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Voiced retroflex flap
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<h2 id="features">Features</h2> <p>Features of the voiced retroflex flap: </p> <ul><li>Its <a href="/facts/Manner_of_articulation/HxyCqDQC">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Tap_and_flap_consonants/5SFjKYlX">tap or flap</a>, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (usually the tongue) is thrown against another.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Place_of_articulation/exCzaxeF">place of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Retroflex_consonant/lsBdJD4V">retroflex</a>, which prototypically means it is articulated <a href="/facts/Subapical_consonant/0QJc2Fys">subapical</a> (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is <a href="/facts/Postalveolar_consonant/YUo5nJly">postalveolar</a> without being <a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">palatalized</a>. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be <a href="/facts/Apical_consonant/L7691gMF">apical</a> (pointed) or, in some fricatives, <a href="/facts/Laminal_consonant/EVA0SWmd">laminal</a> (flat).</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Phonation/u2IGLdgG">phonation</a> is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/facts/Oral_consonant/feM4cful">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/facts/Central_consonant/YLATXvJW">central consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Airstream_mechanism/qooe2ESC">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/facts/Pulmonic_egressive/BICa0WA0">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/facts/Intercostal_muscle/SFCkv3vD">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/facts/Abdominal_muscles/HcTzDFL0">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <h2 id="occurrence">Occurrence</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Bengali_language/twpKobqA">Bengali</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Bengali_alphabet/kdlW4eGK">গাড়ি</a></td><td>[ɡaɽi]</td><td>'car'</td><td>Apical postalveolar.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Bengali_phonology/QKXJtTGF">Bengali phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Dutch_language/yIB5lbsx">Dutch</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/North_Brabant/Q7rr5VeL">North Brabant</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/facts/Dutch_orthography/BHW9KxMr">riem</a></i></td><td rowspan="2">[ɽim]</td><td rowspan="2">'belt'</td><td rowspan="2">A rare word-initial variant of /r/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See <a href="/facts/Dutch_phonology/WJP2LDfK">Dutch phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td>Northern Netherlands<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Elfdalian/bK3hKUgG">Elfdalian</a></td><td><i>luv</i></td><td>[ɽʏːv]</td><td>'permission'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Enga_language/IVnadsWT">Enga</a></td><td><i>yála</i></td><td>[jɑɽɑ]</td><td>'shame'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Gokana_language/2yE0oqlI">Gokana</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td><td><i>bele</i></td><td>[beːɽeː]</td><td>'we'</td><td>Apical postalveolar. Allophone of /l/, medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme before a following vowel in the same word. It can be a <a href="/facts/Alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">postalveolar trill</a> or simply [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a>] instead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hausa_language/hQF3HW8r">Hausa</a></td><td><i>bara</i></td><td>[bəɽä]</td><td>'servant'</td><td>Represented in Arabic script with ⟨ر⟩</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hindustani_language/rPnbEyYP">Hindustani</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hindi_Language/n1QIEeCC">Hindi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Devanagari/dQvQ3Ufs">बड़ा</a></td><td rowspan="2">[bəɽäː]</td><td rowspan="2">'big'</td><td rowspan="2">Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Hindustani_phonology/jSJYXe1d">Hindustani phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Urdu_alphabet/SzLs2Poc">Urdu</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Urdu_alphabet/SzLs2Poc">بڑا</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nepali_language/TSC8VdAw">Nepali</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Devan%25C4%2581gar%25C4%25AB/dQvQ3Ufs">भाड़ा</a></td><td>[bʱäɽä]</td><td>'rent'</td><td>Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of /ɖ, ɖʱ/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Nepali_phonology/5gEhrASB">Nepali phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Norwegian_language/TGEyeerM">Norwegian</a></td><td>Central dialects<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/facts/Norwegian_alphabet/ersy5Mfu">blad</a></i></td><td rowspan="2">[bɽɑː]</td><td rowspan="2">'leaf'</td><td rowspan="2">Allophone of /l/ and /r/. In <a href="/facts/Urban_East_Norwegian/EyyTNCeo">Urban East Norwegian</a> it often alternates with the alveolar [<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a>], save for a small number of words.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Norwegian_phonology/jmBIScAK">Norwegian phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td>Eastern dialects<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Odia_language/RCSkWVSf">Odia</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Odia_script/05jEzRTV">ଗାଡ଼ି</a></td><td>[ɡäɽiː]</td><td>'car'</td><td>Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of /ɖ, ɖʱ/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Okinawan_language/bvbI6K0S">Okinawan</a></td><td><i>karatii</i></td><td>[kaɽatii]</td><td>'karate'</td><td>Intervocalic allophone of /<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a>/.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Parkari_Koli_language/rD902FLc">Parkari Koli</a></td><td>ۿُونَواڙ</td><td>[ɦuːnaʋaːɽ]</td><td>'desolate, deserted'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Portuguese_language/vr3Fwzw3">Portuguese</a></td><td>Some <a href="/facts/European_Portuguese/RTuCpyhE">European</a> speakers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Portuguese_orthography/B6H9WRGa">falar</a></i></td><td>[fɐˈläɽ]</td><td>'to speak'</td><td rowspan="3">Allophone of /<a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a>/. See <a href="/facts/Portuguese_phonology/hu1DbLe8">Portuguese phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Brazilian_Portuguese/9wrGa38X">Brazilian</a> <a href="/facts/Caipira/PonB78y7">caipira</a> speakers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Portuguese_orthography/B6H9WRGa">madeira</a></i></td><td>[mäˈd̪eɽə]</td><td>'wood'</td></tr><tr><td>Some <a href="/facts/Central-West_Region%2c_Brazil/0Uus8Ww1">sertanejo</a> speakers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Portuguese_orthography/B6H9WRGa">gargalhar</a></i></td><td>[ɡäɽɡäˈʎäɽ]</td><td>'to guffaw'</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Punjabi_language/Dps9vRRe">Punjabi</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Gurmukhi/u6Nt0z14">Gurmukhi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Gurmukhi/u6Nt0z14">ਘੋੜਾ</a></td><td rowspan="2">[gʱòːɽaː]</td><td rowspan="2">'horse'</td><td rowspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Shahmukhi_alphabet/nageddhg">Shahmukhi</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Shahmukhi_alphabet/nageddhg">گھوڑا</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Scottish_Gaelic_language/KMI4MmzJ">Scottish Gaelic</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Isle_of_Lewis/U8SrIutv">Lewis</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Scottish_Gaelic_orthography/5ar8xEwY">thuirt</a></i></td><td>[hʉɽʈ]</td><td>'said'</td><td>Possible realisation of /rˠ/.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Shipibo_language/e3aUSzMI">Shipibo</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></td><td><i>roro</i></td><td>[ˈɽo̽ɽo̽]</td><td>'to break'</td><td>Apical postalveolar; possible realization of /r/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swedish_language/1DkSIXkH">Swedish</a></td><td>Some dialects<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Swedish_alphabet/9vQCp9EF">blad</a></i></td><td>[bɽɑː(d)]</td><td>'leaf'</td><td>Allophone of /<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a>/ and /<a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_plosive/SQT2LTNM">ɖ</a>/. See <a href="/facts/Swedish_phonology/2NY3Prus">Swedish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tamil_language/7I0lHL0d">Tamil</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tamil_script/QAEV8dJ5">நாடு</a> / <a href="/facts/Arwi/uSd8gM6q">نَاڊُ</a></td><td>[naːɽɯ]</td><td>'country'</td><td>Intervocalic and word-medial allophone of /<a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive/o2FrLeV9">ʈ</a>/. See <a href="/facts/Tamil_phonology/k02LcIw7">Tamil phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Telugu_language/yV5dQWhw">Telugu</a></td><td>గోడు</td><td>[goːɽu]</td><td>'grief'</td><td>Allophone of /ɖ/</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Tucano_language/r2DSA07l">Tukano</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td>Ye’pâ-Masa</td><td><i>petâ-de</i></td><td>[pɛ̀ɛ̥̀táɽɛ᷆]</td><td>'(relative to the) port'</td><td>Realisation of ⟨d⟩ in certain positions. Nasalised [ɽ͂] in nasal contexts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Wapishana_language/0cQJLN2r">Wapishana</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td colspan="2">[pɨɖaɽɨ]</td><td>'your father'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Warlpiri_language/mGRx2m2C">Warlpiri</a></td><td><i>jarda</i></td><td>[caɽa]</td><td>'sleep'</td><td>Transcribes /ɽ/ as <i>rd</i>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Yidiny_language/AWsRnvbA">Yidiny</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td colspan="2">[gambi:ɽ]</td><td>'tablelands'</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Index_of_phonetics_articles/IwhbEHGN">Index of phonetics articles</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li>dos Santos, Manoel Gomes (2006), <i>Uma gramática do Wapixana (Aruak): aspectos da fonologia, da morfologia e da sintaxe</i> (PhD thesis), Campinas: University of Campinas, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.47749%2FT%2FUNICAMP.2006.368861">10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2006.368861</a>, <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12733%2F1602812">20.500.12733/1602812</a></li> <li>Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001). <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745">"Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects"</a>. In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). <i>'r-atics</i>. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 91–112. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0777-3692">0777-3692</a>. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)</li> <li>Heide, Eldar (2010), <a href="https://www.academia.edu/2401067">"Tjukk l – Retroflektert tydeleggjering av kort kvantitet. Om kvalitetskløyvinga av det gamle kvantitetssystemet."</a>, <i>Maal og Minne</i> (in Norwegian), 1, Novus forlag</li> <li>Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009), "Nepali", <i><a href="/facts/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association/d94UV5qT">Journal of the International Phonetic Association</a></i>, 39 (3): 337–380, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025100309990181">10.1017/s0025100309990181</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Gjert_Kristoffersen/tVzTJkX5">Kristoffersen, Gjert</a> (2000), <i>The Phonology of Norwegian</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-823765-5</li> <li>Labrune, Laurence (2012), <i>The Phonology of Japanese</i>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-19-954583-4</li> <li>Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920], <a href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbengali0000mazu"><i>The history of the Bengali language</i></a>, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 8120614526</li> <li>Okada, Hideo (1999), <a href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_jpn_phon-2">"Japanese"</a>, in International Phonetic Association (ed.), <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-52163751-0</li> <li>Ramirez, Henri (2019), <a href="http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:ramirez-1997-gramatica"><i>A Fala Tukano dos Ye'pâ-Masa: Tomo I</i></a>, Porto Velho: CEDEM</li> <li>Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [First published 1966], <i>Hindī Bhāshā</i>, Kitāb Mahal: Kitāb Mahal, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 81-225-0017-X</li> <li>Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40852342">"Shipibo"</a>, <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 31 (2): 281–285, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100301002109">10.1017/S0025100301002109</a></li> <li>Vance, Timothy J. (2008), <i>The Sounds of Japanese</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-5216-1754-3</li> <li>Verstraten, Bart; van de Velde, Hans (2001). <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745">"Socio-geographical variation of /r/ in standard Dutch"</a>. In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). <i>'r-atics</i>. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 45–61. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0777-3692">0777-3692</a>. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)</li> <li>Masica, Colin (1991). <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-521-29944-2.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=%C9%BD">List of languages with [ɽ]</a> on <a href="/facts/PHOIBLE/2qqHhjzI">PHOIBLE</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Mazumdar (2000:57) - Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920], The history of the Bengali language, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 8120614526 <a href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbengali0000mazu" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/historyofbengali0000mazu</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Mazumdar (2000:57) - Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920], The history of the Bengali language, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 8120614526 <a href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbengali0000mazu" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/historyofbengali0000mazu</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91, 94–95, 97, 101, 107) - Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 91–112. ISSN 0777-3692. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:50–51, 53–55) - Verstraten, Bart; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Socio-geographical variation of /r/ in standard Dutch". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 45–61. ISSN 0777-3692. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Goeman & van de Velde (2001:107) - Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 91–112. ISSN 0777-3692. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Goeman & van de Velde (2001:95, 97, 101, 107) - Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 91–112. ISSN 0777-3692. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:50–51, 53–54) - Verstraten, Bart; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Socio-geographical variation of /r/ in standard Dutch". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 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