Menu
Home
People
Places
Arts
History
Plants & Animals
Science
Life & Culture
Technology
Reference.org
Voiced velar approximant
open-in-new
<h2 id="features">Features</h2> <p>Features of the voiced velar approximant: </p> <ul><li>Its <a href="/facts/Manner_of_articulation/HxyCqDQC">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Approximant/SXrlw7zY">approximant</a>, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a <a href="/facts/Turbulence/NpgFUhG5">turbulent airstream</a>. The most common type of this approximant is <i>glide</i> or <i>semivowel</i>. The term <i>glide</i> emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of [ɰ] from the [<a href="/facts/Close_back_unrounded_vowel/vlG9cpwT">ɯ</a>] vowel position to a following vowel position. The term <i>semivowel</i> emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable). For a description of the <i>approximant consonant</i> variant used e.g. in Spanish, see below.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Place_of_articulation/exCzaxeF">place of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Velar_consonant/blWClp79">velar</a>, which means it is articulated with the back of the <a href="/facts/Tongue/oW4tp3a0">tongue</a> (the dorsum) at the <a href="/facts/Soft_palate/NTlaJCkF">soft palate</a>.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Phonation/u2IGLdgG">phonation</a> is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/facts/Oral_consonant/feM4cful">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/facts/Central_consonant/YLATXvJW">central consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Airstream_mechanism/qooe2ESC">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/facts/Pulmonic_egressive/BICa0WA0">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/facts/Intercostal_muscle/SFCkv3vD">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/facts/Abdominal_muscles/HcTzDFL0">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <h2 id="occurrence">Occurrence</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Aragonese_language/hduBfPCR">Aragonese</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></td><td><i>caixigo</i></td><td>[kajˈʃiɣ̞o̞]</td><td>'oak tree'</td><td>Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of /ɡ/.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4"><a href="/facts/Astur-Leonese_languages/1KjS5Lmt">Astur-Leonese</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Asturian_language/VACemynx">Asturian</a></td><td>[<i>example needed</i>]</td><td></td><td></td><td rowspan="4">Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of /ɡ/.</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Extremaduran_language/HGcz2qSC">Extremaduran</a></td><td>[<i>example needed</i>]</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Leonese_dialect/17D7LKSA">Leonese</a></td><td>[<i>example needed</i>]</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Mirandese_language/zzmezR0z">Mirandese</a></td><td>[<i>example needed</i>]</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Catalan_language/W2uTbK8Q">Catalan</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Catalan_orthography/EuUUrU6u">aigua</a></i></td><td>[ˈajɣ̞wə]</td><td>'water'</td><td>Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of /ɡ/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Catalan_phonology/Hlw9yKdg">Catalan phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Cherokee_language/10EL54YL">Cherokee</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cherokee_syllabary/ax9BHa0J">ᏩᏥ</a> <i>wa-tsi</i></td><td>[ɰad͡ʒi]</td><td>'watch'</td><td>Found only in the Western dialect. Its equivalent in other dialects is [w]. Also represented by Ꮺ, Ꮻ, Ꮼ, Ꮽ, and Ꮾ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Danish_language/sTcGXTMJ">Danish</a></td><td>Older speakers<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Danish_alphabet/5R0QPeuD">talg</a></i></td><td>[ˈtsʰalˀɣ̞]</td><td>'tallow'</td><td>Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. Still used by some older speakers in high register, much more commonly than a fricative [<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_fricative/ESy9fy1G">ɣ</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> Depending on the environment, it corresponds to [w] or [<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a>] in young speakers of contemporary Standard Danish.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Danish_phonology/pcTRA2ln">Danish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Dutch_language/yIB5lbsx">Dutch</a></td><td>Western <a href="/facts/East_Flemish/7opp6dJ7">East Flemish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. Corresponds to a fricative [<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_fricative/ESy9fy1G">ɣ</a>] in other dialects.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/French_language/qe1DnaQh">French</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Belgian_French/FeW35h1F">Belgian</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/French_orthography/JkoJ2W1I">ara</a></i></td><td>[aɣ̞a]</td><td>'macaw'</td><td>Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. Intervocalic, word-internal allophone of /ʀ/ for some speakers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/French_phonology/f5Px9rwj">French phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Galician_language/bGIhIvMX">Galician</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a></td><td><i>auga</i></td><td>[ˈɑwɣ̞ɑ]</td><td>'water'</td><td>Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of /ɡ/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Galician_phonology/JDByWRWC">Galician phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Greek_language/pzDd6eIz">Greek</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Cypriot_Greek/4fkjq5sQ">Cypriot</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/Greek_alphabet/1cHwB8Dg">μαγαζί</a></td><td>[maɰaˈzi]</td><td>'shop'</td><td>Allophone of /ɣ/.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Guarani_language/Rlo1qQMz">Guarani</a></td><td></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Guaran%C3%AD_alphabet/Szdbtolk">gotyo</a></i></td><td>[ɰoˈtɨo]</td><td>'near, close to'</td><td>Contrasts with [w]</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/%C3%91andeva_Guarani_language/7uM1rvrz">Ñandewa</a> <a href="/facts/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)/GUFhhyBS">Paulista</a>-<a href="/facts/Paran%C3%A1_(state)/gztCpNKP">Paranaense</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></td><td></td><td>[adʒaˈɰa]</td><td>'I cut'</td><td>Contrasts with [<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡ</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Hiw_language/pYtSc3hC">Hiw</a></td><td><i>ter̄og</i></td><td>[təɡ͡ʟɔɣ̞]</td><td>'peace'</td><td>Contrasts with /w/ and with /ɡ͡ʟ/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ibibio_language/DMwz2rNt">Ibibio</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></td><td><i>ufokọ</i></td><td>[úfʌ̟̀ɰɔ̞]</td><td>[<i>translation needed</i>]</td><td>Intervocalic allophone of /k/; may be a uvular tap [<a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_tap_and_flap/BVWJFmUf">ɢ̆</a>] instead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Icelandic_language/4GmzhaoT">Icelandic</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Icelandic_orthography/g7rC0IpL">saga</a></i></td><td>[ˈs̺äːɣ̞ä]</td><td>'saga'</td><td>Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding. See <a href="/facts/Icelandic_phonology/SlmBgmH5">Icelandic phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Irish_language/Kw97s2l4">Irish</a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Irish_orthography/tk5sPGW3">naoi</a></i></td><td>[n̪ˠɰiː]</td><td>'nine'</td><td>Occurs only between broad consonants and <a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">front vowels</a>. See <a href="/facts/Irish_phonology/3meHjVVG">Irish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Korean_language/dmNnRxAA">Korean</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Hangul/prUQxzfJ">의사</a> / <i><a href="/facts/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean/jA5Fz40j">uisa</a></i></td><td>[ɰisɐ]</td><td>'doctor'</td><td>Occurs only before /i/. See <a href="/facts/Korean_phonology/1hlWNext">Korean phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Mwotlap_language/Wl5grK0K">Mwotlap</a></td><td><i>haghag</i></td><td>[haɣ̞haɣ̞]</td><td>'sit'</td><td>Contrasts with [w].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Shipibo_language/e3aUSzMI">Shipibo</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></td><td><i>igi</i></td><td>[i̞ɣ̞i̞]</td><td>[<i>translation needed</i>]</td><td>Unspecified for rounding; varies between an approximant and a fricative. Allophone of /k/ in certain high-frequency morphemes.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Spanish_orthography/DNP7QG9J">pagar</a></i></td><td>[päˈɣ̞äɾ]ⓘ</td><td>'to pay'</td><td>Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of /ɡ/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Spanish_phonology/y7knma4G">Spanish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Swedish_language/1DkSIXkH">Swedish</a></td><td>Central Standard<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Swedish_alphabet/9vQCp9EF">agronom</a></i></td><td>[äɣ̞ɾʊˈn̪oːm]</td><td>'agronomist'</td><td>Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; allophone of /ɡ/ in casual speech. See <a href="/facts/Swedish_phonology/2NY3Prus">Swedish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tagalog_language/G8UARRIl">Tagalog</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Abakada_script/KunC9wcz"><i>igriega</i></a></td><td>[iːɡɾɪˈje̞ɣ̞ɐ]</td><td>'y (letter)'</td><td>Approximant consonant unspecified for rounding; intervocalic allophone of /ɡ/. See <a href="/facts/Tagalog_phonology/U6eweXdA">Tagalog phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Tiwi_language/PVyVN1XI">Tiwi</a></td><td><i>ngaga</i></td><td>[ˈŋaɰa]</td><td>'we (inclusive)'</td><td></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Vietnamese_language/J3Pbx58C">Vietnamese</a></td><td>Southern</td><td><i><a href="/facts/Vietnamese_alphabet/NyAkHElo">gà</a></i></td><td>[ɣ̞a:˨˩]</td><td>'chicken'</td><td>Typical realization of /ɡɣ/ or /ɣ/ in other dialects. Variant is in complementary distribution before open vowels.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Pre-velar</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Spanish_orthography/DNP7QG9J">seguir</a></i></td><td>[se̞ˈɣ̞iɾ]ⓘ</td><td>'to follow'</td><td>Approximant consonant. Lenited allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɣ⟩. See <a href="/facts/Spanish_phonology/y7knma4G">Spanish phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Turkish_language/C5X56Ijp">Turkish</a></td><td>Standard prescriptive<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></td><td><i><a href="/facts/Turkish_alphabet/Skpn0bkK">düğün</a></i></td><td>[ˈd̪y̠jy̠n̪]</td><td>'marriage'</td><td>Either post-palatal or palatal; phonetic realization of /ɣ/ (also transcribed as /ɰ/) before front vowels.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Turkish_phonology/bm1otksF">Turkish phonology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="voiced-velar-bunched-approximant">Voiced velar bunched approximant</h2> <p>Some languages have a velar approximant that is produced with the body of the tongue bunched up at the velum and simultaneous <a href="/facts/Pharyngealization/yesDa9qg">pharyngealization</a>. This gives rise to a type of <a href="/facts/Retroflex_consonant/lsBdJD4V">retroflex</a> resonance resembling [<a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_approximant/TvVxIsqL">ɻ</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet/LDcj1gPx">extension to the IPA</a> recommends the use of the "centralized" diacritic combined with the IPA sign for the English <a href="/facts/Alveolar_approximant/f1wQ41RI">alveolar approximant</a> (as in ⟨ɹ̈⟩) to distinguish the bunched realization from the prototypical apical [<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_approximant/f1wQ41RI">ɹ</a>], which may be specified as ⟨ɹ̺⟩. Typically, the diacritic is omitted, so that the sound is transcribed simply with ⟨ɹ⟩ or ⟨ɻ⟩ (in broader transcriptions: ⟨r⟩), as if it were a <a href="/facts/Coronal_consonant/nJA2jL4n">coronal consonant</a>. </p><p>In Dutch, this type of <i>r</i> is called <i>Gooise r</i> [ˌɣoːisə ˈʔɛr] 'Gooi <i>r'</i>. It is named after <a href="/facts/Gooi/uL0FaJqX">het Gooi</a>, a region of the Netherlands where <a href="/facts/Hilversum/mweNrIyn">Hilversum</a> (the main centre for television and radio broadcasting) is located. </p> <h3>Features</h3> <p>Features of the voiced velar bunched approximant: </p> <ul><li>Its <a href="/facts/Manner_of_articulation/HxyCqDQC">manner of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Approximant/SXrlw7zY">approximant</a>, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a <a href="/facts/Turbulence/NpgFUhG5">turbulent airstream</a>. The body of the tongue is bunched up at the velum, rather than just approaching it as it is the case with the prototypical velar approximant.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Place_of_articulation/exCzaxeF">place of articulation</a> is <a href="/facts/Velar_consonant/blWClp79">velar</a>, which means it is articulated with the back of the <a href="/facts/Tongue/oW4tp3a0">tongue</a> (the dorsum) at the <a href="/facts/Soft_palate/NTlaJCkF">soft palate</a>.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Phonation/u2IGLdgG">phonation</a> is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.</li> <li>It is an <a href="/facts/Oral_consonant/feM4cful">oral consonant</a>, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.</li> <li>It is a <a href="/facts/Central_consonant/YLATXvJW">central consonant</a>, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.</li> <li>Its <a href="/facts/Airstream_mechanism/qooe2ESC">airstream mechanism</a> is <a href="/facts/Pulmonic_egressive/BICa0WA0">pulmonic</a>, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the <a href="/facts/Intercostal_muscle/SFCkv3vD">intercostal muscles</a> and <a href="/facts/Abdominal_muscles/HcTzDFL0">abdominal muscles</a>, as in most sounds.</li></ul> <h3>Occurrence</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Language</th><th>Word</th><th><a href="/facts/International_Phonetic_Alphabet/2e7jmUaG">IPA</a></th><th>Meaning</th><th>Notes</th></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Dutch_language/yIB5lbsx">Dutch</a></td><td>Randstad varieties<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/facts/Dutch_orthography/BHW9KxMr">maar</a></i></td><td rowspan="2">[ˈmaːɹ̈]</td><td rowspan="2">'but'</td><td>Pre-velar. Common allophone of /r/ in the syllable <a href="/facts/Syllable/Ylt7pyJe">coda</a>, where it contrasts with [<a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a>]. The bunching and pharyngealization may be lost in connected speech, resulting in a semivowel such as [<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a>] or [ə̯].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Dutch_phonology/WJP2LDfK">Dutch phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td>Standard Northern<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td>Pre-velar. Common allophone of /r/ in the syllable coda, where it contrasts with [<a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a>].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Dutch_phonology/WJP2LDfK">Dutch phonology</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/English_language/tpkxGt7b">English</a></td><td><a href="/facts/American_English/sdAfgPgM">American</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/English_orthography/1Exe2W6G">red</a></td><td>[ɹ̈ʷɛd]</td><td>'red'</td><td>Possible realization of /r/; indistinguishable from apical [ɹ̺].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Pronunciation_of_English_/r//dcw103Xv">Pronunciation of English /r/</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Received_Pronunciation/YRBWev67">Received Pronunciation</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td><a href="/facts/English_orthography/1Exe2W6G">curious</a></td><td>[ˈkj̊ʊːɹ̈iəs]</td><td>'curious'</td><td>Possible allophone of /r/ before front vowels; indistinguishable from apical [ɹ̺].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a> See <a href="/facts/Pronunciation_of_English_/r//dcw103Xv">Pronunciation of English /r/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="relation-with--and-">Relation with [ɡ] and [ɣ]</h2> <p>Some languages have a voiced velar approximant that is unspecified for rounding, and therefore cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either [ɯ] or its rounded counterpart [<a href="/facts/Close_back_rounded_vowel/gqlQLfse">u</a>]. Examples of such languages are <a href="/facts/Catalan_language/W2uTbK8Q">Catalan</a>, <a href="/facts/Galician_language/bGIhIvMX">Galician</a> and <a href="/facts/Spanish_language/95BgYNfv">Spanish</a>, in which the approximant <i>consonant</i> (not <i>semivowel</i>) unspecified for rounding appears as an allophone of /ɡ/.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>Eugenio Martínez Celdrán describes the voiced velar approximant consonant as follows:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> </p> <blockquote><p>As for the symbol ⟨ɰ⟩, it is quite evidently inappropriate for representing the Spanish voiced velar approximant consonant. Many authors have pointed out the fact that [ɰ] is not rounded; for example, Pullum & Ladusaw (1986:98) state that 'the sound in question can be described as a semi-vowel (glide) with the properties "high", "back", and "unrounded"'. They even establish an interesting parallelism: 'the sound can be regarded as an unrounded [<a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a>]'. It is evident, then, that ⟨ɰ⟩ is not an adequate symbol for Spanish. First of all, because it has never been taken into consideration that there is a diphthong in words like <i>paga</i> 'pay', <i>vago</i> 'lazy', <i>lego</i> 'lay', etc., and, secondly, because this sound is rounded when it precedes rounded vowels. Besides, it would be utterly wrong to transcribe the word <i>jugo</i> 'juice' with ⟨ɰ⟩ *[ˈχuɰo], because the pronunciation of that consonant between two rounded vowels is completely rounded whereas [ɰ] is not. [...]</p> <p>The symbol I have always proposed is ⟨ɣ̞⟩, the correlate to the other central approximants in Spanish, [<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_approximant/2ljHM92m">β̞</a> <a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_approximant/MTJup6oV">ð̞</a>] (Martínez Celdrán 1991, 1996:47). This coincides with Ball & Rahilly (1999:90), whose example for the three approximants is the Spanish word <i>abogado</i> 'lawyer'[...]. Ball & Rahilly too criticise in a footnote the confusion between these symbols: 'The difference between an approximant version of the <a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_fricative/ESy9fy1G">voiced velar fricative</a> [ɣ], and the velar semi-vowel [ɰ] is that the latter requires spread lips, and must have a slightly more open articulatory channel so that it becomes [<a href="/facts/Close_back_unrounded_vowel/vlG9cpwT">ɯ</a>] if prolonged' (p. 189, fn. 1).</p></blockquote> <p>There is a parallel problem with transcribing the <a href="/facts/Palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">palatal approximant</a>. </p><p>The symbol ⟨ɣ̞⟩ may not display properly in all browsers. In that case, ⟨ɣ˕⟩ should be substituted. In broader transcriptions,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a> the <a href="/facts/Relative_articulation/tr1T3A3s">lowering diacritic</a> may be omitted altogether, so that the symbol is rendered ⟨ɣ⟩, i.e. as if it represented the corresponding fricative. </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Index_of_phonetics_articles/IwhbEHGN">Index of phonetics articles</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <ul><li>Arvaniti, Amalia (1999), <a href="http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~arvaniti/Arvaniti.JIPA_CY.pdf">"Cypriot Greek"</a> (PDF), <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 29 (2): 173–178, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510030000654X">10.1017/S002510030000654X</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163926812">163926812</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Hans_Basb%C3%B8ll/XYF4d9r5">Basbøll, Hans</a> (2005), <i>The Phonology of Danish</i>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-203-97876-5</li> <li>Canellada, María Josefa; Madsen, John Kuhlmann (1987), <i>Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria</i>, Madrid: Castalia, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-8470394836</li> <li>Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), <a href="http://liceu.uab.cat/~joaquim/publicacions/Carbonell_Llisterri_92_Catalan_IPA.pdf">"Catalan"</a> (PDF), <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 22 (1–2): 53–56, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025100300004618">10.1017/s0025100300004618</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249411809">249411809</a></li> <li>Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], <i>The Phonetics of English and Dutch</i> (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9004103406</li> <li>Costa, Consuelo de Paiva Godinho (2012). <a href="https://doi.org/10.20396%2Fliames.v3i1.1414">"Fonologia do Nhandewa-Guarani Paulista-Paranaense"</a>. <i>LIAMES</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). 3 (1): 75–97. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.20396%2Fliames.v3i1.1414">10.20396/liames.v3i1.1414</a>.</li> <li>Cruttenden, Alan (2014), <i>Gimson's Pronunciation of English</i> (8th ed.), Routledge, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9781444183092</li> <li>Demolin, Didier (2001). <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745">"Some phonetic and phonological observations concerning /ʀ/ in Belgian French"</a>. In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). <i>Rapport d'Activités de l'Institut des Langues Vivantes et de Phonétique</i>. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 61–73. <a href="/facts/ISSN_(identifier)/DPAflDvU">ISSN</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0777-3692">0777-3692</a>.</li> <li>Engstrand, Olle (2004), <i>Fonetikens grunder</i> (in Swedish), Lund: Studenlitteratur, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 91-44-04238-8</li> <li>François, Alexandre (2001), <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/AFpub_books_e.htm"><i>Contraintes de structures et liberté dans l'organisation du discours. Une description du mwotlap, langue océanienne du Vanuatu</i></a> (in French), Paris: PhD dissertation, Université Paris-IV Sorbonne, p. 1078.</li> <li>François, Alexandre (2010), <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_Hiw-lateral_Phonology_published.pdf">"Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: Resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment"</a> (PDF), <i>Phonology</i>, 27 (3): 393–434, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0952675710000205">10.1017/S0952675710000205</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62628417">62628417</a>.</li> <li>Grønnum, Nina (2005), <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ"><i>Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk</i></a> (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 87-500-3865-6</li> <li>Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567">"Problems in the Classification of Approximants"</a>, <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 34 (2): 201–210, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001732">10.1017/S0025100304001732</a>, <a href="/facts/S2CID_(identifier)/ldJsHa2Y">S2CID</a> <a href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144568679">144568679</a></li> <li>Mott, Brian (2007), "Chistabino (Pyrenean Aragonese)", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 37 (1): 103–114, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002842">10.1017/S0025100306002842</a>, <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/2445%2F49131">2445/49131</a></li> <li>Taeldeman, Johan (1979), "Het klankpatroon van de Vlaamse dialecten. Een inventariserend overzicht", <i>Woordenboek van de Vlaamse Dialecten</i></li> <li>Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 34 (1): 105–109, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001550">10.1017/S0025100304001550</a></li> <li>Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40852342">"Shipibo"</a>, <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, 31 (2): 281–285, <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100301002109">10.1017/S0025100301002109</a></li> <li>Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111322/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf">"Turkish"</a> (PDF), <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 0-521-65236-7, archived from <a href="http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2018-07-25, retrieved 2015-11-21</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://phoible.org/parameters?sSearch_0=%C9%B0">List of languages with [ɰ]</a> on <a href="/facts/PHOIBLE/2qqHhjzI">PHOIBLE</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Mott (2007), pp. 104–105. - Mott, Brian (2007), "Chistabino (Pyrenean Aragonese)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 103–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002842, hdl:2445/49131 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002842" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002842</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 55. - Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/s0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809 <a href="http://liceu.uab.cat/~joaquim/publicacions/Carbonell_Llisterri_92_Catalan_IPA.pdf" target="_blank">http://liceu.uab.cat/~joaquim/publicacions/Carbonell_Llisterri_92_Catalan_IPA.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Martínez Celdrán (2004), p. 204. - Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), "Problems in the Classification of Approximants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 201–210, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001732, S2CID 144568679 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 55. - Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/s0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809 <a href="http://liceu.uab.cat/~joaquim/publicacions/Carbonell_Llisterri_92_Catalan_IPA.pdf" target="_blank">http://liceu.uab.cat/~joaquim/publicacions/Carbonell_Llisterri_92_Catalan_IPA.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Martínez Celdrán (2004), p. 204. - Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), "Problems in the Classification of Approximants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 201–210, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001732, S2CID 144568679 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Grønnum (2005), p. 123. - Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Grønnum (2005), p. 123. - Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6 <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ" target="_blank">https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Basbøll (2005), pp. 211–212. - Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5 <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Taeldeman (1979). - Taeldeman, Johan (1979), "Het klankpatroon van de Vlaamse dialecten. Een inventariserend overzicht", Woordenboek van de Vlaamse Dialecten <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Taeldeman (1979). - Taeldeman, Johan (1979), "Het klankpatroon van de Vlaamse dialecten. Een inventariserend overzicht", Woordenboek van de Vlaamse Dialecten <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Demolin (2001), pp. 65, 71. - Demolin, Didier (2001). "Some phonetic and phonological observations concerning /ʀ/ in Belgian French". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). Rapport d'Activités de l'Institut des Langues Vivantes et de Phonétique. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 61–73. ISSN 0777-3692. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Demolin (2001), pp. 65, 71. - Demolin, Didier (2001). "Some phonetic and phonological observations concerning /ʀ/ in Belgian French". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). Rapport d'Activités de l'Institut des Langues Vivantes et de Phonétique. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 61–73. ISSN 0777-3692. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>Martínez Celdrán (2004), pp. 203–204. - Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), "Problems in the Classification of Approximants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 201–210, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001732, S2CID 144568679 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Martínez Celdrán (2004), pp. 203–204. - Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), "Problems in the Classification of Approximants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 201–210, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001732, S2CID 144568679 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Arvaniti (1999), p. 174. - Arvaniti, Amalia (1999), "Cypriot Greek" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2): 173–178, doi:10.1017/S002510030000654X, S2CID 163926812 <a href="http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~arvaniti/Arvaniti.JIPA_CY.pdf" target="_blank">http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~arvaniti/Arvaniti.JIPA_CY.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Costa (2012), p. 78. - Costa, Consuelo de Paiva Godinho (2012). "Fonologia do Nhandewa-Guarani Paulista-Paranaense". LIAMES (in Brazilian Portuguese). 3 (1): 75–97. doi:10.20396/liames.v3i1.1414. <a href="https://doi.org/10.20396%2Fliames.v3i1.1414" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.20396%2Fliames.v3i1.1414</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Costa (2012), p. 78. - Costa, Consuelo de Paiva Godinho (2012). "Fonologia do Nhandewa-Guarani Paulista-Paranaense". LIAMES (in Brazilian Portuguese). 3 (1): 75–97. doi:10.20396/liames.v3i1.1414. <a href="https://doi.org/10.20396%2Fliames.v3i1.1414" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.20396%2Fliames.v3i1.1414</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>François (2010), pp. 397–400. - François, Alexandre (2010), "Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: Resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment" (PDF), Phonology, 27 (3): 393–434, doi:10.1017/S0952675710000205, S2CID 62628417 <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_Hiw-lateral_Phonology_published.pdf" target="_blank">http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_Hiw-lateral_Phonology_published.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>Urua (2004), p. 106. - Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105–109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001550" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001550</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Urua (2004), p. 106. - Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105–109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001550" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001550</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>François (2001), p. 60. - François, Alexandre (2001), Contraintes de structures et liberté dans l'organisation du discours. Une description du mwotlap, langue océanienne du Vanuatu (in French), Paris: PhD dissertation, Université Paris-IV Sorbonne, p. 1078 <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/AFpub_books_e.htm" target="_blank">http://alex.francois.online.fr/AFpub_books_e.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 282. - Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40852342" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40852342</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 282. - Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40852342" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40852342</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>Martínez Celdrán (2004), pp. 202–204. - Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), "Problems in the Classification of Approximants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 201–210, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001732, S2CID 144568679 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Martínez Celdrán (2004), pp. 202–204. - Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), "Problems in the Classification of Approximants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 201–210, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001732, S2CID 144568679 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>Engstrand (2004), p. 167. - Engstrand, Olle (2004), Fonetikens grunder (in Swedish), Lund: Studenlitteratur, ISBN 91-44-04238-8 <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Canellada & Madsen (1987), p. 21. - Canellada, María Josefa; Madsen, John Kuhlmann (1987), Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria, Madrid: Castalia, ISBN 978-8470394836 <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>Canellada & Madsen (1987), p. 21. - Canellada, María Josefa; Madsen, John Kuhlmann (1987), Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria, Madrid: Castalia, ISBN 978-8470394836 <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155. - Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish" (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-25, retrieved 2015-11-21 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111322/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111322/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155. - Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish" (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-07-25, retrieved 2015-11-21 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111322/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111322/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>Collins & Mees (2003), p. 200. - Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406 <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Collins & Mees (2003), p. 200. - Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406 <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 200–1. - Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406 <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>Collins & Mees (2003), p. 200. - Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406 <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>Collins & Mees (2003), p. 200. - Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406 <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Cruttenden (2014), pp. 225–6. - Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092 <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>Cruttenden (2014), pp. 225–6. - Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092 <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Cruttenden (2014), pp. 225–6. - Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092 <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>Cruttenden (2014), pp. 225–6. - Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092 <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>Martínez Celdrán (2004), pp. 203–204. - Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), "Problems in the Classification of Approximants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 201–210, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001732, S2CID 144568679 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Martínez Celdrán (2004), pp. 202–203. - Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), "Problems in the Classification of Approximants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 201–210, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001732, S2CID 144568679 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>See e.g. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992). - Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/s0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809 <a href="http://liceu.uab.cat/~joaquim/publicacions/Carbonell_Llisterri_92_Catalan_IPA.pdf" target="_blank">http://liceu.uab.cat/~joaquim/publicacions/Carbonell_Llisterri_92_Catalan_IPA.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>