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Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <h3>Cosmopolitan Railway</h3> <p>In 1890 <a href="/facts/William_Gilpin_(governor)/YfPfh8VH">William Gilpin</a> first proposed to connect all the continents by land via the <a href="/facts/Cosmopolitan_Railway/SHwgWVYE">Cosmopolitan Railway</a>. Significant elements of that proposal, such as the English <a href="/facts/Channel_Tunnel/qTu1Un9Q">Channel Tunnel</a>, have been constructed since that era. However, the improvement of the global shipping industry and advent of international air travel has reduced the demand for many intercontinental land connections. </p> <h2 id="europe">Europe</h2> <h3>English Channel</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Channel_Tunnel/qTu1Un9Q">Channel Tunnel</a></p> <p>There is no public highway connection between <a href="/facts/Great_Britain/TNgGQRPj">Great Britain</a> and the <a href="/facts/Continental_Europe/EXR4F23f">European mainland</a>; only a rail connection, the Channel Tunnel. </p><p>A cross channel tunnel was first proposed in 1802 and construction actually started in 1881 before being abandoned. <a href="/facts/Roll-on%2froll-off/MxRAyecg">Roll-on/roll-off</a> ferry services provided links across the channel for vehicles. </p><p>A road tunnel was proposed in 1979, but not considered viable. Construction of the Channel Tunnel started in 1988 and the tunnel opened in 1994. Automobiles and <a href="/facts/Lorry/9GMJWsQU">lorries</a>/<a href="/facts/Transport_truck/9GMJWsQU">transport trucks</a> are loaded onto the <a href="/facts/Eurotunnel_Shuttle/3c4KnD4D">Eurotunnel Shuttle</a>'s <a href="/facts/Car_shuttle_train/Gm7b5uHH">enclosed railway cars</a> (similar to <a href="/facts/Auto_rack/ko4BWMlR">auto rack</a>/<a href="/facts/Motorail/KJunpEj3">motorail</a> railway cars) for the trip through the tunnel. A service road tunnel runs the entire length of the crossing, but is closed to general use and used only during emergencies and for maintenance. Cyclists – both amateur and professional – <a href="/facts/Cycling_in_the_Channel_Tunnel/IKVhCsEd">have crossed the channel via the tunnel</a> on special occasions.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p><p>There have been proposals at various times for a <a href="/facts/Proposed_British_Isles_fixed_sea_link_connections/adN6urtR">second channel tunnel</a> of some kind.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> </p> <h3>Irish Sea</h3> <p>Various ferry services link Ireland to Britain and France. A number of options for an <a href="/facts/Irish_Sea_fixed_crossing/AXt8Pn0G">Irish Sea fixed crossing</a> have been proposed over the years, but none are currently under serious consideration. Additionally, there was a short-lived proposal for an underground roundabout beneath the <a href="/facts/Isle_of_Man/HG7bYyA8">Isle of Man</a>, connecting tunnels to Ireland, Scotland, and two to England.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> Another proposal was for an additional route from <a href="/facts/Scotland/VGwbbxB2">Scotland</a> to the Isle of Man.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> </p> <h3>Channel Islands to France</h3> <p>In July 2009, the <a href="/facts/States_of_Jersey/Kkg3zL9g">States of Jersey</a> were considering the feasibility of building a 14-mile (23 km) tunnel between <a href="/facts/Jersey/3lBLWgpg">Jersey</a> (a <a href="/facts/Crown_Dependencies/2jUeeK21">British Crown dependency</a>) and <a href="/facts/Lower_Normandy/yG4eNsWI">Lower Normandy</a> in <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> There was a revival of the idea in 2018<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> and 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> It was reported in the local media that a link between Jersey and the neighbouring island of <a href="/facts/Guernsey/CwEjEkm2">Guernsey</a> would cost £2.6 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h3>Kerch Strait</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Crimean_Bridge/HA65tqVB">Crimean Bridge</a> is a pair of parallel bridges constructed by the <a href="/facts/Russian_Federation/jfkCwyxn">Russian Federation</a> following the <a href="/facts/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation/8r8zGRyf">annexation of Crimea</a>, to span the <a href="/facts/Kerch_Strait/MBExgefF">Kerch Strait</a> between the <a href="/facts/Taman_Peninsula/H0xNfzfs">Taman Peninsula</a> of <a href="/facts/Krasnodar_Krai/vQ076rBo">Krasnodar Krai</a> and the <a href="/facts/Kerch_Peninsula/XsLIz1yt">Kerch Peninsula</a> of <a href="/facts/Crimea/GkM1qNVC">Crimea</a>. The bridge complex provides for both vehicular traffic and for rail. During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the bridge has been attacked or damaged on three occasions: <a href="/facts/2022_Crimean_Bridge_explosion/PTkzBTkH">8 October 2022</a>, <a href="/facts/2023_Crimean_Bridge_explosion/MxqrRUBn">17 July 2023</a> and 12 August 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> As of August 2023, the bridge reopened at a limited capacity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h3>Germany to Denmark to Sweden</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/%25C3%2598resund_Bridge/sguVfRUg">Øresund Bridge</a> links southern <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a> to the Danish island of <a href="/facts/Zealand/M8AppbgJ">Zealand</a>. Zealand is linked to the Danish mainland and the rest of Europe by the <a href="/facts/Great_Belt_Fixed_Link/7F1jeSYA">Great Belt Fixed Link</a>. Most travellers between Sweden and Germany, both by road and train, use the 160 km (99 mi) shorter route with a ferry over the <a href="/facts/Fehmarn_Belt/nq4Cl6Eo">Fehmarn Belt</a> southwestwards towards <a href="/facts/Hamburg/kmAAsYtT">Hamburg</a> or southwards to <a href="/facts/Rostock/u5Qld93n">Rostock</a>. The <a href="/facts/Fehmarn_Belt_Fixed_Link/0NBYk2fb">Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link</a> is planned to be opened in 2029. A <a href="/facts/Gedser-Rostock_Bridge/JPHzJeCK">Gedser-Rostock Bridge</a> is also under consideration but has been put back as the Fehmarn Belt crossing is now under construction. Proposals also exist for a fixed link from <a href="/facts/R%25C3%25BCgen/nws4DHlR">Rügen</a> to southern Sweden, linking <a href="/facts/Berlin/pMTIRNXK">Berlin</a> and the <a href="/facts/%25C3%2598resund_region/wrnHXHvp">Øresund region</a>. </p> <h3>Sweden to Finland</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Viking_Line/uKmNuKux">Ferry services</a> link <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a> to <a href="/facts/Finland/G5Ak6T91">Finland</a> via <a href="/facts/%25C3%2585land/Czpngkbn">Åland</a>. There are proposals of fixed links between Sweden and Finland. A tunnel could be built between Sweden and Åland, about 50 km (30 mi) long, and 100–200 m (330–660 ft) deep, with the lowest depth around <a href="/facts/M%25C3%25A4rket/099poWJL">Märket</a>, a little detour. The area between Åland and Finland is shallow with many islands, able to be connected with bridges - some of which already exist. Between <a href="/facts/Ume%25C3%25A5/UMJPT4Dz">Umeå</a> and <a href="/facts/Vaasa/GrXcPM1S">Vaasa</a> further north, there is a proposal to build the <a href="/facts/Kvarken_Bridge/tP1AtDEH">Kvarken Bridge</a>, a series of bridges, the longest 26 km (16 mi), in total 40 km (25 mi). None of these proposals have been seriously investigated. </p> <h3>Finland to Estonia</h3> <p>Ferry services link <a href="/facts/Finland/G5Ak6T91">Finland</a> to <a href="/facts/Estonia/PVjB16TI">Estonia</a> as well as overground rail and road routes via <a href="/facts/Saint_Petersburg/pNuCBxaM">Saint Petersburg</a> in Russia. <a href="/facts/Rail_Baltica/fxuqMd8e">Rail Baltica</a> is a proposal for a rail link from Finland to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, bypassing Russia via a <a href="/facts/Helsinki_to_Tallinn_Tunnel/I6n3Lbms">Helsinki to Tallinn Tunnel</a>. The <a href="/facts/Gulf_of_Finland/rXE4CB5m">gulf</a> has heavy ferry traffic, and the <a href="/facts/Port_of_Helsinki/9pEX7oyb">port of Helsinki</a> has the largest number of international passengers of any port in Europe, and most travel to <a href="/facts/Tallinn/IBLBVtHt">Tallinn</a> or back. Finland and Estonia share close linguistic, cultural, economic and historical ties and proponents of what they call "<a href="/facts/Talsinki/j2q8bb7T">Talsinki</a>" (a portmanteau of the names of the two capitals) point to the <a href="/facts/%25C3%2598resund_region/wrnHXHvp">Øresund region</a> as an example of a cross-national metropolitan area linked by an underwater bridge-tunnel. A combination of a Finland to Estonia and a Finland to Sweden fixed link would reduce the need for ferries on the route the <a href="/facts/MS_Estonia/WyBbbkR0">MS <i>Estonia</i></a> was on when it <a href="/facts/Sinking_of_the_MS_Estonia/RhH6bCb3">sank</a> in 1994 causing a loss of 852 lives, the biggest peacetime maritime disaster in the Baltic. </p> <h3>Italian mainland to Sicily</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Strait_of_Messina/30mvgb0f">Strait of Messina</a> has a busy ferry traffic. The <a href="/facts/Strait_of_Messina_Bridge/2pMHflz9">Strait of Messina Bridge</a> is planned, but the construction date has been postponed several times. </p> <h3>Italian mainland to Elba</h3> <p>There is a project to link <a href="/facts/Elba/BlY5Jby6">Elba</a> with <a href="/facts/Italian_Peninsula/Gv8FNjbQ">mainland Italy</a> (through <a href="/facts/Piombino/uCjLJoxH">Piombino</a> in <a href="/facts/Tuscany/Ivw1ogrE">Tuscany</a>) crossing the Piombino Channel in a Road Tunnel of 16 km.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> The feasibility project was launched by the Cacelli Partners Ltd of Riccardo Cacelli, in collaboration with the Adu London studio of the architect David Ulivagnoli.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> </p> <h3>Sardegna–Maddalena</h3> <p>There is a project of an underwater tunnel that will link <a href="/facts/Palau%2c_Italy/zmKeCNvH">Palau</a> (in <a href="/facts/Sardinia/7GGJNHCx">Sardinia</a>) with the <a href="/facts/La_Maddalena/3b5Dx0yr">island of La Maddalena</a>, crossing a 3 km stretch of sea.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> <h3>Corsica–Sardegna</h3> <p>The has been interest from <a href="/facts/Hyperloop_One/W9kmcBt5">Hyperloop One</a> in using <a href="/facts/Hyperloop/avrVuvby">Hyperloop</a> to connect the islands.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p> <h3>Italy–Croatia Bridge</h3> <p>There were proposals to build a railway and highway bridge over the <a href="/facts/Adriatic_Sea/v5I5Jl3f">Adriatic sea</a> to connect <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a> and <a href="/facts/Croatia/MSS0yyvw">Croatia</a>, from <a href="/facts/Ancona/fp735qtc">Ancona</a> to <a href="/facts/Zadar/04x7kTo2">Zadar</a> following a 120 km route. The idea was presented by the Roman architect Giorgio De Romanis, and also called for the creation of a special company "Il ponte sull'Adriatico Srl". The bridge would be suspended above the sea at a height of between 30 and 70 meters, and would also allow the laying of pipes for water, oil and gas, as well as the accommodation of telecommunication cables.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> The idea received the support of the ex-governor of the <a href="/facts/Marche/LF2ngpIP">Marche</a>, <a href="/facts/Gian_Mario_Spacca/Gz39vqvk">Gian Mario Spacca</a>. Some sources considered the project as being more realistic than a bridge between Calabria and Sicily<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <h3>Italy–Albania Tunnel</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Vlora-Otranto_Tunnel/RAgV2S5R">Vlora-Otranto Tunnel</a></p> <p>The Vlora-Otranto Tunnel is a proposed undersea tunnel that aims to connect <a href="/facts/Vlor%25C3%25AB/DbIekgoa">Vlorë</a>, in <a href="/facts/Albania/8GP40BUD">Albania</a>, with <a href="/facts/Otranto/P9Sbv5mr">Otranto</a>, in <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a>, across the <a href="/facts/Strait_of_Otranto/8z3gh8aV">Strait of Otranto</a>, a narrow strip of water that separates the <a href="/facts/Adriatic_Sea/v5I5Jl3f">Adriatic Sea</a> from the <a href="/facts/Ionian_Sea/zLbve4Pl">Ionian Sea</a> and is about 71 kilometers (44 miles) wide at its narrowest point. </p> <h3>Norway</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Rogfast/IjlXV319">Boknafjord tunnel</a> (main part of the Rogfast project) is under construction and will in 2033 be the world's longest and deepest undersea road tunnel, 26.7 kilometres (88,000 ft) long and reach 392 metres (1,286 ft) under sea level. It will connect the island of <a href="/facts/Bokn/Ej2HTw7Q">Bokn</a> with the mainland at <a href="/facts/Stavanger/KQ3s2sco">Stavanger</a> under the open <a href="/facts/Boknafjord/bagIUQjk">Bokna Fjord</a>. </p> <h3>Faroe Islands</h3> <p><a href="/facts/List_of_tunnels_of_the_Faroe_Islands/lw8PkK0F">Tunnels and bridges</a> are an important part of the <a href="/facts/Faroe_Islands/HMJ3bfmN">Faroe Islands</a> transportation network. The longest proposed one is the 25 km <a href="/facts/Su%25C3%25B0uroyartunnilin/kmU4H5dP">Suðuroyartunnilin</a> (the Suðuroy Tunnel). </p> <h3>Iceland</h3> <p>Vestmannaeyjagöng is a proposed undersea tunnel linking the archipelago <a href="/facts/Vestmannaeyjar/fCvaReD6">Vestmannaeyjar</a> to the Icelandic mainland. </p> <h2 id="europe-to-africa">Europe to Africa</h2> <h3>Gibraltar Tunnel</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Strait_of_Gibraltar_crossing/KAxkjaY2">Strait of Gibraltar crossing</a></p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Gibraltar_Tunnel/KAxkjaY2">Gibraltar Tunnel</a> is proposed to be a rail tunnel linking Africa and Europe. A tunnel would likely be an electrified rail tunnel with car shuttles due to the depth of the <a href="/facts/Strait_of_Gibraltar/Bzko8DMw">Strait of Gibraltar</a> (up to 900 metres (3,000 ft)) and the length of the tunnel making it a great challenge to remove vehicle exhaust. Similar considerations led to the Channel Tunnel linking the UK and France not being a highway tunnel. There have also been proposals for a bridge over the strait, although ship traffic would complicate this solution. Car ferries currently operate across the strait. </p> <h3>Strait of Sicily</h3> <p>The proposed <a href="/facts/Strait_of_Sicily_Tunnel/GstUhekm">Strait of Sicily Tunnel</a> would link <a href="/facts/Sicily/E6fug03z">Sicily</a> to <a href="/facts/Tunisia/4uC8Po6k">Tunisia</a>. Together with the proposed <a href="/facts/Strait_of_Messina_Bridge/2pMHflz9">Strait of Messina Bridge</a> from Sicily to <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a> this would provide a fixed link between Italy and Tunisia. </p> <h2 id="europe-to-asia">Europe to Asia</h2> <p>The <a href="/facts/Turkish_Straits/5pbGTezD">Turkish Straits</a> are the channel between European <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a> and Asian Turkey and consist of the (from south to north) the <a href="/facts/Dardanelles/rxUhLwvj">Dardanelles</a>, the <a href="/facts/Sea_of_Marmara/2EVtFBHk">Sea of Marmara</a> and the <a href="/facts/Bosphorus/3Id0Pfum">Bosphorus</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a> </p> <h3>The Bosphorus</h3> <p>Three <a href="/facts/Suspension_bridge/FoDavMf8">suspension bridges</a> cross the Bosphorus. The first of these, the <a href="/facts/Bosphorus_Bridge/xmGakMS8">Bosphorus Bridge</a>, is 1,074 m (3,524 ft) long and was completed in 1973. The second, named <a href="/facts/Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge/h6WYIoVG">Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Bosporus II) Bridge</a>, is 1,090 m (3,576 ft) long, and was completed in 1988 about 5 km (3 mi) north of the first bridge. The Bosphorus Bridge forms part of the <a href="/facts/Otoyol_1/DRBToksc">O1 Motorway</a>, while the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge forms part of the <a href="/facts/Trans-European_Motorway/byl8gT5j">Trans-European Motorway</a>. </p><p>Construction of a third suspension bridge, the <a href="/facts/Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge/jjmG5Va4">Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge</a>, began on May 29, 2013;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> it was opened to traffic on August 26, 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> The bridge was built near the northern end of the Bosporus, between the villages of Garipçe on the European side and Poyrazköy on the Asian side.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> It is part of the "Northern Marmara Motorway", which will be further integrated with the existing Black Sea Coastal Highway, and will allow transit traffic to bypass city traffic. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Marmaray/rXclLt48">Marmaray</a> project, featuring a 13.7 km (8.5 mi) long undersea <a href="/facts/Rail_transport/9nJQbsDV">railway</a> <a href="/facts/Tunnel/PJNSaSIw">tunnel</a>, opened on 29 October 2013.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> Approximately 1,400 m (4,593 ft) of the tunnel runs under the strait, at a depth of about 55 m (180 ft). </p><p>An undersea <a href="/facts/Water_tunnel_(physical_infrastructure)/QFqDRmaF">water supply tunnel</a> with a length of 5,551 m (18,212 ft),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> named the <a href="/facts/Bosporus_Water_Tunnel/exTW7xNq">Bosporus Water Tunnel</a>, was constructed in 2012 to transfer water from the Melen Creek in <a href="/facts/D%25C3%25BCzce_Province/QP2z85co">Düzce Province</a> (to the east of the Bosporus strait, in northwestern <a href="/facts/Anatolia/vMkrLrPr">Anatolia</a>) to the European side of Istanbul, a distance of 185 km (115 mi).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Eurasia_Tunnel/HnM3a1sN">Eurasia Tunnel</a> is a road tunnel between <a href="/facts/Kazlicesme/910kQ6xP">Kazlicesme</a> and <a href="/facts/G%25C3%25B6ztepe%2c_Istanbul/Nk1dXnbk">Goztepe</a>, which began construction in February 2011 and opened to traffic on 21 December 2016. The <a href="/facts/Great_Istanbul_Tunnel/2y5GPzCd">Great Istanbul Tunnel</a>, a proposed undersea road and railway tunnel, will connect Şişli and Beykoz districts. </p> <h3>The Dardanelles</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/%25C3%2587anakkale_1915_Bridge/6KUyteHh">Çanakkale 1915 Bridge</a> opened in 2022, crossing the strait between the cities of <a href="/facts/Gelibolu/UGlMt8Kd">Gelibolu</a> and <a href="/facts/Lapseki/CSB3Svum">Lapseki</a>. </p> <h2 id="africa-to-asia">Africa to Asia</h2> <h3>Suez Canal Bridge</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Suez_Canal_Bridge/g6xsg8v2">Mubarak Peace Bridge</a>, also known as the Egyptian-Japanese Friendship Bridge, Al Salam Bridge, or Al Salam Peace Bridge, is a road bridge crossing the <a href="/facts/Suez_Canal/1zYoNryp">Suez Canal</a> at El-Qantara, whose name means "the bridge" in <a href="/facts/Egyptian_Arabic/SBTADnm9">Egyptian Arabic</a>. The bridge links the continents of Africa and Asia. </p> <h3>Saudi–Egypt Causeway</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Saudi%25E2%2580%2593Egypt_Causeway/T9ry3vKd">Saudi–Egypt Causeway</a> is a proposal for a causeway and bridge between the <a href="/facts/Sinai_Peninsula/SEyERdHm">Sinai Peninsula</a> in Egypt and the northern part of <a href="/facts/Saudi_Arabia/uyUpe1J2">Saudi Arabia</a>. This would provide a direct road route between Egypt and Saudi Arabia without going through Israel or Jordan. A causeway faces considerable political hurdles as the disruption of Israeli shipping access to the Red Sea was seen as a <a href="/facts/Casus_belli/UpyPVvdT">casus belli</a> by Israel ahead of the <a href="/facts/Six-Day_War/xM8d0Wy1">Six-Day War</a>. There is a car ferry between <a href="/facts/Safaga/LUhvkzxw">Safaga</a>, Egypt and <a href="/facts/Duba%2c_Saudi_Arabia/po2BDBrj">Duba, Saudi Arabia</a>. The two uninhabited islands in the strait (<a href="/facts/Tiran_island/PUukCSf8">Tiran island</a> and <a href="/facts/Sanafir_island/F7hcyATg">Sanafir island</a>), which might be used for a bridge, tunnel or causeway, were disputed between Egypt and Saudi Arabia until President <a href="/facts/Abdel_Fatah_al-Sisi/Ixk2kPjB">Abdel Fatah al-Sisi</a> of Egypt officially ceded them to Saudi Arabia in 2016/2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> The potential construction of a fixed link was cited in some media reports as contributing to the cession.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p> <h3>Bridge of the Horns</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Bridge_of_the_Horns/MWqRhQht">Bridge of the Horns</a> is a proposed construction project to build a bridge between the coasts of <a href="/facts/Djibouti/77jY0eII">Djibouti</a> and <a href="/facts/Yemen/eDyoh4qV">Yemen</a> across the <a href="/facts/Bab-el-Mandeb/VWBU2BHD">Bab-el-Mandeb</a>, the strait between the <a href="/facts/Red_Sea/0dKWSgEe">Red Sea</a> and <a href="/facts/Gulf_of_Aden/uq1YrFP4">Gulf of Aden</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a> There are no ferry services on this route as of 2018. </p> <h3>Jazan–Massawa Tunnel</h3> <p>Saudi Arabia considers to develop a 440 km tunnel across the <a href="/facts/Red_Sea/0dKWSgEe">Red Sea</a> to link its industrial city of <a href="/facts/Jazan_Province/DuoIC8uV">Jazan</a> with <a href="/facts/Massawa/TPug4yBh">Massawa</a>'s port in <a href="/facts/Eritrea/tuhgQTdR">Eritrea</a>. It had the support of <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a> and the <a href="/facts/Belt_and_Road_Initiative/JdEEIoaF">Chinese Belt and Road Initiative</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="asia">Asia</h2> <h3>Sri Lanka</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Palk_Strait_bridge/LcNxIuAa">Palk Strait bridge</a> proposal between <a href="/facts/India/QW4TV4sy">India</a> to <a href="/facts/Sri_Lanka/VtTBmysE">Sri Lanka</a>. India <a href="/facts/Boat_Mail/3u4jP0ql">Boat Mail</a> train and ferry service provided a train and ferry service from <a href="/facts/India/QW4TV4sy">India</a> to <a href="/facts/Sri_Lanka/VtTBmysE">Sri Lanka</a> until the <a href="/facts/World_War_I/vITTUanQ">First World War</a>. An <a href="/facts/India%25E2%2580%2593Sri_Lanka_HVDC_Interconnection/qkEqvch8">India–Sri Lanka HVDC Interconnection</a> is under consideration to link the electricity networks of these countries. </p> <h3>South East Asian islands</h3> <p>Mainland <a href="/facts/Peninsular_Malaysia/88WtYx31">Peninsular Malaysia</a> is linked to <a href="/facts/Penang_Island/eDlrUql2">Penang Island</a> by two road bridges: the <a href="/facts/Penang_Bridge/aouW5zmM">Penang Bridge</a> and the <a href="/facts/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_Muadzam_Shah_Bridge/qmDC7b5w">Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge</a> (Penang Second Bridge). To the south, it is linked to <a href="/facts/Singapore_Island/J3qrWyYz">Singapore Island</a> across the <a href="/facts/Straits_of_Johor/I38FxwQd">Straits of Johor</a> by the <a href="/facts/Johor%25E2%2580%2593Singapore_Causeway/GoYTHGkg">Johor–Singapore Causeway</a> and the <a href="/facts/Malaysia%25E2%2580%2593Singapore_Second_Link/GLnoRN2M">Malaysia–Singapore Second Link</a>; the former also carries Malaysia's <a href="/facts/West_Coast_Line_(Malaysia)/2wNhNAIP">West Coast Line</a> to the island. </p><p>There are proposals to link <a href="/facts/Johor/Rp1x21cf">Johor</a> (in <a href="/facts/Malaysia/8zbUMzCP">Malaysia</a>) and <a href="/facts/Riau/C4WxvnLU">Riau</a> (in <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>), in a <a href="/facts/Malacca_Strait_Bridge/6hpJFYBM">Malacca Strait Bridge</a> or underwater tunnel crossing <a href="/facts/Strait_of_Malacca/gElukYIz">Strait of Malacca</a> and some islands. The longest connection is a 17.5 kilometer. The total length is between 39 and 40 kilometers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> There's also a proposal of a <a href="/facts/Singapore_Strait_crossing/rcobKMtt">Singapore Strait crossing</a> linking <a href="/facts/Singapore/CQDkhUvD">Singapore</a> with the <a href="/facts/Riau_archipelago/GYQ9XjIw">Riau archipelago</a> of <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>, most likely with the island of <a href="/facts/Batam/kWf6n7K2">Batam</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> Both projects would link Indonesia (specifically Sumatra and Java islands) to Mainland Asia. </p><p>Passenger and vehicle ferries link the various islands of <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>, the <a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a>, <a href="/facts/Singapore/CQDkhUvD">Singapore</a>, <a href="/facts/Malaysia/8zbUMzCP">Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/facts/Papua_New_Guinea/RLaVlhFC">Papua New Guinea</a>. </p><p>There are proposals to link <a href="/facts/Java/2MNA2rLm">Java</a>, the most populated Island of <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a>, to <a href="/facts/Sumatra/Fo192kJb">Sumatra</a> via a proposed <a href="/facts/Sunda_Strait_Bridge/oDWXcpDT">Sunda Strait Bridge</a> and from Sumatra to <a href="/facts/Singapore/CQDkhUvD">Singapore</a> and/or <a href="/facts/Malaysia/8zbUMzCP">Malaysia</a> via the <a href="/facts/Malacca_Strait_Bridge/6hpJFYBM">Malacca Strait Bridge</a>. </p> <h3>Hainan Island</h3> <p>The Guangdong–Hainan Ferry, or the Yuehai Ferry (part of the <a href="/facts/Guangdong%25E2%2580%2593Hainan_Railway/Lb5rvL8t">Guangdong–Hainan Railway</a>) <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a> is a vehicle and <a href="/facts/Train_ferry/wqUN7wDK">train ferry</a> connecting <a href="/facts/Hainan/wUWoHo1V">Hainan</a> Island to <a href="/facts/Guangdong/wvjsjdb1">Guangdong</a> in <a href="/facts/Mainland_China/HFXJcUky">mainland China</a>. The ferries run across the <a href="/facts/Qiongzhou_Strait/085UP2Fs">Qiongzhou Strait</a>, between <a href="/facts/Zhanjiang/tPT3vsBM">Zhanjiang</a>, <a href="/facts/Guangdong/wvjsjdb1">Guangdong</a> and <a href="/facts/Haikou/zsxd3akD">Haikou</a>, <a href="/facts/Hainan/wUWoHo1V">Hainan</a>. A road-rail bridge has been proposed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a> </p> <h3>Bohai Strait</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Bohai_Strait_tunnel_project/kRfTKWQ6">Bohai Strait tunnel project</a> is a proposed connection that would connect the Chinese cities of <a href="/facts/Yantai/hRJtKjVE">Yantai</a> and <a href="/facts/Dalian/ashJRPp2">Dalian</a> across the <a href="/facts/Bohai_Strait/0qUmCjn2">Bohai Strait</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a> </p> <h3>Taiwan</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Taiwan_Strait_Tunnel_Project/JfYWNrcF">Taiwan Strait Tunnel Project</a> is a proposed <a href="/facts/Undersea_tunnel/u7NxxWwm">undersea tunnel</a> to connect <a href="/facts/Pingtan_County/5pAhgEfT">Pingtan</a> in the <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">People's Republic of China</a> to <a href="/facts/Hsinchu/0lnateXN">Hsinchu</a> in northern <a href="/facts/Taiwan/VcJoUD8w">Taiwan</a> as part of the <a href="/facts/G3_Beijing%25E2%2580%2593Taipei_Expressway/6uv3a7nB">G3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway</a>. First proposed in 1996,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a> the project has since been subject to a number of academic discussions and feasibility studies, including by the <a href="/facts/China_Railway_Engineering_Corporation/DgXQ0CMG">China Railway Engineering Corporation</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a> There exist cross strait ferries, both within outlying islands of Taiwan and between the PRC and Taiwan. The <a href="/facts/Political_status_of_Taiwan/TfltKgId">political status of Taiwan</a> complicates any such proposal. </p> <h3>Korea to China</h3> <p>The Korean government considered building underwater tunnels with China, the proposed route would be between <a href="/facts/Incheon/U2mUEnlb">Incheon</a>-<a href="/facts/Weihai/Skjb9yCC">Weihai</a>, being considerate to build an intermediary <a href="/facts/Artificial_island/t4vHBFvY">artificial island</a> in the route of 341 kilometers. Other Korean cities, like <a href="/facts/Ongjin_County%2c_Incheon/DANRbBan">Ongjin</a>, <a href="/facts/Hwaseong%2c_Gyeonggi/Kfl2m5jV">Hwaseong</a> and <a href="/facts/Pyeongtaek/gYEVhTaG">Pyeongtaek</a>, are considered to be part of the routes to China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a> Also, is part of the Chinese comprehensive development plan for the <a href="/facts/Bohai_Economic_Rim/hLnfU199">Bohai area</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> </p> <h3>Mokpo–Jeju</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Jeju_Undersea_Tunnel/V4JzSKqH">Jeju Undersea Tunnel</a> is a project to connect the South Korean provinces of <a href="/facts/South_Jeolla/mrX8H4m5">South Jeolla</a> and <a href="/facts/Jeju_Province/MTjgpExX">Jeju</a> across the <a href="/facts/Jeju_Strait/MNhs5mwK">Jeju Strait</a>, with intermediate stops at the islands of Bogildo and <a href="/facts/Chujado/4l78KLg5">Chujado</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> The total length of the proposed railway is 167 km, including a 66 km surface interval from Mokpo to Haenam, a 28 km bridge section from Haenam to Bogil Island, and a 73 km stretch from Bogil to Chuja and Jeju Islands. </p> <h3>Busan–Geoje Bridge</h3> <p>The Busan–Geoje Fixed Link (or Geoga Bridge) is an 8.2-km bridge-tunnel <a href="/facts/Fixed_link/qThTj3d5">fixed link</a> that connects the <a href="/facts/South_Korea/pCobAaVw">South Korean</a> city of <a href="/facts/Busan/rHbfkIA3">Busan</a> to <a href="/facts/Geojedo/v3vtwdB1">Geoje Island</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> </p> <h3>Korea to Japan</h3> <p>The "<a href="/facts/Japan%25E2%2580%2593Korea_Undersea_Tunnel/FV6cKRu4">Korea Japan Friendship Tunnel System</a>" is a proposal for a fixed link from the city of <a href="/facts/Fukuoka%2c_Fukuoka/VV7zC0TJ">Fukuoka</a> on <a href="/facts/Ky%25C5%25ABsh%25C5%25AB/eM5yaMe3">Kyūshū</a>, Japan, to the port city of <a href="/facts/Busan/rHbfkIA3">Busan</a> in Korea via four islands. The maximum ocean depth in this area is 146 m (479 ft). Similar proposals have been discussed for decades by Korean and Japanese politicians. A road bridge links Kyūshū to the main Japanese island of <a href="/facts/Honshu/Rp7Ew35d">Honshu</a>. </p> <h3>Japan to Russia</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Seikan_Tunnel/ycq93SK8">Seikan Tunnel</a> has provided a rail link from the main Japanese Island of <a href="/facts/Honshu/Rp7Ew35d">Honshu</a> to the northernmost Japanese island of <a href="/facts/Hokkaido/kwacDkYD">Hokkaido</a> since 1988. The proposed <a href="/facts/Sakhalin-Hokkaido_Tunnel/nNJvSJpJ">Sakhalin-Hokkaido Tunnel</a> would link Hokkaido to the Russian island of <a href="/facts/Sakhalin/oWSuMNl8">Sakhalin</a>. When combined with the proposed <a href="/facts/Sakhalin_Tunnel/QE3juqVB">Sakhalin Tunnel</a> between Sakhalin and the Russian Mainland and an extension of the <a href="/facts/Baikal_Amur_Mainline/gq6pLjgB">Baikal Amur Mainline</a> this would give a rail link from Japan to <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a> and the mainland of Asia. </p> <h3>Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Hong_Kong%25E2%2580%2593Zhuhai%25E2%2580%2593Macau_Bridge/5tcfHcxp">Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge</a> links <a href="/facts/Hong_Kong/4nAf3mqQ">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/facts/Macau/klWBBy2L">Macau</a>, and <a href="/facts/Zhuhai/VTzYJpdP">Zhuhai</a> in <a href="/facts/China/lTjIXY5p">China</a>. Opened on October 24, 2018, it is the longest fixed crossing in the world. </p> <h3>Hōyo Strait</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Shikoku/j9cUI49U">Shikoku</a> and <a href="/facts/Kyushu/eM5yaMe3">Kyushu</a> are the only adjacent major Japanese islands not directly connected by a fixed link. Road travel between the two is possible only via <a href="/facts/Honshu/Rp7Ew35d">Honshu</a>, a detour of up to 600 km. </p><p>Since 1995, the <a href="/facts/%25C5%258Cita_Prefecture/Ttyc5vGE">Ōita</a> and <a href="/facts/Ehime_Prefecture/ary9tbou">Ehime</a> prefectures have been jointly conducting research into the technical feasibility of bridges over the <a href="/facts/H%25C5%258Dyo_Strait/oxvnPhaQ">Hōyo Strait</a> and conducting basic research into natural and social conditions, and in 1998, in the "Hoyo Kaikyo Bridge Survey Report" it was concluded that the bridge would be technically feasible. The bridge proposed in the report uses a four-span suspension bridge with a central tower height of 376 m, central span length of 3,000 m, and bridge length of about 8,400 m as the main bridge, connecting the Toyo Strait with two bridges, the extension would be about 12.7 km.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> The total project cost is currently estimated to be about 1.3 trillion yen (US$12.1 billion). </p><p>The Hoyo Kaikyo Route Promotion Council conducted a survey comparing various crossing technologies (bridges, tunnels) and modes of transportation (automobiles, railways) in 1997, and "Transportation method comparison study report" was published. According to the report, in the case of bridges, road bridges are technically possible, but due to the long span, it is difficult to use them as railway bridges and combined bridges.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a> </p> <h3>Qatar–Bahrain Causeway</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Qatar_Bahrain_Causeway/YLotrkrx">Qatar Bahrain Causeway</a> was a planned <a href="/facts/Causeway/rxdAVmNz">causeway</a> between the two <a href="/facts/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf/tpxkypCs">Arab states</a> of <a href="/facts/Qatar/K4EkNXJE">Qatar</a> and <a href="/facts/Bahrain/ndXdWPhr">Bahrain</a>. It was expected that a ferry service would be established between the two countries in 2017.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> </p><p>Due to the <a href="/facts/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis/b5sp4pUx">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a> and Bahrain's siding with Saudi Arabia, the bridge is very unlikely ever to be built. </p> <h3>King Fahd Causeway</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/King_Fahd_Causeway/mz8G7vox">King Fahd Causeway</a> is a series of <a href="/facts/Bridge/vBJ7Hw8v">bridges</a> and <a href="/facts/Causeway/rxdAVmNz">causeways</a> connecting <a href="/facts/Saudi_Arabia/uyUpe1J2">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/facts/Bahrain/ndXdWPhr">Bahrain</a>. At 25 km (16 mi), the western terminus of the causeway is the <i>al-Khour</i> neighbourhood of <a href="/facts/Khobar/m3fUP5Hy">Khobar, Saudi Arabia</a> and the eastern terminus is Al Jasra, Bahrain. </p> <h3>Iran–Qatar–Saudi Arabia Tunnel</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a> and Qatar (who will take most part of the project's financing) have plans for an underwater tunnel connecting the two countries, being planned to be the longest tunnel in the world (having 190 km).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a> It would link the Iranian port of <a href="/facts/Bandar-e_Dayyer/Dl544Xoo">Bandar-e Deyr</a> to an unspecified location in Qatar across the <a href="/facts/Persian_Gulf/W78AfnC1">Persian Gulf</a> in both road and railway sections; however, a road tunnel is not considered very feasible due to the long distance. It had the support of Iran's Ports and Maritime Organisation managing director, Ali Akbar Safaei, and Iranian President <a href="/facts/Ebrahim_Raisi/5o66QlDB">Ebrahim Raisi</a>, who expect the creation of a joint Qatar-Iran committee with the Emir of Qatar, <a href="/facts/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani/cge99avz">Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> Also, it will create a straight and direct route between Saudi Arabia and Iran.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </p> <h3>Iran–Oman Causeway</h3> <p>Iran proposed to build an overpass bridge over the <a href="/facts/Strait_of_Hormuz/GEQfLwb2">strait of Hormuz</a> that will link Iran economically to GCC countries and Yemen through 39 km road link between Oman's <a href="/facts/Musandam_Governorate/mxhHpNBu">Musandam</a> exclave and <a href="/facts/Southern_Iran/HX8EGy02">southern Iran</a>. The idea was having the support of Iranian Ambassador to Oman Ali Akbar Sibeveih.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> </p> <h3>Persian Gulf Bridge</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Persian_Gulf_Bridge/wzA7upmy">Persian Gulf Bridge</a> in <a href="/facts/Qeshm%2c_Hormozgan/3CqcxUfr">Qeshm</a>–<a href="/facts/Bandar_Abbas/82hFhLj4">Bandar Abbas</a> (<a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a>) will be a 2.4 km (1.5 mi) long <a href="/facts/Road-rail_bridge/FPcN0Dmc">road-rail bridge</a>, connecting <a href="/facts/Qeshm_Island/HBnEMCBA">Qeshm Island</a> to mainland <a href="/facts/Iran/24yukge8">Iran</a>, from the historic port of Laft to Pahal port in <a href="/facts/Bandar_Abbas/82hFhLj4">Bandar Abbas</a> (<a href="/facts/Hormozgan_Province/H6tMJGCo">Hormozgan Province</a>). It was proposed to build an <a href="/facts/Undersea_tunnel/u7NxxWwm">undersea tunnel</a> instead of a bridge, but was rejected due to high costs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> </p> <h3>Masirah island Bridge</h3> <p>In 2010, Oman's ruler, Sultan Qaboos bin Saeed, asked the government to plan for the construction of a bridge connecting <a href="/facts/Masirah_Island/Uv9Xqgd0">Masirah Island</a> on Oman's eastern coast to the mainland in a railroad.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> </p> <h3>Saudi Arabia–Pakistan</h3> <p>The Saudis were exploring two options to build a 400 km tunnel or bridge to link <a href="/facts/Gwadar/C3Tejz0o">Gwadar</a> (in <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a>) with <a href="/facts/Muscat/hudxK0oh">Muscat</a> (in <a href="/facts/Oman/yNr7BPbm">Oman</a>) at the mouth of <a href="/facts/Strait_of_Hormuz/GEQfLwb2">Strait of Hormuz</a> at one end. The objective was to bypass its trade routes (including for oil supplies) with Iran and Qatar, because of the <a href="/facts/Iran%25E2%2580%2593Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict/EGsex9gn">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a>, also to extend the <a href="/facts/Belt_and_Road_Initiative/JdEEIoaF">Chinese Belt and Road Initiative</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> </p> <h3>United Arab Emirates–India Tunnel</h3> <p>A 1,200 miles (1,900 km) tunnel, carrying <a href="/facts/Maglev/2o7UVAM5">Maglev</a> trains, is planned to connect <a href="/facts/India/QW4TV4sy">India</a>’s biggest city <a href="/facts/Mumbai/BdoEc10R">Mumbai</a> and emirate <a href="/facts/Fujairah/aVhsCAoD">Fujairah</a> (<a href="/facts/United_Arab_Emirates/o1bEjgbR">United Arab Emirates</a>) through the <a href="/facts/Arabian_Sea/JM6V0y3s">Arabian Sea</a> in a <a href="/facts/High-speed_rail/I1obpP6M">high-speed railway</a> line to transport passengers, tourists and workers in just 2 hours. It had the support of Abdullah Alshehhi, chief consultant of <a href="/facts/Abu_Dhabi/0fXh0jQ2">Abu Dhabi</a> National Advisory Office (a <a href="/facts/Masdar_City/AaC26a4A">Masdar City</a>-based consultancy), and the <a href="/facts/Gulf_Cooperation_Council/6DDyFPRX">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> It is considered the longest submarine tunnel project in the world and will have a depth of 15,000 feet below the surface of the <a href="/facts/Indian_Ocean/Kv0crwKG">Indian Ocean</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> </p><p>Also, <a href="/facts/Karachi/pz65ABkw">Karachi</a> (Pakistan) and Muscat (Oman) are also included future plans of train stations, making provision for a road to be constructed within the tunnel for cars and trucks as well as a floating hotel, shopping centres and fuel stations, featuring pipelines for oil and water. Expansion of the project might include the One Belt One Road Initiative, linking China to Pakistan economic corridor at <a href="/facts/Gwadar_Port/fIpjsasx">Gwadar Port</a> with <a href="/facts/United_Arab_Emirates/o1bEjgbR">UAE</a>, through the Fujairah port to complement the Chinese silk road.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> </p> <h3>Seikan tunnel</h3> <p>One of the <a href="/facts/List_of_longest_tunnels/0m9YX9z0">longest tunnels in the world</a> and - depending on definitions (total length versus length actually under water) - either the longest or the second longest underwater tunnel ahead or behind of the Channel Tunnel, the <a href="/facts/Seikan_Tunnel/ycq93SK8">Seikan Tunnel</a> links Japan's northernmost main island Hokkaido to Honshu. Initially only built to <a href="/facts/Cape_gauge/BFTsC0XR">Cape gauge</a>, the rail line running through the tunnel has since been converted to dual gauge to allow <a href="/facts/Standard_gauge/T2XVtLNY">standard gauge</a> services, particularly <a href="/facts/Shinkansen/Q3lH3fMJ">Shinkansen</a>. The <a href="/facts/T%25C5%258Dya_Maru_accident/JbNsGt5S"><i>Tōya Maru</i> accident</a> of 1954, in which a train ferry sank in <a href="/facts/Typhoon_Marie_(1954)/KJp8qD28">a typhoon</a>, killing over a thousand people, was a major factor in tilting the decision towards construction of the tunnel. The tunnel opened in 1988 and <a href="/facts/Hokkaido_Shinkansen/rSq4GYaw">Hokkaido Shinkansen</a> started running through it in 2016. </p> <h3>Bataan–Cavite Interlink Bridge</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Philippines/ARpmxXQV">Philippines</a> is planning to build a bridge that will span <a href="/facts/Manila_Bay/954XpnTT">Manila Bay</a> and connect the provinces of <a href="/facts/Bataan/4qGMPH3L">Bataan</a> and <a href="/facts/Cavite/rUcVYUqq">Cavite</a>. The <a href="/facts/Bataan%25E2%2580%2593Cavite_Interlink_Bridge/wllorDoU">Bataan–Cavite Interlink Bridge</a>, once completed, will be 32.15 kilometers (19.98 mi) long and will consist of two cable-stayed bridges, with a span of 400 and 900 meters (1,300 and 3,000 ft) each. The <a href="/facts/National_Economic_and_Development_Authority/rfsoUTRT">National Economic and Development Authority</a> (NEDA) approved the bridge project in early 2020 with a budget of ₱175.7 billion. The implementation of the bridge project is projected to last six years.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a> </p><p>In October 2020, the <a href="/facts/Department_of_Public_Works_and_Highways/JJXpk66N">Department of Public Works and Highways</a> (DPWH) signed a $59 million engineering design contract, awarded to the joint venture of <a href="/facts/T._Y._Lin_International/4f7FmwpD">T. Y. Lin International</a> from the US and Korea's Pyunghwa Engineering Consultants Ltd., who are working in tandem with Geneva-based Renardet S.A. and local firm DCCD Engineering Corporation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a> </p><p>As of March 2023, the project's detailed engineering design is already 70% complete, according to DPWH. The construction of the bridge is targeted to start in late 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="asia-to-america">Asia to America</h2> <h3>Bering Strait bridge or tunnel</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Bering_Strait_crossing/p3Xr93RF">Bering Strait crossing</a></p> <p>There is a proposal to span the <a href="/facts/Bering_Sea/xE9Gzouv">Bering Sea</a> with a bridge or tunnel called the Intercontinental Peace Bridge, the TKM-World Link or the AmerAsian Peace Tunnel. This would link the <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">American</a> <a href="/facts/Cape_Prince_of_Wales/fdT2hwBA">Cape Prince of Wales</a> with the <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russian</a> <a href="/facts/Cape_Dezhnev/6t5nn1vd">Cape Dezhnev</a>. The link would consist of three tunnels connecting <a href="/facts/Alaska/LlDNr2uR">Alaska</a> and Russia via two islands: <a href="/facts/Diomede_Islands/LUqumQf9">Little Diomede (USA)</a> and <a href="/facts/Diomede_Islands/LUqumQf9">Big Diomede (Russia)</a>. The longest single tunnel would be 24 miles (39 km). Since the <a href="/facts/Bering_Sea/xE9Gzouv">Bering Sea</a> at the site of the proposed crossing has a maximum known depth of 170 feet (52 m), the tunnels might be dug with conventional <a href="/facts/Tunnel_boring_machine/6Th95y3a">tunnel boring machines</a> of the type used to build the Channel Tunnel. The three tunnel proposal is considered[<i>who?</i>] to be preferable over a bridge due to severe environmental conditions, especially the inescapable winter ice damage. </p><p>Each proposed tunnel would be shorter than some current tunnels. The Channel Tunnel linking England with mainland Europe is about 31.34 miles (50.44 km) long; the <a href="/facts/Seikan_Tunnel/ycq93SK8">Seikan Tunnel</a>, an ocean tunnel linking <a href="/facts/Hokkaido/kwacDkYD">Hokkaido</a> with <a href="/facts/Honshu/Rp7Ew35d">Honshu</a> in Japan is 33.46 miles (53.85 km) long; and the Swiss <a href="/facts/Gotthard_Base_Tunnel/XMMb4Qmo">Gotthard Base Tunnel</a> through the <a href="/facts/Alps/Q3zdQId4">Alps</a>, opened in 2016, is 35.7 miles (57.5 km) long. </p><p>For a bridge or tunnel to be useful, a road or railway must be built to connect it, despite the very difficult climate and very sparse local population. In Alaska, a 700-mile (1,100 km) link would be needed, and in Russia, a link more than 1,200 miles (1,900 km) long must be constructed. Until around 2010, such road connections were suggested by enthusiasts only, but at that time both the Russian government and the Alaskan state government started to consider such roads. The <a href="/facts/Alaska_Railroad/Mxu7t4vQ">Alaska Railroad</a> is currently the only railroad in Alaska, and is not connected to the wider North American rail network, but plans for an <a href="/facts/A2A_Railway/UmpBS9rd">A2A Railway</a> linking it to <a href="/facts/Alberta/PjKJFbJY">Alberta, Canada</a> and from there to the rest of the North American rail network are under consideration. </p> <h2 id="asia-to-oceania">Asia to Oceania</h2> <p>There are no viable options for a fixed link between Asia and <a href="/facts/Oceania/vzTEvsfV">Oceania</a>. Excluding the <a href="/facts/Indonesia%25E2%2580%2593Papua_New_Guinea_border/H5PAW8A6">Indonesia–Papua New Guinea border</a> that divides the island of <a href="/facts/New_Guinea/qB0bzfSH">New Guinea</a>, the shortest distances between <a href="/facts/Southeast_Asia/VafwT517">Southeast Asia</a> and Oceania still cover a significant distance across the sea between <a href="/facts/Indonesia/vQnWU3IW">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a>. The closest would be <a href="/facts/Badu_Island/6Hmx9QyV">Badu Island</a> in <a href="/facts/Queensland/lXBlIeY3">Queensland</a>'s <a href="/facts/Torres_Strait_Islands/c6ylsCUk">Torres Strait Islands</a>, which is 123 kilometres (76 mi) away from <a href="/facts/Merauke_Regency/NuzaCt4X">Merauke Regency</a>'s coastal border with Papua New Guinea. Otherwise, in the <a href="/facts/Arafura_Sea/phtf1Nar">Arafura Sea</a>, <a href="/facts/Rimbija_Island/zaRxgWx1">Rimbija Island</a> in the <a href="/facts/Northern_Territory/5BFWuuyv">Northern Territory</a>'s uninhabited <a href="/facts/Wessel_Islands/3aWQWLf9">Wessel Islands</a> is 300 kilometres (190 mi) south of <a href="/facts/Yos_Sudarso_Island/jpasIqes">Yos Sudarso Island</a>, also in Merauke Regency; and across the <a href="/facts/Timor_Sea/wAzlRQRA">Timor Sea</a>, the northern tip of <a href="/facts/Melville_Island_(Northern_Territory)/oWQuKqx5">Melville Island</a> is still 317 kilometres (197 mi) south of <a href="/facts/Selaru/hLhyppaI">Selaru</a> in the <a href="/facts/Tanimbar_Islands/8X8mXmpS">Tanimbar Islands</a> of <a href="/facts/Maluku_(province)/4mNnfnmX">Maluku</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="oceania">Oceania</h2> <h3>Australia–Papua New Guinea Tunnel</h3> <p>A <a href="/facts/Submerged_floating_tunnel/7qka5klp">tunnel/bridge</a> between the <a href="/facts/Mainland_Australia/2JNyVlCK">Australian mainland</a> and the island of <a href="/facts/New_Guinea/qB0bzfSH">New Guinea</a>, bridging the <a href="/facts/Torres_Strait/B0XaXXpg">Torres Strait</a>, is not considered economically feasible owing to the great distance. <a href="/facts/Cape_York_Peninsula/h2rpdsUv">Cape York</a> in <a href="/facts/North_Queensland/eHBabKME">northern Queensland</a> is 140 km away from <a href="/facts/New_Guinea/qB0bzfSH">New Guinea</a>. This is a very long distance compared to existing tunnels or bridges, and the demand for car travel is not so high; as of 2009<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> there are no car ferries between Australia and <a href="/facts/Papua_New_Guinea/RLaVlhFC">Papua New Guinea</a>. Passenger travel is by air or private boat only. </p> <h3>Cook Strait</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Cook_Strait/yaRkmoLI">Cook Strait</a> between <a href="/facts/North_Island/RUGtJJev">North Island</a> and <a href="/facts/South_Island/asD6NsNx">South Island</a> of <a href="/facts/New_Zealand/4mpSlJdg">New Zealand</a> has been suggested for a fixed link. The length would be at least 22 km, and the water depth is around 200 meters.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> This is mostly considered a too complicated and costly project to be realised. </p> <h2 id="the-americas">The Americas</h2> <h3>Vancouver Island</h3> <p><a href="/facts/BC_Ferries/IsW3061M">Ferry services</a> link <a href="/facts/Vancouver_Island/p2zvIBpr">Vancouver Island</a> to <a href="/facts/British_Columbia/Ty3e3g1Q">British Columbia</a> on the <a href="/facts/Canada/D5P9yqs6">Canadian Mainland</a> and to the <a href="/facts/State_of_Washington/7tCrTFnN">State of Washington</a> in the <a href="/facts/US/N2ByeYrd">US</a>. </p><p>Proposals have been made for a <a href="/facts/Vancouver_Island_fixed_link/xAAIuPou">fixed link</a> to Vancouver Island for over a century. Because of the extreme depth and soft seabed of the <a href="/facts/Strait_of_Georgia/kv2Htc3D">Georgia Strait</a>, and the potential for seismic activity, a bridge or tunnel would face monumental engineering, safety, and environmental challenges at a prohibitive cost.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> </p> <h3>Prince Edward Island</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Prince_Edward_Island/lgY4nUa2">Prince Edward Island</a> is linked to <a href="/facts/New_Brunswick/SLTqCmM2">New Brunswick</a> on the Canadian mainland by the <a href="/facts/Confederation_Bridge/qThTj3d5">Confederation Bridge</a> which opened in 1997. </p> <h3>Newfoundland</h3> <p>Various proposals have been considered for a <a href="/facts/Newfoundland%25E2%2580%2593Labrador_fixed_link/w8DEaDEp">fixed link</a> consisting of bridges, tunnels, and/or causeways across the <a href="/facts/Strait_of_Belle_Isle/P673ke8n">Strait of Belle Isle</a>, connecting the <a href="/facts/Newfoundland_and_Labrador/3rdY8zvo">Province of Newfoundland and Labrador</a>'s mainland <a href="/facts/Labrador/Yo4K7DJ2">Labrador</a> region with the island of <a href="/facts/Newfoundland_(island)/PdfPl9ca">Newfoundland</a>. This strait has a minimum width of 17.4 km (10.8 mi). </p> <h3>Long Island</h3> <p>Nine bridges and 13 tunnels (including railroad tunnels) connect the <a href="/facts/New_York_City/YlyvFmVC">New York City</a> boroughs of <a href="/facts/Brooklyn/UnUzxCFe">Brooklyn</a> and <a href="/facts/Queens/PbwLQxFH">Queens</a>, on <a href="/facts/Long_Island/u42NF647">Long Island</a>, to <a href="/facts/Manhattan/fF9JeXjh">Manhattan</a> and <a href="/facts/Staten_Island/28I6brk8">Staten Island</a> and, via these, to <a href="/facts/Newark%2c_New_Jersey/7EDymxTt">Newark</a> in <a href="/facts/New_Jersey/pI5k19S7">New Jersey</a> and <a href="/facts/The_Bronx/yVMesM0v">The Bronx</a> on the mainland of <a href="/facts/New_York_(state)/mnl67G1G">New York</a> state. However, no fixed crossing of the <a href="/facts/Long_Island_Sound/9nqbXkUX">Long Island Sound</a> exists east of New York City; most traffic from the mainland United States must pass through the city to access Long Island. Passenger and auto ferries connect <a href="/facts/Suffolk_County%2c_New_York/nt4fyuvo">Suffolk County</a> on Long Island northward across the Sound to the mainland of <a href="/facts/New_York_(state)/mnl67G1G">New York</a> state and eastward to the state of <a href="/facts/Connecticut/LeDhYdJG">Connecticut</a>. There have been various proposals, none successful, to replace these ferries with a <a href="/facts/Long_Island_Sound_link/n38aldQE">fixed link across Long Island Sound</a> to provide an alternate route around New York City for Long Island-bound traffic. </p> <h3>Delmarva</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Chesapeake_Bay_Bridge%25E2%2580%2593Tunnel/QJkqI2GH">Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel</a> (CBBT) is a 23-mile-long (37 km) fixed link crossing the mouth of the United States' <a href="/facts/Chesapeake_Bay/IBeolBQc">Chesapeake Bay</a>, connecting the <a href="/facts/Delmarva_Peninsula/Yr2LXCBp">Delmarva Peninsula</a> with <a href="/facts/Virginia_Beach%2c_Virginia/bdkeDxXt">Virginia Beach, Virginia</a>. It opened in 1964. </p> <h3>Overseas Highway</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Overseas_Highway/Pgh91CeP">Overseas Highway</a> is a 113-mile (182 km) highway carrying <a href="/facts/U.S._Route_1_in_Florida/ojBGsIb5">U.S. Route 1</a> (US 1) through the <a href="/facts/Florida_Keys/rx4IfHGl">Florida Keys</a> to <a href="/facts/Key_West/JvtQRdTn">Key West</a>. </p> <h3>Florida to Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico</h3> <p>Ferry services between the US and Cuba and between Cuba and Haiti were common before 1960, but were suspended due to the <a href="/facts/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba/1ov3q2e2">United States embargo against Cuba</a>. After the <a href="/facts/Cuban_thaw/zwJ11H1c">normalization of U.S.-Cuba diplomatic relations</a> by U.S. President <a href="/facts/Barack_Obama/76wUMgL1">Barack Obama</a> and Cuban President <a href="/facts/Ra%25C3%25BAl_Castro/9EsqhdpI">Raúl Castro</a>, some American companies began plans to provide regular ferry services between <a href="/facts/Florida/cF245A3Q">Florida</a> and Cuba. However, President <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump/pqqKY21P">Donald Trump</a> reinstated many travel restrictions towards Cuba during his term, including prohibition of direct ferry services.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> </p><p>There is only one regular ferry to <a href="/facts/Havana/Md8Krt6E">Havana</a> from a foreign port: <a href="/facts/Canc%25C3%25BAn/kEb3fr8K">Cancún</a>, <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> </p><p>A ferry travels between <a href="/facts/Mayag%25C3%25BCez/ELKGzuDA">Mayagüez</a> in <a href="/facts/Puerto_Rico/jVStMyG4">Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/facts/Santo_Domingo/WN8h3hcs">Santo Domingo</a> in the <a href="/facts/Dominican_Republic/u36V3Nsb">Dominican Republic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> </p><p>There have been proposals for a direct link between <a href="/facts/Key_West/JvtQRdTn">Key West</a> (US) to <a href="/facts/Havana/Md8Krt6E">Havana</a> (Cuba) by tunnel or bridge<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a> and also for a direct tunnel between <a href="/facts/Florida/cF245A3Q">Florida</a> and <a href="/facts/The_Bahamas/x6VKsUhj">The Bahamas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a> </p> <h3>Ceiba–Vieques Bridge</h3> <p>On 2009, there was a proposal to build a bridge between <a href="/facts/Ceiba%2c_Puerto_Rico/jGUUs4Hc">Ceiba</a> (on <a href="/facts/Puerto_Rico_(island)/LDMaqtaP">Puerto Rico</a> island) and <a href="/facts/Vieques%2c_Puerto_Rico/RIKodP4b">Vieques</a> island, having an estimated cost of $600 million. The main goal was to cut travel time to and from the small island town that is currently served by daily ferry runs.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a> </p> <h3>Gulf of Paria crossing</h3> <p>After the independence of <a href="/facts/Trinidad_and_Tobago/jTXQP4Fe">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, members in the government have spoken of constructing a physical link between the islands of <a href="/facts/Trinidad/gJQ350S6">Trinidad</a> and <a href="/facts/Tobago/AceVKHRo">Tobago</a>, wanting to physically unify the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a> As public discussion and commentary ensued over feasibility and cost,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a> an alternative proposal of a <a href="/facts/Gulf_of_Paria_crossing/BXhahhgE">Gulf of Paria crossing</a> was made of constructing a shorter connection which would connect Trinidad and <a href="/facts/Venezuela/eX1qnkln">Venezuela</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a> </p><p>In 2017, China showed interest in the construction of a mega bridge in the Caribbean Sea to connect Tobago and Trinidad.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a> </p><p>On modern times, there have been studies from the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, from <a href="/facts/University_of_the_West_Indies/EELUsgs9">University of the West Indies</a> <a href="/facts/University_of_the_West_Indies_at_St._Augustine/VvuD3zfg">at St. Augustine</a>, that have developed studies for a possible bridge linking between Venezuela and Tobago, but only as case study, without official support.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a> </p> <h3>Maracaibo Crossing</h3> <p>In Venezuela, the <a href="/facts/General_Rafael_Urdaneta_Bridge/xmNm2jrR">General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge</a> connects <a href="/facts/Maracaibo/9RCHdkRa">Maracaibo</a> with much of the rest of the country, being a bridge that crosses the narrowest part of <a href="/facts/Lake_Maracaibo/5tJ6Q4jc">Lake Maracaibo</a>, in <a href="/facts/Zulia/8FnEVF6n">Zulia</a> (northwestern Venezuela). There is another plan of a Second bridge over Lake Maracaibo for the construction of a mixed road-rail bridge that would link the Zulia cities of Santa Cruz de Mara and Punta de Palmas, located on both sides of Lake Maracaibo, in the Miranda Municipality.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a> </p> <h3>Darién Gap</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Dari%25C3%25A9n_Gap/TWsDybas">Darién Gap</a></p> <p>A notable break in the <a href="/facts/Pan-American_Highway/B7wlTG1I">Pan-American Highway</a> is a section of land located in the <a href="/facts/Dari%25C3%25A9n_Province/jva0msbC">Darién Province</a> in Panama and the <a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombian</a> border called the <a href="/facts/Dari%25C3%25A9n_Gap/TWsDybas">Darién Gap</a>. It is an 87-kilometre (54 mi) stretch of rainforest. The gap has been crossed by adventurers on bicycle, motorcycle, <a href="/facts/All-terrain_vehicle/eA7yrYlm">all-terrain vehicle</a>, and foot, dealing with jungle, swamp, insects, kidnapping, and other hazards. </p><p>Some people, groups, indigenous populations, and governments are opposed to completing the Darién portion of the highway. Reasons for opposition include protecting the rain forest, containing the spread of tropical diseases, protecting the livelihood of indigenous peoples in the area, and reducing the spread of drug trafficking and its associated violence from Colombia. </p> <h3>Santa Catarina Island</h3> <p>The <a href="/facts/Hercilio_Luz_Bridge/dXpbM63T">Hercilio Luz Bridge</a> is the first bridge constructed to link the Island of <a href="/facts/Santa_Catarina_(island)/FFl7B1gC">Santa Catarina</a> to the mainland <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a>. Two additional crossings connecting the island to the mainland exist: Colombo Salles Bridge and Pedro Ivo Campos Bridge. </p> <h3>Chacao Channel bridge</h3> <p>It's a construction project for a bridge that will cross the <a href="/facts/Chacao_Channel/qrChdy3q">Chacao Channel</a>. It is intended to unite the <a href="/facts/Chilo%25C3%25A9_Island/jugV4RDl">Isla Grande de Chiloé</a> with the <a href="/facts/Continental_Chile/rJYa0Imw">Chilean continental territory</a>, in the <a href="/facts/Los_Lagos_Region/nman0Vxz">Los Lagos Region</a>. The opening of the bridge is planned for 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a> It will be the longest suspension bridge in Latin America.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a> Previously there were suggestion of a connection by tunnel, but were rejected due to financial problems.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a> </p><h3>Terrestrial connection project through the Río de la Plata</h3> <p>At the end of the 19th century, Argentine President <a href="/facts/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento/17tSdCx6">Domingo Sarmiento</a> presented the "<a href="/facts/Argir%25C3%25B3polis/roCSvuq4">Argirópolis</a>" project; which included building railway bridges uniting both countries through the Martín García island. </p><p>Several land connection projects through the <a href="/facts/R%25C3%25ADo_de_la_Plata/FczwYLCG">Río de la Plata</a> were evaluated by the governments of <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a> and <a href="/facts/Uruguay/X6V0apCb">Uruguay</a> (also <a href="/facts/Mercosur/hb6taQX1">Mercosur</a>), with the objective of erecting a road for vehicular, rail or both types of transit. Although most of the proposals involve the construction of bridges, others also mention sub-fluvial tunnels as a possible alternative. The project would consist to link <a href="/facts/Colonia_del_Sacramento/dG48s8rx">Colonia del Sacramento</a> in Uruguay to <a href="/facts/Punta_Lara/lfGJNKhE">Punta Lara</a> in Argentina.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="transatlantic-tunnel">Transatlantic tunnel</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Transatlantic_tunnel/DvBlm0uM">Transatlantic tunnel</a></p> <p>A transatlantic tunnel is a theoretical tunnel that would span the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe, perhaps enabling mass transit. Some proposals envision technologically advanced trains reaching speeds of 500 to 8,000 kilometres per hour (300 to 5,000 mph).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a> Most conceptions of the tunnel envision it between the United States and the United Kingdom ‒ or more specifically between New York City and London. </p><p>Advantages compared to air travel would be increased speed and use of electricity instead of oil-based fuel. </p><p>The main barriers to constructing such a tunnel are cost, with estimates of between $88 billion and $175 billion, as well as the limits of current <a href="/facts/Materials_science/N5HrXRYW">materials science</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a> </p><p>The proposed routes are a direct link from the US to Europe, or from the US, crossing <a href="/facts/Canada/D5P9yqs6">Canada</a>, <a href="/facts/Greenland/aagXRTB7">Greenland</a>, <a href="/facts/Iceland/E4KGYs2j">Iceland</a> and the <a href="/facts/Faroe_Islands/HMJ3bfmN">Faroe Islands</a>, to the <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a>, using an underwater <a href="/facts/Vacuum_tube_train/z0EFBkm1">vacuum tube train</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a> </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Maritime_Research_Institute_Netherlands/WLq3q7R7">Maritime Research Institute Netherlands</a> (Marin), in 2019, tested a model trans-Atlantic underwater tunnel between the United States and Europe capable of supporting <a href="/facts/Hyperloop/avrVuvby">hyperloop</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Atlantropa/msJGNREL">Atlantropa</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Orkney_tunnel/bqkB9hkw">Orkney tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Trans-Asian_Railway/VzWAwjtK">Trans-Asian Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_transport_megaprojects/dDUrc8NT">List of transport megaprojects</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_straits/oKYBy7Db">List of straits</a></li></ul> <ul><li>"The Three Americas Railway: An International and Intercontinental Enterprise" book written in 1881 by Hinton Rowan Helper discusses the need for an Intercontinental Highway, using railroads, starting on page 418.</li> <li>"The Rotarian", January 1936. Article "Seeking Peace in a Concrete Way" starting on page 42.</li> <li>"Looking far north: the Harriman Expedition to Alaska, 1899" written in 1982 by William H. Goetzmann, Kay Sloan, writes that Harriman in 1899 proposed a "Round the World Railroad" (page 128). The authors go on to write that Harriman traveled to Japan a few years later to continue this proposal.</li> <li>"The Bering Strait Crossing: A 21st Century Frontier Between East and West" by James Oliver published in 2006 (256 pages) mentions extensively the Intercontinental Highway. He goes on to mention that the notion of a global highway has been around for hundreds of years including William Gilpen, who suggests it in 1846 was a proponent of a global rail highway to link to the then being proposed European and Asiatic Railway.</li> <li>"Planning and Design of Bridges" by M. S. Troitsky, 1994 describes many of the bridges and tunnels proposed in the Trans Global Highway article including on page 39 this book mentions that in 1958, T.Y. Lin mentions the possible construction of a Bering Strait bridge (and obviously a needed highway network).</li> <li>Alaska History: A Publication of the Alaska Historical Society, Volumes 4-6 (1989) mentions on page 6 that in 1892, a man named Strauss proposed a global highway and a man made bridge over the Bering Strait. The article goes on to mention the Lin proposal of 1958.</li> <li>"Maritime Information Review" a publication of the Netherlands Maritime Information Centre, in 1991 had an extensive article, on "strait crossings" covering the then proposed Bering Strait bridge, the Gibraltar Tunnel and so on, and mentions the proposed global highway network.</li> <li>Popular Mechanics Apr 1994 has an article "Alaska Siberia Bridge" and the article goes on to mention the construction of a global highway.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="http://www.schillerinstitute.org/economy/maps/maps3.html#bering%20straits">The Schiller Institute article on the Trans Global Highway</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419044419/http://www.schillerinstitute.org/economy/maps/maps3.html#bering%20straits">Archived</a> 2014-04-19 at the <a href="/facts/Wayback_Machine/nmQ3a6JC">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="https://wikivoyage.org/">Wikivoyage</a>, Wikimedia's global travel guide with information on driving in each country</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Ostenfeld, Klaus H.; Hommel, Dietrich; Olsen, Dan; Hauge, Lars (Nov 4, 1999). "Planning of Major Fixed Links". In Chen, Wai-Fah; Lian, Duan (eds.). Bridge Engineering Handbook. CRC Press. p. 4-1. ISBN 0-8493-7434-0. <a href="0-8493-7434-0" target="_blank">0-8493-7434-0</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Children in Need Rickshaw Challenge to travel through Kent". Kent Online. 2018-10-11. 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