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Vagindra script
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>Agvan Dorzhiev, or Agvaandorj, a Khory <a href="/facts/Buryats/daRwvbof">Buryat</a>, developed the script in 1905 with the assistance of <a href="/facts/Tseveen_Jamsrano/J9SzjMa0">Tseveen Jamsrano</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> as a means to cultural unification of the Buryats, naming it "Vagindra" for the <a href="/facts/Sanskrit/ychfjhlx">Sanskrit</a> version of his name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a> He based it primarily on the <a href="/facts/Mongolian_script/QFFR5rwl">Classical Mongol</a> and Todo script,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> expressing the hope that it would also help Buryats to read materials in the old script.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> Approximately ten books and pamphlets were published in the script until 1910, using a hybrid dialect primarily based on stern Buryat, but it was not used after that; there was discussion in 1917 of reviving it for use in native schools, but Classical Mongol was thought more likely to foster Mongol unity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> Dorzhiev himself apparently lost interest in the project, and neither mentions it nor uses it in his autobiography.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> It was opposed by Mikhail Bogdanov, who advocated rapid assimilation through Russian,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> and it has been suggested that the hybrid language used presented problems for readers,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> although evidence suggests otherwise.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> Probably most importantly, the Tsarist government perceived Mongolian unification, and hence the Vagindra script, as a political threat and exiled some of its proponents.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="description">Description</h2> <p>The script is derived primarily from <a href="/facts/Mongolian_script/QFFR5rwl">Classical Mongol</a> on the analogy of the <a href="/facts/Clear_script/y3ExgW46">Clear script</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> and like it is written vertically. The version published by Nicolai Amagaev and "Alamzhi-Mergen" (<a href="/facts/Rinchingiin_Elbegdorj/lDjU8T3T">Rinchingiin Elbegdorj</a>) in 1910 consists of 7 vowels and 21 consonants.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Diacritic/Rw6lMzQW">Diacritics</a> are used to indicate long vowels (a vertical line), palatization (a circle), and letters for use in rendering Russian (a dot),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> including a letter representing the historical Russian double consonant /ʃt͡ʃ/ (corresponding to <a href="/facts/Cyrillic/0btN3oWC">Cyrillic</a> <a href="/facts/Shcha/tMEENSLc">Щ</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> He also added a special letter to mark, Х (h) sound of the Buryat dialect. The alphabet can therefore also be represented as having 36 letters including 8 vowels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> Unlike Classical Mongol, the letter forms are invariant regardless of position in the word,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> being based on the medial forms in Classical Mongol, with the exception of <i>a</i>, which is based on the <a href="/facts/Old_Uyghur_alphabet/hDIt5gbd">Uighur script</a> and has a reduced form in medial and final position.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Ëndonzhamt︠s︡yn Zhanchiv and Gonchigiĭn Gantogtokh (Sharaĭd). <i>Vagindra u̇sgiĭn dursgaluud</i> [Monuments in Vagindra script]. Corpus scriptorum VIII. Ulaanbaatar: Udam Soël, 2010. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773896142">773896142</a> (in Mongolian)</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vagindra script. <ul><li><a href="http://aleph2at.free.fr/index.php?art=695">L'écriture Buryat: Les exemples</a>: example of Vagindra script</li> <li><a href="http://www.viahistoria.com/SilverHorde/research/images/Scripts/V_Script_2.jpg">example</a> linked at Luigi Kapaj (in the SCA: Gülügjab Tangghudai), <a href="http://www.viahistoria.com/SilverHorde/main.html?research/MongolScripts.html">Mongol Scripts</a>, The Silver Horde, <a href="/facts/Society_for_Creative_Anachronism/aPrrkRA5">Society for Creative Anachronism</a>, 2003.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Otgonbayar Chuluunbaatar, Einführung in die mongolischen Schriften, Einführungen in fremde Schriften, Hamburg: Buske, 2008, ISBN 9783875485004, p. 55 (in German) <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Yeshen-Khorlo Dugarova-Montgomery and Robert Montgomery, "The Buriat Alphabet of Agvan Dorzhiev", in Mongolia in the Twentieth Century: Landlocked Cosmopolitan, ed. Stephen Kotkin and Bruce A. Elleman, Armonck, New York: Sharpe, 1999, ISBN 9780765605368, pp. 79–98, p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Script, Vagindra", Allen J. K. Sanders, Historical Dictionary of Mongolia, Historical dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East 74, 3rd ed. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow, 2010, ISBN 9780810874527. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5JN83EDDLl4C&pg=PA645" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5JN83EDDLl4C&pg=PA645</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>""www.munkho.de"". munkho.de. Retrieved 2 May 2022. <a href="https://www.munkho.de/wp/%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD-%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BB-%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AFx-%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3-%D0%B1-2/" target="_blank">https://www.munkho.de/wp/%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD-%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BB-%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AFx-%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3-%D0%B1-2/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Dugarova-Montgomery and Montgomery, p. 85. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BoWGituXr8MC&q=Like+Classical+Mongol%2C+the+new+alphabet+was+written+vertically&pg=PA79" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BoWGituXr8MC&q=Like+Classical+Mongol%2C+the+new+alphabet+was+written+vertically&pg=PA79</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Dugarova-Montgomery and Montgomery, p. 86. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BoWGituXr8MC&q=rejected+in+favor+of+Classical+Mongolian&pg=PA79" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BoWGituXr8MC&q=rejected+in+favor+of+Classical+Mongolian&pg=PA79</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Dugarova-Montgomery and Montgomery, p. 88. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BoWGituXr8MC&q=most+likely+cause+of+the+new+script%27s+disappearance&pg=PA79" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BoWGituXr8MC&q=most+likely+cause+of+the+new+script%27s+disappearance&pg=PA79</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Chuluunbaatar, p. 57. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0wuHO5OgGY8C&q=Beherrschung+solch+einer+hybriden+Schriftsprache" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0wuHO5OgGY8C&q=Beherrschung+solch+einer+hybriden+Schriftsprache</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Dugarova-Montgomery and Montgomery, p. 88. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BoWGituXr8MC&q=most+likely+cause+of+the+new+script%27s+disappearance&pg=PA79" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BoWGituXr8MC&q=most+likely+cause+of+the+new+script%27s+disappearance&pg=PA79</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Chuluunbaatar, p. 57. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0wuHO5OgGY8C&q=Beherrschung+solch+einer+hybriden+Schriftsprache" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0wuHO5OgGY8C&q=Beherrschung+solch+einer+hybriden+Schriftsprache</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Dugarova-Montgomery and Montgomery, p. 88. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BoWGituXr8MC&q=most+likely+cause+of+the+new+script%27s+disappearance&pg=PA79" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BoWGituXr8MC&q=most+likely+cause+of+the+new+script%27s+disappearance&pg=PA79</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Yeshen-Khorlo Dugarova-Montgomery and Robert Montgomery, "The Buriat Alphabet of Agvan Dorzhiev", in Mongolia in the Twentieth Century: Landlocked Cosmopolitan, ed. Stephen Kotkin and Bruce A. Elleman, Armonck, New York: Sharpe, 1999, ISBN 9780765605368, pp. 79–98, p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Dugarova-Montgomery and Montgomery, p. 88. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BoWGituXr8MC&q=most+likely+cause+of+the+new+script%27s+disappearance&pg=PA79" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BoWGituXr8MC&q=most+likely+cause+of+the+new+script%27s+disappearance&pg=PA79</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>BNMAU-yn Shinzhlėkh Ukhaany Akademi, Information Mongolia: The Comprehensive Reference Source of the People's Republic of Mongolia (MPR), Countries of the world information series, Oxford/New York: Pergamon, 1990, ISBN 9780080361932, p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Dugarova-Montgomery and Montgomery, p. 85. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BoWGituXr8MC&q=Like+Classical+Mongol%2C+the+new+alphabet+was+written+vertically&pg=PA79" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BoWGituXr8MC&q=Like+Classical+Mongol%2C+the+new+alphabet+was+written+vertically&pg=PA79</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Nikolai Amagaev and Alamzhi-Mergen, Novyi mongolo-buriatskii alfavit, St. Petersburg: Tipografiia Imperatorskoi akademii nauk, 1910, cited in Dugarova-Montgomery and Montgomery, p. 86, Chart 1, p. 87. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BoWGituXr8MC&q=Nikolai+Amagaev&pg=PA79" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BoWGituXr8MC&q=Nikolai+Amagaev&pg=PA79</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Chuluunbaatar, p. 56. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0wuHO5OgGY8C&q=wurde+senkrecht+geschrieben+und+aus+sieben+Vokalen+und+21+Konsonanten" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0wuHO5OgGY8C&q=wurde+senkrecht+geschrieben+und+aus+sieben+Vokalen+und+21+Konsonanten</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>"Script, Vagindra", Allen J. K. Sanders, Historical Dictionary of Mongolia, Historical dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East 74, 3rd ed. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow, 2010, ISBN 9780810874527. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5JN83EDDLl4C&pg=PA645" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=5JN83EDDLl4C&pg=PA645</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Chart linked at Luigi Kapaj (in the SCA: Gülügjab Tangghudai), Mongol Scripts, The Silver Horde, Society for Creative Anachronism, 2003. <a href="http://www.viahistoria.com/SilverHorde/research/images/Scripts/V_Script_1.jpg" target="_blank">http://www.viahistoria.com/SilverHorde/research/images/Scripts/V_Script_1.jpg</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>L'écriture Buryat: L’alphabet, chart at Les écritures, Aleph2, archived on 2012-01-27 (in French) <a href="http://aleph2at.free.fr/index.php?art=694" target="_blank">http://aleph2at.free.fr/index.php?art=694</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>BNMAU-yn Shinzhlėkh Ukhaany Akademi, Information Mongolia: The Comprehensive Reference Source of the People's Republic of Mongolia (MPR), Countries of the world information series, Oxford/New York: Pergamon, 1990, ISBN 9780080361932, p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>BNMAU-yn Shinzhlėkh Ukhaany Akademi, Information Mongolia: The Comprehensive Reference Source of the People's Republic of Mongolia (MPR), Countries of the world information series, Oxford/New York: Pergamon, 1990, ISBN 9780080361932, p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Dugarova-Montgomery and Montgomery, p. 85. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BoWGituXr8MC&q=Like+Classical+Mongol%2C+the+new+alphabet+was+written+vertically&pg=PA79" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=BoWGituXr8MC&q=Like+Classical+Mongol%2C+the+new+alphabet+was+written+vertically&pg=PA79</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Chuluunbaatar, p. 56. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0wuHO5OgGY8C&q=wurde+senkrecht+geschrieben+und+aus+sieben+Vokalen+und+21+Konsonanten" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=0wuHO5OgGY8C&q=wurde+senkrecht+geschrieben+und+aus+sieben+Vokalen+und+21+Konsonanten</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>