VBh9VVdv">Our Mutual Friend</a></i> as "The Six Jolly Fellowship Porters", it still stands in the 21st century, much rebuilt and renamed '<a href="/facts/The_Grapes%2c_Limehouse/3hegJj8P">The Grapes</a>'.</li> <li>1585 – Claimed date that the <a href="/facts/Spaniards_Inn/uXgYJ9hv">Spaniards Inn</a> on the <a href="/facts/Hampstead/3aW7NvaY">Hampstead</a> and <a href="/facts/Highgate/BvzrhDb4">Highgate</a> boundary is established.</li> <li>1586 <ul><li>20–21 September: The execution of the 14 conspirators in the <a href="/facts/Babington_Plot/kYVGpFXJ">Babington Plot</a>, intended to assassinate <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_I_of_England/5cT5QrWj">Elizabeth I</a> and replace her by <a href="/facts/Mary%2c_Queen_of_Scots/QxuRFDb5">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, takes place.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a> They are <a href="/facts/Hanged%2c_drawn_and_quartered/zYgsNN17">hanged, drawn and quartered</a> in St Giles Field, with the first 7 being disembowelled before death.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/College_of_Antiquaries/sl72ffye">College of Antiquaries</a> (society) is formed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>c. 1586–90 - The new building for <a href="/facts/Enfield_Grammar_School/MPwNfCXy">Enfield Grammar School</a> is constructed.</li> <li>1587 – <a href="/facts/The_Rose_(theatre)/CmAnxgov">The Rose theatre</a> is built by <a href="/facts/Philip_Henslowe/LLopnzJ6">Philip Henslowe</a> in <a href="/facts/Southwark/8dYlVuJb">Southwark</a>.</li> <li>1592 – August: The <a href="/facts/1592%25E2%2580%25931593_London_plague/KrEhTdUH">1592–1593 London plague</a> outbreak is first observed, and there are at least 19,000 deaths up to December 1593;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a> theatres are consequently closed for much of the period.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a></li> <li>1593 <ul><li>6 April: <a href="/facts/Henry_Barrowe/0l2Mer0j">Henry Barrowe</a> and <a href="/facts/John_Greenwood_(divine)/dhqPRUQB">John Greenwood</a>, leaders of the <a href="/facts/Brownist/DjvyB8bo">Brownist</a> <a href="/facts/London_Underground_Church/8UVyq8Hq">London Underground Church</a>, are hanged at <a href="/facts/Tyburn/kYeWqkJn">Tyburn</a>.</li> <li>5 May: "Dutch church libel": bills posted in London threatening Protestant refugees from <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a> and the <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Netherlands</a> allude to <a href="/facts/Christopher_Marlowe/7MqLkX1S">Christopher Marlowe</a>'s plays. On 30 May, Marlowe is stabbed to death in a dispute over the bill at a lodging house in <a href="/facts/Deptford/uTa4akqE">Deptford</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183"><sup>183</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1594 – <a href="/facts/Bevis_Bulmer/WGCVq8yh">Bevis Bulmer</a> sets up a system at <a href="/facts/Blackfriars%2c_London/MVdWoH5D">Blackfriars</a> to pump water to London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184"><sup>184</sup></a></li> <li>1595 – <a href="/facts/The_Swan_(theatre)/RB548L6L">The Swan (theatre)</a> is built in Southwark.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185"><sup>185</sup></a></li> <li>1596 <ul><li>February: <a href="/facts/James_Burbage/m6S6pwoc">James Burbage</a> buys the disused <a href="/facts/Blackfriars_Theatre/wepF4GYv">Blackfriars Theatre</a> from Sir William More for £600 but is prevented from reusing it as a public theatre by a November petition by wealthy influential neighbors.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186"><sup>186</sup></a></li> <li>14 February: <a href="/facts/Archbishop/5qxa8woF">Archbishop</a> <a href="/facts/John_Whitgift/Q2uB8xye">John Whitgift</a> begins building his <a href="/facts/Whitgift_Foundation/6rKjMhEQ">hospital</a> at <a href="/facts/Croydon/5D2Assbk">Croydon</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1597 – <a href="/facts/Gresham_College/rs9IWUyF">Gresham College</a> is founded in the City.</li> <li>1598 <ul><li>c. May?: The première of <a href="/facts/William_Haughton_(playwright)/tuyoBryL">William Haughton</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Englishmen_for_My_Money/SyD2vecB">Englishmen for My Money, or, A Woman Will Have Her Will</a></i>, considered to be the first <a href="/facts/City_comedy/n6Svav5j">city comedy</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187"><sup>187</sup></a> takes place, probably by the Admiral's Men at <a href="/facts/The_Rose_(theatre)/CmAnxgov">The Rose theatre</a>.</li> <li>22 September: The <a href="/facts/Playwright/Mdtsordb">playwright</a> <a href="/facts/Ben_Jonson/I8Horb16">Ben Jonson</a> kills actor <a href="/facts/Gabriel_Spenser/1ssDlPea">Gabriel Spenser</a> in a duel at <a href="/facts/Hoxton/YljrM6nz">Hoxton</a> and is briefly held in <a href="/facts/Newgate_Prison/mv3U0Cwd">Newgate Prison</a>, but escapes capital punishment by pleading <a href="/facts/Benefit_of_clergy/zzWN0Wkb">benefit of clergy</a>.</li> <li>28 December: <a href="/facts/The_Theatre/1pYfP9Hv">The Theatre</a> is dismantled.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188"><sup>188</sup></a></li> <li>Stow's <i><a href="/facts/A_Survey_of_London/xYuCsjYw">Survey of London</a></i> is published.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189"><sup>189</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1598–1600 – The <a href="/facts/Damned_Crew/dGct84f8">Damned Crew</a> is at large.</li> <li>1599 – Spring/Summer: the <a href="/facts/Globe_Theatre/2QSdKyjE">Globe Theatre</a> opens in Southwark using building material from <a href="/facts/The_Theatre/1pYfP9Hv">The Theatre</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="17th-century">17th century</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Stuart_London/arFU7J0t">Stuart London</a></p> <ul><li>1600 <ul><li>January: <a href="/facts/Carpentry/CXW6UBq1">Carpenter</a> <a href="/facts/Peter_Street_(carpenter)/MoATRold">Peter Street</a> is contracted to build the <a href="/facts/Fortune_Playhouse/h3hoLFd8">Fortune Playhouse</a> just north of the City by theatrical manager <a href="/facts/Philip_Henslowe/LLopnzJ6">Philip Henslowe</a> and his stepson-in-law, the leading actor <a href="/facts/Edward_Alleyn/cgmMWRzr">Edward Alleyn</a>, for the <a href="/facts/Admiral%2527s_Men/hXjex31P">Admiral's Men</a>, who move there from <a href="/facts/The_Rose_(theatre)/CmAnxgov">The Rose</a> by the end of the year.</li> <li>31 December: The <a href="/facts/East_India_Company/jpfw533d">East India Company</a> is granted a <a href="/facts/Royal_charter/9R9nIJDR">Royal Charter</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190"><sup>190</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1601 – 25 February: <a href="/facts/Robert_Devereux%2c_2nd_Earl_of_Essex/L2v5JStz">Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex</a>, is executed for treason for his part in a short-lived rebellion in the previous month against the Queen,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191"><sup>191</sup></a> making him the last person beheaded on <a href="/facts/Tower_Green/6mTjyaGh">Tower Green</a> in the <a href="/facts/Tower_of_London/D80dKXrh">Tower of London</a>, with the sword being wielded by <a href="/facts/Thomas_Derrick/8u9lSXaM">Thomas Derrick</a>.</li> <li>1603 <ul><li>24 March: <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_I_of_England/5cT5QrWj">Elizabeth I</a> dies at <a href="/facts/Richmond_Palace/8aa38m6h">Richmond Palace</a> and is succeeded on the throne of England by her cousin <a href="/facts/James_VI_and_I/mcmPE59x">James VI of Scotland</a>.</li> <li>c. April: <a href="/facts/1603_London_plague/INfnRPVU">1603 London plague</a>: Outbreak of <a href="/facts/Bubonic_plague/N9dCQ3EP">bubonic plague</a> epidemic, spreading from the eastern suburbs, in which between 29,000 and 40,000 people die.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192"><sup>192</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193"><sup>193</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194"><sup>194</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195"><sup>195</sup></a></li> <li>28 April: The funeral of Elizabeth I takes place in <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a>.</li> <li>7 May: Crowds welcome <a href="/facts/James_VI_and_I/mcmPE59x">James</a>'s arrival in London for his coronation as king of England in Westminster Abbey on 25 July.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196"><sup>196</sup></a> He subsequently orders the creation of <a href="/facts/St._James%2527s_Park/wdb0ULTN">St. James's Park</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1604 – 15 March: The <a href="/facts/Royal_Entry/mRwjBoua">Royal Entry</a> of King James into London takes place.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197"><sup>197</sup></a></li> <li>1605 <ul><li>5 November: <a href="/facts/Gunpowder_Plot/Ds3XkfF1">Gunpowder Plot</a>: A plot to blow up the <a href="/facts/Palace_of_Westminster/HCUIhwQR">Houses of Parliament</a> and the King is foiled when the Catholic plotter <a href="/facts/Guy_Fawkes/0I27AnoB">Guy Fawkes</a> is found in a cellar below the Parliament with 36 barrels of <a href="/facts/Gunpowder/AEcB6HCR">gunpowder</a> following an anonymous tip-off.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198"><sup>198</sup></a> On 30 January 1606, 4 of the conspirators are <a href="/facts/Hanged%2c_drawn_and_quartered/zYgsNN17">hanged, drawn and quartered</a> for treason outside <a href="/facts/Old_St_Paul%2527s_Cathedral/Hr5orCag">St Paul's</a>, and the following day Fawkes and the remainder are executed in the same manner in <a href="/facts/Old_Palace_Yard/a447tkha">Old Palace Yard</a>, Westminster.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Gardeners/fYEJ4cn5">Worshipful Company of Gardeners</a> and the <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Butchers/SN4ucegJ">Worshipful Company of Butchers</a> are chartered.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199"><sup>199</sup></a></li> <li>Approximate date: Construction of <a href="/facts/Northumberland_House/rMCoCYQ8">Northumberland House</a> at <a href="/facts/Charing_Cross/dU2pG5yQ">Charing Cross</a> for <a href="/facts/Henry_Howard%2c_1st_Earl_of_Northampton/Pxg4a9z9">Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton</a>, begins.</li></ul></li> <li>1606 <ul><li>28 March: Catholic priest <a href="/facts/Henry_Garnet/AIbQB7D2">Henry Garnet</a> is tried for <a href="/facts/Misprision_of_treason/1QV97wnp">misprision of treason</a> at <a href="/facts/Guildhall%2c_London/Ifxa2DNL">Guildhall</a> in connection with the Gunpowder Plot, and found guilty. On 3 May he is brought from the Tower and hanged at <a href="/facts/St_Paul%2527s_Churchyard/kVm6AaBe">St Paul's Churchyard</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200"><sup>200</sup></a></li> <li>19 December: The <i><a href="/facts/Susan_Constant/TCfdu7fd">Susan Constant</a></i> sets out from the Thames leading the <a href="/facts/Virginia_Company/EdmqIsct">Virginia Company</a>'s fleet for the foundation of <a href="/facts/Jamestown%2c_Virginia/dxxU8eMJ">Jamestown, Virginia</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1608 <ul><li>July–December: Plague in London, which recurs in the 2 following years.</li> <li>The foundation of the Royal <a href="/facts/Blackheath%2c_London/RvGKcIeL">Blackheath</a> <a href="/facts/Golf_club/e10LtRMx">Golf Club</a> is claimed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201"><sup>201</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1609 – The <a href="/facts/Lord_Mayor%2527s_Show/UxFR38Kk">Lord Mayor's Show</a> is revived.</li> <li>1611 <ul><li><a href="/facts/King_James_Bible/FdS5n0lX">King James Bible</a> first published.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Thomas_Sutton/DhMYgeU2">Thomas Sutton</a> founds <a href="/facts/Charterhouse_School/q7cugDd6">Charterhouse School</a> on the site of the old <a href="/facts/Carthusian/U1sgmFIl">Carthusian</a> monastery in <a href="/facts/Charterhouse_Square/JFEMGG5b">Charterhouse Square</a>, <a href="/facts/Smithfield%2c_London/xK9H6aoQ">Smithfield</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Plumbers/1o1jAN1J">Worshipful Company of Plumbers</a> is chartered.</li></ul></li> <li>1612 – <a href="/facts/Hicks_Hall/U9hDIWMs">Hicks Hall</a> is built.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202"><sup>202</sup></a></li> <li>1613 <ul><li>29 September: <a href="/facts/New_River_(London)/hAhEfcS9">New River</a> opens to supply London with fresh water.</li> <li><a href="/facts/The_Honourable_The_Irish_Society/v8S3guBk">The Honourable The Irish Society</a> is incorporated as a consortium of City livery companies to colonise <a href="/facts/County_Londonderry/wGYEfrRz">County Londonderry</a> during the <a href="/facts/Plantation_of_Ulster/K7TmCxkN">Plantation of Ulster</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1614 – October: The <a href="/facts/Hope_Theatre/vn3Rz63Q">Hope Theatre</a> opens in Southwark.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203"><sup>203</sup></a> On 31 October <a href="/facts/Ben_Jonson/I8Horb16">Ben Jonson</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Bartholomew_Fayre%3a_A_Comedy/TStdqj3z">Bartholomew Fayre: A Comedy</a></i> debuts here.</li> <li>c. 1615 – <a href="/facts/Clerkenwell_Bridewell/sP81QbWt">Clerkenwell Bridewell</a> (prison) is in operation.</li> <li>1616 <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Anchor_Brewery/tTHRF2ak">Anchor Brewery</a> is established by James Monger next to the <a href="/facts/Globe_Theatre/2QSdKyjE">Globe Theatre</a> in <a href="/facts/Southwark/8dYlVuJb">Southwark</a>. It will be the world's largest by the early 19th century and brew until the 1970s.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204"><sup>204</sup></a></li> <li>The engraved <a href="/facts/Visscher_panorama/h9gDJu9G">Visscher panorama</a> of London is published.</li></ul></li> <li>1616–35 – The <a href="/facts/Queen%2527s_House/U2S7XP8P">Queen's House</a> is built in <a href="/facts/Greenwich/ognrRWm2">Greenwich</a> to a design by <a href="/facts/Inigo_Jones/Yc5NeAgy">Inigo Jones</a>.</li> <li>1617 <ul><li>23 August: The first <a href="/facts/One-way_street/WpXIG0BB">one-way streets</a> are created in alleys near the Thames.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205"><sup>205</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206"><sup>206</sup></a></li> <li>December: The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Society_of_Apothecaries/Lsv5USUL">Worshipful Society of Apothecaries</a> is incorporated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207"><sup>207</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Aldersgate/hTfY6FXC">Aldersgate</a> is rebuilt.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Goldsmiths%2527_Company/ncUYkNVH">Goldsmiths' Company</a>'s barge is built.</li> <li>Approximate date: <a href="/facts/New_Prison/nYMEYTLl">New Prison</a> in operation.</li></ul></li> <li>1618 – <a href="/facts/Guinea_Company_(London)/3nlw0Syb">The Company of Adventurers of London Trading to the Ports of Africa</a> is granted a monopoly on trade from <a href="/facts/Guinea/MaBu4ysQ">Guinea</a>.</li> <li>1619 <ul><li>January: The royal <a href="/facts/Banqueting_House%2c_Whitehall/uyAaTQCU">Banqueting House, Whitehall</a>, is destroyed by fire, and <a href="/facts/Inigo_Jones/Yc5NeAgy">Inigo Jones</a> is commissioned to design a replacement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208"><sup>208</sup></a></li> <li>21 June: The <a href="/facts/College_of_God%2527s_Gift/Qjtdn7rr">College of God's Gift</a> is established by the <a href="/facts/Actor-manager/2IUncgMW">actor-manager</a> <a href="/facts/Edward_Alleyn/cgmMWRzr">Edward Alleyn</a> at <a href="/facts/Dulwich/XD7pmLkR">Dulwich</a>, incorporating the school, <a href="/facts/Dulwich_College/vgcn1mx5">Dulwich College</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Greenwich_Park/QwAUx18u">Greenwich Park</a> is enclosed by a brick wall on the orders of <a href="/facts/James_VI_and_I/mcmPE59x">King James I</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209"><sup>209</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1620 – July: The <i><a href="/facts/Mayflower/v135KJP5">Mayflower</a></i> embarks from or near her home port of <a href="/facts/Rotherhithe/xYozNeuj">Rotherhithe</a> with around 65 <a href="/facts/Pilgrim_(Plymouth_Colony)/tteFsxjV">Pilgrims</a> bound for <a href="/facts/Cape_Cod/dcEnVrMs">Cape Cod</a> in <a href="/facts/North_America/djNjCQIl">North America</a>.</li> <li>1621 <ul><li>Between Spring and October: The <i><a href="/facts/Corante/tcbd00Rx">Corante: or, Newes from Italy, Germany, Hungarie, Spaine and France</a></i>, one of the first English language newspapers translated from the <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Dutch</a>, circulates in London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210"><sup>210</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Hackney_coach/sqWjmwsQ">Hackney coach</a> is first recorded.</li></ul></li> <li>1622 <ul><li>6 January (probable date): The new <a href="/facts/Banqueting_House%2c_Whitehall/uyAaTQCU">Banqueting House, Whitehall</a>, opens with a performance of <a href="/facts/Ben_Jonson/I8Horb16">Ben Jonson</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/The_Masque_of_Augurs/X6xFsHme">The Masque of Augurs</a></i> to a design by the building's architect, <a href="/facts/Inigo_Jones/Yc5NeAgy">Inigo Jones</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211"><sup>211</sup></a></li> <li>23 May: <a href="/facts/Nathaniel_Butter/4xvt5yAo">Nathaniel Butter</a> begins publication of <i>Newes from Most Parts of Christendom</i> or <i>Weekley Newes from Italy, Germany, Hungaria, Bohemia, the Palatinate, France and the Low Countries</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212"><sup>212</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Boston_Manor_House/rQNblPHw">Boston Manor House</a> is built by Dame Mary Reade.</li></ul></li> <li>1623 <ul><li>26 October: "<a href="/facts/Fatal_Vespers/LD4BgYFd">Fatal Vespers</a>": 95 people are killed when an upper floor of the <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">French</a> ambassador's house in <a href="/facts/Blackfriars%2c_London/MVdWoH5D">Blackfriars</a> collapses under the weight of a congregation attending a Catholic mass.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213"><sup>213</sup></a></li> <li>Between 8 November and 5 December: Publication of the "<a href="/facts/First_Folio/qBX9hVT5">First Folio</a>" (<i>Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies</i>), a posthumous collection of 36 of <a href="/facts/Shakespeare/ohI96JTv">Shakespeare</a>'s plays, half of which have not previously been printed, by <a href="/facts/Isaac_Jaggard/QvPIYj56">Isaac Jaggard</a> and <a href="/facts/Edward_Blount/rG9pnuWt">Edward Blount</a> in the Jaggard printshop "at the sign of the Half-Eagle and Key in Barbican".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214"><sup>214</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1624 – <a href="/facts/The_Latymer_School/ad6dmw8o">The Latymer School</a> and <a href="/facts/Latymer_Upper_School/8NAAbr3D">Latymer Upper School</a> are founded by the bequest of <a href="/facts/Edward_Latymer/TeAmqdPY">Edward Latymer</a>.</li> <li>1625 <ul><li>Around August: Over 40,000 people are killed by the <a href="/facts/Bubonic_plague/N9dCQ3EP">bubonic plague</a> in London, and so the court and Parliament temporarily move to <a href="/facts/Oxford/kHvWDTXW">Oxford</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215"><sup>215</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216"><sup>216</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Queen%2527s_Chapel/JR38Yn7N">Queen's Chapel</a> is completed in Westminster.</li></ul></li> <li>1626 – 2 February: The coronation of <a href="/facts/Charles_I_of_England/r7IEjNGh">Charles I of England</a> takes place in Westminster Abbey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217"><sup>217</sup></a></li> <li>1629 <ul><li>May: The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Spectacle_Makers/p92LKqJ0">Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers</a> is chartered.</li> <li>Approximate date: Development of <a href="/facts/Lincoln%2527s_Inn_Fields/gEmlmIC4">Lincoln's Inn Fields</a> for housing begins.</li></ul></li> <li>1630 <ul><li>The central square of <a href="/facts/Covent_Garden/XxG9es93">Covent Garden</a> is laid out, and a market begins to develop there.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sion_College/31ejsSmc">Sion College</a> is chartered as a college, guild of London parochial clergy, almshouse and library under the will of <a href="/facts/Thomas_White_(benefactor)/kSdB3MeL">Thomas White</a>, vicar of <a href="/facts/St_Dunstan-in-the-West/LMvFtSLH">St Dunstan-in-the-West</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1631 <ul><li>31 January: The rebuilt <a href="/facts/St_Katharine_Cree/wm6buHMn">St Katharine Cree</a> church is consecrated by <a href="/facts/William_Laud/9BEzQKz8">William Laud</a>, <a href="/facts/Bishop_of_London/CB20Xupj">Bishop of London</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218"><sup>218</sup></a></li> <li>20 February: A fire breaks out in <a href="/facts/Westminster_Hall/HCUIhwQR">Westminster Hall</a>, but it is put out before it can cause serious destruction.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219"><sup>219</sup></a></li> <li>7 June: <a href="/facts/St_Paul%2527s%2c_Hammersmith/w9vL0pXu">St Paul's, Hammersmith</a> is consecrated as a <a href="/facts/Chapel_of_ease/LpNCadVF">chapel of ease</a> by Laud.</li> <li>December: The <a href="/facts/Holland%2527s_Leaguer_(brothel)/vmYJRsEz">Holland's Leaguer</a>, a notorious <a href="/facts/Brothel/cfbd8vt0">brothel</a> in Southwark which has been ordered to close, is besieged for a month before this can be carried out.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Clockmakers/SWenT7pK">Worshipful Company of Clockmakers</a> is established.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tottenham_Grammar_School/lQeVA1pV">Tottenham Grammar School</a> is re-endowed.</li> <li>London's population reaches 130,163 residents.</li></ul></li> <li>1632 – <a href="/facts/Forty_Hall/b4sq7Ba4">Forty Hall</a>, <a href="/facts/London_Borough_of_Enfield/pToq5M0h">Enfield</a> is completed.</li> <li>1633 <ul><li>13 February: Fire engines are used for the first time in England to control and extinguish a fire that breaks out on <a href="/facts/London_Bridge/CAv1ehzr">London Bridge</a>, but not before 43 houses are destroyed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220"><sup>220</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/St_Paul%2527s%2c_Covent_Garden/Q5bXSFMn">St Paul's, Covent Garden</a>, designed by <a href="/facts/Inigo_Jones/Yc5NeAgy">Inigo Jones</a> in 1631 overlooking his <a href="/facts/Piazza/G9AhtLRh">piazza</a>, opens to worship, making it the first wholly new parish church built in London since the <a href="/facts/English_Reformation/BNESA0Ab">English Reformation</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1635 – The first <a href="/facts/General_Post_Office/gnMB2RHN">General Post Office</a> opens to the public in <a href="/facts/Bishopsgate/RNr2fXKN">Bishopsgate</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221"><sup>221</sup></a></li> <li>1636 – <a href="/facts/Goldsmith%2527s_Hall/MjHYhFMQ">Goldsmith's Hall</a> is rebuilt.</li> <li>1636–37 – Plague in London.</li> <li>1637 – <a href="/facts/Hyde_Park%2c_London/7HKxeFvc">Hyde Park</a> opens to the public in Westminster.</li> <li>1638 – The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Distillers/JD0loUyu">Worshipful Company of Distillers</a> is granted a royal charter.</li> <li>1640 – 11 December: The <a href="/facts/Root_and_Branch_petition/dGksCgmP">Root and Branch petition</a> is presented to <a href="/facts/Long_Parliament/cgkumbBg">Parliament</a>.</li> <li>1641 <ul><li>5 August: Theatres closed because of plague in London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222"><sup>222</sup></a></li> <li>23–27 December: Rioting in Westminster provoked by <a href="/facts/Charles_I_of_England/r7IEjNGh">Charles I</a>'s response to the <a href="/facts/Long_Parliament/cgkumbBg">Long Parliament</a>'s <a href="/facts/Grand_Remonstrance/GUWo55kK">Grand Remonstrance</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1642 <ul><li>4 January: <a href="/facts/Charles_I_of_England/r7IEjNGh">Charles I</a> attempts to arrest 5 leading members of the <a href="/facts/Long_Parliament/cgkumbBg">Long Parliament</a>, but they escape.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223"><sup>223</sup></a> This is the last time any monarch will enter the <a href="/facts/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom/IyyztqLo">House of Commons</a>.</li> <li>2 September: <a href="/facts/London_theatre_closure_1642/AHcmnhtl">London theatre closure 1642</a>: Parliament orders closure of London's playhouses, effectively ending the era of <a href="/facts/English_Renaissance_theatre/ecSNPJTc">English Renaissance theatre</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224"><sup>224</sup></a></li> <li>12 November: <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Brentford_(1642)/CuryV71w">Battle of Brentford</a> (<a href="/facts/First_English_Civil_War/og0eEzkz">First English Civil War</a>): Royalist victory.</li> <li>13 November: <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Turnham_Green/TqIT5sVM">Battle of Turnham Green</a> (First English Civil War): Royalist forces withdraw in face of the Parliamentarian army and fail to take London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225"><sup>225</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1642–43 – The <a href="/facts/Lines_of_Communication_(London)/hxgwxuBE">Lines of Communication</a> are constructed to defend the city.</li> <li>1647 <ul><li>7 August: <a href="/facts/Oliver_Cromwell/pyCDY3vk">Oliver Cromwell</a> takes control of the <a href="/facts/Parliament_of_England/y4aNV9gj">Parliament of England</a> with the <a href="/facts/New_Model_Army/HtVjUITx">New Model Army</a>, an attempt by <a href="/facts/Presbyterian/LdbUk62a">Presbyterian</a> <a href="/facts/Member_of_Parliament/qjfwk6mp">MPs</a> to raise the <a href="/facts/City_of_London/Psl9khal">City of London</a> having been unsuccessful.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226"><sup>226</sup></a></li> <li>The original <a href="/facts/Eleanor_Cross/r9kAbmwH">Eleanor Cross</a> at <a href="/facts/Charing_Cross/dU2pG5yQ">Charing Cross</a> is demolished.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Wenceslaus_Hollar/wCJvFJrF">Wenceslaus Hollar</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Long_View_of_London_from_Bankside/fcKVfUKS">Long View of London from Bankside</a></i> is etched in <a href="/facts/Antwerp/v3Rwa1Mu">Antwerp</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1648 <ul><li>11 September: The <a href="/facts/Levellers/1APBpHND">Levellers</a>' largest <a href="/facts/Petition/LoNeV2Uj">petition</a>, "To The Right Honourable The Commons Of England" (<i>The humble Petition of Thousands well-affected persons inhabiting the City of London, Westminster, the Borough of Sonthwark Hamblets, and places adjacent</i>), is presented to the <a href="/facts/Long_Parliament/cgkumbBg">Long Parliament</a> after amassing signatories including about a third of all Londoners (including women).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227"><sup>227</sup></a></li> <li>6 December: <a href="/facts/Pride%2527s_Purge/PANbLXJ4">Pride's Purge</a>: Troops of the <a href="/facts/New_Model_Army/HtVjUITx">New Model Army</a> under the command of <a href="/facts/Colonel/ASSc95Et">Colonel</a> <a href="/facts/Thomas_Pride/UJPUGsKA">Thomas Pride</a> (and under the orders of <a href="/facts/Henry_Ireton/yU5QAI4K">General Ireton</a>) arrest or exclude Presbyterian members of the <a href="/facts/Long_Parliament/cgkumbBg">Long Parliament</a> who are not supporters of the Army's <a href="/facts/Grandee_(New_Model_Army)/JqdqWVMr">Grandees</a> or Independents, creating the <a href="/facts/Rump_Parliament/8oNwTl7z">Rump Parliament</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228"><sup>228</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1649 <ul><li>3 January: An explosion of several barrels of <a href="/facts/Gunpowder/AEcB6HCR">gunpowder</a> in Tower Street, London kills 67 people and destroys 60 houses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229"><sup>229</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230"><sup>230</sup></a></li> <li>30 January: Charles I is executed outside the <a href="/facts/Banqueting_House%2c_Whitehall/uyAaTQCU">Banqueting House, Whitehall</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231"><sup>231</sup></a></li> <li>April: <a href="/facts/Bishopsgate_mutiny/V3fmVldY">Bishopsgate mutiny</a>: Soldiers of the <a href="/facts/New_Model_Army/HtVjUITx">New Model Army</a> refuse to leave London; some are court martialled and one is executed.</li></ul></li> <li>Mid 17th century: London population reaches 500,000.</li> <li>1650 – 29 September: <a href="/facts/Henry_Robinson_(writer)/CVGN8x4b">Henry Robinson</a> opens his <i>Office of Addresses and Encounters</i>, a short-lived form of employment exchange, in <a href="/facts/Threadneedle_Street/KIRccBtk">Threadneedle Street</a>.</li> <li>1652 <ul><li>10 April: <a href="/facts/Prudence_Lee/yRHtznFq">Prudence Lee</a> becomes the last <a href="/facts/Burning_of_women_in_England/eLGjQbRF">woman in England burned alive at the stake</a> for <a href="/facts/Mariticide/un2AKB1E">mariticide</a>, at <a href="/facts/Smithfield%2c_London/xK9H6aoQ">Smithfield</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232"><sup>232</sup></a> (subsequent recipients of the sentence being in practice strangled before burning).</li> <li>A coffee house is in business near <a href="/facts/Cornhill%2c_London/hemgs9Wd">Cornhill</a>, opened by <a href="/facts/Pasqua_Ros%25C3%25A9e/mAmnuYpj">Pasqua Rosée</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233"><sup>233</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1654 – <a href="/facts/St_Matthias_Old_Church/LLco3jc5">St Matthias Old Church</a> in <a href="/facts/Poplar%2c_London/Iz08UH5F">Poplar</a> is completed.</li> <li>1656 <ul><li>May: First performance of <i><a href="/facts/The_Siege_of_Rhodes/mJh3Mt6K">The Siege of Rhodes</a></i>, Part I, by Sir <a href="/facts/William_Davenant/LMR3hRhR">William Davenant</a> takes place, making it the first <a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a> <a href="/facts/Opera/eLeXDdsP">opera</a> (under the guise of a <a href="/facts/Recitative/I17AlSIe">recitative</a>), in a private theatre at his home, <a href="/facts/Rutland_House/TCGIuY9s">Rutland House</a>, in the City. This also includes the innovative use of painted backdrops and the appearance of England's first professional actress, Mrs. Coleman.</li> <li>Winter: <a href="/facts/Lisle%2527s_Tennis_Court/UMz0UYVA">Lisle's Tennis Court</a> built in <a href="/facts/Lincoln%2527s_Inn_Fields/gEmlmIC4">Lincoln's Inn Fields</a> for <a href="/facts/Real_tennis/bBWuLsVo">real tennis</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1657 <ul><li>8 January: <a href="/facts/Miles_Sindercombe/mBNAbQr9">Miles Sindercombe</a> and his group of disaffected <a href="/facts/Levellers/1APBpHND">Levellers</a> are betrayed in their attempt to assassinate <a href="/facts/Oliver_Cromwell/pyCDY3vk">Oliver Cromwell</a> by blowing up the <a href="/facts/Palace_of_Whitehall/fNoTyNYm">Palace of Whitehall</a> and arrested.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234"><sup>234</sup></a></li> <li>4 February: <a href="/facts/Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England/aSSCK1La">Resettlement of the Jews in England</a>: <a href="/facts/Oliver_Cromwell/pyCDY3vk">Oliver Cromwell</a> gives <a href="/facts/Antonio_Fernandez_Carvajal/9mqoK1AF">Antonio Fernandez Carvajal</a> the assurance of the right of <a href="/facts/Jews/T9Y4wE6A">Jews</a> to remain in England. This year the country's first synagogue (in Creechurch Lane) and Jewish cemetery in modern times open in London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235"><sup>235</sup></a></li> <li>England's first chocolate house opens in London,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236"><sup>236</sup></a> together with the <a href="/facts/Rainbow_Coffee_House/gHeB931e">Rainbow Coffee House</a>, the city's second such establishment; while tobacconist and coffee house owner Thomas Garway in <a href="/facts/Exchange_Alley/8ocVEgma">Exchange Alley</a> is the first person to introduce <a href="/facts/Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom/g5PWxPea">tea in England</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237"><sup>237</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238"><sup>238</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1658 <ul><li>10 March: <a href="/facts/New_London%2c_Connecticut/3sLXaMoT">New London, Connecticut</a> is named.</li> <li>The earliest surviving <a href="/facts/Terrace_house/DT8MaWwr">terrace houses</a> in London are built on <a href="/facts/Newington_Green/xsJWyYs5">Newington Green</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1660 <ul><li>1 January: <a href="/facts/Samuel_Pepys/hDTU7fjk">Samuel Pepys</a> begins writing <a href="/facts/Pepys_Diary/hDTU7fjk">his diary</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239"><sup>239</sup></a></li> <li>3 February: Colonel <a href="/facts/George_Monck/0664Bjou">George Monck</a> and his <a href="/facts/Coldstream_Guards/WCeeL52F">regiment</a> arrive in London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240"><sup>240</sup></a></li> <li>February: <a href="/facts/John_Rhodes_(17th-century)/d5wEzbth">John Rhodes</a> reopens the old <a href="/facts/Cockpit_Theatre/rn3lR4rT">Cockpit Theatre</a>, forms a company of young actors and begins to stage plays. His production of <i><a href="/facts/Pericles%2c_Prince_of_Tyre/RauoXK81">Pericles</a></i> will be the first <a href="/facts/Shakespeare/ohI96JTv">Shakespearean</a> performance of the <a href="/facts/Restoration_(England)/xdp8JnEc">Restoration</a> era.</li> <li>29 May: <a href="/facts/Charles_II_of_England/Acc7cFtF">Charles II</a> arrives in London via Deptford and assumes the throne, marking the beginning of the <a href="/facts/English_Restoration/xdp8JnEc">English Restoration</a>. He subsequently orders the remodelling of <a href="/facts/St._James%2527s_Park/wdb0ULTN">St. James's Park</a> in the French style.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241"><sup>241</sup></a></li> <li>13–17 October: 8 <a href="/facts/List_of_regicides_of_Charles_I/CTleWXql">regicides of Charles I</a> are <a href="/facts/Hanged%2c_drawn_and_quartered/zYgsNN17">hanged, drawn and quartered</a> at <a href="/facts/Charing_Cross/dU2pG5yQ">Charing Cross</a>.</li> <li>28 November: <a href="/facts/Royal_Society/KI5yXCuV">Royal Society</a> founded at <a href="/facts/Gresham_College/rs9IWUyF">Gresham College</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242"><sup>242</sup></a></li> <li>8 December: The first actress to appear on the professional stage in a non-singing role, as <a href="/facts/Desdemona/tqkh1mTt">Desdemona</a> in <i><a href="/facts/Othello/Jvq9NLa4">Othello</a></i>. This is variously considered to be <a href="/facts/Margaret_Hughes/tXJqKpw0">Margaret Hughes</a>, <a href="/facts/Anne_Marshall/sroSXpeG">Anne Marshall</a> or <a href="/facts/Katherine_Corey/yJqSzJse">Katherine Corey</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243"><sup>243</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244"><sup>244</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245"><sup>245</sup></a></li> <li>Approximate date: <a href="/facts/Vauxhall_Gardens/Lkuu6spy">Vauxhall Gardens</a> open as the New Spring Gardens.</li></ul></li> <li>1661 <ul><li>6 January: The <a href="/facts/Fifth_Monarchists/EserN7MU">Fifth Monarchists</a> unsuccessfully attempt to seize control of London, and <a href="/facts/George_Monck/0664Bjou">George Monck</a>'s <a href="/facts/Coldstream_Guards/WCeeL52F">regiment</a> defeats them.</li> <li>30 January: 4 deceased <a href="/facts/List_of_regicides_of_Charles_I/CTleWXql">regicides of Charles I</a> suffer <a href="/facts/Posthumous_execution/s7XuSysh">posthumous execution</a> at <a href="/facts/Tyburn/kYeWqkJn">Tyburn</a>; <a href="/facts/Oliver_Cromwell%2527s_head/b4qWewa2">Oliver Cromwell's head</a>, with the others', is raised above the Palace of Westminster Hall where it remains until the 1680s, later becoming a tourist attraction in private hands.</li> <li>23 April: The coronation of <a href="/facts/Charles_II_of_England/Acc7cFtF">Charles II of England</a> takes place in Westminster Abbey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246"><sup>246</sup></a></li> <li>28 June: <a href="/facts/Lisle%2527s_Tennis_Court/UMz0UYVA">Lisle's Tennis Court</a> in <a href="/facts/Lincoln%2527s_Inn_Fields/gEmlmIC4">Lincoln's Inn Fields</a> opens as a playhouse.</li> <li>September: <a href="/facts/Pall_Mall%2c_London/vcuqDw2z">Pall Mall</a> is laid out as a thoroughfare in Westminster.</li> <li>The diarist <a href="/facts/John_Evelyn/3t6ukWq8">John Evelyn</a> publishes his pamphlet <i><a href="/facts/Fumifugium/PV9y5jhY">Fumifugium</a>, or, The inconveniencie of the aer and smoak of London dissipated together with some remedies humbly proposed by J.E. Esq. to His Sacred Majestie</i>, making it the earliest discussion of the city's <a href="/facts/Air_pollution/zmk9Dy7S">air pollution</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247"><sup>247</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1662 <ul><li>9 May: Pepys witnesses a <a href="/facts/Punch_and_Judy/Cnk21YHE">Punch and Judy</a> show in <a href="/facts/Covent_Garden/XxG9es93">Covent Garden</a>, making it the first on record.</li> <li>23 August: An extravagant pageant on the Thames greets the arrival of Charles II and his new queen <a href="/facts/Catherine_of_Braganza/PXc46zIM">Catherine of Braganza</a> at the <a href="/facts/Palace_of_Whitehall/fNoTyNYm">Palace of Whitehall</a> from <a href="/facts/Hampton_Court_Palace/jLMSwzMh">Hampton Court</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248"><sup>248</sup></a></li> <li>September: <a href="/facts/Henry_Jermyn%2c_1st_Earl_of_St_Albans/Mvbgfs3r">Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans</a>, begins residential development of the <a href="/facts/West_End_of_London/tH70758Y">West End</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249"><sup>249</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/London_and_Westminster_Streets_Act_1662/gSoJQwp5">London and Westminster Streets Act 1662</a> (<a href="/facts/14_Cha._2/j4tF04zf">14 Cha. 2</a>. c. 2) is passed, and the first <a href="/facts/Hackney_carriage/sqWjmwsQ">hackney carriage</a> licences are issued.</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Graunt/wmoIJJCx">John Graunt</a> publishes information about births and deaths in London in one of the earliest uses of <a href="/facts/Statistics/DNPsKGYU">statistics</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1663 <ul><li>7 May: <a href="/facts/Theatre_Royal%2c_Drury_Lane/pqbRlUhB">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a> opens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250"><sup>250</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/The_Olde_Wine_Shades/0WmsUHM1">The Olde Wine Shades</a> is built as a merchant's house in Martin Lane.</li> <li>Diarist <a href="/facts/John_Evelyn/3t6ukWq8">John Evelyn</a> obtains a lease of <a href="/facts/Sayes_Court/w0NGjAj4">Sayes Court</a> and begins to lay out the garden there.</li></ul></li> <li>1664 <ul><li>Francis Child enters the London <a href="/facts/Goldsmith/L1xlgt2o">goldsmith</a>'s business which, as the <a href="/facts/Private_bank/MuM1NRll">private banking house</a> of <a href="/facts/Child_%2526_Co./YdXTduNw">Child & Co.</a>, will still exist the 21st century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251"><sup>251</sup></a></li> <li>The Russian ambassador to England donates the first <a href="/facts/Pelican/5XgCoL0C">pelicans</a> to live in <a href="/facts/St._James%2527s_Park/wdb0ULTN">St. James's Park</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Eltham/PRVPh9na">Eltham</a> Lodge is completed by <a href="/facts/Hugh_May/Dvdknn4l">Hugh May</a> for <a href="/facts/Sir_John_Shaw%2c_1st_Baronet/q3pJdTBW">Sir John Shaw, 1st Baronet</a> (created 15 April 1665).</li> <li>The construction of <a href="/facts/Burlington_House/hWHbIVGy">Burlington House</a> begins.</li></ul></li> <li>1665 <ul><li>6 March: The <i><a href="/facts/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society/a0l7M7RR">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a></i> begins publication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252"><sup>252</sup></a></li> <li>March: 15-year-old <a href="/facts/Nell_Gwyn/5yj6duxP">Nell Gwyn</a> makes her first definitely recorded appearance as an actress on the <a href="/facts/London_stage/dWqroVfz">London stage</a>, having previously been a theatre orange-seller.</li> <li>12 April: The first recorded victim of the <a href="/facts/Great_Plague_of_London/8YrvJFgG">Great Plague of London</a> dies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253"><sup>253</sup></a> On 7 July the King and court leave London to avoid the plague, moving first to <a href="/facts/Salisbury/NJoAdBsG">Salisbury</a>, then to <a href="/facts/Oxford/kHvWDTXW">Oxford</a> from 25 September to 1 February 1666, where in October Parliament convenes. The City begins use of <a href="/facts/Bunhill_Fields/onsKdcLS">Bunhill Fields</a> as a burial ground for the victims. By the time the plague ends, over 70,000 people have died.</li> <li>13 June: The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Poulters/Eagc1MwV">Worshipful Company of Poulters</a> is granted a royal charter.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Thomas_Firmin/oh2bXNP0">Thomas Firmin</a> sets up a textile factory to provide work for the unemployed.</li> <li>Approximate date: The <a href="/facts/Grecian_Coffee_House/qbg7B64J">Grecian Coffee House</a> is established in <a href="/facts/Wapping/WAk4nzDo">Wapping</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1666 – 2–5 September: <a href="/facts/Great_Fire_of_London/nLbPNPe6">Great Fire of London</a>: A large fire which breaks out in the City in the house of baker <a href="/facts/Thomas_Farriner/tMEAm1oH">Thomas Farriner</a> on <a href="/facts/Pudding_Lane/xkcdSTUL">Pudding Lane</a> destroys more than 13,000 buildings, including the <a href="/facts/Old_St_Paul%2527s_Cathedral/Hr5orCag">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a>, but only 6 people are known to have died. It then takes over 10 years to rebuild the City.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254"><sup>254</sup></a></li> <li>1667 <ul><li>8 February: The first part of the <a href="/facts/Rebuilding_of_London_Act_1666/E7TpkHv1">Rebuilding of London Act 1666</a>, following last year's Great Fire of London, goes into effect as <a href="/facts/Royal_assent/lxMqxy43">royal assent</a> is given to the <a href="/facts/Fire_of_London_Disputes_Act_1666/4z6xonak">Fire of London Disputes Act 1666</a>, which establishes the Fire Court.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255"><sup>255</sup></a> The Court, sitting at Clifford's Inn near Fleet Street, hears cases starting on February 27 and continuing until the end of 1668.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256"><sup>256</sup></a> The London Building Act enforces fireproof construction in the reconstruction of the City.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257"><sup>257</sup></a></li> <li>Hedges & Butler is established as wine merchants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258"><sup>258</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1668 <ul><li>23 March (<a href="/facts/Easter/LYPGCQge">Easter</a>): The <a href="/facts/Bawdy_House_Riots_of_1668/y5DDVsEu">Bawdy House Riots of 1668</a> break out.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Carmen/tufkoSjN">Carmen's Company</a> is established.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259"><sup>259</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Lamb_and_Flag%2c_Covent_Garden/lYbSYG4k">Lamb and Flag, Covent Garden</a> is built<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260"><sup>260</sup></a> (although first definitely recorded as a public house – The Cooper's Arms – in 1772).</li></ul></li> <li>1669 <ul><li>The Quaker goldsmiths <a href="/facts/John_Freame/TMAqCUk5">John Freame</a> and Thomas Gould form a partnership as bankers in the City, an origin of <a href="/facts/Barclays/2M992GXz">Barclays</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cosimo_III_de%2527_Medici%2c_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany/s8xQ4njz">Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a>, visits the <a href="/facts/Tower_of_London/D80dKXrh">Tower of London</a> and gives the <a href="/facts/Yeomen_Warders/oKcdYB3Y">Yeomen Warders</a> the nickname "<a href="/facts/Beefeaters/oKcdYB3Y">Beefeaters</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261"><sup>261</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1670 <ul><li>21 January: The French-born gentleman highwayman <a href="/facts/Claude_Duval/qJvJhA4H">Claude Duval</a>, who was particularly active in <a href="/facts/Holloway%2c_London/k7hUy2bU">Holloway</a>, is hanged at <a href="/facts/Tyburn/kYeWqkJn">Tyburn</a>, and is thought to have been buried in <a href="/facts/St_Paul%2527s%2c_Covent_Garden/Q5bXSFMn">St Paul's, Covent Garden</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262"><sup>262</sup></a></li> <li>14 August: Quakers <a href="/facts/William_Penn/LMWEtMpa">William Penn</a> and <a href="/facts/William_Mead_(merchant)/R5MecAQT">William Mead</a> preach in <a href="/facts/Gracechurch_Street/g6DepG0D">Gracechurch Street</a> in the City, in defiance of the recently passed <a href="/facts/Conventicles_Act_1670/6wjSyN3E">Conventicles Act 1670</a>, and are arrested and tried but on 5 September the jury refuses to convict, leading to <a href="/facts/Bushel%2527s_Case/H45Spu0Y">Bushel's Case</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263"><sup>263</sup></a></li> <li>The second Rebuilding Act is passed to raise the tax on coal to provide funds for rebuilding of St Paul's Cathedral and other City churches destroyed in the Great Fire.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Leicester_Square/wyry9TWw">Leicester Square</a> is laid out.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Society_of_Apothecaries/Lsv5USUL">Apothecaries</a>' Hall<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264"><sup>264</sup></a> and the <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Brewers/wVkhANVl">Brewers</a> Hall<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265"><sup>265</sup></a> are built.</li></ul></li> <li>1671 <ul><li>9 May: <a href="/facts/Thomas_Blood/RandxxdR">Thomas Blood</a> attempts to steal the <a href="/facts/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom/WqFSDA2q">Crown Jewels</a> from the <a href="/facts/Tower_of_London/D80dKXrh">Tower of London</a> whilst disguised as a clergyman.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266"><sup>266</sup></a></li> <li>6 June: The rebuilt <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Vintners/DmTJ4Tn0">Vintners' Company</a> Hall is in use in the City.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267"><sup>267</sup></a></li> <li>9 November: The <a href="/facts/Dorset_Garden_Theatre/QBeVzpFb">Duke of York's Theatre</a> is opened at Dorset Garden by the players of the <a href="/facts/Duke%2527s_Company/8pzYtQvh">Duke's Company</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268"><sup>268</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Merchant_Taylors%2527_Hall%2c_London/kju51oXm">Merchant Taylors' Hall</a> is rebuilt.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269"><sup>269</sup></a></li> <li>The Board of Ordnance takes over the site in <a href="/facts/Woolwich/FI2XfPuc">Woolwich</a> known as "The Warren" as a military storage facility, predecessor of the <a href="/facts/Royal_Arsenal/LeAM8VHe">Royal Arsenal</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1672 <ul><li>25 January: The <a href="/facts/Theatre_Royal%2c_Drury_Lane/pqbRlUhB">Theatre Royal in Bridges Street</a> burns down, forcing the <a href="/facts/King%2527s_Company/HGcH12kp">King's Company</a> to relocate to the <a href="/facts/Lincoln%2527s_Inn_Fields_Theatre/UMz0UYVA">Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre</a> while the Theatre Royal is rebuilt in <a href="/facts/Drury_Lane/cc64slSn">Drury Lane</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270"><sup>270</sup></a></li> <li>30 December: The first commercial public concert series in Europe begins, organised by <a href="/facts/John_Banister_(composer)/vdNWxnwU">John Banister</a> in Whitefriars near <a href="/facts/Fleet_Street/Xu5hJJj9">Fleet Street</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271"><sup>271</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Ludgate/NGA34pfd">Ludgate</a>, <a href="/facts/Moorgate/znQkTSgk">Moorgate</a>, and <a href="/facts/Newgate/uXpoohUv">Newgate</a> are rebuilt, and the rebuilding of <a href="/facts/Temple_Bar%2c_London/48sPNsyp">Temple Bar</a> and the church of <a href="/facts/St_Stephen%2527s%2c_Walbrook/wt4BXmEh">St Stephen's, Walbrook</a> in the City begin to the designs of <a href="/facts/Christopher_Wren/yKSh7QUa">Christopher Wren</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272"><sup>272</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Paviors/mpxuF1o5">Worshipful Company of Paviors</a> is granted a royal charter.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Richard_Hoare_(banker)/a6kNyh2o">Richard Hoare</a> becomes a partner in the London <a href="/facts/Goldsmith/L1xlgt2o">goldsmith</a>'s business which, as <a href="/facts/Private_bank/MuM1NRll">private banking house</a> <a href="/facts/C._Hoare_%2526_Co/7HdTmoYl">C. Hoare & Co</a>., will survive through to the 21st century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273"><sup>273</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Fulham_Pottery/7z70eUnp">Fulham Pottery</a> is established by <a href="/facts/John_Dwight_(potter)/CN0y4kAk">John Dwight</a>, making it the earliest certainly known native <a href="/facts/Stoneware/h6JS15YF">stoneware</a> manufacturer in England; it will survive until the second half of the 20th century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274"><sup>274</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1673 <ul><li>22 January: The impostor <a href="/facts/Mary_Carleton/5U51j1yg">Mary Carleton</a> is hanged in <a href="/facts/Newgate_Prison/mv3U0Cwd">Newgate Prison</a> for multiple thefts and returning from <a href="/facts/Penal_transportation/uDQVe8v2">penal transportation</a>.</li> <li>The rebuilding of <a href="/facts/St_Mary-le-Bow/1hlsjAkS">St Mary-le-Bow</a> church in <a href="/facts/Cheapside/mHumQxKU">Cheapside</a> and <a href="/facts/Temple_Bar%2c_London/48sPNsyp">Temple Bar</a> gate across <a href="/facts/Fleet_Street/Xu5hJJj9">Fleet Street</a> are completed to designs by Wren.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275"><sup>275</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Chelsea_Physic_Garden/o59I6UDE">Apothecaries' Garden</a> is laid out in Chelsea.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276"><sup>276</sup></a></li> <li>Approximate date: Berkeley House, later known as <a href="/facts/Devonshire_House/UhAuYFpY">Devonshire House</a>, is completed in <a href="/facts/Piccadilly/kl9yLg11">Piccadilly</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1674 <ul><li>26 March: <a href="/facts/Theatre_Royal%2c_Drury_Lane/pqbRlUhB">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a> reopens having been rebuilt after a fire in 1672.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277"><sup>277</sup></a></li> <li>17 July: 2 skeletons of children are discovered at the <a href="/facts/White_Tower_(Tower_of_London)/4A4FL6jn">White Tower (Tower of London)</a> and believed at this time to be the remains of the <a href="/facts/Princes_in_the_Tower/Iwsx16CE">Princes in the Tower</a>; they are subsequently buried in <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278"><sup>278</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Old_Bailey/cSgBBbPA">Court house</a> is rebuilt.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Farriers/U9j79Ls2">Worshipful Company of Farriers</a> is chartered.</li></ul></li> <li>1675 <ul><li>7 May: The <a href="/facts/York_Buildings_Company/kqjJIMx9">York Buildings Company</a> ("The Governor and Company for raising the Thames Water at York Buildings") is established.</li> <li>c. 21 June: The reconstruction of <a href="/facts/St_Paul%2527s_Cathedral/e51m9gYD">St Paul's Cathedral</a> under Sir <a href="/facts/Christopher_Wren/yKSh7QUa">Christopher Wren</a> begins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279"><sup>279</sup></a></li> <li>10 August: <a href="/facts/Charles_II_of_England/Acc7cFtF">Charles II</a> places the foundation stone of the <a href="/facts/Royal_Observatory%2c_Greenwich/gDxv9o65">Royal Observatory, Greenwich</a>, designed by Wren.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280"><sup>280</sup></a></li> <li>c. October: <a href="/facts/Equestrian_statue_of_Charles_I%2c_Charing_Cross/3aRjLfB3">Equestrian statue of Charles I</a> (cast probably in 1633 to a design by <a href="/facts/Hubert_Le_Sueur/JRV8Meu4">Hubert Le Sueur</a> and supposedly broken up during the Interregnum) is re-erected at <a href="/facts/Charing_Cross/dU2pG5yQ">Charing Cross</a>.</li> <li>19 December: <a href="/facts/St_Bride%2527s_Church/9X9CVaqN">St Bride's Church</a>, rebuilt to a design by Wren, reopens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281"><sup>281</sup></a></li> <li>December: Charles II issues a "Proclamation for the suppression of <a href="/facts/Coffee_House/rrEM3n9e">Coffee Houses</a>" due to the political activity which is occurring in the newly popular establishments,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282"><sup>282</sup></a> but it is quickly rescinded.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Green_Ribbon_Club/ja655YCf">Green Ribbon Club</a> founded, based in <a href="/facts/Fleet_Street/Xu5hJJj9">Fleet Street</a>, making it the earliest political club.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283"><sup>283</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1676 <ul><li>Early: <a href="/facts/Thomas_Firmin/oh2bXNP0">Thomas Firmin</a> starts a workhouse in <a href="/facts/Little_Britain%2c_London/RIvw7AXw">Little Britain</a> for the employment of the poor in <a href="/facts/Linen/MHrhhjyW">linen</a> manufacture.</li> <li>26 May: A fire in <a href="/facts/Southwark/8dYlVuJb">Southwark</a> destroys 625 houses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284"><sup>284</sup></a></li> <li>July: <a href="/facts/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital/qmsrh7Gg">Bethlem Hospital</a> for the insane moves to new buildings in <a href="/facts/Moorfields/KHVL0QJE">Moorfields</a> designed by <a href="/facts/Robert_Hooke/T5sEElp5">Robert Hooke</a>, which had begun construction in April 1675.</li> <li>Summer: The <a href="/facts/Royal_Greenwich_Observatory/gDxv9o65">Royal Greenwich Observatory</a>, designed by Sir <a href="/facts/Christopher_Wren/yKSh7QUa">Christopher Wren</a>, is completed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285"><sup>285</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Exeter_Exchange/7ccBz2Sf">Exeter Exchange</a> is built, Wren's rebuilt <a href="/facts/St_Magnus-the-Martyr/u0XvbBqT">St Magnus-the-Martyr</a> church<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286"><sup>286</sup></a> completed, and the first <a href="/facts/Greek_Orthodox/TDYMI9eg">Greek Orthodox</a> church in England is consecrated on Hog Lane.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287"><sup>287</sup></a></li> <li>The hatters that become <a href="/facts/James_Lock_%2526_Co./QSWXtEb1">James Lock & Co.</a> of <a href="/facts/St_James%2527s/P88sb6bU">St James's</a> is established by Robert Davis.</li></ul></li> <li>1677 <ul><li>10 October: <a href="/facts/Grosvenor_Group/PDMvwrTY">The Grosvenor Estate</a> in <a href="/facts/Mayfair/QaoyPLfI">Mayfair</a> comes into the hands of the Grosvenor family when <a href="/facts/Sir_Thomas_Grosvenor%2c_3rd_Baronet/qUejES15">Sir Thomas Grosvenor, 3rd Baronet</a>, marries the heiress Mary Davies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288"><sup>288</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London/fwAjzh4E">Monument to the Great Fire of London</a>, designed by Wren and Hooke, is completed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289"><sup>289</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/The_George_Inn%2c_Southwark/V7eJYgeU">The George Inn, Southwark</a> rebuilt.</li> <li><a href="/facts/The_John_Roan_School/wWCdArLR">The John Roan School</a> is established in <a href="/facts/Greenwich/ognrRWm2">Greenwich</a> for poor boys.</li></ul></li> <li>1678 – 17 October: The magistrate Sir <a href="/facts/Edmund_Berry_Godfrey/96dJeRMT">Edmund Berry Godfrey</a> is found murdered in <a href="/facts/Primrose_Hill/ecBnlQNA">Primrose Hill</a>, and <a href="/facts/Titus_Oates/3H7G1mvo">Titus Oates</a> claims it as a proof of the fabricated "<a href="/facts/Popish_Plot/lVReAKb2">Popish Plot</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290"><sup>290</sup></a></li> <li>1679 <ul><li>17 November: An effigy of the Pope is burned after a large procession through the streets of London.</li> <li>27 November: The <a href="/facts/Duke_of_Monmouth/zrLA7EEl">Duke of Monmouth</a> enters London amid scenes of widespread celebration, having subdued the Scottish <a href="/facts/Covenanter/QCbLx0A3">Covenanters</a>.</li> <li>18 December: Rose Alley ambuscade: The writer <a href="/facts/John_Dryden/dbRd7w9s">John Dryden</a> is set upon by 3 assailants, who are thought to have been instigated by the <a href="/facts/John_Wilmot%2c_2nd_Earl_of_Rochester/dh0ND1IM">Earl of Rochester</a> in a literary dispute.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291"><sup>291</sup></a></li> <li>The new churches of <a href="/facts/St_Edmund%2c_King_and_Martyr/HVbGV8Qw">St Edmund, King and Martyr</a> and <a href="/facts/St_Stephen%2527s%2c_Walbrook/wt4BXmEh">St Stephen's, Walbrook</a> are completed to designs by Wren.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292"><sup>292</sup></a></li> <li>Joseph Truman acquires the <a href="/facts/Black_Eagle_Brewery/3tb9fcRE">Black Eagle Brewery</a> in <a href="/facts/Brick_Lane/VrQMNqRR">Brick Lane</a> to form <a href="/facts/Truman%2527s_Brewery/XVzmDgFk">Truman's Brewery</a>.</li> <li>Approximate date: First <i><a href="/facts/Bagnio/bCAxlwRA">bagnio</a></i> opens in London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293"><sup>293</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1680 <ul><li>February: <a href="/facts/Rev./4kFHo5eP">Rev.</a> <a href="/facts/Ralph_Davenant/LczhvyDx">Ralph Davenant</a>'s will provides for foundation of the <a href="/facts/Davenant_Foundation_School/RaKRQ0nE">Davenant Foundation School</a> for poor boys in <a href="/facts/Whitechapel/bQQNaal9">Whitechapel</a>.</li> <li>27 March: <a href="/facts/William_Dockwra/WUv0SsQR">William Dockwra</a>'s <a href="/facts/London_Penny_Post/cvVgUI5k">London Penny Post</a> mail service begins.</li> <li>The York Buildings<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294"><sup>294</sup></a> are built.</li> <li>Approximate date: <a href="/facts/Jonathan%2527s_Coffee-House/lG4kXDFz">Jonathan's Coffee-House</a> is in business.</li></ul></li> <li>1681 <ul><li>June–July: The City's <a href="/facts/Court_of_Common_Council/4Raarz8l">Court of Common Council</a> orders inscriptions for the <a href="/facts/Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London/fwAjzh4E">Monument to the Great Fire of London</a> and the house in <a href="/facts/Pudding_Lane/xkcdSTUL">Pudding Lane</a> where the fire started blaming it on <a href="/facts/Papists/mSwfE2YM">Papists</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295"><sup>295</sup></a></li> <li>1 July: <a href="/facts/Oliver_Plunkett/SmA5T7Uc">Oliver Plunkett</a>, <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic/rJ4F4gqH">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/facts/Archbishop_of_Armagh_(Roman_Catholic)/FvpEr6T0">Archbishop of Armagh</a> and <a href="/facts/Primate_of_All_Ireland/bc0vAVsE">Primate of All Ireland</a>, falsely convicted of treason, is <a href="/facts/Hanged%2c_drawn_and_quartered/zYgsNN17">hanged, drawn and quartered</a> at <a href="/facts/Tyburn%2c_London/kYeWqkJn">Tyburn</a>, making him the last Catholic <a href="/facts/Martyr/JYxRcEzz">martyr</a> to die in England.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296"><sup>296</sup></a> The Catholic intriguer <a href="/facts/Edward_Fitzharris/58cQLuTY">Edward Fitzharris</a> is also executed on the same day.</li> <li>22 December: Charles II issues a warrant for the building of the <a href="/facts/Royal_Hospital_Chelsea/FYRR11wI">Royal Hospital Chelsea</a> for wounded and retired soldiers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297"><sup>297</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1682 <ul><li>11 March: Work begins on construction of the <a href="/facts/Royal_Hospital_Chelsea/FYRR11wI">Royal Hospital Chelsea</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298"><sup>298</sup></a> to a design by Wren; it will open to <a href="/facts/Chelsea_pensioner/pQeAC8CR">Chelsea pensioners</a> in 1692.</li> <li>19 November: A fire in <a href="/facts/Wapping/WAk4nzDo">Wapping</a> makes 1,500 people homeless.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299"><sup>299</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hungerford_Market/ckyflwX7">Hungerford Market</a> is built in Westminster.</li></ul></li> <li>1683 <ul><li>12 December: The <a href="/facts/River_Thames_frost_fairs/zqP1t5eu">River Thames frost fair</a> begins, and lasts for several months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300"><sup>300</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Chipperfield%2527s_Circus/F2SDNnDU">Chipperfield's Circus</a> dynasty begins when James Chipperfield introduces performing animals to England at the fair in 1684.</li> <li>The Churches of <a href="/facts/St_Benet%2527s%2c_Paul%2527s_Wharf/MalsfYKQ">St Benet's, Paul's Wharf</a> and <a href="/facts/St_James_Garlickhythe/r38cG0yQ">St James Garlickhythe</a>, rebuilt to designs by Wren, are completed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301"><sup>301</sup></a></li> <li>Richard Sadler opens the first <a href="/facts/Sadler%2527s_Wells_Theatre/datsryED">Sadler's Wells Theatre</a> as a "Musick House".</li> <li>The Friendly Society of London, an early fire insurance company, is in business.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302"><sup>302</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1684 <ul><li><a href="/facts/10_Downing_Street/ufgowS3v">10 Downing Street</a> is built in Westminster.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Clarendon_House/oJucba4S">Clarendon House</a>, built between 1664 and 1667, is demolished for the construction of <a href="/facts/Albemarle_Street/eT45tYMC">Albemarle Street</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1685 <ul><li>23 April: The <a href="/facts/Coronation_of_James_II_and_VII_and_Mary/CUubXPIf">Coronation of James II and VII and Mary</a> takes place in <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303"><sup>303</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:304" href="#fn:304"><sup>304</sup></a></li> <li>29 September: Edward Hemming establishes the first organised <a href="/facts/Street_lighting/Uuw2oH1y">street lighting</a> in London, with <a href="/facts/Oil_lamp/g69IsMsg">oil lamps</a> to be lit outside every 10th house on moonless winter nights.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:305" href="#fn:305"><sup>305</sup></a></li> <li>18–19 October: <a href="/facts/Louis_XIV_of_France/2LseeIlj">Louis XIV of France</a> issues the <a href="/facts/Edict_of_Fontainebleau/oUgaDaGp">Edict of Fontainebleau</a>, which revokes the <a href="/facts/Edict_of_Nantes/3KXjorpK">Edict of Nantes</a> and deprives <a href="/facts/Huguenot/x2FcqQ8J">Huguenots</a> of civil rights. Many flee to London where they establish a domestic <a href="/facts/Silk/XhxPpvvS">silk</a> weaving industry in <a href="/facts/Spitalfields/89jV5NFs">Spitalfields</a> and "French ordinaries" (restaurants) in <a href="/facts/Soho/Rawkwhdy">Soho</a>.</li> <li>23 October: <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_Gaunt/2xlFhmbQ">Elizabeth Gaunt</a>, <a href="/facts/Death_by_burning/EB2Cx1sJ">burned at the stake</a> at <a href="/facts/Tyburn/kYeWqkJn">Tyburn</a> for alleged complicity in the <a href="/facts/Rye_House_Plot/mGSRdd5g">Rye House Plot</a>, becomes the last woman executed for political <a href="/facts/Treason/lqT6ECtV">treason</a> in England.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Kensington_Square/2wBpFYPy">Kensington Square</a> laid out.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:306" href="#fn:306"><sup>306</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1686 <ul><li>January: <a href="/facts/Montagu_House%2c_Bloomsbury/215WL6E8">Montagu House, Bloomsbury</a> is destroyed by fire when barely 6 years old.</li> <li>1 May: The annual <a href="/facts/Mayfair/QaoyPLfI">May Fair</a> opens on a new site at <a href="/facts/Shepherd_Market/6Rb0fIAr">Shepherd Market</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/St_Andrew_Holborn_(church)/WkuIuUJ3">St Andrew Holborn church</a>, rebuilt to a design by Wren, is completed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:307" href="#fn:307"><sup>307</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1687 <ul><li>5 July: <a href="/facts/Isaac_Newton/4L7gTncN">Isaac Newton</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Philosophi%25C3%25A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica/DRdvI3yx">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></i>, known as the <i>Principia</i>, is published by the <a href="/facts/Royal_Society/KI5yXCuV">Royal Society</a> of London.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Christ_Church_Greyfriars/d1Hgcbqs">Christ Church Greyfriars</a> (Newgate Street)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:308" href="#fn:308"><sup>308</sup></a> and the churches of <a href="/facts/St_Lawrence_Jewry/bJqItycA">St Lawrence Jewry</a> and <a href="/facts/St_Clement%2527s%2c_Eastcheap/ND2vDtxA">St Clement's, Eastcheap</a>, all rebuilt to designs by Wren, are completed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:309" href="#fn:309"><sup>309</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1688 <ul><li>By July: The first definitely known performance of the <a href="/facts/Henry_Purcell/ANMB8hDN">Henry Purcell</a> opera <i><a href="/facts/Dido_and_Aeneas/z2n8NEuo">Dido and Aeneas</a></i> takes place at <a href="/facts/Josias_Priest/1ufzFxkc">Josias Priest</a>'s girls' school in <a href="/facts/Chelsea%2c_London/9x1VvmQS">Chelsea</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:310" href="#fn:310"><sup>310</sup></a></li> <li>18 December: <a href="/facts/Glorious_Revolution/R2r13My4">Glorious Revolution</a>: <a href="/facts/William_III_of_England/x72cM4jw">William of Orange</a> enters London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:311" href="#fn:311"><sup>311</sup></a></li> <li>Old Palace Terrace is built in <a href="/facts/Richmond%2c_London/3aABjPvI">Richmond</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:312" href="#fn:312"><sup>312</sup></a></li> <li>Over the next 5 years <a href="/facts/Lloyd%2527s_of_London/D5o3q5Hr">Lloyd's of London</a> <a href="/facts/Marine_insurance/GPNM17Ve">marine insurance</a> market begins to form on the premises of <a href="/facts/Edward_Lloyd_(coffeehouse_owner)/k1UslV4N">Edward Lloyd (coffeehouse owner)</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:313" href="#fn:313"><sup>313</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1689 - 13 February: <a href="/facts/William_III_of_England/x72cM4jw">William III</a> and <a href="/facts/Mary_II_of_England/VdX8hDe9">Mary II</a> are proclaimed co-rulers of England in a ceremony at <a href="/facts/Guildhall%2c_London/Ifxa2DNL">Guildhall</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:314" href="#fn:314"><sup>314</sup></a> with their coronation taking place in Westminster Abbey on 11 April by the <a href="/facts/Bishop_of_London/CB20Xupj">Bishop of London</a>, <a href="/facts/Henry_Compton_(bishop)/K6pzdrTf">Henry Compton</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:315" href="#fn:315"><sup>315</sup></a> In May, work begins on remodelling <a href="/facts/Hampton_Court_Palace/jLMSwzMh">Hampton Court Palace</a> to the design of Sir <a href="/facts/Christopher_Wren/yKSh7QUa">Christopher Wren</a> for them<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:316" href="#fn:316"><sup>316</sup></a> together with the <a href="/facts/Hampton_Court_Maze/zz5677ys">Hampton Court Maze</a>. Also this summer, the royal couple purchase Nottingham House and commission Wren to expand it to form <a href="/facts/Kensington_Palace/cYCbL8uC">Kensington Palace</a>, and William commissions a new <a href="/facts/Royal_barge/YVzRGQ2U">royal barge</a> (<a href="/facts/Shallop/e2kr1kWt">shallop</a>) for Mary.</li> <li>1690 <ul><li>7 January: The first recorded full peal is rung at <a href="/facts/St_Sepulchre-without-Newgate/gnUBYXtj">St Sepulchre-without-Newgate</a> in the City, marking a new era in <a href="/facts/Change_ringing/CThHh91h">change ringing</a>.</li> <li>March: <a href="/facts/London%2c_Quo_Warranto_Judgment_Reversed_Act_1689/XI4pppVC">London, Quo Warranto Judgment Reversed Act 1689</a> ("An Act for Reversing the Judgment in a <a href="/facts/Quo_Warranto/JgUJNJe4">Quo Warranto</a> against the City of London and for Restoreing the City of London to its antient Rights and Privileges") passed by Parliament.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:317" href="#fn:317"><sup>317</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Haberdashers/yEok6htr">Worshipful Company of Haberdashers</a> establishes Aske's Hospital, comprising almshouses and a school at <a href="/facts/Hoxton/YljrM6nz">Hoxton</a>, from the bequest of <a href="/facts/Robert_Aske_(merchant)/KIkfQmXP">Robert Aske</a>, origin of <a href="/facts/Haberdashers%2527_Aske%2527s_Boys%2527_School/B8AkxFrs">Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School</a> and others.</li> <li>Approximate date: The <a href="/facts/Great_Synagogue_of_London/4RBJc2pv">Great Synagogue of London</a> is built for <a href="/facts/Ashkenazi_Jews/B9PIYy71">Ashkenazi Jews</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1691 – 9 April: A fire at the <a href="/facts/Palace_of_Whitehall/fNoTyNYm">Palace of Whitehall</a> destroys its Stone Gallery.</li> <li>1693 <ul><li>27 February: <i><a href="/facts/The_Ladies%2527_Mercury/37uT2ntP">The Ladies' Mercury</a></i>, the first periodical specifically for women, begins publication<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:318" href="#fn:318"><sup>318</sup></a> but lasts only for four weeks.</li> <li>The financier <a href="/facts/Richard_Hoare_(banker)/a6kNyh2o">Richard Hoare</a> relocates <a href="/facts/C._Hoare_%2526_Co/7HdTmoYl">Hoare's Bank</a> (founded 1672) from <a href="/facts/Cheapside/mHumQxKU">Cheapside</a> to <a href="/facts/Fleet_Street/Xu5hJJj9">Fleet Street</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/White%2527s/PphHmaKo">White's</a> is established as "Mrs. White's Chocolate House" in <a href="/facts/Mayfair/QaoyPLfI">Mayfair</a> by Francesco Bianco.</li></ul></li> <li>1694 <ul><li>February: The première of <a href="/facts/Thomas_Southerne/J4feMR9n">Thomas Southerne</a>'s play <i><a href="/facts/The_Fatal_Marriage/3VkuUHXh">The Fatal Marriage</a></i> takes place at the <a href="/facts/Theatre_Royal%2c_Drury_Lane/pqbRlUhB">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:319" href="#fn:319"><sup>319</sup></a></li> <li>27 July: The <a href="/facts/Bank_of_England/9ITfYV3q">Bank of England</a> is established by royal charter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:320" href="#fn:320"><sup>320</sup></a></li> <li>25 October: <a href="/facts/Mary_II_of_England/VdX8hDe9">Queen Mary II</a> founds the <a href="/facts/Royal_Hospital_for_Seamen_at_Greenwich/T8j4jdyT">Royal Hospital for Seamen at Greenwich</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:321" href="#fn:321"><sup>321</sup></a> first section completed 1705.</li> <li>The new <a href="/facts/All_Hallows_Lombard_Street/UXN5TVbI">All Hallows Lombard Street</a> church is completed to a design by Wren.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:322" href="#fn:322"><sup>322</sup></a></li> <li>Approximate date: Development of <a href="/facts/Seven_Dials%2c_London/g3PmENd2">Seven Dials</a> begins.</li></ul></li> <li>1695 <ul><li>May: The <i><a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/643152512">Flying-Post</a></i> newspaper begins publication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:323" href="#fn:323"><sup>323</sup></a></li> <li>June?: Première of Purcell's opera <i><a href="/facts/The_Indian_Queen_(opera)/wPT3atKt">The Indian Queen</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:324" href="#fn:324"><sup>324</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Trinity_Green_Almshouses/bkR9QQYd">Trinity Hospital</a> on the <a href="/facts/Mile_End_Road/f4DfkTpt">Mile End Road</a> is established as almshouses for "28 decay’d Masters & Commanders of Ships or the Widows of such"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:325" href="#fn:325"><sup>325</sup></a> by <a href="/facts/Trinity_House/pEsH5jV8">Trinity House</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hoxton/YljrM6nz">Hoxton</a> House is established as a private <a href="/facts/Lunatic_asylum/pUS7U4Py">lunatic asylum</a>.</li> <li>"Don Saltero's Coffee Shop" opens in <a href="/facts/Chelsea%2c_London/9x1VvmQS">Chelsea</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1696 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Queenhithe/jvgGIg8o">Queenhithe</a> <a href="/facts/List_of_windmills_in_London/rg4Vuar9">windmill</a> is built.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Evening_newspaper/q4waJGVL">evening newspaper</a> <i>Dawk's News-Letter</i> begins publication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:326" href="#fn:326"><sup>326</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1697 – 2 December: <a href="/facts/St_Paul%2527s_Cathedral/e51m9gYD">St Paul's Cathedral</a> holds its first service after rebuilding to celebrate the <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Ryswick/Ez4c1f4P">Treaty of Ryswick</a>.</li> <li>1698 <ul><li>4 January: The <a href="/facts/Palace_of_Whitehall/fNoTyNYm">Palace of Whitehall</a> is destroyed by fire.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:327" href="#fn:327"><sup>327</sup></a></li> <li>11 January–21 April: Czar <a href="/facts/Peter_I_of_Russia/plNUAaWM">Peter I of Russia</a> visits England as part of his <a href="/facts/Grand_Embassy_of_Peter_I/f8N6XRVu">Grand Embassy</a>, making a particular study of shipbuilding at <a href="/facts/Deptford_Dockyard/MDHHRzWG">Deptford Dockyard</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:328" href="#fn:328"><sup>328</sup></a></li> <li>December: The <a href="/facts/Chalybeate/nXVoG3wD">Chalybeate</a> <a href="/facts/Well/aPFvzk3V">well</a> is given to the poor of <a href="/facts/Hampstead/3aW7NvaY">Hampstead</a>.</li> <li>The widow Bourne sets up the business which becomes <a href="/facts/Berry_Bros._%2526_Rudd/F4hUvXdm">Berry Bros. & Rudd</a>, who will still be operating as <a href="/facts/Wine_merchant/7Gp6z2Nj">wine merchants</a> in the 21st century.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:329" href="#fn:329"><sup>329</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1699 <ul><li>10 May: <a href="/facts/Billingsgate_Fish_Market/czbo3gdF">Billingsgate Fish Market</a> is sanctioned as a permanent institution by Act of Parliament.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:330" href="#fn:330"><sup>330</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Howland_Great_Wet_Dock/CLPmbku8">Howland Great Wet Dock</a> opens as the first of what become the <a href="/facts/Surrey_Commercial_Docks/n5P53RYY">Surrey Commercial Docks</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:331" href="#fn:331"><sup>331</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="18th-century">18th century</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/18th-century_London/WgSz3z1j">18th-century London</a></p> <h3>1700 to 1749</h3> <ul><li>c. 1700 – The <a href="/facts/Kit-Cat_Club/Fa49mo8r">Kit-Cat Club</a> is established.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:332" href="#fn:332"><sup>332</sup></a></li> <li>1701 <ul><li>23 May: Captain <a href="/facts/William_Kidd/0JGbPRuD">William Kidd</a>, having been imprisoned at <a href="/facts/Newgate_Prison/mv3U0Cwd">Newgate Prison</a> and convicted by the <a href="/facts/King%2527s_Bench_Division/2dqMJjNV">High Court of Admiralty</a> of <a href="/facts/Piracy/7HjKaWFC">piracy</a> and the murder of one of his crew, is hanged at <a href="/facts/Execution_Dock/cWlcztnX">Execution Dock</a> in <a href="/facts/Wapping/WAk4nzDo">Wapping</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:333" href="#fn:333"><sup>333</sup></a> His body suffers <a href="/facts/Gibbeting/njUEe7XU">gibbeting</a> over the Thames at <a href="/facts/Tilbury/4jqPxqEM">Tilbury</a> Point; ballads are already spreading the legend that he has left <a href="/facts/Buried_treasure/BavUtrTj">buried treasure</a> in the Americas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:334" href="#fn:334"><sup>334</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Bevis_Marks_Synagogue/KepdhKdy">Bevis Marks Synagogue</a> is built.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:335" href="#fn:335"><sup>335</sup></a></li> <li>The illustrated magazine <i>Memoirs for the Curious</i> begins publication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:336" href="#fn:336"><sup>336</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1702 <ul><li>11 March: The first regular English national <a href="/facts/Newspaper/q4waJGVL">newspaper</a>, <i><a href="/facts/The_Daily_Courant/Q480mzQA">The Daily Courant</a></i>, is published for the first time<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:337" href="#fn:337"><sup>337</sup></a> in <a href="/facts/Fleet_Street/Xu5hJJj9">Fleet Street</a> by <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_Mallet/mefDb3zx">Elizabeth Mallet</a>; it covers only foreign news.</li> <li>23 April: The Coronation of <a href="/facts/Anne%2c_Queen_of_Great_Britain/0jXC35Ch">Anne, Queen of Great Britain</a> takes place in Westminster Abbey.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:338" href="#fn:338"><sup>338</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1703 <ul><li>26–29 November: The <a href="/facts/Great_Storm_of_1703/REKk7s5W">Great Storm of 1703</a> damages ships in the <a href="/facts/Pool_of_London/qYo3pmTH">Pool of London</a> and the roof of <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Buckingham_Palace/mJfLsoNJ">Buckingham House</a> is built in <a href="/facts/Westminster/fpfm7LnR">Westminster</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1704 – <a href="/facts/Aaron_Hart_(rabbi)/GetE9oYM">Aaron Hart</a> becomes <a href="/facts/Rabbi/vuBf5LYj">rabbi</a> of the <a href="/facts/Great_Synagogue_of_London/4RBJc2pv">Great Synagogue of London</a> and <i><a href="/facts/De_facto/3Du6WQKh">de facto</a></i> the country's first <a href="/facts/List_of_Chief_Rabbis_of_the_United_Hebrew_Congregations/w3GfXDyo">chief rabbi</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:339" href="#fn:339"><sup>339</sup></a></li> <li>1705 <ul><li>March: The first of the principal buildings of <a href="/facts/Greenwich_Hospital%2c_London/T8j4jdyT">Greenwich Hospital</a>, the King Charles Court, designed by <a href="/facts/Christopher_Wren/yKSh7QUa">Christopher Wren</a>, is completed.</li> <li>9 April: <a href="/facts/Her_Majesty%2527s_Theatre/nuWePkxp">The Queen's Theatre</a> in <a href="/facts/Haymarket%2c_London/R4jbGokG">Haymarket</a> is opened by <a href="/facts/John_Vanbrugh/lq31whL0">John Vanbrugh</a> and <a href="/facts/William_Congreve/C6PpaFfF">William Congreve</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:340" href="#fn:340"><sup>340</sup></a></li> <li>Paid able-bodied <a href="/facts/Watchman_(law_enforcement)/SpjS3x7A">watchmen</a> are functioning in the City.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:341" href="#fn:341"><sup>341</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1706 – October:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:342" href="#fn:342"><sup>342</sup></a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Thomas_Twining_(merchant)/B4H26KdH">Thomas Twining</a> opens <a href="/facts/Twinings/LcdRSprg">Twinings</a> in the <a href="/facts/Strand%2c_London/Aba5mgpF">Strand</a> as Britain's first known <a href="/facts/Tea_house/hfPNKFYP">tea house</a>; it will still be in business into the 21st century.</li> <li>The predecessors of food manufacturers <a href="/facts/Crosse_%2526_Blackwell/we1hfGCT">Crosse & Blackwell</a> set up business in London.</li></ul></li> <li>1707 <ul><li>17 December: Major breach of the Thames embankment in <a href="/facts/Dagenham/0L4Yatfa">Dagenham</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:343" href="#fn:343"><sup>343</sup></a></li> <li>The London Building Act is passed to prevent use of combustible façade materials in the City;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:344" href="#fn:344"><sup>344</sup></a> subsequently extended to Westminster.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:345" href="#fn:345"><sup>345</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fortnum_%2526_Mason/cfnfD8u1">Fortnum & Mason</a> is in business in Westminster.</li></ul></li> <li>1708 <ul><li>26 October: <a href="/facts/Topping_out/G1dP66eX">Topping out</a> of the new <a href="/facts/St_Paul%2527s_Cathedral/e51m9gYD">St Paul's Cathedral</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:346" href="#fn:346"><sup>346</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Greene_Man/DIG4bGHX">Greene Man</a> <a href="/facts/Public_House/1vDaSw0H">public house</a> in the Euston Road is established as the Farthing Pie House.</li></ul></li> <li>1709 <ul><li>12 April: The <i><a href="/facts/Tatler_(1709_journal)/sbSfmg07">Tatler</a></i> magazine begins publication, and on 8 July, <i>The Female Tatler</i> follows.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:347" href="#fn:347"><sup>347</sup></a></li> <li>19 April: The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Fan_Makers/6cvsL8tn">Worshipful Company of Fan Makers</a> is chartered.</li> <li>11 November: <a href="/facts/Henry_Sacheverell/o760r8cl">Henry Sacheverell</a> preaches an incendiary sermon <i>The Perils of False Brethren</i> at St Paul's Cathedral, which leads to his impeachment by Parliament.</li></ul></li> <li>1710 <ul><li>1 March: The <a href="/facts/Sacheverell_riots/deS2nyh2">Sacheverell riots</a> take place.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:348" href="#fn:348"><sup>348</sup></a></li> <li>12 June: The <a href="/facts/Commission_for_Building_Fifty_New_Churches/UffuaolA">Commission for Building Fifty New Churches</a> is set up by the <a href="/facts/New_Churches_in_London_and_Westminster_Act_1710/D6f2fyNF">New Churches in London and Westminster Act 1710</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Sun_Fire_Office/Mk3zzmkX">Sun Fire Office</a> is set up as an <a href="/facts/Insurance/06VP8I3B">insurance</a> business.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:349" href="#fn:349"><sup>349</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1710–12: <a href="/facts/Roehampton_House/1LqaS2Gy">Roehampton House</a> is built.</li> <li>1710–28: Church Road, <a href="/facts/Hampstead/3aW7NvaY">Hampstead</a> is built up.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:350" href="#fn:350"><sup>350</sup></a></li> <li>1711 <ul><li>24 February: The première of <a href="/facts/Handel/jVAUntvy">Handel</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Rinaldo_(opera)/TzcKeYrN">Rinaldo</a></i> takes place at the <a href="/facts/Her_Majesty%2527s_Theatre/nuWePkxp">Queen's Theatre</a>, <a href="/facts/Haymarket%2c_London/R4jbGokG">Haymarket</a>, making it the first <a href="/facts/Italian_opera/nmYqU0vI">Italian opera</a> written for the London stage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:351" href="#fn:351"><sup>351</sup></a></li> <li>1 March: <i><a href="/facts/The_Spectator_(1711)/RWg0fE1u">The Spectator</a></i> begins publication.</li> <li>25 December: The rebuilding of <a href="/facts/St_Paul%2527s_Cathedral/e51m9gYD">St Paul's Cathedral</a> is declared complete by Parliament.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:352" href="#fn:352"><sup>352</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Crown_Court_Church/FrtqlLe2">Crown Court Church</a> is established in Westminster.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Marlborough_House/189w6lFy">Marlborough House</a>, which had begun construction in 1709, is completed.</li></ul></li> <li>1711–14 – The <a href="/facts/Hawkubites/cnT5KMDF">Hawkubites</a> gang is at large.</li> <li>1712 <ul><li>Spring: The <a href="/facts/Mohocks/Nyw1ClCl">Mohocks</a> gang is supposedly at large.</li> <li>By October: The <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">German</a> composer <a href="/facts/George_Frideric_Handel/jVAUntvy">George Frideric Handel</a> settles in London, where he will remain until his death in 1759.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Royal_Hospital_School/dbraUEqB">Royal Hospital School</a> is established by charter at the site of <a href="/facts/Greenwich_Hospital%2c_London/T8j4jdyT">Greenwich Hospital</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1713 <ul><li>9 April: <a href="/facts/St_Mary%2527s_Church%2c_Twickenham/jPCB1sRu">St Mary's Church, Twickenham</a> is severely damaged after the nave collapses, requiring it to be completely rebuilt.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Hanover_Square%2c_London/A2doj7M2">Hanover Square</a> development begins.</li></ul></li> <li>1714 <ul><li>March: The <a href="/facts/Scriblerus_Club/RtTSV3o3">Scriblerus Club</a>, an informal group of literary friends, is formed by <a href="/facts/Jonathan_Swift/000AjJvj">Jonathan Swift</a>, <a href="/facts/Alexander_Pope/Tj8QDdeV">Alexander Pope</a>, <a href="/facts/John_Gay/lMA76u3b">John Gay</a>, <a href="/facts/John_Arbuthnot/GeIPgw3f">John Arbuthnot</a> (at whose London house they meet), <a href="/facts/Thomas_Parnell/qlcT7SP3">Thomas Parnell</a>, <a href="/facts/Henry_St_John%2c_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke/G6EhXYRa">Henry St. John</a> and <a href="/facts/Robert_Harley%2c_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Mortimer/kQWkfIho">Robert Harley</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:353" href="#fn:353"><sup>353</sup></a></li> <li>12 May: <a href="/facts/St_Anne%2527s_Church%2c_Kew/BV59ySGL">St Anne's Church, Kew</a> is consecrated as a <a href="/facts/Chapel_of_ease/LpNCadVF">chapel of ease</a> by the Bishop of <a href="/facts/Winchester/ed9fIArJ">Winchester</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:354" href="#fn:354"><sup>354</sup></a></li> <li>20 October: The <a href="/facts/Coronation/DgYPDQSE">coronation</a> of <a href="/facts/George_I_of_Great_Britain/aL14czLX">George I of Great Britain</a> takes place in <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Geffrye_Museum/lQSoURJd">Geffrye Almshouses</a> established by the <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Ironmongers/WTes3EoB">Worshipful Company of Ironmongers</a> in <a href="/facts/Kingsland_Road/Yf7MRRNu">Kingsland Road</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1715 <ul><li>13 January: A major fire originating in an explosion in <a href="/facts/Thames_Street%2c_London/cP5jvagQ">Thames Street</a> destroys more than 100 houses and severely damages the <a href="/facts/Custom_House%2c_City_of_London/YXWHgyuI">Custom House</a>, which requires its complete rebuilding, before being contained in <a href="/facts/Great_Tower_Street/2dzu35NX">Tower Street</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:355" href="#fn:355"><sup>355</sup></a></li> <li>3 May: A total <a href="/facts/Solar_eclipse/2XsCFG1a">solar eclipse</a> is the last total eclipse visible in London for almost 900 years.</li> <li>1 August: The <a href="/facts/Watermen/CFYVua9c">Watermen</a> first compete in a <a href="/facts/Rowing/qVIXbUwA">rowing</a> race on the Thames for the <a href="/facts/Doggett%2527s_Coat_and_Badge/K57u4G1T">Doggett's Coat and Badge</a> sponsored by the <a href="/facts/Actor-manager/2IUncgMW">actor-manager</a> <a href="/facts/Thomas_Doggett/2dmdf4gS">Thomas Doggett</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Allen_%2526_Hanburys/N4gcYtNF">Allen & Hanburys</a> are established as <a href="/facts/Pharmacist/YakY9Lk9">pharmacists</a> by <a href="/facts/Silvanus_Bevan/bR23qqwL">Silvanus Bevan</a> at Old Plough Court.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:356" href="#fn:356"><sup>356</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1716 <ul><li>An accidental explosion at <a href="/facts/The_Foundery/HKnKBday">The Foundery</a> in <a href="/facts/Moorfields/KHVL0QJE">Moorfields</a> kills the owner and 16 workers.</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Gay/lMA76u3b">John Gay</a> publishes the poem <i><a href="/facts/Trivia_(poem)/11SUhC0y">Trivia, or the Art of Walking the Streets of London</a></i>.</li></ul></li> <li>1717 <ul><li>1 January: Count <a href="/facts/Carl_Gyllenborg/lRhVtVxa">Carl Gyllenborg</a>, the <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Swedish</a> ambassador to the UK, is arrested in London over a plot to assist the <a href="/facts/Pretender/P0kudC0X">Pretender</a> <a href="/facts/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart/eKH4Tgbx">James Francis Edward Stuart</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:357" href="#fn:357"><sup>357</sup></a></li> <li>2 March: The dancer <a href="/facts/John_Weaver_(dancer)/NbjRTHIY">John Weaver</a> performs in the first <a href="/facts/Ballet/pumKP1WJ">ballet</a> in Britain, which is shown at the <a href="/facts/Theatre_Royal%2c_Drury_Lane/pqbRlUhB">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a>, <i><a href="/facts/The_Loves_of_Mars_and_Venus/NfGVrmuI">The Loves of Mars and Venus</a></i>.</li> <li>24 June: The <a href="/facts/Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England/oqK0jLM8">Grand Lodge of London and Westminster</a>, the first <a href="/facts/Freemasonry/zgLC9973">Freemasonic</a> <a href="/facts/Grand_Lodge/3oqPX0Ar">Grand Lodge</a> (modern-day <a href="/facts/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England/jKDyfDrc">United Grand Lodge of England</a>), is founded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:358" href="#fn:358"><sup>358</sup></a></li> <li>17 July: <a href="/facts/George_Frideric_Handel/jVAUntvy">George Frideric Handel</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Water_Music_(Handel)/CeDVBwxU">Water Music</a></i> is performed on a barge on the Thames for <a href="/facts/George_I_of_Great_Britain/aL14czLX">King George I</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:359" href="#fn:359"><sup>359</sup></a> In August, Handel becomes the house composer at <a href="/facts/Cannons_(house)/I3qtk5fo">Cannons</a>.</li> <li>September (<a href="/facts/September_equinox/avAVQp1z">Autumnal Equinox</a>): The first known <a href="/facts/Druid/BVkmDmtJ">Druid</a> revival ceremony is held by <a href="/facts/John_Toland/CpwNrFfk">John Toland</a> at <a href="/facts/Primrose_Hill/ecBnlQNA">Primrose Hill</a> to found the Mother Grove, which is later to become the <a href="/facts/Ancient_Order_of_Druids/TNRCfIkx">Ancient Order of Druids</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Thomas_Fairchild_(gardener)/Dh1DGa0T">Thomas Fairchild</a>, a <a href="/facts/Nurseryman/xQbBgGSp">nurseryman</a> at <a href="/facts/Hoxton/YljrM6nz">Hoxton</a> in the East End, becomes the first person to produce a successful scientific plant <a href="/facts/Hybrid_(biology)/pzVJ54xU">hybrid</a>, <i>Dianthus Caryophyllus barbatus</i>, which is also known as the "Fairchild's Mule".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:360" href="#fn:360"><sup>360</sup></a></li> <li>The Royal Brass Foundry is established at <a href="/facts/Royal_Arsenal/LeAM8VHe">Woolwich Arsenal</a> in a building designed by Sir <a href="/facts/John_Vanbrugh/lq31whL0">John Vanbrugh</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1719 <ul><li>February: A <a href="/facts/Royal_Academy_of_Music_(company)/9SjvSlQp">Royal Academy of Music</a> is established as a company to perform operas under the direction of Handel.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Raine%2527s_Foundation_School/plbDf1As">Raine's Foundation School</a> is established by Henry Raine in <a href="/facts/Wapping/WAk4nzDo">Wapping</a>. It closes on 31 August 2020.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Hellfire_Club/cMY2f1zG">Hellfire Club</a> is founded.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Hand_in_Hand_Fire_%2526_Life_Insurance_Society/WLPWLS9k">Hand in Hand Fire & Life Insurance Society</a> is founded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:361" href="#fn:361"><sup>361</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1720 <ul><li>May: The first patient is admitted to the Westminster Public Infirmary, the predecessor of <a href="/facts/St_George%2527s_Hospital/YHSIu9qa">St George's Hospital</a>.</li> <li>11 June: The marine insurers <a href="/facts/Royal_Exchange_Assurance_Corporation/BIubBnAR">Royal Exchange</a> and London Assurance companies are incorporated<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:362" href="#fn:362"><sup>362</sup></a> by the "<a href="/facts/Bubble_Act/bNyKWoV2">Bubble Act</a>".</li> <li>29 December: <a href="/facts/Haymarket_Theatre/apDQwrEI">Haymarket Theatre</a> opens.</li></ul></li> <li>1721 <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Grosvenor_Square/TarwbHhW">Grosvenor Square</a> development begins in Westminster.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Thomas_Guy/zdaWbYhA">Thomas Guy</a> founds <a href="/facts/Guy%2527s_Hospital/j9NbHBfr">Guy's Hospital</a>, originally for incurables discharged from St Thomas'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:363" href="#fn:363"><sup>363</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1722 <ul><li>March: <a href="/facts/Daniel_Defoe/6FXvo1Rh">Daniel Defoe</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/A_Journal_of_the_Plague_Year/CP4vdGes">A Journal of the Plague Year</a></i> is published under the initials H.F., purporting to be an eyewitness account of the <a href="/facts/Great_Plague_of_London/8YrvJFgG">Great Plague of London</a> in 1665.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Bakers/f72svvkF">Bakers</a> Hall is built.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:364" href="#fn:364"><sup>364</sup></a></li> <li>Traffic on <a href="/facts/London_Bridge/CAv1ehzr">London Bridge</a> is required to keep left.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:365" href="#fn:365"><sup>365</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1722–23 – <a href="/facts/Ranger%2527s_House/CqSDVMCd">Ranger's House</a>, <a href="/facts/Blackheath%2c_London/RvGKcIeL">Blackheath</a> is probably constructed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:366" href="#fn:366"><sup>366</sup></a></li> <li>1723 – 8 March: The <a href="/facts/Chelsea_Waterworks_Company/ePGh9WNB">Chelsea Waterworks Company</a> receives a <a href="/facts/Royal_Charter/9R9nIJDR">Royal Charter</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:367" href="#fn:367"><sup>367</sup></a></li> <li>1724 <ul><li>16 November: The notorious criminal <a href="/facts/Jack_Sheppard/5pTv7PBB">Jack Sheppard</a> is <a href="/facts/Hanging/U4n77YAI">hanged</a> at <a href="/facts/Tyburn/kYeWqkJn">Tyburn</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Cannons_(house)/I3qtk5fo">Cannons</a>, a house in <a href="/facts/Edgware/ycycMA8X">Edgware</a> for <a href="/facts/James_Brydges%2c_1st_Duke_of_Chandos/MB1RAdpC">James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos</a>, and Maids of Honour Row, <a href="/facts/Terraced_house/DT8MaWwr">terraced houses</a> on <a href="/facts/Richmond_Green/6D7o13r6">Richmond Green</a>, are completed.</li></ul></li> <li>1725 <ul><li>2 March: A night watchman finds a severed head by the Thames; it is later recognized to be that of the husband, murdered the previous day, of <a href="/facts/Catherine_Hayes_(murderer)/QdD55sat">Catherine Hayes</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:368" href="#fn:368"><sup>368</sup></a></li> <li>24 May: <a href="/facts/Jonathan_Wild/KPYFMvsT">Jonathan Wild</a>, fraudulent "Thief Taker General", is <a href="/facts/Hanging/U4n77YAI">hanged</a> at Tyburn for actually aiding criminals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:369" href="#fn:369"><sup>369</sup></a></li> <li>The church of <a href="/facts/St_George%2527s%2c_Hanover_Square/Jve8H2WC">St George's, Hanover Square</a> is completed.</li> <li>A fire in <a href="/facts/Wapping/WAk4nzDo">Wapping</a> destroys 70 houses.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:370" href="#fn:370"><sup>370</sup></a></li> <li>Approximate date: <a href="/facts/Queen_Square%2c_London/gREk1AhR">Queen Square</a> is completed in <a href="/facts/Bloomsbury/WRKshKYp">Bloomsbury</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1726 <ul><li>9 May: <a href="/facts/Catherine_Hayes_(murderer)/QdD55sat">Catherine Hayes</a>, convicted with two lovers for the brutal murder and dismemberment of her husband the previous year, becomes the last <a href="/facts/Burning_of_women_in_England/eLGjQbRF">woman burned to death at the stake in England</a>, at <a href="/facts/Tyburn/kYeWqkJn">Tyburn</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:371" href="#fn:371"><sup>371</sup></a></li> <li>20 October: The new church of <a href="/facts/St_Martin-in-the-Fields/dF6K2rNQ">St Martin-in-the-Fields</a> in Westminster is dedicated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:372" href="#fn:372"><sup>372</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:373" href="#fn:373"><sup>373</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Fournier_Street/s276t60t">Fournier Street</a> is built in <a href="/facts/Spitalfields/89jV5NFs">Spitalfields</a>, and is mainly occupied by <a href="/facts/Huguenot/x2FcqQ8J">Huguenot</a> silk weavers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:374" href="#fn:374"><sup>374</sup></a></li> <li>The original <a href="/facts/Academy_of_Ancient_Music/2YNCnpeR">Academy of Vocal Music</a> is founded.</li></ul></li> <li>1727 – 11 October: The coronation of <a href="/facts/George_II_of_Great_Britain/zQJ6F5eF">George II of Great Britain</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:375" href="#fn:375"><sup>375</sup></a> takes place in Westminster Abbey.</li> <li>1728 <ul><li>29 January: The première of Gay's <i><a href="/facts/Beggar%2527s_Opera/YFfI0tS6">Beggar's Opera</a></i> takes place at the theatre in <a href="/facts/Lincoln%2527s_Inn_Fields/gEmlmIC4">Lincoln's Inn Fields</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Caroline_of_Ansbach/s3FueP6z">Queen Caroline</a> divides <a href="/facts/Kensington_Gardens/Ybg5mkBt">Kensington Gardens</a> from <a href="/facts/Hyde_Park%2c_London/7HKxeFvc">Hyde Park</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1729 <ul><li>November: The first (wooden) <a href="/facts/Putney_Bridge/y0HsANKL">Putney Bridge</a>, the only fixed crossing of the Thames between <a href="/facts/London_Bridge/CAv1ehzr">London Bridge</a> and <a href="/facts/Kingston_Bridge%2c_London/WFMxETy8">Kingston</a>, is completed.</li> <li><a href="/facts/East_India_House/wjDvuDt0">East India House</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:376" href="#fn:376"><sup>376</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Christ_Church%2c_Spitalfields/qSt21edB">Christ Church, Spitalfields</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:377" href="#fn:377"><sup>377</sup></a> and <a href="/facts/St_Botolph-without-Bishopsgate/bqVk46wV">St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate</a> church<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:378" href="#fn:378"><sup>378</sup></a> (both designed by <a href="/facts/Nicholas_Hawksmoor/l9V52L13">Nicholas Hawksmoor</a>); and <a href="/facts/Marble_Hill_House/yHgaoHc2">Marble Hill House</a>, <a href="/facts/Twickenham/US9k6oGf">Twickenham</a> are completed, with <a href="/facts/Chiswick_House/GvgPckA8">Chiswick House</a> being designed by the owner, <a href="/facts/Richard_Boyle%2c_3rd_Earl_of_Burlington/hxEeueKn">Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington</a> and <a href="/facts/William_Kent/xuaBlotG">William Kent</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Dr_Williams%2527s_Library/PoNVQkW8">Dr Williams's Library</a> is opened as a research centre for nonconformist theology.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:379" href="#fn:379"><sup>379</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1730 <ul><li>3 February: <i>The Daily Advertiser</i> is founded as the first newspaper funded by advertising.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:380" href="#fn:380"><sup>380</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/River_Westbourne/02Svt9jH">River Westbourne</a> dammed to form <a href="/facts/The_Serpentine/TEhy0hq9">The Serpentine</a> in <a href="/facts/Hyde_Park%2c_London/7HKxeFvc">Hyde Park</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Perfumer/7eItmxy0">perfumer</a> <a href="/facts/Floris_of_London/UmlsDaFc">Floris of London</a> is established as a barber's.</li></ul></li> <li>1731 <ul><li>1 January: The <i><a href="/facts/Gentleman%2527s_Magazine/Lf5sWA1n">Gentleman's Magazine</a></i> begins publication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:381" href="#fn:381"><sup>381</sup></a></li> <li>28 April: A fire at <a href="/facts/White%2527s/PphHmaKo">White's</a> Chocolate House, near St. James's Palace, destroys the historic club and the paintings therein, but is kept from spreading by the fast response of firemen.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:382" href="#fn:382"><sup>382</sup></a></li> <li>May: <a href="/facts/Round_Pond_(London)/b4mB5CMx">Round Pond</a> completed in <a href="/facts/Kensington_Gardens/Ybg5mkBt">Kensington Gardens</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:383" href="#fn:383"><sup>383</sup></a></li> <li>23 October: A fire at <a href="/facts/Ashburnham_House/XBUhxD77">Ashburnham House</a> damages the nationally owned <a href="/facts/Cotton_library/8vxfuI88">Cotton library</a>, which is being housed here at the time.</li></ul></li> <li>1732 <ul><li><i><a href="/facts/Prince_Frederick%2527s_Barge/USuozQu6">Prince Frederick's Barge</a></i> is built.</li> <li>7 December: The original Theatre Royal, <a href="/facts/Covent_Garden/XxG9es93">Covent Garden</a>, predecessor of the <a href="/facts/Royal_Opera_House/ttMKVPso">Royal Opera House</a>, is opened by <a href="/facts/John_Rich_(producer)/of4DDvGM">John Rich</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:384" href="#fn:384"><sup>384</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1732–37 – The first section of <a href="/facts/River_Fleet/kxoCexK1">River Fleet</a> is culverted.</li> <li>1733 <ul><li>16 October: <a href="/facts/Devonshire_House/UhAuYFpY">Devonshire House</a>, the former Berkeley House in <a href="/facts/Piccadilly/kl9yLg11">Piccadilly</a>, is destroyed by a fire.</li> <li><a href="/facts/St_Giles_in_the_Fields/6vNoMTpJ">St Giles in the Fields</a> church is rebuilt.</li> <li><a href="/facts/St_George%2527s_Hospital/YHSIu9qa">St George's Hospital</a> opens at <a href="/facts/Hyde_Park_Corner/D5Sa2qxC">Hyde Park Corner</a>, taken as the founding date of <a href="/facts/St_George%2527s%2c_University_of_London/lYkyPVxX">St George's Hospital Medical School</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1734 – The <a href="/facts/Bank_of_England/9ITfYV3q">Bank of England</a> moves to its modern-day location in <a href="/facts/Threadneedle_Street/KIRccBtk">Threadneedle Street</a>.</li> <li>1735 <ul><li>22 September: Sir <a href="/facts/Robert_Walpole/RFyJRSd3">Robert Walpole</a> becomes the first <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_Great_Britain/Uf40UlBb">Prime Minister</a> to occupy <a href="/facts/10_Downing_Street/ufgowS3v">10 Downing Street</a> as his official residence in his capacity as <a href="/facts/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury/lhBfre0l">First Lord of the Treasury</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Beefsteak_Club/TauKMy7B">Sublime Society of Beef Steaks</a> is founded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:385" href="#fn:385"><sup>385</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/William_Hogarth/zVlkYGnx">William Hogarth</a> produces his <i><a href="/facts/A_Rake%2527s_Progress/x7KTevMr">A Rake's Progress</a></i> series of paintings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:386" href="#fn:386"><sup>386</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1736 <ul><li>19 February: The première of <a href="/facts/Handel/jVAUntvy">Handel</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Alexander%2527s_Feast_(Handel)/mpPByQFa">Alexander's Feast</a></i> takes place at the <a href="/facts/Theatre_Royal%2c_Covent_Garden/ttMKVPso">Theatre Royal, Covent Garden</a>.</li> <li>27 July: Riots in east London protesting at <a href="/facts/Irish_people/6Ykz2Dxl">Irish</a> <a href="/facts/Immigrants/8vNxfBhT">immigrants</a> providing cheap labour.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:387" href="#fn:387"><sup>387</sup></a></li> <li>Parliament passes the <a href="/facts/Gin_Act_1736/kBvz0XFx">Gin Act 1736</a> in an attempt to curb the <a href="/facts/Gin_Craze/6AY8zhCU">Gin Craze</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1737 <ul><li>2 March: <a href="/facts/Samuel_Johnson/yl89qQ3t">Samuel Johnson</a> and his former pupil <a href="/facts/David_Garrick/k5yWEs2N">David Garrick</a> leave <a href="/facts/Lichfield/bGPy4PkG">Lichfield</a> to seek their fortunes in London.</li> <li>21 June: The <a href="/facts/Licensing_Act_1737/mShV0c3K">Theatrical Licensing Act</a> is passed, introducing censorship to the London stage, so plays now require approval <i>before</i> production. The "legitimate drama" is limited to the theatres at <a href="/facts/Theatre_Royal%2c_Drury_Lane/pqbRlUhB">Drury Lane</a>, <a href="/facts/Royal_Opera_House/ttMKVPso">Covent Garden</a> and the <a href="/facts/Haymarket_Theatre/apDQwrEI">Haymarket</a>, and <a href="/facts/Edward_Capell/q85dra3S">Edward Capell</a> is appointed as the deputy-inspector of plays.</li></ul></li> <li>1738 <ul><li>24 May: <a href="/facts/Aldersgate_Day/HCyw2bKp">Aldersgate Day</a>: <a href="/facts/John_Wesley/vm9oeMF6">John Wesley</a> experiences a <a href="/facts/Born_again_(Christianity)/uKsRyoPs">spiritual rebirth</a> at a <a href="/facts/Moravian_Church/gayvFHGo">Moravian Church</a> meeting in <a href="/facts/Aldersgate/hTfY6FXC">Aldersgate</a>, which essentially launches the <a href="/facts/Methodism/XXvj9D0G">Methodist movement</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:388" href="#fn:388"><sup>388</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Marylebone_Gardens/2hhdytXT">Marylebone Gardens</a> open.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:389" href="#fn:389"><sup>389</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1739 <ul><li>16 January: The first performance of <a href="/facts/Handel/jVAUntvy">Handel</a>'s <a href="/facts/Oratorio/2BHDyCEp">oratorio</a> <i><a href="/facts/Saul_(Handel)/GQMdE5hJ">Saul</a></i> takes place at <a href="/facts/Her_Majesty%2527s_Theatre/nuWePkxp">The King's Theatre</a>, <a href="/facts/Haymarket%2c_London/R4jbGokG">Haymarket</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:390" href="#fn:390"><sup>390</sup></a></li> <li>29 January: The building of <a href="/facts/Westminster_Bridge/AYweNXV4">Westminster Bridge</a> begins.</li> <li>4 April: The first performance of <a href="/facts/George_Frideric_Handel/jVAUntvy">Handel</a>'s oratorio <i><a href="/facts/Israel_in_Egypt/tavvbgIR">Israel in Egypt</a></i> takes place at <a href="/facts/Her_Majesty%2527s_Theatre/nuWePkxp">The King's Theatre</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:391" href="#fn:391"><sup>391</sup></a></li> <li>17 October: The <a href="/facts/Foundling_Hospital/CwshEwbH">Foundling Hospital</a>, established by <a href="/facts/Thomas_Coram/T3UnkAtx">Thomas Coram</a>, is granted its royal charter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:392" href="#fn:392"><sup>392</sup></a> On 25 March 1741, the first children are admitted to its temporary premises in <a href="/facts/Hatton_Garden/7W51ClnJ">Hatton Garden</a>.</li> <li>25 December: The <a href="/facts/River_Thames/XnQWN52L">Thames</a> freezes.</li> <li>The building of <a href="/facts/Oxford_Street/wtsYmgNm">Oxford Street</a> begins.</li></ul></li> <li>1740 <ul><li>23 September: The <a href="/facts/Royal_London_Hospital/c8nWuJnY">London Infirmary</a> is established;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:393" href="#fn:393"><sup>393</sup></a> it opens on 3 November in Moorfields.</li> <li>The first <a href="/facts/Bow_Street_Magistrates%2527_Court/GIglSwUk">Bow Street Magistrates' Court</a> is presided over by <a href="/facts/Thomas_de_Veil/L49edfhg">Thomas de Veil</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Thomas_Witherby/AIdCYXLR">Thomas Witherby</a> establishes his <a href="/facts/Stationery/IvVEawNr">stationery</a> business in London, specializing in printing and publishing for the <a href="/facts/Marine_insurance/GPNM17Ve">marine insurance</a> industry. By the end of the first decade of the 21st century, it will claim to be the oldest independent publisher in the <a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a> speaking world as the <a href="/facts/Witherby_Publishing_Group/lvoDFbXI">Witherby Publishing Group</a>.</li> <li>Approximate date: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Devonshire_House/UhAuYFpY">Devonshire House</a> is completed in <a href="/facts/Piccadilly/kl9yLg11">Piccadilly</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Booth%2527s_Gin/R5l7rTHB">Booth's</a> London dry <a href="/facts/Gin/h6kcsFID">gin</a> is first produced.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>1741 <ul><li>13 April: The <a href="/facts/Royal_Military_Academy%2c_Woolwich/o4oqyfbd">Royal Military Academy, Woolwich</a> is established to train <a href="/facts/Commissioned_officer/FDFw2Bpd">officers</a> of the <a href="/facts/Royal_Artillery/5gWkJKdd">Royal Artillery</a> and <a href="/facts/Royal_Engineers/dCyuHYJD">Royal Engineers</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:394" href="#fn:394"><sup>394</sup></a></li> <li>19 October: The actor <a href="/facts/David_Garrick/k5yWEs2N">David Garrick</a> has his London stage debut in <i><a href="/facts/Richard_III_(play)/NECHqtHk">Richard III</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:395" href="#fn:395"><sup>395</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/St_Katherine_Coleman/UttxayMY">St Katherine Coleman</a> church is rebuilt.</li></ul></li> <li>1742 <ul><li>28 May: The first known British <i><a href="/facts/Bagnio/bCAxlwRA">bagnio</a></i> to offer a swimming pool opens in London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:396" href="#fn:396"><sup>396</sup></a></li> <li>16 September: The construction of the <a href="/facts/Foundling_Hospital/CwshEwbH">Foundling Hospital</a> starts;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:397" href="#fn:397"><sup>397</sup></a> the first boys are admitted in 1745.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Chelsea_Waterworks_Company/ePGh9WNB">Chelsea Water Works Company</a> introduces a <a href="/facts/Newcomen_atmospheric_engine/fMyUAQjk">Newcomen atmospheric engine</a> in <a href="/facts/Pimlico/BXsluEQf">Pimlico</a>, making it the first economically successful steam pumping engine in London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:398" href="#fn:398"><sup>398</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Samuel_Whitbread_(1720%25E2%2580%25931796)/KnerUjmH">Samuel Whitbread</a> forms a partnership to acquire breweries, foundation of the <a href="/facts/Whitbread/lAt27Ao7">Whitbread</a> hospitality business.</li> <li>Wilton's restaurant begins life as an <a href="/facts/Oyster/ctvJgcks">oyster</a> stall in <a href="/facts/Haymarket%2c_London/R4jbGokG">Haymarket</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:399" href="#fn:399"><sup>399</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1743 <ul><li>21 February: The première of Handel's oratorio <i><a href="/facts/Samson_(Handel)/VKLoau9d">Samson</a></i> takes place at the <a href="/facts/Theatre_Royal%2c_Covent_Garden/ttMKVPso">Theatre Royal, Covent Garden</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Gin_Act_1743/61zTgF4n">Gin Act 1743</a> attempts to increase taxation on <a href="/facts/Gin/h6kcsFID">gin</a>, which provokes <a href="/facts/Riot/x3wtz4CM">riots</a> in London.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ranelagh_Gardens/gHyhJtv9">Ranelagh Gardens</a> opens as pleasure grounds in <a href="/facts/Chelsea%2c_London/9x1VvmQS">Chelsea</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>c. 1743–45 – The <a href="/facts/Chelsea_porcelain_factory/x6Rf7gqQ">Chelsea porcelain factory</a> is established.</li> <li>1744 <ul><li>The auctioneer Baker, later known as <a href="/facts/Sotheby%2527s/M6QBSU7x">Sotheby's</a>, is in business.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Baltic_Exchange/53tL87gr">Baltic Exchange</a> is formed in the City.</li> <li>The rebuilding of <a href="/facts/St_Botolph%2527s_Aldgate/8h3mryaa">St Botolph's Aldgate</a> church by <a href="/facts/George_Dance_the_Elder/vhmJHfJu">George Dance</a> is completed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:400" href="#fn:400"><sup>400</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1745 <ul><li>28 September: The song later to become the British <a href="/facts/National_anthem/H2L6cPAT">national anthem</a> <i><a href="/facts/God_Save_the_King/cXSTtsuI">God Save the King</a></i> is first performed at the <a href="/facts/Theatre_Royal%2c_Drury_Lane/pqbRlUhB">Drury Lane Theatre</a> in a setting by <a href="/facts/Thomas_Arne/wIIgvwY6">Thomas Arne</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:401" href="#fn:401"><sup>401</sup></a></li> <li>6 December ("Black Friday"): <a href="/facts/Jacobite_rising_of_1745/lR22jbES">Jacobite rising</a>: Panic in London over the news that <a href="/facts/Jacobitism/z2w7SVWQ">Jacobite</a> forces from Scotland have reached as far south as <a href="/facts/Derby/kMYgyqNA">Derby</a> 2 days previously.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:402" href="#fn:402"><sup>402</sup></a></li> <li>The east towers of <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a>, which had begun construction in 1722, are completed to a design by <a href="/facts/Nicholas_Hawksmoor/l9V52L13">Nicholas Hawksmoor</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:403" href="#fn:403"><sup>403</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1746 <ul><li>30 July: <a href="/facts/Francis_Towneley/VlbbEn1g">Francis Towneley</a> is convicted of treason before being <a href="/facts/Hanged%2c_drawn_and_quartered/zYgsNN17">hanged, drawn and quartered</a> at <a href="/facts/Kennington_Common/aUCsLyCg">Kennington Common</a> with fellow members of the Jacobite <a href="/facts/Manchester_Regiment_(Jacobite)/oUyBuqPr">Manchester Regiment</a>, and the heads of 2 of them become the last to be publicly displayed on <a href="/facts/Temple_Bar%2c_London/48sPNsyp">Temple Bar</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Shepherd_Market/6Rb0fIAr">Shepherd Market</a> development is completed.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Worshipful_Company_of_Carmen/tufkoSjN">Carmen</a> become a <a href="/facts/Livery_company/otmLKYel">livery company</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Rocque%2527s_Map_of_London%2c_1746/YL0JYGIv">Rocque's Map of London</a> is published.</li></ul></li> <li>1747 <ul><li>31 January: The first <a href="/facts/Venereal_disease/IYL1rxdI">venereal diseases</a> clinic opens at <a href="/facts/London_Lock_Hospital/xs6v31xm">London Lock Hospital</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:404" href="#fn:404"><sup>404</sup></a></li> <li>The piers of <a href="/facts/Westminster_Bridge/AYweNXV4">Westminster Bridge</a>, which are under construction, are found to be sinking.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:405" href="#fn:405"><sup>405</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1748 <ul><li>28 March: A 2-day fire in the City, starting in <a href="/facts/Change_Alley/8ocVEgma">Change Alley</a> on <a href="/facts/Cornhill%2c_London/hemgs9Wd">Cornhill</a>, causes over £1,000,000 worth of damage.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:406" href="#fn:406"><sup>406</sup></a></li> <li>August: The <a href="/facts/Nymphalis_antiopa/CDBvXBKT">Camberwell beauty</a> butterfly is named after specimens found in <a href="/facts/Camberwell/1KxRaX83">Camberwell</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Henry_Fielding/dlxopruv">Henry Fielding</a> becomes a magistrate and organises the forerunner of the <a href="/facts/Bow_Street_Runners/epueBUs5">Bow Street Runners</a>, starting off with 8 men.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:407" href="#fn:407"><sup>407</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/George_and_Vulture/upmForjB">George and Vulture</a> pub is built in the City.</li></ul></li> <li>1749 <ul><li>27 April: A firework display in <a href="/facts/Green_Park/p3mGFPTf">Green Park</a> to celebrate the <a href="/facts/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)/0fSkFEFq">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)</a> finishes early due to the outbreak of fire and rain, but it sees the first official performance of <a href="/facts/George_Frideric_Handel/jVAUntvy">Handel</a>'s <a href="/facts/Concert_band/VcD708Jd">wind band</a> suite <i><a href="/facts/Music_for_the_Royal_Fireworks/yYGm3cyC">Music for the Royal Fireworks</a></i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:408" href="#fn:408"><sup>408</sup></a></li> <li>27 May: Handel stages a benefit concert at and for the <a href="/facts/Foundling_Hospital/CwshEwbH">Foundling Hospital</a> at which the <i><a href="/facts/Foundling_Hospital_Anthem/mksxv80A">Foundling Hospital Anthem</a></i> is premiered.</li></ul></li></ul> <h3>1750 to 1799</h3> <ul><li>1750 <ul><li>8 February: An <a href="/facts/Earthquake/NGjIzagw">earthquake</a> is felt in London.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:409" href="#fn:409"><sup>409</sup></a></li> <li>8 March: A second, more powerful earthquake is felt in London, making this the last to have an <a href="/facts/Epicentre/8nwmjncG">epicentre</a> here.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:410" href="#fn:410"><sup>410</sup></a></li> <li>1 May: Handel begins the tradition of benefit performances of his oratorio <i><a href="/facts/Messiah_(Handel)/9QbLzKoP">Messiah</a></i> at and for the <a href="/facts/Foundling_Hospital/CwshEwbH">Foundling Hospital</a>.</li> <li>18 November: The first <a href="/facts/Westminster_Bridge/AYweNXV4">Westminster Bridge</a> opens,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:411" href="#fn:411"><sup>411</sup></a> making it the only fixed crossing of the <a href="/facts/River_Thames/XnQWN52L">Thames</a> between <a href="/facts/London_Bridge/CAv1ehzr">London Bridge</a> and <a href="/facts/Putney_Bridge/y0HsANKL">Putney</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Berners_Street/0pPrlSn1">Berners Street</a> is laid out in <a href="/facts/Westminster/fpfm7LnR">Westminster</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:412" href="#fn:412"><sup>412</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Whitbread/lAt27Ao7">Whitbread</a> acquire a <a href="/facts/Porter_(beer)/1evo0Wx3">porter</a> brewery on <a href="/facts/Chiswell_Street/1nzhEKxP">Chiswell Street</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1751 <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London/kRxgPxzT">Society of Antiquaries of London</a> is incorporated.</li> <li><a href="/facts/St_Luke%2527s_Hospital_for_Lunatics/hWyCos9y">St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics</a> is founded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:413" href="#fn:413"><sup>413</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1752 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Mansion_House%2c_London/bm5QaTMX">Mansion House</a> is completed on the site of <a href="/facts/Stocks_Market/mJtHR5lH">Stocks Market</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Liberty_Bell/ogflGd1K">Liberty Bell</a> originally cast at the <a href="/facts/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry/1uYq99A1">Whitechapel Bell Foundry</a> for the <a href="/facts/Independence_Hall/fbw8GxtV">Pennsylvania State House</a> in <a href="/facts/Philadelphia/2bFFCCTU">Philadelphia</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1753 <ul><li>29 January: After a month's absence, <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_Canning/m2zG4nRR">Elizabeth Canning</a> returns to her mother's home in London and claims that she was abducted; the following criminal trial causes uproar.</li> <li>7 June: The <a href="/facts/British_Museum/mq5LadWV">British Museum</a> is established by Act of Parliament.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:414" href="#fn:414"><sup>414</sup></a></li> <li>13 December: The first <a href="/facts/Hampton_Court_Bridge/nabdqs15">Hampton Court Bridge</a> opens; it is built of wood in <i><a href="/facts/Chinoiserie/7Gfb16CM">Chinoiserie</a></i> style.</li> <li>The first stage of <a href="/facts/Horace_Walpole/bSwBhBfo">Horace Walpole</a>'s <a href="/facts/Gothic_Revival_architecture/gWJmqCH1">Gothic Revival</a> '<a href="/facts/Castle/1mKnEHKJ">Castle</a>' at <a href="/facts/Strawberry_Hill_House/Hnz1dc7z">Strawberry Hill</a> is completed.</li></ul></li> <li>1755 – 15 April: <a href="/facts/Samuel_Johnson/yl89qQ3t">Samuel Johnson</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/A_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language/Df0XgWuM">A Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> is published by the group of London booksellers, who commissioned it in June 1746,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:415" href="#fn:415"><sup>415</sup></a> with Johnson and his assistants having worked on the project at his home, <a href="/facts/Dr_Johnson%2527s_House/U49jxLlW">17, Gough Square</a>.</li> <li>1756 <ul><li>25 June: <a href="/facts/The_Marine_Society/pFU9D9L3">The Marine Society</a> is founded.</li> <li>The first section of <a href="/facts/New_Road%2c_London/WcSQBvLn">New Road</a> opens.</li></ul></li> <li>1757 <ul><li>4 April: The <a href="/facts/Lord_Mayor_of_London%2527s_State_Coach/xtPSjr8g">Lord Mayor of London's State Coach</a> is commissioned.</li> <li><i><a href="/facts/Harris%2527s_List_of_Covent_Garden_Ladies/I9IV9m3z">Harris's List of Covent Garden Ladies</a></i>, an annual directory of <a href="/facts/Prostitutes/LS7VeWB5">prostitutes</a>, is first published.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Simpson%2527s_Tavern/PwW4gzBV">Simpson's Tavern</a>, <a href="/facts/Cornhill%2c_London/hemgs9Wd">Cornhill</a> is established.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:416" href="#fn:416"><sup>416</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1758 <ul><li>11 April: A temporary wooden bridge over the Thames, erected while the centre stone span of <a href="/facts/London_Bridge/CAv1ehzr">London Bridge</a> is under repair, burns down.</li> <li>c. December: The first Magdalene institution in Britain, <i>Magdalen Hospital for the Reception of Penitent Prostitutes</i>, is founded in <a href="/facts/Whitechapel/bQQNaal9">Whitechapel</a> by <a href="/facts/Robert_Dingley_(FRS)/FYRug7aI">Robert Dingley</a>, <a href="/facts/Jonas_Hanway/mmB9c1ls">Jonas Hanway</a> and <a href="/facts/John_Fielding/J5fdL1Hc">John Fielding</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:417" href="#fn:417"><sup>417</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1759 <ul><li>15 January: The <a href="/facts/British_Museum/mq5LadWV">British Museum</a> opens at <a href="/facts/Montagu_House%2c_Bloomsbury/215WL6E8">Montagu House, Bloomsbury</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:418" href="#fn:418"><sup>418</sup></a></li> <li>4 June: The first <a href="/facts/Kew_Bridge/7ehpTMeb">Kew Bridge</a>, a wooden toll bridge over the Thames, opens to the public, replacing a ferry.</li> <li>August: <a href="/facts/Holbein_Gate/Nq2CGYNI">Holbein Gate</a> is demolished.</li></ul></li> <li>1760 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Hamleys/ShzL4VMm">Hamleys</a> toy shop is in business in <a href="/facts/High_Holborn/fEdJzqP7">High Holborn</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Berkeley_Square/29g2ruel">Berkeley Square</a> is laid out.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:419" href="#fn:419"><sup>419</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Bishopsgate/RNr2fXKN">Bishopsgate</a>, <a href="/facts/Cripplegate/Kbo8EGQI">Cripplegate</a>, and <a href="/facts/Ludgate/NGA34pfd">Ludgate</a> of the <a href="/facts/London_Wall/2qx8zPKU">London Wall</a> are demolished.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:420" href="#fn:420"><sup>420</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1761 <ul><li>8 February: An <a href="/facts/Earthquake/NGjIzagw">earthquake</a> breaks chimneys in <a href="/facts/Limehouse/2Ab9BY2b">Limehouse</a> and <a href="/facts/Poplar%2c_London/Iz08UH5F">Poplar</a>.</li> <li>8 March: A second earthquake occurs in north London, <a href="/facts/Hampstead/3aW7NvaY">Hampstead</a> and <a href="/facts/Highgate/BvzrhDb4">Highgate</a>.</li> <li>22 September: The coronation of <a href="/facts/George_III_of_Great_Britain/1RGERms7">George III of Great Britain</a> takes place in <a href="/facts/Westminster_Abbey/txMva2Xf">Westminster Abbey</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:421" href="#fn:421"><sup>421</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Buckingham_Palace/mJfLsoNJ">Buckingham Palace</a> is sold to George III; remodelling as a house for his new wife <a href="/facts/Queen_Charlotte/88dgqQcy">Queen Charlotte</a> begins the following year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:422" href="#fn:422"><sup>422</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Orangery/wxWy1w9e">Orangery</a> and pagoda in <a href="/facts/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2c_Kew/XN0rTTRv">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a> are designed by <a href="/facts/William_Chambers_(architect)/PU6fhDWr">William Chambers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Aldersgate/hTfY6FXC">Aldersgate</a> and <a href="/facts/Aldgate/RVJ9K210">Aldgate</a> of the London Wall are demolished.</li></ul></li> <li>1762 <ul><li>1 January: <a href="/facts/Boodle%2527s/vrfSac9c">Boodle's</a> is established as a <a href="/facts/Gentlemen%2527s_club/YqvcLECg">gentlemen's club</a> run by <a href="/facts/William_Almack/goFLpy8t">William Almack</a>.</li> <li>January: The "<a href="/facts/Cock_Lane_ghost/XY3FBGon">Cock Lane ghost</a>" appears.</li> <li>23 March: The first legitimately constituted <a href="/facts/Sandemanian/FRMCBCzX">Sandemanian</a> congregation in England meet at Glover's Hall.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:423" href="#fn:423"><sup>423</sup></a></li> <li>22 May: The <a href="/facts/British_royal_family/mx49mfWs">Royal family</a> first takes up residence at <a href="/facts/Buckingham_Palace/mJfLsoNJ">Buckingham House</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:424" href="#fn:424"><sup>424</sup></a></li> <li>25 December: <a href="/facts/Sir_Francis_Baring%2c_1st_Baronet/pHhEXtFN">Francis Baring</a> is released from his apprenticeship and with his brothers forms the partnership that becomes <a href="/facts/Barings_Bank/sLo10yKG">Barings Bank</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:425" href="#fn:425"><sup>425</sup></a></li> <li>The last remaining buildings are cleared from <a href="/facts/London_Bridge/CAv1ehzr">London Bridge</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:426" href="#fn:426"><sup>426</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Moorgate/znQkTSgk">Moorgate</a> of the London Wall is demolished.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Germans/F7mBCrJ4">German</a> composer <a href="/facts/Johann_Christian_Bach/lMYvnPna">Johann Christian Bach</a> arrives in London, where he will spend the remaining 20 years of his life.</li></ul></li> <li>1763 <ul><li>16 May: <a href="/facts/James_Boswell/TzxQUGqv">James Boswell</a> is introduced to <a href="/facts/Samuel_Johnson/yl89qQ3t">Samuel Johnson</a> at <a href="/facts/Thomas_Davies_(bookseller)/cxRt7ulz">Thomas Davies</a>'s bookshop in <a href="/facts/Covent_Garden/XxG9es93">Covent Garden</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Bow_Street_Runners/epueBUs5">Bow Street Horse Patrol</a> are established to deal with highway robberies in the London area.</li></ul></li> <li>1764 <ul><li>February: <a href="/facts/Joshua_Reynolds/8JFAyHFc">Joshua Reynolds</a> co-founds <a href="/facts/The_Club_(dining_club)/DhHu93AL">The Club (dining club)</a> with Samuel Johnson.</li> <li>March: <a href="/facts/Brooks%2527s/JRbDxGDm">Brooks's</a> is established as a <a href="/facts/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)/rzGyr41m">Whig</a> gentlemen's club.</li> <li>23 April: <a href="/facts/Mozart_family_grand_tour/81onY3rm">Mozart family grand tour</a>: 8-year-old <a href="/facts/W._A._Mozart/2X5fm67T">W. A. Mozart</a> settles in London for a year,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:427" href="#fn:427"><sup>427</sup></a> Here, he will write his first 3 symphonies.</li> <li>December: <a href="/facts/Benjamin_Franklin/Dmfv5URr">Benjamin Franklin</a> arrives in London to represent the American colonies (following a previous visit in 1757).</li> <li><a href="/facts/Portman_Square/WyyXy4lX">Portman Square</a> is laid out.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Horse_Shoe_Brewery/IQH1f2de">Horse Shoe Brewery</a> is established at <a href="/facts/St_Giles_Circus/12483VDq">St Giles Circus</a> for the production of <a href="/facts/Porter_(beer)/1evo0Wx3">porter</a>.</li> <li>Lloyd's <i><a href="/facts/Lloyd%2527s_Register/vrGBHT6k">Register of Ships</a></i> begins publication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:428" href="#fn:428"><sup>428</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1765 – February: <a href="/facts/Almack%2527s/IgGtjmLc">Almack's</a> Assembly Rooms open in <a href="/facts/St_James%2527s/P88sb6bU">St James's</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:429" href="#fn:429"><sup>429</sup></a></li> <li>1766 <ul><li>May: The London Paving and Lighting Act is passed.</li> <li>5 December: <a href="/facts/James_Christie_(auctioneer)/5vmDnm9c">James Christie</a> holds the first sale at <a href="/facts/Christie%2527s/6gmjELAo">Christie's</a> auction house.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:430" href="#fn:430"><sup>430</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Tattersalls/RPkqvDuD">Tattersalls</a> is founded as a racehorse auction by <a href="/facts/Richard_Tattersall/uItLkUzP">Richard Tattersall</a> at <a href="/facts/Hyde_Park_Corner/D5Sa2qxC">Hyde Park Corner</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Gwynn_(architect)/sMCGyu72">John Gwynn</a>'s proposals <i>London and Westminster Improved</i> is published.</li></ul></li> <li>1767 – <a href="/facts/Newgate/uXpoohUv">Newgate</a> is demolished, leaving <a href="/facts/Temple_Bar%2c_London/48sPNsyp">Temple Bar</a> as the last remaining City gate.</li> <li>1768 <ul><li>9 January: <a href="/facts/Philip_Astley/Sun8SSos">Philip Astley</a> stages the first modern <a href="/facts/Circus_(performing_art)/7flRQANa">circus</a>, with <a href="/facts/Acrobatics/cdkCU7tz">acrobats</a> on galloping horses.</li> <li>10 May: <a href="/facts/John_Wilkes/BCwSHexx">John Wilkes</a> is imprisoned for writing an article for <i><a href="/facts/The_North_Briton/kYyktYK1">The North Briton</a></i> severely criticising <a href="/facts/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom/1RGERms7">King George III</a>. This action provokes protesters to riot, and in <a href="/facts/Southwark/8dYlVuJb">Southwark</a>, troops fire on the mob, killing 7, which is the <a href="/facts/Massacre_of_St_George%2527s_Fields/3tmqV2cL">Massacre of St George's Fields</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:431" href="#fn:431"><sup>431</sup></a></li> <li>10 December: The <a href="/facts/Royal_Academy_of_Arts/9a5Uhj9K">Royal Academy of Arts</a> is established.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:432" href="#fn:432"><sup>432</sup></a></li> <li>The publisher <a href="/facts/John_Murray_(publishing_house)/g24FrCcj">John Murray</a> is established.</li> <li>The rebuilding of <a href="/facts/Pitzhanger_Manor/zeYyMWhs">Pitzhanger Manor</a> in <a href="/facts/Ealing/MhhMjc6M">Ealing</a> by <a href="/facts/George_Dance_the_Younger/TVJor4Uq">George Dance</a> for his own use takes place.</li></ul></li> <li>1769 <ul><li>25 April–27 May: The first <a href="/facts/Royal_Academy_summer_exhibition/o8jGGaub">Royal Academy summer exhibition</a> is held.</li> <li>28 June: <i><a href="/facts/The_Morning_Chronicle/Jv6ahxXr">The Morning Chronicle</a></i> newspaper begins publication.</li> <li>7 August: <a href="/facts/Hackney_Cut/XER9Ws5A">Hackney Cut</a> opens.</li> <li>September: The <a href="/facts/Spitalfield_Riots/cGEfDJSR">Spitalfield Riots</a> by silk weavers attempting to maintain their pay rates culminate in arrests by soldiers and the killing of 2 weavers.</li> <li>19 November: The first <a href="/facts/Blackfriars_Bridge/fQWqkl2l">Blackfriars Bridge</a> opens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:433" href="#fn:433"><sup>433</sup></a></li> <li>Work on <a href="/facts/Syon_House/Mueq6DIQ">Syon House</a> to the design of <a href="/facts/Robert_Adam/Qu9nqvTo">Robert Adam</a> ceases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:434" href="#fn:434"><sup>434</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gordon%2527s_Gin/acGFKEaf">Gordon's</a> London dry <a href="/facts/Gin/h6kcsFID">gin</a> first produced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:435" href="#fn:435"><sup>435</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1770 <ul><li>August: The <i><a href="/facts/Lady%2527s_Magazine/ny9w5WjY">Lady's Magazine</a></i> begins publication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:436" href="#fn:436"><sup>436</sup></a></li> <li>17 September: The <a href="/facts/Limehouse_Cut/Y2ooLmLK">Limehouse Cut</a> opens.</li> <li>The original <a href="/facts/Coal_Exchange_(London)/NEuTJ22Q">Coal Exchange</a> opens.</li></ul></li> <li>1771 <ul><li>November: The first <a href="/facts/Battersea_Bridge/qjssjxbY">Battersea Bridge</a>, a wooden toll bridge over the Thames at <a href="/facts/Chelsea%2c_London/9x1VvmQS">Chelsea</a>, opens to pedestrians. It opens to vehicles in 1772.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:437" href="#fn:437"><sup>437</sup></a></li> <li>The intersection <a href="/facts/St_George%2527s_Circus/XmVG18ou">St George's Circus</a> is laid out.</li></ul></li> <li>1772 <ul><li>2 November: <i><a href="/facts/The_Morning_Post/6TWhqIvr">The Morning Post</a></i> newspaper begins publication.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:438" href="#fn:438"><sup>438</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Adelphi%2c_London/99ULCJt4">Adelphi</a> Buildings <a href="/facts/Terraced_house/DT8MaWwr">terrace</a> is completed in Westminster by <a href="/facts/Robert_Adam/Qu9nqvTo">Robert Adam</a> and his brothers.</li></ul></li> <li>1773 <ul><li>An informal <a href="/facts/Stock_Exchange/lTJvjyVW">Stock Exchange</a> opens on <a href="/facts/Threadneedle_Street/KIRccBtk">Threadneedle Street</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:439" href="#fn:439"><sup>439</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Astley%2527s_Amphitheatre/M8GfvYpl">Astley's Amphitheatre</a> is founded on Westminster Bridge Road.</li> <li>First London catering establishment to offer <a href="/facts/Curry/3qYKrfJ3">curry</a>, Norrish Street Coffee House.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:440" href="#fn:440"><sup>440</sup></a></li> <li>The original sundial column is removed from <a href="/facts/Seven_Dials%2c_London/g3PmENd2">Seven Dials</a> and acquired by the architect <a href="/facts/James_Paine_(architect)/6Ynz5EL9">James Paine</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1774 <ul><li>17 April: The first avowedly <a href="/facts/Unitarianism/34Ix8PPh">Unitarian</a> congregation at the <a href="/facts/Essex_Street_Chapel/QfXT8jUf">Essex Street Chapel</a> is founded by <a href="/facts/Theophilus_Lindsey/tRnk7buy">Theophilus Lindsey</a>.</li> <li>2 May: The <a href="/facts/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London/kRxgPxzT">Society of Antiquaries of London</a> open the coffin of <a href="/facts/Edward_I_of_England/McXM7vvt">King Edward I</a> in Westminster Abbey and discover that his body has been perfectly preserved for 467 years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:441" href="#fn:441"><sup>441</sup></a></li> <li>5 October–10 November: <a href="/facts/1774_British_general_election/DwyjqdaS">1774 British general election</a>: In Westminster, <a href="/facts/Ignatius_Sancho/hIeHMych">Ignatius Sancho</a> becomes the first person of <a href="/facts/Africa/XkqQUP9s">African</a> origin eligible to vote in Britain.</li> <li>The London Building Act ("Black Act") aims to standardise the quality and construction of buildings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:442" href="#fn:442"><sup>442</sup></a></li> <li>The residential development of <a href="/facts/Highbury_Fields/dJChaQv8">Highbury Fields</a> begins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:443" href="#fn:443"><sup>443</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1775–76 – Winter: An unusually deadly <a href="/facts/Influenza/nWuFzh6L">influenza</a> <a href="/facts/Epidemic/N7fM3HYd">epidemic</a> kills nearly 40,000 people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:444" href="#fn:444"><sup>444</sup></a></li> <li>1776 <ul><li>23 May: The first purpose-built <a href="/facts/Freemasons%2527_Hall%2c_London/SFWApUDu">Freemasons' Hall</a> in England opens on <a href="/facts/Great_Queen_Street/A6SLbIU6">Great Queen Street</a> to a design by <a href="/facts/Thomas_Sandby/txhm6wlB">Thomas Sandby</a>.</li> <li>The construction of <a href="/facts/Somerset_House/ms15CJxF">Somerset House</a> begins in Westminster.</li></ul></li> <li>1777 <ul><li>12 January: <a href="/facts/Richmond_Bridge%2c_London/wovztUbG">Richmond Bridge</a> opens to traffic, replacing a ferry.</li> <li>8 May: The first performance of <a href="/facts/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan/G6nIvm0B">Richard Brinsley Sheridan</a>'s <a href="/facts/Comedy_of_manners/nazXu0Tp">comedy of manners</a> <i><a href="/facts/The_School_for_Scandal/R1HAUssN">The School for Scandal</a></i> takes place at the <a href="/facts/Theatre_Royal%2c_Drury_Lane/pqbRlUhB">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:445" href="#fn:445"><sup>445</sup></a></li> <li>24 July: The rebuilt church of <a href="/facts/St_Alphege_London_Wall/WMgIzxFh">St Alphege London Wall</a> opens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:446" href="#fn:446"><sup>446</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hans_Place/Gpq5NBkP">Hans Place</a> is laid out in <a href="/facts/Knightsbridge/KJlC26Vf">Knightsbridge</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:447" href="#fn:447"><sup>447</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1778 <ul><li>1 November: <a href="/facts/Wesley%2527s_Chapel/oMAM0bva">Wesley's Chapel</a> opens for worship on the <a href="/facts/City_Road/538jbdYY">City Road</a>.</li> <li>The second wooden <a href="/facts/Hampton_Court_Bridge/nabdqs15">Hampton Court Bridge</a> built.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Joseph_Bramah/JjPE8UxL">Joseph Bramah</a> <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patents</a> an improved form of the <a href="/facts/Flush_toilet/84csAWYE">flush toilet</a>, which he begins to manufacture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:448" href="#fn:448"><sup>448</sup></a></li> <li>Flint & Clark, the predecessor of <a href="/facts/Debenhams/yDsymXjU">Debenhams</a>, begin trading as <a href="/facts/Drapers/qXjsBCkX">drapers</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:449" href="#fn:449"><sup>449</sup></a> their successor will enter <a href="/facts/Liquidation/a6jzeIfl">liquidation</a> in 2020.</li></ul></li> <li>1779 <ul><li>2 January: A devastating fire guts the chapel of <a href="/facts/Greenwich_Hospital%2c_London/T8j4jdyT">Greenwich Hospital</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:450" href="#fn:450"><sup>450</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_Adam/Qu9nqvTo">Robert Adam</a> completes his remodelling of <a href="/facts/Kenwood_House/GrQdwnfX">Kenwood House</a> on <a href="/facts/Hampstead_Heath/8JC9qalF">Hampstead Heath</a> for <a href="/facts/William_Murray%2c_1st_Earl_of_Mansfield/6GuAN23H">William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield</a>, which was begun in 1764.</li></ul></li> <li>1780 <ul><li>2 June: An <a href="/facts/Anti-Catholic/CDUFbjaU">anti-Catholic</a> mob led by <a href="/facts/Lord_George_Gordon/IB7IF5G3">Lord George Gordon</a> marches on <a href="/facts/Parliament_of_Great_Britain/CnrgvNVg">Parliament</a> leading to the outbreak of the <a href="/facts/Gordon_Riots/n4jBMjUP">Gordon Riots</a>, in which the City banks are attacked.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:451" href="#fn:451"><sup>451</sup></a></li> <li>7 June: The <a href="/facts/Gordon_Riots/n4jBMjUP">Gordon Riots</a> are ended by the intervention of troops. About 285 people are shot dead, with another 200 wounded and around 450 arrested,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:452" href="#fn:452"><sup>452</sup></a> of whom around 25 will be executed.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Finsbury_Dispensary/WcfVDUos">Finsbury Dispensary</a> is founded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:453" href="#fn:453"><sup>453</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Middlesex_Sessions_House/eeh2UY8l">Middlesex Sessions House</a> opens on <a href="/facts/Clerkenwell/sfbeJ15u">Clerkenwell</a> Green.</li> <li>The original <a href="/facts/Craven_Cottage/pCDV2zlb">Craven Cottage</a> is built by <a href="/facts/William_Craven%2c_6th_Baron_Craven/M1I8Xznk">William Craven, 6th Baron Craven</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1781 – July: Barclay Perkins & Co take over the <a href="/facts/Anchor_Brewery/tTHRF2ak">Anchor Brewery</a> in <a href="/facts/Southwark/8dYlVuJb">Southwark</a> from <a href="/facts/Hester_Thrale/K8ng47Y1">Hester Thrale</a> for the brewing of <a href="/facts/Porter_(beer)/1evo0Wx3">porter</a>.</li> <li>1782 <ul><li>Spring: Plague of <a href="/facts/Brown-tail_moth/F7SxYb5W">brown-tail moth</a> <a href="/facts/Caterpillar/PMgzj7F7">caterpillars</a> in London area.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:454" href="#fn:454"><sup>454</sup></a></li> <li>10 October: <a href="/facts/Sarah_Siddons/HBJ4JXdH">Sarah Siddons</a> makes a triumphant return to the <a href="/facts/Theatre_Royal%2c_Drury_Lane/pqbRlUhB">Drury Lane Theatre</a> in the title role of <a href="/facts/David_Garrick/k5yWEs2N">Garrick</a>'s adaptation of <a href="/facts/Thomas_Southerne/J4feMR9n">Thomas Southerne</a>'s <i>Isabella, or, The Fatal Marriage</i>.</li> <li>4 November: The <a href="/facts/Surrey_Theatre/9l67pLQS">Surrey Theatre</a> opens as the <a href="/facts/Royal_Circus_and_Equestrian_Philharmonic_Academy/9l67pLQS">Royal Circus and Equestrian Philharmonic Academy</a> on <a href="/facts/Blackfriars_Road/aJSlyNT9">Blackfriars Road</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:455" href="#fn:455"><sup>455</sup></a></li> <li>First <a href="/facts/Foot_patrol/V0usYGrl">foot patrols</a> in London.</li> <li>The rebuilt <a href="/facts/Newgate_Prison/mv3U0Cwd">Newgate Prison</a> is completed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:456" href="#fn:456"><sup>456</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1783 <ul><li>March–May: The <a href="/facts/Zong_massacre/RzTpemNV"><i>Zong</i> massacre</a> trials are held.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:457" href="#fn:457"><sup>457</sup></a></li> <li>8 June: The <a href="/facts/Surrey_Chapel%2c_Southwark/LAIdWyRr">Surrey Chapel, Southwark</a> is established by the evangelical preacher <a href="/facts/Rowland_Hill_(preacher)/KgUyIpEM">Rowland Hill</a>.</li> <li>7 November: Murderer <a href="/facts/John_Austin_(highwayman)/9JLQKCL2">John Austin (highwayman)</a> becomes the last person publicly executed at <a href="/facts/Tyburn/kYeWqkJn">Tyburn</a>; from 9 December, executions are held outside the new <a href="/facts/Newgate_Prison/mv3U0Cwd">Newgate Prison</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:458" href="#fn:458"><sup>458</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1784 <ul><li>c. April–August: <a href="/facts/William_Roy/5Atkz1nv">William Roy</a> sets out the baseline of the <a href="/facts/Anglo-French_Survey_(1784%25E2%2580%25931790)/UE8yF7Vc">Anglo-French Survey (1784–1790)</a> on <a href="/facts/Hounslow_Heath/mq4o6GS7">Hounslow Heath</a>.</li> <li>2 April: The construction of <a href="/facts/Severndroog_Castle/CdkpwAW6">Severndroog Castle</a> on <a href="/facts/Shooter%2527s_Hill/ggb3ybDG">Shooter's Hill</a> begins.</li> <li>21 August: <a href="/facts/Joseph_Bramah/JjPE8UxL">Joseph Bramah</a> patents the <a href="/facts/Bramah_lock/2Br41wl6">Bramah lock</a> which he then begins to manufacture.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:459" href="#fn:459"><sup>459</sup></a></li> <li>15 September: The <a href="/facts/Italians/dsdUeJ1n">Italian</a> <a href="/facts/Vincenzo_Lunardi/7RIl4Bej">Vincenzo Lunardi</a> makes the first hydrogen balloon flight in Britain, from <a href="/facts/Moorfields/KHVL0QJE">Moorfields</a> to <a href="/facts/South_Mimms/elFPQRAt">South Mimms</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:460" href="#fn:460"><sup>460</sup></a></li> <li>The development of <a href="/facts/Somers_Town%2c_London/QpxBPob1">Somers Town</a> begins.</li></ul></li> <li>1785 <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/London_Hospital_Medical_College/8qzLK7MK">London Hospital Medical College</a> opens as England's first chartered medical school.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/New_Spring_Gardens/Lkuu6spy">New Spring Gardens</a> is renamed <a href="/facts/Vauxhall_Gardens/Lkuu6spy">Vauxhall Gardens</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1786 <ul><li>21 June: First woman to be <a href="/facts/Burning_of_women_in_England/eLGjQbRF">burnt at the stake</a> at <a href="/facts/Newgate_Prison/mv3U0Cwd">Newgate Prison</a> (as distinct from Tyburn or Smithfield), Phoebe Harris for <a href="/facts/Coin_counterfeiting/u8593RD2">coin counterfeiting</a>. She is led to the stake past the hanged bodies of her accomplices but is allowed to be strangled before the flames are lit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:461" href="#fn:461"><sup>461</sup></a></li> <li>2 August: A delusional needlewoman, <a href="/facts/Margaret_Nicholson/IXf4DIhv">Margaret Nicholson</a>, attempts to stab the king outside <a href="/facts/St_James%2527s_Palace/pzPEqXxF">St James's Palace</a>; she will be confined for the remaining 42 years of her life in <a href="/facts/Bethlehem_Hospital/qmsrh7Gg">Bethlehem Hospital</a> for the insane.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:462" href="#fn:462"><sup>462</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1787 <ul><li>31 May: The original <a href="/facts/Lord%2527s_Cricket_Ground/eqGa6ysL">Lord's Cricket Ground</a> holds its first <a href="/facts/Cricket/tjuTASkU">cricket</a> match;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:463" href="#fn:463"><sup>463</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Marylebone_Cricket_Club/s4IgfhwS">Marylebone Cricket Club</a> is founded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:464" href="#fn:464"><sup>464</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Courage_Brewery/7USChwJj">John Courage</a> acquires the <a href="/facts/Anchor_Brewhouse/0y2saMQ8">Anchor Brewhouse</a> in <a href="/facts/Shad_Thames/qlRP0ayn">Shad Thames</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1788 <ul><li>1 January: The first edition of <i><a href="/facts/The_Times/5BwkodnX">The Times</a></i> newspaper is published under this title after it was launched in 1785 as <i>The Daily Universal Register</i>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:465" href="#fn:465"><sup>465</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Admiralty_House%2c_London/py2TdvEv">Admiralty House</a> is built on <a href="/facts/Whitehall/0GnuK4zH">Whitehall</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Revolution_Society/SrUXrS1g">Revolution Society</a> is formed.</li> <li>The group that later becomes the <a href="/facts/Royal_Philanthropic_Society/yP2u3Qvj">Royal Philanthropic Society</a> is formed to assist homeless children.</li></ul></li> <li>1789 <ul><li>18 March: <a href="/facts/Catherine_Murphy_(counterfeiter)/5jwab8ev">Catherine Murphy</a>, a <a href="/facts/Counterfeit/MaYRLckY">counterfeiter</a>, becomes the last woman in Britain to suffer a sentence of <a href="/facts/Burning_of_women_in_England/eLGjQbRF">death by burning</a>, at <a href="/facts/Newgate_Prison/mv3U0Cwd">Newgate Prison</a> (although she is in practice strangled before being burnt).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:466" href="#fn:466"><sup>466</sup></a></li> <li>4 May: The <a href="/facts/Boydell_Shakespeare_Gallery/twuTjE6F">Boydell Shakespeare Gallery</a> opens.</li> <li>22 September: The first stone <a href="/facts/Kew_Bridge/7ehpTMeb">Kew Bridge</a> opens.</li> <li>London plane (<i><a href="/facts/Platanus_%25C3%2597_hispanica/lTTYVxJM">Platanus × hispanica</a></i>) trees are planted in <a href="/facts/Berkeley_Square/29g2ruel">Berkeley Square</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Daler-Rowney/rlWXv1Bd">Rowney</a>, which was established in 1783 as perfumers, enter the artists' supplies business.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:467" href="#fn:467"><sup>467</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1790 – 23 June: The alleged <a href="/facts/London_Monster/zHQQz2gG">London Monster</a> is arrested, and he later receives 2 years' imprisonment for 3 assaults.</li> <li>1791 <ul><li>1 January: <a href="/facts/Austria/4qWIMIyc">Austrian</a> composer <a href="/facts/Joseph_Haydn/z7NDdYag">Joseph Haydn</a> arrives in England at the invitation of London resident impresario <a href="/facts/Johann_Peter_Salomon/Idv2weLI">Johann Peter Salomon</a>, where his concerts are huge successes. On 11 March, the first of his <a href="/facts/London_symphonies/xdePfSo9">London symphonies</a>, <a href="/facts/Symphony_No._96_(Haydn)/77GCeKjz">Symphony No. 96</a>, is premièred at the <a href="/facts/Hanover_Square_Rooms/sSDBrI35">Hanover Square Rooms</a>. He visits again in 1794.</li> <li>The first <a href="/facts/St_James%2527s%2c_Spanish_Place/7fjuh51B">St James's, Spanish Place</a> (<a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic/rJ4F4gqH">Roman Catholic</a>) is built as a chapel primarily to serve the Spanish Embassy.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Camden_Town/ycUyH8lU">Camden Town</a> development begins.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:468" href="#fn:468"><sup>468</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Giltspur_Street_Compter/Lj4hC6bz">Giltspur Street Compter</a> (prison) built.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:469" href="#fn:469"><sup>469</sup></a></li> <li>Architect <a href="/facts/John_Soane/7WJm0vKk">John Soane</a> begins reconstruction of the <a href="/facts/Bank_of_England/9ITfYV3q">Bank of England</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1792 <ul><li>25 January: The radical <a href="/facts/London_Corresponding_Society/zRqCaEXm">London Corresponding Society</a> is formed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:470" href="#fn:470"><sup>470</sup></a></li> <li>21 June: <a href="/facts/Iolo_Morganwg/efw667QT">Iolo Morganwg</a> holds the first <a href="/facts/Gorsedd/EXzIGoGt">Gorsedd</a> ceremony, on <a href="/facts/Primrose_Hill/ecBnlQNA">Primrose Hill</a>.</li> <li>29 September: The first <a href="/facts/St_Patrick%2527s_Church%2c_Soho_Square/UfbLWX3P">St Patrick's Church, Soho Square</a> (<a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic/rJ4F4gqH">Roman Catholic</a>) is consecrated as a chapel primarily to serve the <a href="/facts/Irish_people/6Ykz2Dxl">Irish</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Henry_Walton_Smith/ePARTNnT">Henry Walton Smith</a> and his wife Anna establish the <a href="/facts/Newsagent/6HCcnmCB">newsagent</a>'s business on Little Grosvenor Street which will become <a href="/facts/W_H_Smith/k5Hk7yBc">W H Smith</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:471" href="#fn:471"><sup>471</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1793 <ul><li>The painter <a href="/facts/Robert_Barker_(painter)/ErGWgeLF">Robert Barker</a> opens his <a href="/facts/Panorama/Klwoc8lk">panorama</a> in a purpose-built <a href="/facts/Rotunda_(architecture)/mcDdxVCu">rotunda</a> off <a href="/facts/Leicester_Square/wyry9TWw">Leicester Square</a>.</li> <li>The permanent <a href="/facts/Cavalry_Barracks%2c_Hounslow/63Py33Rs">Cavalry Barracks, Hounslow</a> are established.</li></ul></li> <li>1794 <ul><li>12 March: The rebuilt <a href="/facts/Theatre_Royal%2c_Drury_Lane/pqbRlUhB">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a> opens.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:472" href="#fn:472"><sup>472</sup></a></li> <li>23 July: The <a href="/facts/Ratcliff/N0Au5UJj">Ratcliffe Fire</a> destroys over 400 homes.</li> <li>Construction of houses on the edge of <a href="/facts/Blackheath%2c_London/RvGKcIeL">Blackheath</a> designed by <a href="/facts/Michael_Searles/TQX64Due">Michael Searles</a>, begins with The Paragon (a <a href="/facts/Crescent_(architecture)/MpD3f60h">crescent</a>), South Row and Montpelier Row; they will be completed in 1805.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:473" href="#fn:473"><sup>473</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Coldbath_Fields_Prison/U3CWqznu">Coldbath Fields Prison</a> is rebuilt.</li> <li><a href="/facts/William_Blake/YQMnyh0G">William Blake</a> publishes <i><a href="/facts/Songs_of_Experience/XSzk20Vx">Songs of Experience</a></i> including the poem "<a href="/facts/London_(William_Blake_poem)/duPLuQSD">London</a>".</li> <li><a href="/facts/Sarson%2527s/MTsPgYJf">Sarson's</a> <a href="/facts/Vinegar/yC27CDkw">vinegar</a> is first brewed in <a href="/facts/Shoreditch/SGU1zBbn">Shoreditch</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1795 <ul><li>22 September: The <a href="/facts/London_Missionary_Society/jlfJMR4v">London Missionary Society</a> is established.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:474" href="#fn:474"><sup>474</sup></a></li> <li>29 October: <a href="/facts/King_George_III_of_Great_Britain/1RGERms7">George III</a> is pelted with stones by an angry mob as the bread riots continue.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:475" href="#fn:475"><sup>475</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Pantheon%2c_London/pWXrB4lL">Pantheon</a> is rebuilt.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:476" href="#fn:476"><sup>476</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/Rudolph_Ackermann/UPkSnsdU">Ackermann</a> print-shop is in business.</li></ul></li> <li>1796 <ul><li>1 February: Protests over the price of bread culminate in <a href="/facts/Queen_Charlotte/88dgqQcy">Queen Charlotte</a> being hit by a stone as she and George III return from a trip to the theatre.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:477" href="#fn:477"><sup>477</sup></a></li> <li>December: The coldest day in London is recorded, reaching −21.1 °C (−6 °F) in <a href="/facts/Greenwich/ognrRWm2">Greenwich</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>1797 <ul><li>15 January: London <a href="/facts/Haberdasher/UJsJKLrN">haberdasher</a> <a href="/facts/John_Hetherington/zAraJfhV">John Hetherington</a> wears the first <a href="/facts/Top_hat/BaQ3UL1l">top hat</a> in public and attracts a large crowd of onlookers. He is later fined £50 for causing <a href="/facts/Public_nuisance/Eogb3GJw">public nuisance</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:478" href="#fn:478"><sup>478</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hatchards/dUK3Y0lQ">Hatchards</a> bookshop is established in <a href="/facts/Piccadilly/kl9yLg11">Piccadilly</a> by John Hatchard.</li></ul></li> <li>1798 <ul><li>2 July: The <a href="/facts/Marine_Police_Force/tstyVsy5">Marine Police Force</a> is formed on the Thames by magistrate <a href="/facts/Patrick_Colquhoun/AVYo7jcd">Patrick Colquhoun</a> to prevent <a href="/facts/Package_pilferage/CrsvnhuA">pilfering</a> in the <a href="/facts/Port_of_London/01v2fpuA">Port of London</a> and <a href="/facts/West_India_Docks/RWXIsAcp">West India Docks</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:479" href="#fn:479"><sup>479</sup></a> it is the first organised <a href="/facts/Police/rrdGISgt">police</a> force in Britain.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Henry_Maudslay/Tgsv16c5">Henry Maudslay</a> sets up the <a href="/facts/Mechanical_engineering/cbId4fye">mechanical engineering</a> business that becomes <a href="/facts/Maudslay%2c_Sons_and_Field/5knvwmX1">Maudslay, Sons and Field</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rules_(restaurant)/UXkV8MjW">Rules (restaurant)</a> is opened by Thomas Rule in <a href="/facts/Maiden_Lane%2c_Covent_Garden/szxBfGpJ">Maiden Lane, Covent Garden</a> as an <a href="/facts/Oyster/ctvJgcks">oyster</a> bar, making it London's oldest restaurant on its original site.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:480" href="#fn:480"><sup>480</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>1799 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Gunter%2527s_Tea_Shop/afX2LX4j">Gunter's Tea Shop</a> is in business.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Horsemonger_Lane_Gaol/lsl3RKpH">Horsemonger Lane Gaol</a> is completed as the new Surrey County Gaol in <a href="/facts/Southwark/8dYlVuJb">Southwark</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:481" href="#fn:481"><sup>481</sup></a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="19th-century">19th century</h2> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/19th-century_London/MLPu3uRP">19th-century London</a> and <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_London_(19th_century)/wYLnRrVm">Timeline of London (19th century)</a></p> <h2 id="20th-century">20th century</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_London_(20th_century)/d6j5tUxo">Timeline of London (20th century)</a></p> <h2 id="21st-century">21st century</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Timeline_of_London_(21st_century)/lNaWQ8me">Timeline of London (21st century)</a></p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>London portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/History_of_London/urabxoSU">History of London</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_Lord_Mayors_of_London/p6WE4oam">List of Lord Mayors of London</a></li></ul> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <p><i>See also lists of works about London by period: <a href="/facts/Tudor_London/4aWQADAj">Tudor London</a>, <a href="/facts/Stuart_London/arFU7J0t">Stuart London</a>, <a href="/facts/18th-century_London/WgSz3z1j">18th century</a>, <a href="/facts/19th-century_London/MLPu3uRP">19th century</a>, <a href="/facts/History_of_London_1900%25E2%2580%25931939/xz2zr1v0">1900–1939</a>, <a href="/facts/London_in_the_1960s/uQU5G3TU">1960s</a></i> </p> published in the 19th century <ul><li><a href="/facts/James_Elmes/uTUQd4mP">Elmes, James</a> (1831). <a href="https://archive.org/details/atopographicald00elmegoog"><i>Topographical Dictionary of London and Its Environs</i></a>. London: Whittaker, Treacher and Arnot.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Thomas_Allen_(topographer)/wdEmJ71D">Thomas Allen</a>; <a href="/facts/Thomas_Wright_(antiquarian)/rYMBFsuc">Thomas Wright</a> (1839). "Account of the Companies of the City of London, Alphabetically Arranged". <i>History and Antiquities of London, Westminster, Southwark, and Parts Adjacent</i>. Vol. 2. London. pp. 376–429. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.hwh1uq">2027/hvd.hwh1uq</a>.</li> <li>"London". <a href="/facts/Penny_Cyclopaedia/GMuDyIGP"><i>Penny Cyclopaedia</i></a>. Vol. 14. London: Charles Knight. 1839. pp. 109–129. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fucm.5319406728">2027/ucm.5319406728</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Charles_Knight_(publisher)/d7yAk8br">Charles Knight</a>, ed. (1844), <a href="https://archive.org/stream/londonkn06kniguoft#page/257/mode/1up">"Metropolitan Boroughs"</a>, <i>London</i>, vol. 6, London: C. Knight & Co.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Cunningham_(writer%2c_born_1816)/C0eI0xDM">Peter Cunningham</a> (1850), <a href="https://archive.org/stream/handbookoflondon00cunn#page/n41/mode/1up">"Chronology of London Occurrences"</a>, <i>Handbook of London</i> (2nd ed.), London: <a href="/facts/Murray%2527s_Handbooks_for_Travellers/6KJKfb2E">John Murray</a>, <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4773921">4773921</a></li> <li>J. Willoughby Rosse (1859). "London". <i>Index of Dates ... Facts in the Chronology and History of the World</i>. Bohn's reference library. London: <a href="/facts/Henry_George_Bohn/Pmmk9dCS">H.G. Bohn</a>. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.32044098621048">2027/hvd.32044098621048</a> – via Hathi Trust.</li> <li><a href="/facts/John_Timbs/5jtRbI3e">Timbs, John</a> (1866), <i>Club Life of London</i>, London: J. Bentley, <a href="/facts/OL_(identifier)/A13NLNNh">OL</a> <a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7098926M">7098926M</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/George_Henry_Townsend/FHsAGGb0">George Henry Townsend</a> (1867), <a href="https://archive.org/stream/manualofdatesdic00townrich#page/587/mode/1up">"London"</a>, <i>A Manual of Dates</i> (2nd ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co., pp. 587–590</li> <li><a href="/facts/William_Henry_Overall/vhXFHQMt">William Henry Overall</a>, ed. (1870), <a href="https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofchro00overiala#page/508/mode/1up">"London"</a>, <i>Dictionary of Chronology</i>, London: William Tegg, <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2613202">2613202</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Charles_Dickens%2c_Jr/9dRX500m">Charles Dickens</a> (1882), <a href="https://archive.org/stream/dickenssdictiona00dick#page/n23/mode/1up">"Historical Events"</a>, <i>Dickens's Dictionary of London</i>, London: Macmillan & Co.</li> <li>John and Robert Maxwell (1885). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LJsHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA125">"Memorable Dates"</a>. <i>Concise Guide to London</i>. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) circa 1882</li> <li>R. Price-Williams (1885), "Population of London, 1801–81", <i>Journal of the Statistical Society</i>, vol. 48, pp. 349–432, <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.b4148209">2027/uc1.b4148209</a></li> <li>Mrs. Basil Holmes (1896). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQpIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA279">"Burial-Grounds within the Metropolitan Area"</a>. <i>London Burial Grounds</i>. Macmillan.</li></ul> published in the 20th century <ul><li>Henry Barton Baker (1904), <a href="https://archive.org/stream/historyoflondons00bakeuoft#page/ix/mode/1up">"Chronological List of the London Theatres"</a>, <i>History of the London Stage and its Famous Players (1576–1903)</i>, London: Routledge</li> <li><a href="/facts/Hugh_Chisholm/2vWblUBe">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1910). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Westminster">"Westminster" </a>. <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 549–551.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Robert_Donald/PuN5JTWF">Robert Donald</a>, ed. (1907). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Br0ZAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA10">"London"</a>. <i>Municipal Year Book of the United Kingdom for 1907</i>. London: Edward Lloyd. pp. 5–47.</li> <li>Howarth, Osbert John Radcliffe; Ingram, Thomas Allan; Wheatley, Henry Benjamin (1910). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/London">"London" </a>. In <a href="/facts/Hugh_Chisholm/2vWblUBe">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition/mPElbCRY">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 938–968, see pages 945 and 951. IV. Population, Public Health, &c. & VII. Government</li> <li>Francis Miltoun (1908). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WCWgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA287">"Brief Chronology"</a>. <i>Dickens' London</i>. Boston: <a href="/facts/L.C._Page_%2526_Company/KVb0LWzC">L.C. Page & Company</a>.</li> <li>Benjamin Vincent (1910), <a href="https://archive.org/stream/haydnsdictionary00hayd#page/839/mode/1up">"London"</a>, <a href="/facts/Haydn%2527s_Dictionary_of_Dates/mDu9b0mP"><i>Haydn's Dictionary of Dates</i></a> (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co., pp. 839–848</li> <li><a href="/facts/Walter_Godfrey/8YIHKRE3">Walter H. Godfrey</a> (1911), <a href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofarchite00godf#page/351/mode/1up">"List of Buildings on ... Map 1: The City of London and Southwark"</a>, <i>History of Architecture in London</i>, London: B.T. Batsford</li> <li><a href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007971638"><i>Cook's Handbook to London</i></a>. London: <a href="/facts/Cook%2527s_Travellers_Handbooks/4cU8wNwn">Thos. Cook & Son</a>. 1921.</li> <li><a href="/facts/James_Fullarton_Muirhead/FKMJPeDU">Muirhead, James Fullarton</a> (1922). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/London">"London" </a>. <i><a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica/CEyVsjlN">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 31 (12th ed.).</li> <li><a href="/facts/George_Rud%25C3%25A9/4j4sgGNu">George F.E. Rudé</a> (1971). <a href="https://archive.org/details/hanoverianlondon00rudg"><i>Hanoverian London, 1714–1808</i></a>. History of London. University of California Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-520-01778-8.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Louise_Nicholson/J6Qs0MNE">Nicholson, Louise</a> (1998). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aXzsP33a3EsC&pg=PA204">"London Chronology"</a>. <i>London</i>. Abbeville Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-7112-1187-2.</li></ul> published in the 21st century <ul><li>John Richardson (2000). <a href="https://archive.org/details/annalsoflondonye00rich"><i>The Annals of London: A Year-by-year Record of a Thousand Years of History</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-520-22795-8.</li> <li>Leonard Schwarz (2000). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8sTabkXK6XEC&pg=PA641">"London, 1700–1840"</a>. In <a href="/facts/Peter_Clark_(historian)/BaPrP8tQ">Peter Clark</a> (ed.). <i>Cambridge Urban History of Britain</i>. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 641+. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-43141-5.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Peter_Ackroyd/77B7qPKn">Ackroyd, Peter</a> (2001), <a href="https://archive.org/details/londonbiography2001ackr">"Chronology"</a>, <i>London: the Biography</i>, Nan A. Talese, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9780385497701</li> <li>Erika Diane Rappaport (2001). <i>Shopping for Pleasure: Women in the Making of London's West End</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-691-04476-7.</li> <li><a href="/facts/A.N._Wilson/AlpkatpX">A.N. Wilson</a> (2004). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5Se8d8YfW0C&pg=PA193">"Chronology of London History"</a>. <i>London: A History</i>. Modern Library. p. 193+. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-307-42665-9.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ben_Weinreb/wmppy8xK">Ben Weinreb</a>; et al. (2008). <a href="/facts/The_London_Encyclopaedia/ILbxWUp2"><i>The London Encyclopaedia</i></a> (3rd ed.). Macmillan. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-230-73878-2.</li> <li>Michelin; Lifestyle, Michelin Travel (2012). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WCh1M90AVQUC&pg=PT83">"20C to Today (timeline)"</a>. <i>London</i>. <a href="/facts/Michelin_Green_Guide/4WvTvc33">Michelin Green Guide</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-2-06-718238-7.</li> <li>Jonathan Conlin (2013). <i>Tales of Two Cities: Paris, London and the Birth of the Modern City</i>. Counterpoint LLC. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-61902-225-6.</li> <li>Marc Matera (2015). <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7d3qBgAAQBAJ"><i>Black London: The Imperial Metropolis and Decolonization in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-520-95990-3.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of London. <ul><li>British History Online. <a href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/place.aspx?region=1">London</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/London-life.jsp">"London and its Hinterlands: Life in London, 1674–1913"</a>. <i>Old Bailey Proceedings Online</i>. University of Sheffield.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223134618/http://www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/timeline">"Timeline"</a>. <i>Exploring 20th Century London</i>. Renaissance London. Archived from <a href="http://www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/timeline">the original</a> on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014.</li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130705215819/http://www.historicaldirectories.org/hd/findbylocation.asp">"London"</a>, <i>Historical Directories</i>, UK: <a href="/facts/University_of_Leicester/Q0vDtHV7">University of Leicester</a>, archived from <a href="http://www.historicaldirectories.org/hd/findbylocation.asp">the original</a> on 5 July 2013, retrieved 15 January 2014.</li> <li>Europeana. <a href="https://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=what%3Alondon&rows=96">Items related to London</a>, various dates.</li> <li>Digital Public Library of America. Items related to <a href="http://dp.la/search?utf8=✓&page_size=100&q=london+england">London</a>, various dates</li> <li><a href="http://www.victorianlondon.org/dates/dates.htm">"Dates and Events – Chronology"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Victorian London</i>. Stoke Newington: Lee Jackson.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>"Heathrow's archaeology, including Stanwell Cursus is finally announced". The Megalithic Portal. 2 November 2003. Retrieved 20 June 2016. <a href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=2146411025" target="_blank">http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=2146411025</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"London's Oldest Foreshore Structure!". <a href="http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall" target="_blank">http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Heathrow's archaeology, including Stanwell Cursus is finally announced". The Megalithic Portal. 2 November 2003. Retrieved 20 June 2016. <a href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=2146411025" target="_blank">http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=2146411025</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>"First 'London Bridge' in River Thames at Vauxhall". British Archaeology (46). July 1999. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2015. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427021948/http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba46/ba46news.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20110427021948/http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba46/ba46news.html</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Saint, A., Guillery, P. (2012). Survey of London, Volume 48: Woolwich. Yale Books, London. ISBN 978-0-300-18722-9. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_London" target="_blank">/wiki/Survey_of_London</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Hingley, Richard (9 August 2018). Londinium : a biography : Roman London from its origins to the fifth century. London. pp. 27–32. ISBN 978-1-350-04730-3. OCLC 1042078915.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) <a href="978-1-350-04730-3" target="_blank">978-1-350-04730-3</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Hill, Julian. and Rowsome, Peter (2011). Roman London and the Walbrook stream crossing : excavations at 1 Poultry and vicinity, City of London. Rowsome, Peter., Museum of London Archaeology. London: Museum of London Archaeology. pp. 251–62. ISBN 978-1-907586-04-0. OCLC 778916833.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) <a href="978-1-907586-04-0" target="_blank">978-1-907586-04-0</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"UK's oldest hand-written document 'at Roman London dig'". BBC News. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2020. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-36415563" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-36415563</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Ackroyd 2001. - Ackroyd, Peter (2001), "Chronology", London: the Biography, Nan A. Talese, ISBN 9780385497701 <a href="https://archive.org/details/londonbiography2001ackr" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/londonbiography2001ackr</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2. <a href="0-7126-5616-2" target="_blank">0-7126-5616-2</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Timeline". British History. BBC. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/launch_tl_british.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/launch_tl_british.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Ackroyd 2001. - Ackroyd, Peter (2001), "Chronology", London: the Biography, Nan A. Talese, ISBN 9780385497701 <a href="https://archive.org/details/londonbiography2001ackr" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/londonbiography2001ackr</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Letters, Samantha (2005), "Middlesex", Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516, Institute of Historical Research, Centre for Metropolitan History. <a href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40425" target="_blank">http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40425</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2. <a href="0-7126-5616-2" target="_blank">0-7126-5616-2</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"London". Webster's Geographical Dictionary. Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam Co. 1960. p. 627. OL 5812502M. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/webstersgeograph00gcmerich#page/627/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/webstersgeograph00gcmerich#page/627/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Ackroyd 2001. - Ackroyd, Peter (2001), "Chronology", London: the Biography, Nan A. Talese, ISBN 9780385497701 <a href="https://archive.org/details/londonbiography2001ackr" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/londonbiography2001ackr</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Hill, Paul (2009). The Viking Wars of Alfred the Great. Yardley, PA: Westholme. pp. 124–5. ISBN 978-1-59416-087-5. <a href="978-1-59416-087-5" target="_blank">978-1-59416-087-5</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2. <a href="0-7126-5616-2" target="_blank">0-7126-5616-2</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Saint, A., Guillery, P. (2012). Survey of London, Volume 48: Woolwich. Yale Books, London. ISBN 978-0-300-18722-9. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_London" target="_blank">/wiki/Survey_of_London</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2. <a href="0-7126-5616-2" target="_blank">0-7126-5616-2</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Sturluson, Snorri (c. 1230), Heimskringla. Although attested in Skaldic poetry, there is no reference to this event in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Hagland, Jan Ragnar; Watson, Bruce (Spring 2005). "Fact or folklore: the Viking attack on London Bridge" (PDF). London Archaeologist. 12: 328–33. <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" target="_blank">/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2. <a href="0-7126-5616-2" target="_blank">0-7126-5616-2</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Brown, Matt (28 April 2023). "A Brief History of Westminster Abbey". Londonist. Retrieved 24 June 2023. <a href="https://londonist.com/london/history/a-brief-history-of-westminster-abbey" target="_blank">https://londonist.com/london/history/a-brief-history-of-westminster-abbey</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Cook 1921. - Cook's Handbook to London. London: Thos. Cook & Son. 1921. <a href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007971638" target="_blank">http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007971638</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"City Timeline". City of London. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116075209/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/visiting-the-city/archives-and-city-history/city-history/Pages/City-timeline.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140116075209/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/visiting-the-city/archives-and-city-history/city-history/Pages/City-timeline.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"City Timeline". City of London. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116075209/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/visiting-the-city/archives-and-city-history/city-history/Pages/City-timeline.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140116075209/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/visiting-the-city/archives-and-city-history/city-history/Pages/City-timeline.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2. <a href="0-7126-5616-2" target="_blank">0-7126-5616-2</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Richardson 2000. - John Richardson (2000). The Annals of London: A Year-by-year Record of a Thousand Years of History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22795-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/annalsoflondonye00rich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/annalsoflondonye00rich</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Richardson 2000. - John Richardson (2000). The Annals of London: A Year-by-year Record of a Thousand Years of History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22795-8. <a href="https://archive.org/details/annalsoflondonye00rich" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/annalsoflondonye00rich</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Experience the Tower of London. Hampton Court: Historic Royal Palaces. 2007. ISBN 978-1-873993-01-9. <a href="978-1-873993-01-9" target="_blank">978-1-873993-01-9</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>"City Timeline". City of London. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116075209/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/visiting-the-city/archives-and-city-history/city-history/Pages/City-timeline.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140116075209/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/visiting-the-city/archives-and-city-history/city-history/Pages/City-timeline.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Adamson, Melitta Weiss (2004). "Timeline". Food in Medieval Times. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-32147-4. <a href="978-0-313-32147-4" target="_blank">978-0-313-32147-4</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2. <a href="0-7126-5616-2" target="_blank">0-7126-5616-2</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Weinreb 2008. - Ben Weinreb; et al. (2008). The London Encyclopaedia (3rd ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-73878-2. <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2. <a href="0-7126-5616-2" target="_blank">0-7126-5616-2</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>"City Timeline". City of London. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2014. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116075209/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/visiting-the-city/archives-and-city-history/city-history/Pages/City-timeline.aspx" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140116075209/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/visiting-the-city/archives-and-city-history/city-history/Pages/City-timeline.aspx</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Phillips, Geoffrey (1981). Thames Crossings: Bridges, Tunnels and Ferries. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-8202-0. <a href="0-7153-8202-0" target="_blank">0-7153-8202-0</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-304-35730-8. <a href="0-304-35730-8" target="_blank">0-304-35730-8</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Haydn 1910, pp. 839–848. - Benjamin Vincent (1910), "London", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co., pp. 839–848 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/haydnsdictionary00hayd#page/839/mode/1up" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/haydnsdictionary00hayd#page/839/mode/1up</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Letters, Samantha (2005), "Middlesex", Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516, Institute of Historical Research, Centre for Metropolitan History. <a href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40425" target="_blank">http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40425</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>"Ancient charters on display at Guildhall". City of London Corporation. 4 May 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2024. <a href="https://news.cityoflondon.gov.uk/ancient-charters-on-display-at-guildhall-to-mark-historic-links-between-monarchy-and-city-of-london/" target="_blank">https://news.cityoflondon.gov.uk/ancient-charters-on-display-at-guildhall-to-mark-historic-links-between-monarchy-and-city-of-london/</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>Inwood, Stephen (1998). A History of London. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-67153-8. <a href="0-333-67153-8" target="_blank">0-333-67153-8</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>Vincent, Benjamin (1910). Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.). London: Ward, Lock & Co. <a href="https://archive.org/stream/haydnsdictionary00hayd" target="_blank">https://archive.org/stream/haydnsdictionary00hayd</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>Experience the Tower of London. Hampton Court: Historic Royal Palaces. 2007. ISBN 978-1-873993-01-9. <a href="978-1-873993-01-9" target="_blank">978-1-873993-01-9</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>Manco, Jean (26 June 2009). "History of Building Regulations". Researching Historic Buildings in the British Isles. Retrieved 15 July 2016. <a href="http://www.buildinghistory.org/regulations.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.buildinghistory.org/regulations.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-304-35730-8. <a href="0-304-35730-8" target="_blank">0-304-35730-8</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>"Ancient charters on display at Guildhall". City of London Corporation. 4 May 2023. 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