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Close back rounded vowel
Type of vowel sound pronounced with protruded lips or in a few cases compressed lips
IPA: Vowels
FrontCentralBack
Closeiyɨʉɯu
Near-closeɪʏʊ
Close-mideøɘɵɤo
Mide̞ø̞əɤ̞o̞
Open-midɛœɜɞʌɔ
Near-openæɐ
Openaɶäɑɒ

Legend: unrounded • rounded

The close back rounded vowel, or high back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨u⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is u.

In most languages, this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips ('endolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed ('exolabial').

[u] alternates with labio-velar approximant [w] in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, [u̯] with the non-syllabic diacritic and [w] are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.

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Close back protruded vowel

The close back protruded vowel is the most common variant of the close back rounded vowel. It is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨u⟩ (the convention used in this article). As there is no dedicated IPA diacritic for protrusion, the symbol for the close back rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨  ̫⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨u̫⟩. Another possible transcription is ⟨uʷ⟩ or ⟨ɯʷ⟩ (a close back vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong.

Features

  • Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AfrikaansStandard2boek[bu̜k]'book'Only weakly rounded.3 See Afrikaans phonology
ArabicStandard4جنوب/ǧanuub[d͡ʒaˈnuːb]'south'See Arabic phonology
ArmenianEastern5դուռ/dur[dur]'door'
BavarianAmstetten dialect6und[und̥]'and'Contrasts close [u], near-close [o̝], close-mid [o] and open-mid [ɔ] back rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded [ä].7
Bulgarian8луд/lud[ɫut̪]'crazy'See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan9suc[s̺uk]'juice'See Catalan phonology
ChineseMandarin1011土 / tǔ[tʰu˨˩˦]'earth'See Standard Chinese phonology
Cantonese12夫 / fū[fuː˥]ⓘ'man'See Cantonese phonology
Shanghainese13瓜/ku[ku˩]'melon'Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back compressed vowel.14
Chuvashурам[uˈram]'street'
DanishStandard1516du[tu]'you'See Danish phonology
DutchStandard1718voet[vut]ⓘ'foot'Somewhat fronted in Belgian Standard Dutch.19
EnglishAustralian2021book[buk]'book'Corresponds to [ʊ] in other accents. See Australian English phonology
Cape Flats22May be advanced to [ʉ], or lowered and unrounded to [ɤ].23 See South African English phonology
Cultivated South African24boot[bu̟ut]'boot'Typically more front than cardinal [uw]. See White South African English phonology and American English phonology.
General American25
Geordie26May be central [ʉː] instead.
Irish27Realized as central [ʉː] in Ulster.
Some Multicultural London speakers28More commonly front [yː].
Conservative Received Pronunciation29Realized as central [ʉ] in modern RP.
Welsh303132
Pakistani33[buːʈ]
Greater New York City34[buːt]35
New Zealand3637treacle[ˈtɹ̝̊iːku]'treacle'Possible realization of the unstressed vowel /ɯ/, which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to (more often) back and close to close-mid.3839 Corresponds to /əl/ in other accents. See New Zealand English phonology
Estonian40sule[ˈsule̞]'feather' (gen. sg.)See Estonian phonology
Finnish4142kukka[ˈkukːɑ]'flower'See Finnish phonology
Faroese43gulur[ˈkuːlʊɹ]'yellow'See Faroese phonology
French4445où[u]ⓘ'where'See French phonology
Georgian46გუდა/guda[ɡudɑ]'leather bag'
GermanStandard4748Fuß[fuːs]ⓘ'foot'See Standard German phonology
Many speakers49Stunde[ˈʃtundə]'hour'The usual realization of /ʊ/ in Switzerland, Austria and partially also in Western and Southwestern Germany (Palatinate, Swabia).50 See Standard German phonology
GreekModern Standard5152που / pou[pu]'where'See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian53út[uːt̪]'way'See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic5455þú[θ̠u]'you'See Icelandic phonology
Indonesian56Standard Indonesianunta[unta]'camel'See Indonesian phonology
Italian57tutto[ˈt̪ut̪t̪o]'all', 'everything'See Italian phonology
Kaingang58[ˈndukːi]'in the belly'
Kazakhтуған/tuğan[t̪ʰuˈʁɑ̝̃n̪]'native'Transcribed phonemically as ⟨ʊw⟩
Khmerភូមិ / phumĭ[pʰuːm]'village'See Khmer phonology
Korean눈 / nun[nuːn]'snow'See Korean phonology
Kurdish596061Kurmanji (Northern)çû[tʃʰuː]'wood'See Kurdish phonology
Sorani (Central)چوو/çû
Palewani (Southern)
LatinClassical62sus[suːs]'pig'
Limburgish6364sjoen[ʃu̟n]'beautiful'Back65 or near-back,66 depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lower Sorbian67zub[z̪up]'tooth'
Luxembourgish68Luucht[luːχt]'air'See Luxembourgish phonology
Malayubat[u.bät]'medicine'See Malay phonology
Malayalamഉപ്പ്upːɨ̆'Salt'See Malayalam phonology
Mongolian69үүр/üür[uːɾɘ̆]'nest'
Mpade70kusumu[kusumu]'mouse'
Nogaiсув[suː]'water'
Persianدور/dur[duɾ]'far'See Persian phonology
Polish71buk[buk]ⓘ'beech tree'Also represented orthographically by ⟨ó⟩. See Polish phonology
Portuguese72tu[ˈtu]'you'See Portuguese phonology
Romanian73unu[ˈun̪u]'one'See Romanian phonology
Russian74узкий/uzkiy/uzkij[ˈus̪kʲɪj]ⓘ'narrow'See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelicùbhlan[ˈuːl̪ˠən]'apples'Normal realisation of /uː/ in most dialects. In Lewis and Wester Ross as an allophone in proximity to broad sonorants; /uː/ elsewhere fronted to [ʉː] or [yː].7576
Serbo-Croatian77дуга / duga[d̪ǔːɡä]'rainbow'See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Shiwiar78[example needed]
Spanish79curable[kuˈɾäβ̞le̞]'curable'See Spanish phonology
Sotho80tumo[tʼumɔ]'fame'Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid back rounded vowels.81 See Sotho phonology
Swahiliubongo[ubongo]'brain'
Tagalogutang[ˈʔutɐŋ]'debt'
ThaiStandard82ชลบุรี/chonburi[tɕ͡ʰōn.bū.rīː]ⓘ'Chonburi'
Turkish8384uzak[uˈz̪äk]'far'See Turkish phonology
Udmurt85урэтэ/urėtė[urete]'to divide'
Ukrainian86рух/rukh[rux]'motion'See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian8788žuk[ʒuk]'beetle'
Urduدُور/dur[duɾ]'far'See Urdu phonology
Welshmwg[muːɡ]'smoke'See Welsh phonology
West Frisianjûn[juːn]'evening, tonight'See West Frisian phonology
Yoruba89itọju[itɔju]
ZapotecTilquiapan90gdu[ɡdu]'all'

Close back compressed vowel

Some languages, such as Japanese and Swedish, have a close back vowel that has a distinct type of rounding, called compressed or exolabial.91 Only Shanghainese is known to contrast it with the more typical protruded (endolabial) close back vowel, but the height of both vowels varies from close to close-mid.92

There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, compression of the lips can be shown with the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨ɯ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɯ] and labial compression) or ⟨ɯᵝ⟩ ([ɯ] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨  ͍⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨u͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

Features

  • Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned close to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
ChineseShanghainese93都/tub[tɯᵝ˩]'capital'Height varies between close and close-mid; contrasts with a close to close-mid back protruded vowel.94
Japanese95空気 / kūki[kɯ̟ᵝːki]ⓘ'air'Near-back; may be realized as central [ɨᵝ] by younger speakers.96 See Japanese phonology
Lizu97[Fmɯ̟ᵝ]'feather'Near-back.98
Norwegian99100mot[mɯᵝːt]'courage'The example word is from Urban East Norwegian, in which the vowel can be diphthongized to [ɯᵝə̯].101 See Norwegian phonology
SwedishCentral Standard102103oro[²ɯᵝːrɯᵝː]'unease'Often realized as a sequence [ɯᵝβ̞] or [ɯᵝβ]104 (hear the word: [²ɯᵝβrɯᵝβ]ⓘ). See Swedish phonology

See also

Citations

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References

  1. While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low". /wiki/International_Phonetic_Association ↩

  2. Donaldson (1993), pp. 2, 5. - Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation", A Grammar of Afrikaans, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–35, ISBN 9783110134261 https://books.google.com/books?id=ftzioRvJzTUC ↩

  3. Donaldson (1993), p. 5. - Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation", A Grammar of Afrikaans, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–35, ISBN 9783110134261 https://books.google.com/books?id=ftzioRvJzTUC ↩

  4. Thelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990), p. 38. - Thelwall, Robin; Sa'Adeddin, M. Akram (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–39, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, S2CID 243640727 https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100300004266 ↩

  5. Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13. - Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company ↩

  6. Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290) - Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333 ↩

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  94. Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), pp. 328–329. - Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015), "Shanghai Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 321–327, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287375585 ↩

  95. Okada (1999), p. 118. - Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0 https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_jpn_phon-2 ↩

  96. Okada (1999), p. 118. - Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0 https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_jpn_phon-2 ↩

  97. Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 78. - Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Lizu", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242 https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000242 ↩

  98. Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 78. - Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Lizu", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242 https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000242 ↩

  99. Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17. - Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 978-82-990584-0-7 ↩

  100. While Vanvik (1979) does not describe the exact type of rounding of this vowel, some other sources (e.g. Haugen (1974:40) and Kristoffersen (2000:16)) state explicitly that it is compressed. - Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 978-82-990584-0-7 ↩

  101. Vanvik (1979), p. 17. - Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 978-82-990584-0-7 ↩

  102. Engstrand (1999), p. 140. - Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0 https://books.google.com/books?id=33BSkFV_8PEC&pg=PA140 ↩

  103. Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9. - Rosenqvist, Håkan (2007), Uttalsboken: svenskt uttal i praktik och teori, Stockholm: Natur & Kultur, ISBN 978-91-27-40645-2 ↩

  104. Engstrand (1999), p. 140. - Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0 https://books.google.com/books?id=33BSkFV_8PEC&pg=PA140 ↩