The voiced retroflex flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɽ⟩, a letter r with tail, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r`.
Features
Features of the voiced retroflex flap:
- Its manner of articulation is tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (usually the tongue) is thrown against another.
- Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bengali1 | গাড়ি | [ɡaɽi] | 'car' | Apical postalveolar.2 See Bengali phonology | |
| Dutch34 | North Brabant5 | riem | [ɽim] | 'belt' | A rare word-initial variant of /r/.67 Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology |
| Northern Netherlands89 | |||||
| Elfdalian | luv | [ɽʏːv] | 'permission' | ||
| Enga | yála | [jɑɽɑ] | 'shame' | ||
| Gokana10 | bele | [beːɽeː] | 'we' | Apical postalveolar. Allophone of /l/, medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme before a following vowel in the same word. It can be a postalveolar trill or simply [l] instead.11 | |
| Hausa | bara | [bəɽä] | 'servant' | Represented in Arabic script with ⟨ر⟩ | |
| Hindustani12 | Hindi | बड़ा | [bəɽäː] | 'big' | Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.13 See Hindustani phonology |
| Urdu | بڑا | ||||
| Nepali14 | भाड़ा | [bʱäɽä] | 'rent' | Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of /ɖ, ɖʱ/.15 See Nepali phonology | |
| Norwegian | Central dialects16 | blad | [bɽɑː] | 'leaf' | Allophone of /l/ and /r/. In Urban East Norwegian it often alternates with the alveolar [ɾ], save for a small number of words.1718 See Norwegian phonology |
| Eastern dialects1920 | |||||
| Odia21 | ଗାଡ଼ି | [ɡäɽiː] | 'car' | Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of /ɖ, ɖʱ/.22 | |
| Okinawan | karatii | [kaɽatii] | 'karate' | Intervocalic allophone of /ɾ/. | |
| Parkari Koli | ۿُونَواڙ | [ɦuːnaʋaːɽ] | 'desolate, deserted' | ||
| Portuguese | Some European speakers23 | falar | [fɐˈläɽ] | 'to speak' | Allophone of /ɾ/. See Portuguese phonology |
| Brazilian caipira speakers2425 | madeira | [mäˈd̪eɽə] | 'wood' | ||
| Some sertanejo speakers26 | gargalhar | [ɡäɽɡäˈʎäɽ] | 'to guffaw' | ||
| Punjabi27 | Gurmukhi | ਘੋੜਾ | [gʱòːɽaː] | 'horse' | |
| Shahmukhi | گھوڑا | ||||
| Scottish Gaelic | Lewis | thuirt | [hʉɽʈ] | 'said' | Possible realisation of /rˠ/. |
| Shipibo28 | roro | [ˈɽo̽ɽo̽] | 'to break' | Apical postalveolar; possible realization of /r/.29 | |
| Swedish | Some dialects30 | blad | [bɽɑː(d)] | 'leaf' | Allophone of /l/ and /ɖ/. See Swedish phonology |
| Tamil | நாடு / نَاڊُ | [naːɽɯ] | 'country' | Intervocalic and word-medial allophone of /ʈ/. See Tamil phonology | |
| Telugu | గోడు | [goːɽu] | 'grief' | Allophone of /ɖ/ | |
| Tukano31 | Ye’pâ-Masa | petâ-de | [pɛ̀ɛ̥̀táɽɛ᷆] | '(relative to the) port' | Realisation of ⟨d⟩ in certain positions. Nasalised [ɽ͂] in nasal contexts.32 |
| Wapishana33 | [pɨɖaɽɨ] | 'your father' | |||
| Warlpiri | jarda | [caɽa] | 'sleep' | Transcribes /ɽ/ as rd. | |
| Yidiny34 | [gambi:ɽ] | 'tablelands' | |||
See also
Notes
- dos Santos, Manoel Gomes (2006), Uma gramática do Wapixana (Aruak): aspectos da fonologia, da morfologia e da sintaxe (PhD thesis), Campinas: University of Campinas, doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2006.368861, hdl:20.500.12733/1602812
- Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 91–112. ISSN 0777-3692. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
- Heide, Eldar (2010), "Tjukk l – Retroflektert tydeleggjering av kort kvantitet. Om kvalitetskløyvinga av det gamle kvantitetssystemet.", Maal og Minne (in Norwegian), 1, Novus forlag
- Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009), "Nepali", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 337–380, doi:10.1017/s0025100309990181
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Labrune, Laurence (2012), The Phonology of Japanese, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954583-4
- Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920], The history of the Bengali language, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 8120614526
- Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Ramirez, Henri (2019), A Fala Tukano dos Ye'pâ-Masa: Tomo I, Porto Velho: CEDEM
- Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [First published 1966], Hindī Bhāshā, Kitāb Mahal: Kitāb Mahal, ISBN 81-225-0017-X
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
- Vance, Timothy J. (2008), The Sounds of Japanese, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-5216-1754-3
- Verstraten, Bart; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Socio-geographical variation of /r/ in standard Dutch". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 45–61. ISSN 0777-3692. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
- Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
External links
References
Mazumdar (2000:57) - Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920], The history of the Bengali language, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 8120614526 https://archive.org/details/historyofbengali0000mazu ↩
Mazumdar (2000:57) - Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920], The history of the Bengali language, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 8120614526 https://archive.org/details/historyofbengali0000mazu ↩
Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91, 94–95, 97, 101, 107) - Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 91–112. ISSN 0777-3692. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745 ↩
Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:50–51, 53–55) - Verstraten, Bart; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Socio-geographical variation of /r/ in standard Dutch". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 45–61. ISSN 0777-3692. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745 ↩
Goeman & van de Velde (2001:107) - Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 91–112. ISSN 0777-3692. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745 ↩
Goeman & van de Velde (2001:95, 97, 101, 107) - Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 91–112. ISSN 0777-3692. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745 ↩
Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:50–51, 53–54) - Verstraten, Bart; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Socio-geographical variation of /r/ in standard Dutch". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 45–61. ISSN 0777-3692. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745 ↩
Goeman & van de Velde (2001:107) - Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 91–112. ISSN 0777-3692. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745 ↩
Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:54) - Verstraten, Bart; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Socio-geographical variation of /r/ in standard Dutch". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 45–61. ISSN 0777-3692. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745 ↩
L.F. Brosnahan. "Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-11-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20130403122650/http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/Files/pdf/01-1/jwal-01-1-Brosnahan.pdf ↩
L.F. Brosnahan. "Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-11-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20130403122650/http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/Files/pdf/01-1/jwal-01-1-Brosnahan.pdf ↩
Tiwari (2004:?) - Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [First published 1966], Hindī Bhāshā, Kitāb Mahal: Kitāb Mahal, ISBN 81-225-0017-X ↩
Tiwari (2004:?) - Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [First published 1966], Hindī Bhāshā, Kitāb Mahal: Kitāb Mahal, ISBN 81-225-0017-X ↩
Khatiwada (2009:377) - Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009), "Nepali", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 337–380, doi:10.1017/s0025100309990181 https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025100309990181 ↩
Khatiwada (2009:374) - Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009), "Nepali", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 337–380, doi:10.1017/s0025100309990181 https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025100309990181 ↩
Heide (2010:3–44) - Heide, Eldar (2010), "Tjukk l – Retroflektert tydeleggjering av kort kvantitet. Om kvalitetskløyvinga av det gamle kvantitetssystemet.", Maal og Minne (in Norwegian), 1, Novus forlag https://www.academia.edu/2401067 ↩
Heide (2010:3–44) - Heide, Eldar (2010), "Tjukk l – Retroflektert tydeleggjering av kort kvantitet. Om kvalitetskløyvinga av det gamle kvantitetssystemet.", Maal og Minne (in Norwegian), 1, Novus forlag https://www.academia.edu/2401067 ↩
Kristoffersen (2000:24) - Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5 ↩
Heide (2010:3–44) - Heide, Eldar (2010), "Tjukk l – Retroflektert tydeleggjering av kort kvantitet. Om kvalitetskløyvinga av det gamle kvantitetssystemet.", Maal og Minne (in Norwegian), 1, Novus forlag https://www.academia.edu/2401067 ↩
Kristoffersen (2000:24) - Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5 ↩
Masica (1991:107) - Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2. ↩
Masica (1991:107) - Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2. ↩
Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese) http://cl.up.pt/arquivo/como/tabela_fenomenos.pdf ↩
(in Portuguese) Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese's retroflex /r/: data from respondents in Pato Branco, Paraná Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Irineu da Silva Ferraz. Pages 19–21 http://dspace.c3sl.ufpr.br/dspace/bitstream/handle/1884/3955/CARACTER%C3%8DSTICAS%20FON%C3%89TICO.pdf?sequence=1 ↩
(in Portuguese) Syllable coda /r/ in the "capital" of the paulista hinterland: sociolinguistic analisis Archived 2013-09-26 at the Wayback Machine. Cândida Mara Britto LEITE. Page 111 (page 2 in the attached PDF) http://cedae.iel.unicamp.br/revista/index.php/sinteses/article/download/1198/1766 ↩
(in Portuguese) Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty Archived 2017-10-11 at the Wayback Machine. Pages 22 and 23. http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/mestrado/NascimentoTAM.pdf ↩
Bashir, Elena; J. Conners, Thomas (2019). "3.3.1". A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Vol. 4 of Mouton-CASL Grammar Series. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 24. ISBN 9781614512257. 9781614512257 ↩
Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282) - Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40852342 ↩
Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282) - Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40852342 ↩
Kristoffersen (2000:24) - Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5 ↩
Ramirez (2019:22) - Ramirez, Henri (2019), A Fala Tukano dos Ye'pâ-Masa: Tomo I, Porto Velho: CEDEM http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:ramirez-1997-gramatica ↩
Ramirez (2019:22) - Ramirez, Henri (2019), A Fala Tukano dos Ye'pâ-Masa: Tomo I, Porto Velho: CEDEM http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:ramirez-1997-gramatica ↩
dos Santos (2006:34) - dos Santos, Manoel Gomes (2006), Uma gramática do Wapixana (Aruak): aspectos da fonologia, da morfologia e da sintaxe (PhD thesis), Campinas: University of Campinas, doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2006.368861, hdl:20.500.12733/1602812 https://doi.org/10.47749%2FT%2FUNICAMP.2006.368861 ↩
Dixon, R.M.W (1977). A Grammar of Yidiɲ. London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-521-14242-7. 978-0-521-14242-7 ↩