Elon Musk

<h2 id="early-life">Early life</h2>
See also: <a href="/facts/Musk_family/I7EYSeCL">Musk family</a>
Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in <a href="/facts/Pretoria/lv4sXKKA">Pretoria</a>, South Africa's administrative capital.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1">1</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2">2</a> He is of British and <a href="/facts/Pennsylvania_Dutch/LxFq7QLQ">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> ancestry.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3">3</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4">4</a> His mother, <a href="/facts/Maye_Musk/mpVVEmC8">Maye</a> (<a href="/facts/Birth_name/FctFJcbg">née</a> Haldeman), is a model and dietitian born in <a href="/facts/Saskatchewan/ehkUec57">Saskatchewan</a>, Canada, and raised in South Africa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5">5</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6">6</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7">7</a> His father, <a href="/facts/Errol_Musk/GFgcp9Im">Errol Musk</a>, is a South African <a href="/facts/Electromechanics/0D5gkXko">electromechanical engineer</a>, pilot, sailor, consultant, emerald dealer, and property developer, who partly owned a rental lodge at <a href="/facts/Timbavati_Private_Nature_Reserve/mEVKGyw6">Timbavati Private Nature Reserve</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8">8</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9">9</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10">10</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11">11</a> His maternal grandfather, <a href="/facts/Joshua_N._Haldeman/6DMwsu9n">Joshua N. Haldeman</a>, who died in a plane crash when Elon was a toddler, was an American-born Canadian chiropractor, aviator and political activist in the <a href="/facts/Technocracy_movement/dNVRJTUw">Technocracy movement</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12">12</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13">13</a> who moved to South Africa in 1950.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14">14</a> Haldeman's anti-government, anti-democratic and conspiracist views, which included the promotion of far-right antisemitic conspiracy theories,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15">15</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16">16</a> "fanatical" support of <a href="/facts/Apartheid/8x87W8ex">apartheid</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17">17</a> and according to Errol Musk, support of <a href="/facts/Nazism/JjsMI4lE">Nazism</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18">18</a> have been suggested as an <a href="/facts/Joshua_N._Haldeman/6DMwsu9n">influence on Elon</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19">19</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20">20</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21">21</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22">22</a> During his childhood, Elon was told stories by his grandmother of Haldeman's travels and exploits, and Elon has suggested that all of Haldeman's descendants have his "desire for adventure, exploration – doing crazy things".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23">23</a> 
Elon has a younger brother, <a href="/facts/Kimbal_Musk/jJxt4CAE">Kimbal</a>, a younger sister, <a href="/facts/Tosca_Musk/CrhwMv59">Tosca</a>, and four paternal half-siblings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24">24</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25">25</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26">26</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27">27</a> Musk was raised in the <a href="/facts/Anglican_Church_of_Southern_Africa/kPMB437q">Anglican Church</a>, in which he was <a href="/facts/Baptism/wEY6gtGA">baptized</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28">28</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29">29</a> The Musk family was wealthy during Elon's youth.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30">30</a> Despite both Elon and Errol previously stating that Errol was a part owner of a Zambian emerald mine,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31">31</a> in 2023, Errol recounted that the deal he made was to receive "a portion of the emeralds produced at three small mines".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32">32</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33">33</a> Errol was elected to the Pretoria City Council as a representative of the anti-apartheid <a href="/facts/Progressive_Party_(South_Africa)/c5mWfkCc">Progressive Party</a> and has said that his children shared their father's dislike of <a href="/facts/Apartheid/8x87W8ex">apartheid</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34">34</a>
After his parents divorced in 1979, Elon, aged around 9, chose to live with his father because he had an <a href="/facts/Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica/CEyVsjlN">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a> and a computer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35">35</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36">36</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37">37</a> Elon later regretted his decision and became estranged from his father.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38">38</a> Elon has recounted trips to a wilderness school that he described as a "paramilitary <a href="/facts/Lord_of_the_Flies/nFRUeawq">Lord of the Flies</a>" where "bullying was a virtue" and children were encouraged to fight over rations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39">39</a> In one incident, after an altercation with a fellow pupil, Elon was thrown down concrete steps and beaten severely, leading to him being hospitalized for his injuries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40">40</a> Elon described his father berating him after he was discharged from the hospital.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41">41</a> Errol denied berating Elon and claimed, "The boy had just lost his father to suicide and Elon had called him stupid. Elon had a tendency to call people stupid. How could I possibly blame that child?"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42">42</a>
Elon was an enthusiastic reader of books, and had attributed his success in part to having read <a href="/facts/The_Lord_of_the_Rings/aS5RH7YT">The Lord of the Rings</a>, the <a href="/facts/Foundation_(book_series)/2ecSHfct">Foundation series</a>, and <a href="/facts/The_Hitchhiker%2527s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(novel)/hI0GaUH1">The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43">43</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44">44</a> At age ten, he developed an interest in computing and video games, teaching himself how to program from the <a href="/facts/VIC-20/bLE8KkRE">VIC-20</a> user manual.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45">45</a> At age twelve, Elon sold his <a href="/facts/BASIC/ELoTkjnM">BASIC</a>-based game Blastar to PC and Office Technology magazine for approximately $500.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46">46</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47">47</a>

<h3>Education</h3>

Musk attended <a href="/facts/Waterkloof_House_Preparatory_School/14rycyXg">Waterkloof House Preparatory School</a>, <a href="/facts/Bryanston_High_School/tQw1fkMT">Bryanston High School</a>, and then <a href="/facts/Pretoria_Boys_High_School/nqan21Q9">Pretoria Boys High School</a>, where he graduated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48">48</a> Musk was a good but unexceptional student, earning a 61 in <a href="/facts/Afrikaans/jYqEPHmA">Afrikaans</a> and a B on his senior math certification.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49">49</a> Musk applied for a Canadian passport <a href="/facts/Jus_sanguinis/lEzdJPrl">through</a> his Canadian-born mother to avoid South Africa's <a href="/facts/Conscription_in_South_Africa/sM2fsbHe">mandatory military service</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50">50</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51">51</a> which would have forced him to participate in the apartheid regime,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52">52</a> as well as to ease his path to immigration to the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53">53</a> While waiting for his application to be processed, he attended the <a href="/facts/University_of_Pretoria/HWJTb2Xq">University of Pretoria</a> for five months.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54">54</a>
Musk arrived in Canada in June 1989, connected with a second cousin in Saskatchewan,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55">55</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56">56</a> and worked odd jobs including at a farm and a lumber mill.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57">57</a> In 1990, he entered <a href="/facts/Queen%2527s_University_at_Kingston/Jkd3dze2">Queen's University</a> in <a href="/facts/Kingston%2c_Ontario/T6VmsSx4">Kingston, Ontario</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58">58</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59">59</a> Two years later, he transferred to the <a href="/facts/University_of_Pennsylvania/LBBBULox">University of Pennsylvania</a>, where he studied until 1995.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60">60</a> Although Musk has said that he earned his degrees in 1995, the University of Pennsylvania did not award them until 1997 – a <a href="/facts/Bachelor_of_Arts/2pa1nwfR">Bachelor of Arts</a> in physics and a <a href="/facts/Bachelor_of_Science/9n3gvDf7">Bachelor of Science</a> in economics from the university's <a href="/facts/Wharton_School/0Ej6fE1G">Wharton School</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61">61</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62">62</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63">63</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64">64</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65">65</a> He reportedly hosted large, ticketed house parties to help pay for tuition, and wrote a business plan for an electronic book-scanning service similar to <a href="/facts/Google_Books/lnGRMWXs">Google Books</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66">66</a>
In 1994, Musk held two internships in <a href="/facts/Silicon_Valley/gdot9J7e">Silicon Valley</a>: one at energy storage startup Pinnacle Research Institute, which investigated electrolytic <a href="/facts/Supercapacitor/JuJDlQCA">supercapacitors</a> for energy storage, and another at <a href="/facts/Palo_Alto%2c_California/KJpC7kd8">Palo Alto</a>–based startup <a href="/facts/Rocket_Science_Games/oMgx2JAj">Rocket Science Games</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67">67</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68">68</a> In 1995, he was accepted to a graduate program in <a href="/facts/Materials_science/N5HrXRYW">materials science</a> at <a href="/facts/Stanford_University/JEQeF9z2">Stanford University</a>, but did not enroll.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69">69</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70">70</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71">71</a> Musk decided to join the <a href="/facts/Dot-com_bubble/dCFWQt0s">Internet boom</a>, applying for a job at <a href="/facts/Netscape/JGWlEUI7">Netscape</a>, to which he reportedly never received a response.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72">72</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73">73</a> <a href="/facts/The_Washington_Post/dRvzvqJc">The Washington Post</a> reported that Musk lacked legal authorization to remain and work in the United States after failing to enroll at Stanford.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74">74</a> In response, Musk said he was allowed to work at that time and that his student visa transitioned to an <a href="/facts/H-1B_visa/XzkJkK26">H1-B</a>. According to numerous former business associates and shareholders, Musk said he was on a student visa at the time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75">75</a>

<h2 id="business-career">Business career</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Business_career_of_Elon_Musk/8d8wa50H">Business career of Elon Musk</a>
<h3>Zip2</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Zip2/79ufAI22">Zip2</a>

In 1995, Musk, his brother <a href="/facts/Kimbal/jJxt4CAE">Kimbal</a>, and Greg Kouri founded web software company <a href="/facts/Zip2/79ufAI22">Zip2</a> with funds borrowed from Musk's father.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76">76</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77">77</a> They housed the venture at a small rented office in Palo Alto.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78">78</a> The company developed and marketed an Internet city guide for the newspaper publishing industry, with maps, directions, and yellow pages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79">79</a>
According to Musk, "The website was up during the day and I was coding it at night, seven days a week, all the time."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80">80</a> The Musk brothers obtained contracts with <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a> and the <a href="/facts/Chicago_Tribune/Bbms9uy5">Chicago Tribune</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81">81</a> and persuaded the board of directors to abandon plans for a merger with <a href="/facts/CitySearch/n9adoLU5">CitySearch</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82">82</a> Musk's attempts to become CEO were thwarted by the board.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83">83</a> <a href="/facts/Compaq/6LuhWTE7">Compaq</a> acquired Zip2 for $307 million in cash in February 1999,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84">84</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85">85</a> and Musk received $22 million for his 7-percent share.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86">86</a>

<h3>X.com and PayPal</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/X.com_(bank)/Btq0Lwr3">X.com (bank)</a>, <a href="/facts/PayPal/tlShukIa">PayPal</a>, and <a href="/facts/PayPal_Mafia/9dAN9TM6">PayPal Mafia</a>
In 1999, Musk co-founded <a href="/facts/X.com_(bank)/Btq0Lwr3">X.com</a>, an online financial services and e-mail payment company.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87">87</a> The startup was one of the first <a href="/facts/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation/56CmoRrc">federally insured</a> online banks, and, in its initial months of operation, over 200,000 customers joined the service.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88">88</a> The company's investors regarded Musk as inexperienced and replaced him with <a href="/facts/Intuit/cga6I8jB">Intuit</a> CEO Bill Harris by the end of the year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89">89</a> The following year, X.com merged with online bank <a href="/facts/Confinity/qrFaS5A8">Confinity</a> to avoid competition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90">90</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91">91</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92">92</a> Founded by <a href="/facts/Max_Levchin/P37WW8f9">Max Levchin</a> and <a href="/facts/Peter_Thiel/pcmLRNCv">Peter Thiel</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93">93</a> Confinity had its own money-transfer service, <a href="/facts/PayPal/tlShukIa">PayPal</a>, which was more popular than X.com's service.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94">94</a>
Within the merged company, Musk returned as CEO. Musk's preference for <a href="/facts/Microsoft/nGIDDXdx">Microsoft</a> software over <a href="/facts/Unix/0pNL2seI">Unix</a> created a rift in the company and caused Thiel to resign.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95">95</a> Due to resulting technological issues and lack of a cohesive business model, the board ousted Musk and replaced him with Thiel in 2000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96">96</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97">97</a> Under Thiel, the company focused on the PayPal service and was renamed PayPal in 2001.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98">98</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99">99</a> In 2002, PayPal was acquired by <a href="/facts/EBay/bDswVAKB">eBay</a> for $1.5 billion in stock, of which Musk—the largest shareholder with 11.72% of shares—received $175.8 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100">100</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101">101</a> In 2017, Musk purchased the domain X.com from PayPal for an undisclosed amount, stating that it had sentimental value.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102">102</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103">103</a>

<h3>SpaceX</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/SpaceX/2tKHsVdJ">SpaceX</a>

In 2001, Musk became involved with the nonprofit <a href="/facts/Mars_Society/g9SJAVz0">Mars Society</a> and discussed funding plans to place a <a href="/facts/Space_farming/NI3Wt1rH">growth-chamber for plants</a> on <a href="/facts/Mars/AQGtVvz0">Mars</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104">104</a> Seeking a way to launch the greenhouse payloads into space, Musk made two unsuccessful trips to Moscow to purchase <a href="/facts/Intercontinental_ballistic_missiles/0vKnj2Y7">intercontinental ballistic missiles</a> (ICBMs) from Russian companies <a href="/facts/NPO_Lavochkin/6HJuruvw">NPO Lavochkin</a> and <a href="/facts/Kosmotras/BCvJoDv6">Kosmotras</a>. Musk instead decided to start a company to build affordable rockets.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105">105</a> With $100 million of his early fortune,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106">106</a> Musk founded SpaceX in May 2002 and became the company's CEO and Chief Engineer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107">107</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108">108</a>
SpaceX attempted its first launch of the <a href="/facts/Falcon_1/F4DBbpCS">Falcon 1</a> rocket in 2006.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109">109</a> Although the rocket failed to reach <a href="/facts/Geocentric_orbit/geC4BF1x">Earth orbit</a>, it was awarded a <a href="/facts/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services/wYMHLjrk">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a> program contract from <a href="/facts/NASA/TIMCV0yV">NASA</a>, then led by <a href="/facts/Michael_D._Griffin/hXGBWnnc">Mike Griffin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110">110</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111">111</a> After two more failed attempts that nearly caused Musk to go bankrupt,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112">112</a> SpaceX succeeded in launching the Falcon 1 into orbit in 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113">113</a> Later that year, SpaceX received a $1.6 billion NASA contract for <a href="/facts/Falcon_9/mNck6vby">Falcon 9</a>-launched <a href="/facts/SpaceX_Dragon/oduVLMWr">Dragon spacecraft</a> flights to the <a href="/facts/International_Space_Station/VNPUBz9m">International Space Station</a> (ISS), replacing the <a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle/7BoyetEv">Space Shuttle</a> after its 2011 <a href="/facts/Space_Shuttle_retirement/XtqS0N5n">retirement</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114">114</a> In 2012, the Dragon vehicle docked <a href="/facts/SpaceX_COTS_Demo_Flight_2/bYfydHud">with the ISS</a>, a first for a commercial spacecraft.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115">115</a>
Working towards its goal of <a href="/facts/SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program/kuah4fl8">reusable rockets</a>, in 2015 SpaceX successfully landed the <a href="/facts/Multistage_rocket/WNrmgztj">first stage</a> of a Falcon 9 on a land platform.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116">116</a> Later landings were achieved on <a href="/facts/Autonomous_spaceport_drone_ship/yI2SR495">autonomous spaceport drone ships</a>, an ocean-based recovery platform.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117">117</a> In 2018, SpaceX launched the <a href="/facts/Falcon_Heavy/vh7so7BW">Falcon Heavy</a>; the <a href="/facts/Falcon_Heavy_test_flight/5EQLxWWy">inaugural mission</a> carried <a href="/facts/Elon_Musk%2527s_Tesla_Roadster/PvqYhhlo">Musk's personal Tesla Roadster</a> as a <a href="/facts/Boilerplate_(spaceflight)/eJ4BBdAN">dummy payload</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118">118</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119">119</a> Since 2019,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120">120</a> SpaceX has been developing <a href="/facts/SpaceX_Starship/zkm1P9kA">Starship</a>, a reusable, <a href="/facts/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle/JSwbocv8">super heavy-lift launch vehicle</a> intended to replace the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121">121</a> In 2020, SpaceX launched its first crewed flight, the <a href="/facts/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2/0D3BuCxE">Demo-2</a>, becoming the first private company to place astronauts into orbit and dock a crewed spacecraft with the ISS.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122">122</a> In 2024, NASA awarded SpaceX an $843 million contract to <a href="/facts/Atmospheric_entry/p7TMk9sa">deorbit</a> the ISS at the end of its lifespan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123">123</a>

<h4>Starlink</h4>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Starlink/99JTqw3z">Starlink</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/Starlink_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War/wGlDl96b">Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War</a>

In 2015, SpaceX began development of the <a href="/facts/Starlink/99JTqw3z">Starlink</a> constellation of <a href="/facts/Low_Earth_orbit/rq1TwayJ">low Earth orbit</a> satellites to provide <a href="/facts/Satellite_Internet_access/wQaMm4X3">satellite Internet access</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124">124</a> After the launch of prototype satellites in 2018, the first large constellation was deployed in May 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125">125</a> As of May 2025, over 7,600 Starlink satellites are operational,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126">126</a> comprising 65% of all operational Earth satellites.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127">127</a> The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation was estimated by SpaceX in 2020 to be $10 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128">128</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129">129</a>
During the <a href="/facts/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/kE7cHvoQ">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Musk provided free <a href="/facts/Starlink_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War/wGlDl96b">Starlink service to Ukraine</a>, permitting Internet access and communication at a yearly cost to SpaceX of $400 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130">130</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131">131</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132">132</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133">133</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134">134</a> However, Musk refused to block <a href="/facts/Mass_media_in_Russia/yAJKkAxr">Russian state media</a> on Starlink.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135">135</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136">136</a> In 2023, Musk denied Ukraine's request to activate Starlink over <a href="/facts/Crimea/GkM1qNVC">Crimea</a> to aid an attack against the Russian navy, citing fears of a nuclear response.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137">137</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138">138</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139">139</a>

<h3>Tesla</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Tesla%2c_Inc./dSyLNM1D">Tesla, Inc.</a>

<a href="/facts/Tesla%2c_Inc./dSyLNM1D">Tesla, Inc.</a>, originally Tesla Motors, was incorporated in July 2003 by <a href="/facts/Martin_Eberhard/fofq4eLk">Martin Eberhard</a> and <a href="/facts/Marc_Tarpenning/LJ5XoJuU">Marc Tarpenning</a>. Both men played active roles in the company's early development prior to Musk's involvement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140">140</a> Musk led the <a href="/facts/Series_A_round/uzd006jy">Series A round</a> of investment in February 2004; he invested $6.35 million, became the majority shareholder, and joined Tesla's board of directors as chairman.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141">141</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142">142</a> Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw <a href="/facts/Tesla_Roadster_(first_generation)/5jKhPdaj">Roadster</a> product design, but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143">143</a> Following a series of escalating conflicts in 2007, and the <a href="/facts/2008_financial_crisis/qw8n1pSN">2008 financial crisis</a>, Eberhard was ousted from the firm.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144">144</a>[]<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145">145</a> Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect in 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146">146</a> A 2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard designated Musk as a Tesla co-founder, along with Tarpenning and two others.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147">147</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148">148</a> 
Tesla began delivery of the Roadster, an electric sports car, in 2008. With sales of about 2,500 vehicles, it was the first <a href="/facts/Mass_production/31Cmgjuc">mass production</a> all-electric car to use <a href="/facts/Lithium-ion_battery/3L22xFhB">lithium-ion battery</a> cells.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149">149</a> Under Musk, Tesla has since launched several well-selling electric vehicles, including the four-door sedan <a href="/facts/Tesla_Model_S/2gSqw8RU">Model S</a> (2012), the <a href="/facts/Crossover_(automobile)/srpC5N3N">crossover</a> <a href="/facts/Tesla_Model_X/1vW31zVf">Model X</a> (2015), the mass-market sedan <a href="/facts/Tesla_Model_3/cLFeRCvX">Model 3</a> (2017), the crossover <a href="/facts/Tesla_Model_Y/SLBfQsTz">Model Y</a> (2020), and the pickup truck <a href="/facts/Tesla_Cybertruck/adwxwFAn">Cybertruck</a> (2023).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150">150</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151">151</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152">152</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153">153</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154">154</a>
In May 2020 Musk resigned from chairman of the board as part of the settlement of a lawsuit from the SEC over him tweeting that funding had been "secured" for potentially taking Tesla private.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155">155</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156">156</a>
The company has also constructed multiple lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle factories, called <a href="/facts/Gigafactory/eod5xQeC">Gigafactories</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157">157</a> Since its <a href="/facts/Initial_public_offering/2NntDhrG">initial public offering</a> in 2010,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158">158</a> Tesla stock has risen significantly; it became the most valuable carmaker in summer 2020,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159">159</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160">160</a> and it entered the <a href="/facts/S%2526P_500/oyektBNP">S&P 500</a> later that year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161">161</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162">162</a> In October 2021, it reached a market capitalization of $1 trillion, the sixth company in U.S. history to do so.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163">163</a>

<h4>SolarCity and Tesla Energy</h4>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/SolarCity/envFWUbv">SolarCity</a> and <a href="/facts/Tesla_Energy/TXJ8kHqs">Tesla Energy</a>

Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for <a href="/facts/SolarCity/envFWUbv">SolarCity</a>, which his cousins <a href="/facts/Lyndon_Rive/TDXH178S">Lyndon</a> and Peter Rive founded in 2006.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164">164</a> By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165">165</a> In 2014, Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity building an advanced production facility in <a href="/facts/Buffalo%2c_New_York/PVfdkYft">Buffalo</a>, New York, triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166">166</a> Construction of <a href="/facts/Gigafactory_New_York/vud02bS4">the factory</a> started in 2014 and was completed in 2017. It operated as a joint venture with <a href="/facts/Panasonic/TqkBQmgj">Panasonic</a> until early 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167">167</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168">168</a>
Tesla acquired SolarCity for $2 billion in 2016 and merged it with its battery unit to create <a href="/facts/Tesla_Energy/TXJ8kHqs">Tesla Energy</a>. The deal's announcement resulted in a more than 10% drop in Tesla's stock price; at the time, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169">169</a> Multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit against Musk and Tesla's directors, stating that the purchase of SolarCity was done solely to benefit Musk and came at the expense of Tesla and its shareholders.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170">170</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171">171</a> Tesla directors settled the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk the sole remaining defendant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172">172</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173">173</a> Two years later, the court ruled in Musk's favor.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174">174</a>

<h3>Neuralink</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Neuralink/tcemp7Kg">Neuralink</a>

In 2016, Musk co-founded <a href="/facts/Neuralink/tcemp7Kg">Neuralink</a>, a <a href="/facts/Neurotechnology/6U9E29MG">neurotechnology</a> startup, with an investment of $100 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175">175</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176">176</a> Neuralink aims to integrate the human brain with <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a> (AI) by creating devices that are embedded in the brain. Such technology could enhance memory or allow the devices to communicate with software.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177">177</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178">178</a> The company also hopes to develop devices to treat neurological conditions like <a href="/facts/Spinal_cord_injury/D0vo3ArR">spinal cord injuries</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179">179</a> In 2022, Neuralink announced that clinical trials would begin by the end of the year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180">180</a> In September 2023, the <a href="/facts/Food_and_Drug_Administration/rCEnh9WB">Food and Drug Administration</a> approved Neuralink to initiate six-year human trials.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181">181</a>
Neuralink has conducted <a href="/facts/Animal_testing/mHMf98y8">animal testing</a> on <a href="/facts/Macaque/r2tPXVFu">macaques</a> at the <a href="/facts/University_of_California%2c_Davis/LTCyhaP5">University of California, Davis</a>. In 2021, the company released a video in which a macaque played the video game <a href="/facts/Pong/r2IxJtsq">Pong</a> via a Neuralink implant. The company's animal trials—which have caused the deaths of some monkeys—have led to claims of <a href="/facts/Cruelty_to_animals/alRzUnxd">animal cruelty</a>. The <a href="/facts/Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicine/pD5oCFIV">Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine</a> has alleged that Neuralink violated the <a href="/facts/Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966/HNwxxjyh">Animal Welfare Act</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182">182</a> Employees have complained that pressure from Musk to accelerate development has led to botched experiments and unnecessary animal deaths. In 2022, a federal probe was launched into possible animal welfare violations by Neuralink.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183">183</a>

<h3>The Boring Company</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/The_Boring_Company/7vadoCLg">The Boring Company</a>

In 2017, Musk founded the Boring Company to construct tunnels; he also revealed plans for specialized, underground, high-occupancy vehicles that could travel up to 150 miles per hour (240 km/h) and thus circumvent above-ground traffic in major cities.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184">184</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185">185</a> Early in 2017, the company began discussions with regulatory bodies and initiated construction of a 30-foot (9.1 m) wide, 50-foot (15 m) long, and 15-foot (4.6 m) deep "test trench" on the premises of SpaceX's offices, as that required no permits.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186">186</a> The <a href="/facts/Boring_test_tunnel/Ly7odzQs">Los Angeles tunnel</a>, less than two miles (3.2 km) in length, debuted to journalists in 2018. It used Tesla Model Xs and was reported to be a rough ride while traveling at suboptimal speeds.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187">187</a> Two tunnel projects announced in 2018, in Chicago and West Los Angeles, have been canceled.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188">188</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:189" href="#fn:189">189</a> However, a tunnel beneath the <a href="/facts/Las_Vegas_Convention_Center/dNX5ejbC">Las Vegas Convention Center</a> was completed in early 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:190" href="#fn:190">190</a> Local officials have approved further expansions of the tunnel system.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:191" href="#fn:191">191</a>

<h3>X Corp. </h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk/zegctrq4">Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk</a> and <a href="/facts/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk/f5CmyjDM">Twitter under Elon Musk</a>

In early 2017, Musk expressed interest in buying <a href="/facts/Twitter%2c_Inc./VWwDNGUm">Twitter</a> and had questioned the platform's commitment to <a href="/facts/Freedom_of_speech/jYakwGMP">freedom of speech</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:192" href="#fn:192">192</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:193" href="#fn:193">193</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:194" href="#fn:194">194</a> By 2022, Musk had reached 9.2% stake in the company,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:195" href="#fn:195">195</a> making him the largest shareholder.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:196" href="#fn:196">196</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:197" href="#fn:197">197</a> Musk later agreed to a deal that would appoint him to Twitter's board of directors and prohibit him from acquiring more than 14.9% of the company.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:198" href="#fn:198">198</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:199" href="#fn:199">199</a> Days later, Musk made a $43 billion offer to buy Twitter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:200" href="#fn:200">200</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:201" href="#fn:201">201</a> By the end of April Musk had successfully concluded his bid for approximately $44 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:202" href="#fn:202">202</a> This included approximately $12.5 billion in loans and $21 billion in <a href="/facts/Equity_(finance)/K5fBPIfS">equity financing</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:203" href="#fn:203">203</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:204" href="#fn:204">204</a> Having back tracked on his initial decision,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:205" href="#fn:205">205</a> Musk bought the company on October 27, 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:206" href="#fn:206">206</a>
Immediately after <a href="/facts/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk/zegctrq4">the acquisition</a>, Musk fired several top Twitter executives including CEO <a href="/facts/Parag_Agrawal/dAbIeTBk">Parag Agrawal</a>;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:207" href="#fn:207">207</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:208" href="#fn:208">208</a> Musk became the CEO instead.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:209" href="#fn:209">209</a> <a href="/facts/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk/f5CmyjDM">Under Elon Musk</a>, Twitter instituted monthly subscriptions for a "<a href="/facts/Twitter_verification/G7ywdF70">blue check</a>",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:210" href="#fn:210">210</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:211" href="#fn:211">211</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:212" href="#fn:212">212</a> and laid off a significant portion of the company's staff.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:213" href="#fn:213">213</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:214" href="#fn:214">214</a> Musk lessened content moderation and hate speech also increased on the platform after his takeover.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:215" href="#fn:215">215</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:216" href="#fn:216">216</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:217" href="#fn:217">217</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:218" href="#fn:218">218</a> In late 2022, Musk released <a href="/facts/Twitter_Files/BeefnFum">internal documents</a> relating to Twitter's moderation of <a href="/facts/Hunter_Biden_laptop_controversy/XLmLy7Hy">Hunter Biden's laptop controversy</a> in the lead-up to the <a href="/facts/2020_United_States_presidential_election/nkvkv6U8">2020 presidential election</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:219" href="#fn:219">219</a> Musk also promised to step down as CEO after a Twitter poll,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:220" href="#fn:220">220</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:221" href="#fn:221">221</a> and five months later, Musk stepped down as CEO and transitioned his role to <a href="/facts/Chair_(officer)/RS6EemFF">executive chairman</a> and <a href="/facts/Chief_technology_officer/0JRJyEoL">chief technology officer</a> (CTO).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:222" href="#fn:222">222</a>
Despite Musk stepping down as CEO, X continues to struggle with challenges such as viral <a href="/facts/Misinformation/L8N5r8np">misinformation</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:223" href="#fn:223">223</a> <a href="/facts/Hate_speech/y6Wmy5sx">hate speech</a>, and <a href="/facts/Antisemitism/kUpfFkqx">antisemitism</a> controversies.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:224" href="#fn:224">224</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:225" href="#fn:225">225</a> Musk has been accused of <a href="/facts/Twitter_under_Elon_Musk/f5CmyjDM">trying to silence some of his critics</a> such as <a href="/facts/Twitch_(service)/mpXWXcTj">Twitch</a> steamer <a href="/facts/Asmongold/R3HIqQYs">Asmongold</a>, who criticized him during one of his streams.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:226" href="#fn:226">226</a> Musk has been accused of removing their accounts' <a href="/facts/Twitter_verification/G7ywdF70">blue checkmarks</a>, which hinders visibility and is considered a form of <a href="/facts/Shadow_banning/sY4qtDex">shadow banning</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:227" href="#fn:227">227</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:228" href="#fn:228">228</a> or suspending their accounts without justification.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:229" href="#fn:229">229</a>

<h2 id="other-activities">Other activities</h2>
<h3>Hyperloop</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/Hyperloop/avrVuvby">Hyperloop</a> and <a href="/facts/Hyperloop_pod_competition/QF28v9hj">Hyperloop pod competition</a>

In August 2013, Musk announced plans for a version of a <a href="/facts/Vactrain/z0EFBkm1">vactrain</a>, and assigned engineers from SpaceX and Tesla to design a transport system between <a href="/facts/Greater_Los_Angeles/AcoFV9Jh">Greater Los Angeles</a> and the <a href="/facts/San_Francisco_Bay_Area/MG53NJ36">San Francisco Bay Area</a>, at an estimated cost of $6 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:230" href="#fn:230">230</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:231" href="#fn:231">231</a> Later that year, Musk unveiled the concept, dubbed the <a href="/facts/Hyperloop/avrVuvby">Hyperloop</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:232" href="#fn:232">232</a> intended to make travel cheaper than any other <a href="/facts/Mode_of_transport/chlfguRU">mode of transport</a> for such long distances.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:233" href="#fn:233">233</a>

<h3>OpenAI and xAI</h3>
Further information: <a href="/facts/OpenAI/V7WVK1t4">OpenAI</a> and <a href="/facts/XAI_(company)/qbBJQ7St">xAI (company)</a>
In December 2015, Musk co-founded <a href="/facts/OpenAI/V7WVK1t4">OpenAI</a>, a <a href="/facts/Nonprofit_corporation/R8K6wJrK">not-for-profit</a> <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a> (AI) research company aiming to develop <a href="/facts/Artificial_general_intelligence/vbxwaq8t">artificial general intelligence</a>, intended to be safe and beneficial to humanity.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:234" href="#fn:234">234</a> Musk pledged $1 billion of funding to the company,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:235" href="#fn:235">235</a> but only donated $50 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:236" href="#fn:236">236</a> In 2018, Musk left the OpenAI board.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:237" href="#fn:237">237</a> Since 2018, OpenAI has made significant advances in machine learning.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:238" href="#fn:238">238</a> In July 2023, Musk launched the artificial intelligence company <a href="/facts/XAI_(company)/qbBJQ7St">xAI</a>, which aims to develop a <a href="/facts/Generative_artificial_intelligence/ykT3GGyT">generative AI</a> program that competes with existing offerings like OpenAI's <a href="/facts/ChatGPT/ptB1y6J5">ChatGPT</a>. Musk obtained funding from investors in SpaceX and Tesla,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:239" href="#fn:239">239</a> and xAI hired engineers from Google and OpenAI.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:240" href="#fn:240">240</a>

<h3>Private jet</h3>
Main articles: <a href="/facts/ElonJet/456Yt33H">ElonJet</a> and <a href="/facts/2022_Twitter_suspensions/c3VFwl7g">2022 Twitter suspensions</a>

Musk uses a private jet owned by Falcon Landing LLC, a SpaceX-linked company, and acquired a second jet in August 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:241" href="#fn:241">241</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:242" href="#fn:242">242</a> His heavy use of the jets and the consequent <a href="/facts/Fossil_fuel/BPgxAqB7">fossil fuel</a> usage have received criticism.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:243" href="#fn:243">243</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:244" href="#fn:244">244</a> Musk's flight usage is tracked on social media through <a href="/facts/ElonJet/456Yt33H">ElonJet</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:245" href="#fn:245">245</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:246" href="#fn:246">246</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:247" href="#fn:247">247</a> In December 2022, Musk banned the ElonJet account on Twitter, and made temporary bans on the accounts of journalists that posted stories regarding the incident, including <a href="/facts/Donie_O%2527Sullivan_(journalist)/mCbzDtpe">Donie O'Sullivan</a>, <a href="/facts/Keith_Olbermann/useUwtrV">Keith Olbermann</a>, and journalists from <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times</a>, <a href="/facts/The_Washington_Post/dRvzvqJc">The Washington Post</a>, CNN, and <a href="/facts/The_Intercept/AdJ3o4N4">The Intercept</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:248" href="#fn:248">248</a>

<h2 id="politics">Politics</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Political_activities_of_Elon_Musk/K7fRbzK7">Political activities of Elon Musk</a>
See also: <a href="/facts/Protests_against_Elon_Musk/lB8DPMar">Protests against Elon Musk</a>

Musk is an outlier among business leaders who typically avoid partisan political advocacy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:249" href="#fn:249">249</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:250" href="#fn:250">250</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:251" href="#fn:251">251</a> Musk was a registered <a href="/facts/Independent_voter/LWcpz3A8">independent voter</a> when he lived in California.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:252" href="#fn:252">252</a> Historically, he has donated to both <a href="/facts/Democratic_Party_(United_States)/MNe3nDrL">Democrats</a> and <a href="/facts/Republican_Party_(United_States)/XXM1EVPr">Republicans</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:253" href="#fn:253">253</a> many of whom serve in states in which he has a vested interest.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:254" href="#fn:254">254</a> Since 2022, his political contributions have mostly supported Republicans, with his first vote for a Republican going to <a href="/facts/Mayra_Flores/4XkH6bzs">Mayra Flores</a> in the <a href="/facts/2022_Texas%2527s_34th_congressional_district_special_election/edTNketc">2022 Texas's 34th congressional district special election</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:255" href="#fn:255">255</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:256" href="#fn:256">256</a> In 2024, he started supporting international <a href="/facts/Far-right/QpBMz5Ss">far-right</a> political parties, activists, and causes,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:257" href="#fn:257">257</a> and has shared far-right misinformation<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:258" href="#fn:258">258</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:259" href="#fn:259">259</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:260" href="#fn:260">260</a> and numerous <a href="/facts/Conspiracy_theories/sNr2Kmh8">conspiracy theories</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:261" href="#fn:261">261</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:262" href="#fn:262">262</a> Since 2024, <a href="/facts/Views_of_Elon_Musk/p4aPQhJR">his views</a> have been generally described as right-wing.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:263" href="#fn:263">263</a>

Musk supported <a href="/facts/Barack_Obama/76wUMgL1">Barack Obama</a> in <a href="/facts/2008_US_presidential_election/GEIXYxXu">2008</a> and <a href="/facts/2012_United_States_presidential_election/aNbvykA0">2012</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:264" href="#fn:264">264</a> <a href="/facts/Hillary_Clinton/dPzm9ru4">Hillary Clinton</a> in <a href="/facts/2016_United_States_presidential_election/Bs9DUEoc">2016</a>, <a href="/facts/Joe_Biden/fe2ThfUp">Joe Biden</a> in <a href="/facts/2020_United_States_presidential_election/nkvkv6U8">2020</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:265" href="#fn:265">265</a> and <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump/pqqKY21P">Donald Trump</a> in <a href="/facts/2024_United_States_presidential_election/g70dUqvC">2024</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:266" href="#fn:266">266</a> In the <a href="/facts/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries/Sh8d81yH">2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>, Musk endorsed candidate <a href="/facts/Andrew_Yang/GsXkad1h">Andrew Yang</a> and expressed support for Yang's proposed <a href="/facts/Universal_basic_income/yHnay1za">universal basic income</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:267" href="#fn:267">267</a> and endorsed <a href="/facts/Kanye_West/9AptrF4P">Kanye West</a>'s <a href="/facts/Kanye_West_2020_presidential_campaign/qNJJAkcH">2020 presidential campaign</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:268" href="#fn:268">268</a> In 2021, Musk publicly expressed opposition to the <a href="/facts/Build_Back_Better_Act/mK0MKSzb">Build Back Better Act</a>, a $3.5 trillion legislative package endorsed by Joe Biden that ultimately failed to pass due to unanimous opposition from congressional Republicans and several Democrats.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:269" href="#fn:269">269</a> In 2022, Musk said he would start supporting <a href="/facts/Republican_Party_(United_States)/XXM1EVPr">Republican Party</a> candidates,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:270" href="#fn:270">270</a> and gave over $50 million to <a href="/facts/Citizens_for_Sanity/GdafH4B2">Citizens for Sanity</a>, a conservative <a href="/facts/Political_action_committee/YSua6Jq7">political action committee</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:271" href="#fn:271">271</a> In 2023, he supported Republican <a href="/facts/Ron_DeSantis/KMxH1rkg">Ron DeSantis</a> for the <a href="/facts/2024_US_presidential_election/g70dUqvC">2024 U.S. presidential election</a>, giving $10 million to his campaign,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:272" href="#fn:272">272</a> and hosted DeSantis's campaign announcement on a <a href="/facts/Twitter_Spaces/VWwDNGUm">Twitter Spaces</a> event.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:273" href="#fn:273">273</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:274" href="#fn:274">274</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:275" href="#fn:275">275</a> From June 2023 to January 2024, Musk hosted a bipartisan set of X Spaces with Republican and Democratic candidates, including <a href="/facts/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr./351RBFmV">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:276" href="#fn:276">276</a> <a href="/facts/Vivek_Ramaswamy/yP88b7Vv">Vivek Ramaswamy</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:277" href="#fn:277">277</a> and <a href="/facts/Dean_Phillips/Bpx0DUtU">Dean Phillips</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:278" href="#fn:278">278</a>
By early 2024, Musk had become a vocal and financial supporter of Donald Trump.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:279" href="#fn:279">279</a> In July 2024, minutes after the <a href="/facts/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Pennsylvania/xHIjrMex">attempted assassination of Donald Trump</a>, Musk <a href="/facts/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_endorsements/bB09EtGl">endorsed him for president</a> saying; "I fully endorse President Trump and hope for his rapid recovery."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:280" href="#fn:280">280</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:281" href="#fn:281">281</a> During the <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign/g70dUqvC">presidential campaign</a>, Musk joined Trump on stage at a campaign rally,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:282" href="#fn:282">282</a> and during the campaign promoted conspiracy theories and falsehoods about Democrats, <a href="/facts/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States/QhQBVHAt">election fraud</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:283" href="#fn:283">283</a> and immigration, in support of Trump.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:284" href="#fn:284">284</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:285" href="#fn:285">285</a> Musk was the largest individual donor of the 2024 election.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:286" href="#fn:286">286</a> In 2025, Musk contributed $19 million to the <a href="/facts/2025_Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_election/1JtySIgh">Wisconsin Supreme Court race</a>, hoping to influence the state's future <a href="/facts/Redistricting/AyJPwmxg">redistricting</a> efforts and its regulations governing car manufacturers and dealers.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:287" href="#fn:287">287</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:288" href="#fn:288">288</a>
Musk's international political actions and comments have come under increasing scrutiny and criticism, especially from the governments and leaders of France, Germany, Norway, Spain and the United Kingdom, particularly due to his position in the <a href="/facts/Second_Trump_administration/a3CUnzUu">U.S. government</a> as well as ownership of X.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:289" href="#fn:289">289</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:290" href="#fn:290">290</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:291" href="#fn:291">291</a> An NBC News analysis found he had boosted far-right political movements to cut immigration and curtail regulation of business in at least 18 countries on six continents since 2023.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:292" href="#fn:292">292</a>

<h3>Salute at Trump's second inauguration</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Elon_Musk_salute_controversy/1VXCKzRl">Elon Musk salute controversy</a>

During his speech after the <a href="/facts/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump/AR1UmSeS">second inauguration of Donald Trump</a>, Musk twice made a gesture interpreted by many as a <a href="/facts/Nazi_salute/FjHmJErY">Nazi</a> or a fascist <a href="/facts/Roman_salute/NedayCGA">Roman salute</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:293" href="#fn:293">293</a> He thumped his right hand over his heart, fingers spread wide, and then extended his right arm out, emphatically, at an upward angle, palm down and fingers together. He then repeated the gesture to the crowd behind him. As he finished the gestures, he said to the crowd, "My heart goes out to you. It is thanks to you that the future of civilization is assured."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:294" href="#fn:294">294</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:295" href="#fn:295">295</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:296" href="#fn:296">296</a>
It was widely condemned as an intentional Nazi salute in Germany,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:297" href="#fn:297">297</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:298" href="#fn:298">298</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:299" href="#fn:299">299</a> where <a href="/facts/Strafgesetzbuch_section_86a/NGIqVJoe">making such gestures is illegal</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:300" href="#fn:300">300</a> The <a href="/facts/Anti-Defamation_League/oSCrg8fy">Anti-Defamation League</a> said it was not a Nazi salute,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:301" href="#fn:301">301</a> but other Jewish organizations disagreed and condemned the salute.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:302" href="#fn:302">302</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:303" href="#fn:303">303</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:304" href="#fn:304">304</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:305" href="#fn:305">305</a> American public opinion was divided on partisan lines as to whether it was a fascist salute.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:306" href="#fn:306">306</a> Musk dismissed the accusations of <a href="/facts/Nazi/JjsMI4lE">Nazi</a> sympathies, deriding them as "dirty tricks" and a "tired" attack.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:307" href="#fn:307">307</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:308" href="#fn:308">308</a> <a href="/facts/Neo-Nazi/2HJmfQhR">Neo-Nazi</a> and <a href="/facts/White_supremacist/RBQEYS2y">white supremacist</a> groups celebrated it as a Nazi salute.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:309" href="#fn:309">309</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:310" href="#fn:310">310</a> Multiple European political parties demanded that Musk be banned from entering their countries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:311" href="#fn:311">311</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:312" href="#fn:312">312</a>

<h3>Department of Government Efficiency</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Department_of_Government_Efficiency/cc2qu9XM">Department of Government Efficiency</a>

The concept of DOGE emerged in a discussion between Musk and <a href="/facts/Donald_Trump/pqqKY21P">Donald Trump</a>, and in August 2024, Trump committed to giving Musk an advisory role, with Musk accepting the offer.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:313" href="#fn:313">313</a> In November and December 2024, Musk suggested that the organization could help to cut the <a href="/facts/United_States_federal_budget/pGvHcPdd">U.S. federal budget</a>, consolidate the number of federal agencies,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:314" href="#fn:314">314</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:315" href="#fn:315">315</a> and eliminate the <a href="/facts/Consumer_Financial_Protection_Bureau/4KHBXSpX">Consumer Financial Protection Bureau</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:316" href="#fn:316">316</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:317" href="#fn:317">317</a> and that its final stage would be "deleting itself".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:318" href="#fn:318">318</a>
In January 2025, the organization was created by <a href="/facts/Executive_order/JwJJXBar">executive order</a>, and Musk was designated a "<a href="/facts/Special_government_employee/I4KFTv1U">special government employee</a>".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:319" href="#fn:319">319</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:320" href="#fn:320">320</a> Musk is leading the organization and is a <a href="/facts/Senior_Advisor_to_the_President_of_the_United_States/qSaBG6VB">senior advisor to the president</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:321" href="#fn:321">321</a> although his <a href="/facts/Political_activities_of_Elon_Musk/K7fRbzK7">official role</a> is not clear.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:322" href="#fn:322">322</a> In sworn statement during a lawsuit, the director of the White House <a href="/facts/Office_of_Administration/wsHn16v7">Office of Administration</a> stated that Musk "is not an employee of the U.S. DOGE Service or U.S. DOGE Service Temporary Organization", "is not the U.S. DOGE Service administrator", and has "no actual or formal authority to make government decisions himself".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:323" href="#fn:323">323</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:324" href="#fn:324">324</a> Trump said two days later that he had put Musk in charge of DOGE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:325" href="#fn:325">325</a> A federal judge has ruled that Musk acts as the de facto leader of DOGE.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:326" href="#fn:326">326</a>

Musk's role in the <a href="/facts/Second_Trump_administration/a3CUnzUu">second Trump administration</a>, particularly in <a href="/facts/Response_to_the_Department_of_Government_Efficiency/mfWKhBEp">response to DOGE</a>, has <a href="/facts/Protests_against_Elon_Musk/lB8DPMar">attracted public backlash</a>. He was criticized for his treatment of federal government employees,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:327" href="#fn:327">327</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:328" href="#fn:328">328</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:329" href="#fn:329">329</a> including his influence over the <a href="/facts/2025_United_States_federal_mass_layoffs/RI9CDSgT">mass layoffs of the federal workforce</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:330" href="#fn:330">330</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:331" href="#fn:331">331</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:332" href="#fn:332">332</a> He has prioritized secrecy within the organization<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:333" href="#fn:333">333</a> and has accused others of violating privacy laws.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:334" href="#fn:334">334</a> A Senate report alleged that Musk could avoid up to $2 billion in legal liability as a result of DOGE's actions<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:335" href="#fn:335">335</a> In May 2025, <a href="/facts/Bill_Gates/z16t4m7s">Bill Gates</a> accused Musk of "killing the world’s poorest children" through his cuts to <a href="/facts/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development/7LRWB5Hy">USAID</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:336" href="#fn:336">336</a> which modeling by <a href="/facts/Boston_University/Vcyr2qAh">Boston University</a> estimated had resulted in 300,000 deaths by this time, most of them of children.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:337" href="#fn:337">337</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:338" href="#fn:338">338</a> 
Musk announced on May 28, 2025 that he would depart from the Trump Administration as planned when the special government employee's 130 day deadline expired,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:339" href="#fn:339">339</a> with a White House official confirming that Musk's <a href="/facts/Employee_offboarding/0Bq9bqex">offboarding</a> from the Trump Administration was already underway.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:340" href="#fn:340">340</a> His departure was officially confirmed during a joint Oval Office press conference with Trump on May 30, 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:341" href="#fn:341">341</a>

<h3>Feud with Donald Trump</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Trump%25E2%2580%2593Musk_feud/jehQeX9q">Trump–Musk feud</a>
After leaving office, Musk criticized the Trump administration's <a href="/facts/One_Big_Beautiful_Bill_Act/M8j1mKAE">Big Beautiful Bill</a>, calling it a "disgusting abomination" due to its provisions increasing the deficit.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:342" href="#fn:342">342</a> A feud began between Musk and Trump, with its most notable event being Musk alleging Trump had ties to sex offender <a href="/facts/Jeffrey_Epstein/QY3Xggt3">Jeffrey Epstein</a> on X (formerly Twitter) on June 5, 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:343" href="#fn:343">343</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:344" href="#fn:344">344</a> Trump responded on <a href="/facts/Truth_Social/PxhzHqnq">Truth Social</a> stating that Musk went "CRAZY" after the "EV Mandate" was purportedly taken away and threatened to cut Musk's government contracts.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:345" href="#fn:345">345</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:346" href="#fn:346">346</a> Musk then called for a third Trump impeachment.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:347" href="#fn:347">347</a> The next day, Trump stated that he did not wish to reconcile with Musk, and added that Musk would face "very serious consequences" if he funds Democratic candidates.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:348" href="#fn:348">348</a> On June 11, Musk publicly apologized for the tweets against Trump, saying they "went too far."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:349" href="#fn:349">349</a>

<h2 id="views">Views</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Views_of_Elon_Musk/p4aPQhJR">Views of Elon Musk</a>

Rejecting the conservative label,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:350" href="#fn:350">350</a> Musk has described himself as a <a href="/facts/Political_moderate/2xB7Fs75">political moderate</a>, even as his views have become more <a href="/facts/Right-wing/CVoubHMm">right-wing</a> over time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:351" href="#fn:351">351</a> His views have been characterized as <a href="/facts/Libertarianism/IWNllND8">libertarian</a> and <a href="/facts/Far-right_politics/QpBMz5Ss">far-right</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:352" href="#fn:352">352</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:353" href="#fn:353">353</a> and after his <a href="/facts/Political_activities_of_Elon_Musk/K7fRbzK7">involvement in European politics</a>, they have received criticism from world leaders such as <a href="/facts/Emmanuel_Macron/baeIYHUo">Emmanuel Macron</a> and <a href="/facts/Olaf_Scholz/m6WEvQjG">Olaf Scholz</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:354" href="#fn:354">354</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:355" href="#fn:355">355</a>334335
Within the context of <a href="/facts/Views_of_Elon_Musk/p4aPQhJR">American politics</a>, Musk supported Democratic candidates up until 2022, at which point he voted for a Republican for the first time.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:356" href="#fn:356">356</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:357" href="#fn:357">357</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:358" href="#fn:358">358</a> He has stated support for <a href="/facts/Universal_basic_income/yHnay1za">universal basic income</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:359" href="#fn:359">359</a> <a href="/facts/Gun_rights/8swnd0UC">gun rights</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:360" href="#fn:360">360</a> <a href="/facts/Freedom_of_speech/jYakwGMP">freedom of speech</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:361" href="#fn:361">361</a> a <a href="/facts/Tax_on_carbon_emissions/I1mjofou">tax on carbon emissions</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:362" href="#fn:362">362</a> and <a href="/facts/H-1B_visa/XzkJkK26">H-1B visas</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:363" href="#fn:363">363</a> Musk has expressed concern about issues such as <a href="/facts/Artificial_intelligence/lJGauQwX">artificial intelligence</a> (AI)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:364" href="#fn:364">364</a> and <a href="/facts/Climate_change/rEN4BDE7">climate change</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:365" href="#fn:365">365</a> and has been a critic of <a href="/facts/Wealth_tax/X0VePrbC">wealth tax</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:366" href="#fn:366">366</a> <a href="/facts/Short-selling/QMDa54dz">short-selling</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:367" href="#fn:367">367</a> and <a href="/facts/Government_subsidies/W9lLudyn">government subsidies</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:368" href="#fn:368">368</a> An immigrant himself, Musk has been accused of being <a href="/facts/Anti-immigration/Ug32TnfS">anti-immigration</a>, and regularly blames <a href="/facts/Immigration_policy_of_the_United_States/KT75X7Uc">immigration policies</a> for <a href="/facts/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States/BtcLkouj">illegal immigration</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:369" href="#fn:369">369</a> He is also a <a href="/facts/Pronatalist/72wAxaLP">pronatalist</a> who believes <a href="/facts/Population_decline/PyqymDSt">population decline</a> is the biggest threat to civilization,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:370" href="#fn:370">370</a> and believes in the principles of <a href="/facts/Christianity/nKyJHlqq">Christianity</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:371" href="#fn:371">371</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:372" href="#fn:372">372</a> Musk has long been an advocate for <a href="/facts/Space_colonization/3xUDzls1">space colonization</a>, especially the <a href="/facts/Colonization_of_Mars/7En499hD">colonization of Mars</a>. He has repeatedly pushed for humanity colonizing Mars, in order to become an interplanetary species and lower the risks of <a href="/facts/Human_extinction/AKGd4JlS">human extinction</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:373" href="#fn:373">373</a>
Musk has <a href="/facts/Views_of_Elon_Musk/p4aPQhJR">promoted conspiracy theories</a> and <a href="/facts/Views_of_Elon_Musk/p4aPQhJR">made controversial statements</a> that have led to accusations of <a href="/facts/Racism/SfrqGbu8">racism</a>, <a href="/facts/Sexism/laBoxq0Q">sexism</a>, <a href="/facts/Antisemitism/kUpfFkqx">antisemitism</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:374" href="#fn:374">374</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:375" href="#fn:375">375</a> <a href="/facts/Transphobia/7xo6qgo0">transphobia</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:376" href="#fn:376">376</a> disseminating <a href="/facts/Disinformation/JNY1zmLJ">disinformation</a>, and support of <a href="/facts/White_pride/J3wSq4ko">white pride</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:377" href="#fn:377">377</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:378" href="#fn:378">378</a> While describing himself as a "pro-Semite",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:379" href="#fn:379">379</a> his comments regarding <a href="/facts/George_Soros/mj3NlfJm">George Soros</a> and <a href="/facts/Jewish_communities/pug5VJbu">Jewish communities</a> have been condemned by the <a href="/facts/Anti-Defamation_League/oSCrg8fy">Anti-Defamation League</a> and the <a href="/facts/White_House/CJQc7dKF">White House</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:380" href="#fn:380">380</a> Musk was criticized during the COVID-19 pandemic for making unfounded epidemiological claims,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:381" href="#fn:381">381</a> defied <a href="/facts/COVID-19_lockdowns/albASEEY">COVID-19 lockdowns</a> restrictions,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:382" href="#fn:382">382</a> and supported the <a href="/facts/Canada_convoy_protest/YF36lBJN">Canada convoy protest</a> against <a href="/facts/COVID-19_vaccine_mandates/nrqL0c0F">vaccine mandates</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:383" href="#fn:383">383</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:384" href="#fn:384">384</a> He has amplified false claims of <a href="/facts/White_genocide/uTW2eMVp">white genocide</a> in South Africa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:385" href="#fn:385">385</a>

<h3>International relations</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/International_relations_of_Elon_Musk/nYKlDq4f">International relations of Elon Musk</a>

Musk has been critical of Israel's <a href="/facts/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip/BRh59Vmb">actions</a> in the <a href="/facts/Gaza_Strip/GodcCxlV">Gaza Strip</a> during the <a href="/facts/Gaza_war/dmUoIpBw">Gaza war</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:386" href="#fn:386">386</a> praised China's economic and climate goals,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:387" href="#fn:387">387</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:388" href="#fn:388">388</a> suggested that <a href="/facts/Taiwan/VcJoUD8w">Taiwan</a> and China should resolve <a href="/facts/Cross-strait_relations/9nbcJf5T">cross-strait relations</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:389" href="#fn:389">389</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:390" href="#fn:390">390</a> and was described as having a close relationship with the <a href="/facts/Chinese_government/wGcnIR4s">Chinese government</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:391" href="#fn:391">391</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:392" href="#fn:392">392</a>
In Europe, Musk expressed support for Ukraine in 2022 during the <a href="/facts/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine/kE7cHvoQ">Russian invasion</a>, recommended referendums and peace deals on the annexed <a href="/facts/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine/VEVwzA5o">Russia-occupied territories</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:393" href="#fn:393">393</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:394" href="#fn:394">394</a> and supported the far-right <a href="/facts/Alternative_for_Germany/kTCco2TS">Alternative for Germany</a> in Germany in 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:395" href="#fn:395">395</a> Regarding <a href="/facts/British_politics/8P2KStAK">British politics</a>, Musk blamed the <a href="/facts/2024_United_Kingdom_riots/ks29m2Qb">2024 UK riots</a> on <a href="/facts/Mass_migration/T91hTzUH">mass migration</a> and <a href="/facts/Open_border/fenansIs">open borders</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:396" href="#fn:396">396</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:397" href="#fn:397">397</a> criticized Prime Minister <a href="/facts/Keir_Starmer/rzH0yIHu">Keir Starmer</a> for what he described as a "two-tier" policing system,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:398" href="#fn:398">398</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:399" href="#fn:399">399</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:400" href="#fn:400">400</a> and was subsequently attacked as being responsible for spreading <a href="/facts/Misinformation/L8N5r8np">misinformation</a> and amplifying the far-right.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:401" href="#fn:401">401</a> He has also voiced his support for far-right activist <a href="/facts/Tommy_Robinson/HF96tXXa">Tommy Robinson</a> and pledged electoral support for <a href="/facts/Reform_UK/7UJb03GS">Reform UK</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:402" href="#fn:402">402</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:403" href="#fn:403">403</a>

<h2 id="legal-affairs">Legal affairs</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Legal_affairs_of_Elon_Musk/wy2YwxR5">Legal affairs of Elon Musk</a>
Further information: <a href="/facts/List_of_lawsuits_involving_Tesla%2c_Inc./VJrpRxSo">List of lawsuits involving Tesla, Inc.</a> and <a href="/facts/Criticism_of_Tesla%2c_Inc./pMd6yyAY">Criticism of Tesla, Inc.</a>
In 2018, Musk was <a href="/facts/Tesla%2c_Inc./dSyLNM1D">sued</a> by the <a href="/facts/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission/IM9Pl2gK">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> (SEC) for a <a href="/facts/Tweet_(social_media)/6jFvpqAr">tweet</a> stating that funding had been secured for potentially taking Tesla private.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:404" href="#fn:404">404</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:405" href="#fn:405">405</a> The securities fraud lawsuit characterized the tweet as false, misleading, and damaging to investors, and sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO of <a href="/facts/Public_company/tnJQvSdR">publicly traded companies</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:406" href="#fn:406">406</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:407" href="#fn:407">407</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:408" href="#fn:408">408</a> Two days later, Musk settled with the SEC, without admitting or denying the SEC's allegations. As a result, Musk and Tesla were fined $20 million each, and Musk was forced to step down for three years as Tesla chairman but was able to remain as CEO.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:409" href="#fn:409">409</a> Shareholders filed a lawsuit over the tweet,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:410" href="#fn:410">410</a> and in February 2023, a jury found Musk and Tesla not liable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:411" href="#fn:411">411</a> Musk has stated in interviews that he does not regret posting the tweet that triggered the SEC investigation.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:412" href="#fn:412">412</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:413" href="#fn:413">413</a>
In 2019, Musk stated in a tweet that Tesla would build half a million cars that year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:414" href="#fn:414">414</a> The SEC reacted by asking a court to hold him <a href="/facts/Contempt_of_court/yJIBGEQN">in contempt</a> for violating the terms of the 2018 settlement agreement. A joint agreement between Musk and the SEC eventually clarified the previous agreement details,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:415" href="#fn:415">415</a> including a list of topics about which Musk needed preclearance.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:416" href="#fn:416">416</a> In 2020, a judge blocked a lawsuit that claimed a tweet by Musk regarding Tesla stock price ("too high <a href="/facts/List_of_acronyms%3a_I/ytAAlLJV">imo</a>") violated the agreement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:417" href="#fn:417">417</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:418" href="#fn:418">418</a> <a href="/facts/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)/UJDH2dmI">Freedom of Information Act</a> (FOIA)-released records showed that the SEC concluded Musk had subsequently violated the agreement twice by tweeting regarding "<a href="/facts/Tesla_Energy/TXJ8kHqs">Tesla's solar roof</a> production volumes and its stock price".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:419" href="#fn:419">419</a>
In October 2023, the SEC sued Musk over his refusal to testify a third time in an investigation into whether he violated federal law by purchasing Twitter stock in 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:420" href="#fn:420">420</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:421" href="#fn:421">421</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:422" href="#fn:422">422</a> In February 2024, Judge Laurel Beeler ruled that Musk must testify again.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:423" href="#fn:423">423</a> In January 2025, the SEC filed a lawsuit against Musk for securities violations related to his purchase of Twitter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:424" href="#fn:424">424</a> In January 2024, Delaware judge <a href="/facts/Kathaleen_McCormick/aKKtG4Xn">Kathaleen McCormick</a> ruled in a 2018 lawsuit that Musk's $55 billion pay package from Tesla be rescinded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:425" href="#fn:425">425</a> McCormick called the compensation granted by the company's board "an unfathomable sum" that was unfair to shareholders.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:426" href="#fn:426">426</a>

<h2 id="personal-life">Personal life</h2>
Musk became a U.S. citizen in 2002.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:427" href="#fn:427">427</a> From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in California, where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:428" href="#fn:428">428</a> He then relocated to <a href="/facts/Cameron_County%2c_Texas/dz6etKeL">Cameron County, Texas</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:429" href="#fn:429">429</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:430" href="#fn:430">430</a> saying that California had become "complacent" about its economic success.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:431" href="#fn:431">431</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:432" href="#fn:432">432</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:433" href="#fn:433">433</a>
While hosting <a href="/facts/Saturday_Night_Live/LM8etPx8">Saturday Night Live</a> in 2021, Musk stated that he has <a href="/facts/Asperger_syndrome/TUpuw6Nn">Asperger syndrome</a> (now merged with <a href="/facts/Autism_spectrum_disorder/bzouRyMI">autism spectrum disorder</a>).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:434" href="#fn:434">434</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:435" href="#fn:435">435</a> When asked about his experience growing up with Asperger's syndrome in a TED2022 conference in Vancouver, Musk stated that "the social cues were not intuitive ... I would just tend to take things very literally ... but then that turned out to be wrong — [people were not] simply saying exactly what they mean, there's all sorts of other things that are meant, and [it] took me a while to figure that out."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:436" href="#fn:436">436</a> Musk suffers from back pain and has undergone several spine-related surgeries, including a <a href="/facts/Intervertebral_disc/RTj5SrMo">disc</a> replacement.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:437" href="#fn:437">437</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:438" href="#fn:438">438</a> In 2000, he contracted a severe case of <a href="/facts/Malaria/rN3g58CX">malaria</a> while on vacation in South Africa.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:439" href="#fn:439">439</a> 
Musk has stated he uses doctor-prescribed <a href="/facts/Ketamine/BtNSoqvh">ketamine</a> for occasional depression and that he doses "a small amount once every other week or something like that";<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:440" href="#fn:440">440</a> since January 2024, some media outlets have reported that he takes <a href="/facts/Ketamine/BtNSoqvh">ketamine</a>, <a href="/facts/Marijuana/241fYAGD">marijuana</a>, <a href="/facts/LSD/o5qq0grH">LSD</a>, <a href="/facts/Ecstasy_(drug)/WYDACxGN">ecstasy</a>, <a href="/facts/Hallucinogenic_mushrooms/xh81FTXw">mushrooms</a>, <a href="/facts/Cocaine/rdQP4zwF">cocaine</a> and other drugs. Musk at first refused to comment on his alleged drug use, before responding that he had not <a href="/facts/Drug_test/lThw7FSl">tested</a> positive for drugs, and that if drugs somehow improved his productivity, "I would definitely take them!".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:441" href="#fn:441">441</a> <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Times/T9marWVX">The New York Times'</a> investigations revealed Musk's overuse of ketamine and numerous other drugs, as well as strained family relationships and concerns from close associates who have become troubled by his public behavior as he became more involved in political activities and government work.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:442" href="#fn:442">442</a> According to The Washington Post, President Trump described Musk as "a big-time drug addict".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:443" href="#fn:443">443</a> 
Through his own label Emo G Records, Musk released a <a href="/facts/Rap/I61JCune">rap</a> track, "RIP <a href="/facts/Harambe/NvAkHDBK">Harambe</a>", on <a href="/facts/SoundCloud/ed7sgTI1">SoundCloud</a> in March 2019.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:444" href="#fn:444">444</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:445" href="#fn:445">445</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:446" href="#fn:446">446</a> The following year, he released an <a href="/facts/Electronic_dance_music/5KDaMNG8">EDM</a> track, "Don't Doubt Ur Vibe", featuring his own lyrics and vocals.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:447" href="#fn:447">447</a> 
Musk plays video games, which he stated has a "'restoring effect' that helps his 'mental calibration'".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:448" href="#fn:448">448</a> Some games he plays include <a href="/facts/Quake_(series)/1RF59k4q">Quake</a>, <a href="/facts/Diablo_IV/Ut0y9QAb">Diablo IV</a>, <a href="/facts/Elden_Ring/e5kCNtp8">Elden Ring</a>, and <a href="/facts/The_Battle_of_Polytopia/uyEISHEz">Polytopia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:449" href="#fn:449">449</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:450" href="#fn:450">450</a> Musk once claimed to be one of the world's top video game players but has since admitted to "<a href="/facts/Boosting_(video_games)/Y2Va7VQ9">account boosting</a>", or cheating by hiring outside services to achieve top player rankings.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:451" href="#fn:451">451</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:452" href="#fn:452">452</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:453" href="#fn:453">453</a> Musk has justified the boosting by claiming that all top accounts do it so he has to as well to remain competitive.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:454" href="#fn:454">454</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:455" href="#fn:455">455</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:456" href="#fn:456">456</a> In 2024 and 2025, Musk criticized the video game <a href="/facts/Assassin%2527s_Creed_Shadows/vFDNlvf7">Assassin's Creed Shadows</a> and its creator <a href="/facts/Ubisoft/Pnw08RvF">Ubisoft</a> for "woke" content.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:457" href="#fn:457">457</a> Musk posted to X that "DEI kills art" and specified the inclusion of the historical figure <a href="/facts/Yasuke/7tv8jyLN">Yasuke</a> in the Assassin's Creed game as offensive; he also called the game "terrible". Ubisoft responded by saying that Musk's comments were "just feeding hatred" and that they were focused on producing a game not pushing politics.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:458" href="#fn:458">458</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:459" href="#fn:459">459</a>

<h3>Relationships and children</h3>
Further information: <a href="/facts/Musk_family/I7EYSeCL">Musk family</a>

Musk has fathered at least 14 children, one of whom died as an infant.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:460" href="#fn:460">460</a> The Wall Street Journal reported in 2025 that sources close to Musk suggest that the "true number of Musk's children is much higher than publicly known".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:461" href="#fn:461">461</a> He had six children with his first wife, Canadian author <a href="/facts/Justine_Wilson/7ajk522X">Justine Wilson</a>, who he met while attending Queen's University in Ontario, Canada; they married in 2000.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:462" href="#fn:462">462</a> In 2002, their first child Nevada Musk died of <a href="/facts/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome/2Fc9wd43">sudden infant death syndrome</a> at the age of 10 weeks.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:463" href="#fn:463">463</a> After his death, the couple used <a href="/facts/In_vitro_fertilisation/kQNMtaBu">in vitro fertilization</a> (IVF) to continue their family;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:464" href="#fn:464">464</a> they had twins in 2004, followed by triplets in 2006.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:465" href="#fn:465">465</a> The couple divorced in 2008 and have <a href="/facts/Joint_custody_(United_States)/PPf855JM">shared custody</a> of their children.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:466" href="#fn:466">466</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:467" href="#fn:467">467</a> The elder twin he had with Wilson <a href="/facts/Gender_identity/GhaeHYtb">came out</a> as a <a href="/facts/Trans_woman/3g9BWBmA">trans woman</a> and, in 2022, officially <a href="/facts/Name_change/54cmuAsD">changed her name</a> to <a href="/facts/Vivian_Wilson/UQFquspX">Vivian Jenna Wilson</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:468" href="#fn:468">468</a> adopting her mother's surname because she no longer wished to be associated with Musk.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:469" href="#fn:469">469</a>
Musk began dating English actress <a href="/facts/Talulah_Riley/g2uHkM4R">Talulah Riley</a> in 2008.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:470" href="#fn:470">470</a> They married two years later at <a href="/facts/Dornoch_Cathedral/ICSHneIo">Dornoch Cathedral</a> in Scotland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:471" href="#fn:471">471</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:472" href="#fn:472">472</a> In 2012, the couple divorced, then remarried the following year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:473" href="#fn:473">473</a> After briefly filing for divorce in 2014,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:474" href="#fn:474">474</a> Musk finalized a second divorce from Riley in 2016.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:475" href="#fn:475">475</a> Musk then dated the American actress <a href="/facts/Amber_Heard/VQCwxQoa">Amber Heard</a> for several months in 2017;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:476" href="#fn:476">476</a> he had reportedly been "pursuing" her since 2012.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:477" href="#fn:477">477</a>
In 2018, Musk and Canadian musician <a href="/facts/Grimes/Kq6NDnBI">Grimes</a> confirmed they were dating.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:478" href="#fn:478">478</a> Grimes and Musk have three children, born in 2020, 2021, and 2022.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:479" href="#fn:479">479</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:480" href="#fn:480">480</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:481" href="#fn:481">481</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:482" href="#fn:482">482</a> Musk and Grimes originally gave their eldest child the name "X <a href="/facts/%25C3%2586/Uqctr81G">Æ</a> A-12", which would have violated California regulations as it contained characters that are not in the modern English alphabet;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:483" href="#fn:483">483</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:484" href="#fn:484">484</a> the names registered on the birth certificate are "X" as a first name, "Æ A-<a href="/facts/Roman_numerals/7BA8nn78">Xii</a>" as a middle name, and "Musk" as a last name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:485" href="#fn:485">485</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:486" href="#fn:486">486</a> They received criticism for choosing a name perceived to be impractical and difficult to pronounce;<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:487" href="#fn:487">487</a> Musk has said the intended pronunciation is "X Ash A Twelve".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:488" href="#fn:488">488</a> Their second child was born via <a href="/facts/Surrogacy/lFdW1Fp9">surrogacy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:489" href="#fn:489">489</a> Despite the pregnancy, Musk confirmed reports that the couple were "semi-separated" in September 2021; in an interview with <a href="/facts/Time_(magazine)/N4FXc99l">Time</a> in December 2021, he said he was single.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:490" href="#fn:490">490</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:491" href="#fn:491">491</a> In October 2023, Grimes sued Musk over parental rights and custody of X Æ A-Xii.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:492" href="#fn:492">492</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:493" href="#fn:493">493</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:494" href="#fn:494">494</a> Elon Musk has taken X Æ A-Xii to multiple official events in Washington, D.C. during <a href="/facts/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump/a3CUnzUu">Trump's second term in office</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:495" href="#fn:495">495</a>
Also in July 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that Musk allegedly had an affair with <a href="/facts/Nicole_Shanahan/EjAXlo26">Nicole Shanahan</a>, the wife of Google co-founder <a href="/facts/Sergey_Brin/EjAXlo26">Sergey Brin</a>, in 2021, leading to their divorce the following year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:496" href="#fn:496">496</a> Musk denied the report.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:497" href="#fn:497">497</a> Musk also had a relationship with Australian actress <a href="/facts/Natasha_Bassett/zvbTEJ4f">Natasha Bassett</a>, who has been described as "an occasional girlfriend".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:498" href="#fn:498">498</a> In October 2024, The New York Times reported Musk bought a Texas compound for his children and their mothers,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:499" href="#fn:499">499</a> though Musk denied having done so.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:500" href="#fn:500">500</a>
Musk also has four children with <a href="/facts/Shivon_Zilis/RvUR7udX">Shivon Zilis</a>, director of operations and special projects at <a href="/facts/Neuralink/tcemp7Kg">Neuralink</a>: twins born via <a href="/facts/In_vitro_fertilisation/kQNMtaBu">IVF</a> in 2021, a child born in 2024 via surrogacy and a child born in 2025.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:501" href="#fn:501">501</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:502" href="#fn:502">502</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:503" href="#fn:503">503</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:504" href="#fn:504">504</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:505" href="#fn:505">505</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:506" href="#fn:506">506</a> Musk allegedly had a child with author Ashley St. Clair in 2024.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:507" href="#fn:507">507</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:508" href="#fn:508">508</a>
On February 14, 2025, Ashley St. Clair, an influencer and author, posted on X claiming to have given birth to Musk's son Romulus five months earlier, which media outlets reported as Musk's supposed thirteenth child.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:509" href="#fn:509">509</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:510" href="#fn:510">510</a> On February 22, 2025, it was reported that St Clair had filed for sole custody of her five-month-old son and for Musk to be recognised as the child's father.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:511" href="#fn:511">511</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:512" href="#fn:512">512</a> On March 31, 2025, Musk wrote that, while he was unsure if he was the father of St. Clair's child, he had paid St. Clair $2.5 million and would continue paying her $500,000 per year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:513" href="#fn:513">513</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:514" href="#fn:514">514</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:515" href="#fn:515">515</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:516" href="#fn:516">516</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:517" href="#fn:517">517</a> Later reporting from the Wall Street Journal indicated that $1 million of these payments to St. Clair was structured as a loan.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:518" href="#fn:518">518</a>

<h2 id="wealth">Wealth</h2>
These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/facts/Wealth_of_Elon_Musk/Llnq7vFK">Wealth of Elon Musk</a>.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wealth_of_Elon_Musk&action=edit">edit</a>]
Elon Musk is the <a href="/facts/The_World%2527s_Billionaires/5PPbefmW">wealthiest person in the world</a>, with an estimated <a href="/facts/Net_worth/1gsgnLRx">net worth</a> of US$381 billion as of May 2025, according to the <a href="/facts/Bloomberg_Billionaires_Index/nyGd2YWE">Bloomberg Billionaires Index</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:519" href="#fn:519">519</a> and $424.7 billion according to <a href="/facts/Forbes/lyULpGhW">Forbes</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:520" href="#fn:520">520</a> primarily from his ownership stakes in <a href="/facts/Tesla%2c_Inc./dSyLNM1D">Tesla</a> and <a href="/facts/SpaceX/2tKHsVdJ">SpaceX</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:521" href="#fn:521">521</a> 

Having been first listed on the <a href="/facts/The_World%2527s_Billionaires/5PPbefmW">Forbes Billionaires List</a> in 2012,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:522" href="#fn:522">522</a> around 75% of Musk's wealth was derived from Tesla stock in November 2020.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:523" href="#fn:523">523</a> Describing himself as "cash poor",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:524" href="#fn:524">524</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:525" href="#fn:525">525</a> he became the first person in the world to have a net worth above $300 billion a year later. By December 2024, he became the first person to reach a net worth of $400 billion.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:526" href="#fn:526">526</a>
<h3>Musk Foundation</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Musk_Foundation/GFgcp9Im">Musk Foundation</a>
Musk is president of the Musk Foundation he founded in 2001,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:527" href="#fn:527">527</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:528" href="#fn:528">528</a> whose stated purpose is to provide solar-power energy systems in disaster areas, with an interest in human space exploration, <a href="/facts/Pediatrics/hnkMfLeg">pediatrics</a>, renewable energy, and "safe artificial intelligence".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:529" href="#fn:529">529</a> From 2002 to 2018, the foundation donated nearly half of its $25 million directly to Musk's OpenAI.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:530" href="#fn:530">530</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:531" href="#fn:531">531</a> The foundation's assets reached $9.4 billion by the end of 2021, but it only dispensed $160 million to charities that year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:532" href="#fn:532">532</a> 
The Musk Foundation has been criticized for its "self-serving"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:533" href="#fn:533">533</a> donations to efforts close to Musk's family and companies,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:534" href="#fn:534">534</a> as well as its low payout ratio.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:535" href="#fn:535">535</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:536" href="#fn:536">536</a> In 2021, after Musk challenged <a href="/facts/World_Food_Programme/yBwCJgza">World Food Programme</a> director <a href="/facts/David_Beasley/IwNoSxpE">David Beasley</a> to draft a plan to use money of Musk's that Beasley said could contribute to ending <a href="/facts/Hunger/7EJxmrXn">world hunger</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:537" href="#fn:537">537</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:538" href="#fn:538">538</a> Musk instead donated the $6 billion in question to his own foundation even after Beasley's plan showed that the money could feed 42 million people for a year.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:539" href="#fn:539">539</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:540" href="#fn:540">540</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:541" href="#fn:541">541</a>

<h2 id="public-image">Public image</h2>
Main article: <a href="/facts/Public_image_of_Elon_Musk/IHdyJjrt">Public image of Elon Musk</a>
Although his ventures have been highly influential within their separate industries starting in the 2000s, Musk only became a public figure in the early 2010s. He has been described as an eccentric who makes spontaneous and impactful decisions, while also often making controversial statements, contrary to other billionaires who prefer reclusiveness to protect their businesses. Musk's actions and <a href="/facts/Views_of_Elon_Musk/p4aPQhJR">his expressed views</a> have made him a polarizing figure.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:542" href="#fn:542">542</a> Biographer <a href="/facts/Ashlee_Vance/VlzHsPjv">Ashlee Vance</a> described people's opinions of Musk as polarized due to his "part philosopher, part <a href="/facts/Troll_(slang)/fQJXsSTN">troll</a>" persona on Twitter.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:543" href="#fn:543">543</a>
Musk has been described as an American <a href="/facts/Oligarchy/1PjREsee">oligarch</a> due to his extensive influence over public discourse, social media, industry, politics, and government policy.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:544" href="#fn:544">544</a> After Trump's re-election, Musk's <a href="/facts/Political_activities_of_Elon_Musk/K7fRbzK7">influence and actions</a> during the transition period and the <a href="/facts/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump/a3CUnzUu">second presidency of Donald Trump</a> led some to call him "President Musk", the "actual president-elect", "shadow president" or "co-president".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:545" href="#fn:545">545</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:546" href="#fn:546">546</a> 

<h3>Accolades</h3>
Main article: <a href="/facts/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Elon_Musk/z040tWN4">List of awards and honors received by Elon Musk</a>

Awards for his contributions to the development of the <a href="/facts/Falcon_rocket/RF4Ylp7q">Falcon rockets</a> include the <a href="/facts/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics/fVbwtwh8">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a> George Low Transportation Award in 2008,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:547" href="#fn:547">547</a> the <a href="/facts/F%25C3%25A9d%25C3%25A9ration_A%25C3%25A9ronautique_Internationale/WoJkGK09">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a> Gold Space Medal in 2010,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:548" href="#fn:548">548</a> and the <a href="/facts/Royal_Aeronautical_Society/fGzBa2Q0">Royal Aeronautical Society</a> Gold Medal in 2012.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:549" href="#fn:549">549</a> In 2015, he received an honorary doctorate in engineering and technology from <a href="/facts/Yale_University/KUdS6jt1">Yale University</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:550" href="#fn:550">550</a> and an <a href="/facts/IEEE_Honorary_Membership/qearAKlL">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Honorary Membership</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:551" href="#fn:551">551</a> Musk was elected a <a href="/facts/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society/cWs8TdC5">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> (FRS) in 2018.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:552" href="#fn:552">552</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:553" href="#fn:553">553</a> In 2022, Musk was elected to the <a href="/facts/National_Academy_of_Engineering/6RCqfvXM">National Academy of Engineering</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:554" href="#fn:554">554</a>
<a href="/facts/Time_(magazine)/N4FXc99l">Time</a> has listed Musk as <a href="/facts/Time_100/12J5tflY">one of the most influential people in the world</a> in 2010,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:555" href="#fn:555">555</a> 2013,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:556" href="#fn:556">556</a> 2018,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:557" href="#fn:557">557</a> and 2021.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:558" href="#fn:558">558</a> Musk was selected as Time's "<a href="/facts/Time_Person_of_the_Year/kaqqgbh3">Person of the Year</a>" for 2021. Then Time editor-in-chief <a href="/facts/Edward_Felsenthal/IjRKz3Dd">Edward Felsenthal</a> wrote that, "Person of the Year is a marker of influence, and few individuals have had more influence than Musk on life on Earth, and potentially life off Earth too."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:559" href="#fn:559">559</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:560" href="#fn:560">560</a>

<h3>In popular culture</h3>
See also: <a href="/facts/Elon_Musk_filmography/KHX07AQk">Elon Musk filmography</a>
Musk was a partial inspiration for the characterization of <a href="/facts/Tony_Stark_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)/YvmgHSKg">Tony Stark</a> in the <a href="/facts/Marvel_Studios/1sz7HYQo">Marvel</a> film <a href="/facts/Iron_Man_(2008_film)/spYD5hkx">Iron Man</a> (2008).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:561" href="#fn:561">561</a> Musk also had a cameo appearance in the film's 2010 sequel, <a href="/facts/Iron_Man_2/Qn3jDCK9">Iron Man 2</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:562" href="#fn:562">562</a> Other films that he has made cameos and appearances include <a href="/facts/Machete_Kills/r7msUnKW">Machete Kills</a> (2013),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:563" href="#fn:563">563</a> <a href="/facts/Why_Him%253F/bazQ09Mr">Why Him?</a> (2016),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:564" href="#fn:564">564</a> and <a href="/facts/Men_in_Black%3a_International/xdJM8USW">Men in Black: International</a> (2019).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:565" href="#fn:565">565</a> Television series in which he has appeared include <a href="/facts/The_Simpsons/2nvy6mx6">The Simpsons</a> ("<a href="/facts/The_Musk_Who_Fell_to_Earth/zko0wacK">The Musk Who Fell to Earth</a>", 2015),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:566" href="#fn:566">566</a> <a href="/facts/The_Big_Bang_Theory/xxPyPod6">The Big Bang Theory</a> ("<a href="/facts/The_Platonic_Permutation/HUHWnekj">The Platonic Permutation</a>", 2015),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:567" href="#fn:567">567</a> <a href="/facts/South_Park/1gvjuzwN">South Park</a> ("<a href="/facts/Members_Only_(South_Park)/8ValKptj">Members Only</a>", 2016),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:568" href="#fn:568">568</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:569" href="#fn:569">569</a> <a href="/facts/Young_Sheldon/D3z1WLQK">Young Sheldon</a> ("<a href="/facts/List_of_Young_Sheldon_episodes/NBIUlndC">A Patch, a Modem, and a Zantac®</a>", 2017),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:570" href="#fn:570">570</a> <a href="/facts/Rick_and_Morty/yGYmxkKQ">Rick and Morty</a> ("<a href="/facts/One_Crew_over_the_Crewcoo%2527s_Morty/Yt96z8MH">One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty</a>", 2019).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:571" href="#fn:571">571</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:572" href="#fn:572">572</a> He contributed interviews to the documentaries <a href="/facts/Racing_Extinction/kjTsJD1N">Racing Extinction</a> (2015) and <a href="/facts/Lo_and_Behold%2c_Reveries_of_the_Connected_World/99KJEKqX">Lo and Behold</a> (2016).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:573" href="#fn:573">573</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:574" href="#fn:574">574</a>

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<h2 id="works-cited">Works cited</h2>

<ul><li><a href="/facts/Michael_Belfiore/ru4qlxT0">Belfiore, Michael</a> (2007). Rocketeers. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Eric_Berger_(journalist)/tFc1T2BW">Berger, Eric</a> (2021). Liftoff. William Morrow and Company. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Walter_Isaacson/hE0jeb5n">Isaacson, Walter</a> (2023). <a href="/facts/Elon_Musk_(Isaacson_book)/uh9Rkwxo">Elon Musk</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1395888338">1395888338</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Eric_M._Jackson/f5SQB8F1">Jackson, Eric M.</a> (2004). <a href="/facts/The_PayPal_Wars/Pf6oEoLh">The PayPal Wars: Battles with eBay, the Media, the Mafia, and the Rest of Planet Earth</a>. Los Angeles, California: World Ahead Publishing. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li>Kidder, David; <a href="/facts/Reid_Hoffman/B9L9Brjh">Hoffman, Reid</a> (2013). The Startup Playbook: Secrets of the Fastest Growing Start-Ups from the founding Entrepreneurs. San Francisco, California: Chronicle Books. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ashlee_Vance/VlzHsPjv">Vance, Ashlee</a> (2017) [2015]. <a href="/facts/Elon_Musk%3a_Tesla%2c_SpaceX%2c_and_the_Quest_for_a_Fantastic_Future/nJb51qlH">Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future</a> (2nd ed.). New York: Ecco. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> .</li></ul>

<h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2>
<ul><li><a href="/facts/Kate_Conger/4XxfkLBz">Conger, Kate</a>; <a href="/facts/Ryan_Mac/GRC0uAJ6">Mac, Ryan</a> (2024). <a href="/facts/Character_Limit%3a_How_Elon_Musk_Destroyed_Twitter/qJGkp4Er">Character Limit: How Elon Musk Destroyed Twitter</a> (1st hardcover ed.). New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> . <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1432234243">1432234243</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/facts/Ronan_Farrow/5B9zQV5U">Farrow, Ronan</a> (August 28, 2023) [August 21, 2023 (online)]. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/08/28/elon-musks-shadow-rule">"Elon Musk's Shadow Rule"</a>. A Reporter at Large (story series). <a href="/facts/The_New_Yorker/2RfeBrsR">The New Yorker</a>. Retrieved August 25, 2023.</li>
<li>Tarnoff, Ben, <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2024/01/18/ultra-hardcore-elon-musk-walter-isaacson/">"Ultra Hardcore"</a> (subscription required) (review of <a href="/facts/Walter_Isaacson/hE0jeb5n">Walter Isaacson</a>, Elon Musk, Simon and Schuster, 2023, 670 pp.), <a href="/facts/The_New_York_Review_of_Books/jvHxU3fn">The New York Review of Books</a>, vol. LXXI, no. 1 (January 18, 2024), pp. 6, 8, 10. "There is an anti-modern impulse to Musk, a craving for lordship that can't be entirely satisfied within the confines of a capitalist economy. A king doesn't have advertisers or shareholders or customers, and Musk, if he continues on his current trajectory, may very well be abandoned by all three. <a href="/facts/Aristotle/U2bDlBFW">Aristotle</a> says a good ending should be surprising but inevitable. It's possible to imagine multiple finales for Musk that meet these criteria, but the story always begins the same way. Once upon a time in <a href="/facts/Pretoria/lv4sXKKA">Pretoria</a>, there was a boy who wanted to be a man." (p. 10.)</li></ul>
<h2 id="external-links">External links</h2>

<ul><li><a href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1020671">Appearances</a> on <a href="/facts/C-SPAN/MdgMU5eM">C-SPAN</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.LittleSis.org/person/38805">Elon Musk</a> on <a href="/facts/LittleSis/oBFCA3Fv">LittleSis</a>, a website that publishes data on who-knows-who between government, donors and business </li></ul>

<h2 id="references">References</h2>

<ol>
<li id="fn:1">Eligon, John; Chutel, Lynsey (May 5, 2022). &quot;Elon Musk Left a South Africa That Was Rife With Misinformation and White Privilege&quot;. The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/05/world/africa/elon-musk-south-africa.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/05/world/africa/elon-musk-south-africa.html</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:2">Vance (2017), pp. 25, 31. - Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (2nd&nbsp;ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-06-230125-3. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:3">Hall, Dana (April 11, 2014). &quot;Rocket Man: The otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk&quot;. The Mercury News. [http from leads://web.archive.org/web/20140414070701/http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541126/rocket-man-otherworldy-ambitions-elon-musk Archived] from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2014. {{cite news}}: Check |archive-url= value (help) <a href="http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541126/rocket-man-otherworldy-ambitions-elon-musk" target="_blank">http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541126/rocket-man-otherworldy-ambitions-elon-musk</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:4">Elliott, Hannah (March 26, 2012). &quot;At Home With Elon Musk: The (Soon-to-Be) Bachelor Billionaire&quot;. Forbes. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2015. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/hannahelliott/2012/03/26/at-home-with-elon-musk-the-soon-to-be-bachelor-billionaire/" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/hannahelliott/2012/03/26/at-home-with-elon-musk-the-soon-to-be-bachelor-billionaire/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:5">His biography author Ashlee Vance interviewed on the TV show Triangulation on the TWiT.tv network, discussion of his family starts around the 15th minute <a href="https://twit.tv/shows/triangulation/episodes/203/" target="_blank">https://twit.tv/shows/triangulation/episodes/203/</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:6">Vargas, Chanel (March 6, 2018). &quot;11 Things to Know About Stunning 69-Year-Old Model Maye Musk&quot;. Town &amp; Country. Archived from the original on March 7, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2020. <a href="https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/a18205769/maye-musk-facts/" target="_blank">https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/a18205769/maye-musk-facts/</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:7">Usborne, Simon (February 21, 2018). &quot;Meet the Musks: who's who in Elon's extended family?&quot;. The Guardian. ISSN&nbsp;0261-3077. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2018/feb/21/meet-elon-musk-family" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2018/feb/21/meet-elon-musk-family</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:8">Isaacson (2023), p. 23. - Isaacson, Walter (2023). Elon Musk. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-9821-8128-4. OCLC&nbsp;1395888338. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1395888338" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1395888338</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:9">Hull, Dana; May, Patrick. &quot;Exploring the otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk&quot;. The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on September 26, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2021. <a href="https://buffalonews.com/business/local/exploring-the-otherworldly-ambitions-of-elon-musk/article_2fc57479-93eb-5016-b724-016b48a4f4f3.html" target="_blank">https://buffalonews.com/business/local/exploring-the-otherworldly-ambitions-of-elon-musk/article_2fc57479-93eb-5016-b724-016b48a4f4f3.html</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:10">Friend, Tad (August 17, 2009). &quot;Plugged In&quot;. The New Yorker. Archived from the original on March 8, 2022. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/08/24/plugged-in" target="_blank">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/08/24/plugged-in</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:11">Smith, Adam (June 28, 2021). &quot;50 years of Elon Musk's huge wealth, from emeralds to SpaceX and Tesla&quot;. The Independent. Archived from the original on November 25, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2021. teenage Elon Musk once walked the streets of New York with emeralds in his pocket. His father said: &quot;We were very wealthy. We had so much money at times we couldn't even close our safe,&quot; adding that one person would have to hold the money in place with another closing the door. &quot;And then there'd still be all these notes sticking out and we'd sort of pull them out and put them in our pockets.&quot; <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elon-musk-birthday-ceo-tesla-b1874017.html" target="_blank">https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elon-musk-birthday-ceo-tesla-b1874017.html</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:12">Vance (2017), pp. 26&#8211;30. - Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (2nd&nbsp;ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-06-230125-3. <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:13">Isaacson (2023), p. 16. - Isaacson, Walter (2023). Elon Musk. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-9821-8128-4. OCLC&nbsp;1395888338. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1395888338" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1395888338</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:14">McGreal, Chris (January 26, 2025). &quot;How the roots of the 'PayPal mafia' extend to apartheid South Africa&quot;. The Guardian. Retrieved January 28, 2025. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/26/elon-musk-peter-thiel-apartheid-south-africa" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/26/elon-musk-peter-thiel-apartheid-south-africa</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:15">Lepore, Jill (April 4, 2025). &quot;Opinion | The Rise and Fall of Elon Musk&quot;. The New York Times. ISSN&nbsp;0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 5, 2025. Retrieved April 5, 2025. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/04/opinion/elon-musk-doge-technocracy.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/04/opinion/elon-musk-doge-technocracy.html</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:16">Benton, Joshua (September 21, 2023). &quot;Elon Musk's Anti-Semitic, Apartheid-Loving Grandfather&quot;. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on October 7, 2023. <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Benton" target="_blank">/wiki/Joshua_Benton</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:17">Benton, Joshua (September 21, 2023). &quot;Elon Musk's Anti-Semitic, Apartheid-Loving Grandfather&quot;. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on October 7, 2023. <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Benton" target="_blank">/wiki/Joshua_Benton</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:18">McGreal, Chris (January 26, 2025). &quot;How the roots of the 'PayPal mafia' extend to apartheid South Africa&quot;. The Guardian. Retrieved January 28, 2025. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/26/elon-musk-peter-thiel-apartheid-south-africa" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/26/elon-musk-peter-thiel-apartheid-south-africa</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:19">Lepore, Jill (April 4, 2025). &quot;The Failed Ideas That Drive Elon Musk&quot;. The New York Times. ISSN&nbsp;0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 17, 2025. Retrieved May 16, 2025. <a href="https://archive.today/20250417032917/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/04/opinion/elon-musk-doge-technocracy.html" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20250417032917/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/04/opinion/elon-musk-doge-technocracy.html</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:20">Gallego-D&#237;az, Soledad (April 20, 2025). &quot;Elon Musk's less than original measures: Developing the ideas of his grandfather, Joshua Haldeman&quot;. EL PA&#205;S English. Retrieved May 16, 2025. <a href="https://english.elpais.com/opinion/2025-04-20/elon-musks-less-than-original-measures-developing-the-ideas-of-his-grandfather-joshua-haldeman.html" target="_blank">https://english.elpais.com/opinion/2025-04-20/elon-musks-less-than-original-measures-developing-the-ideas-of-his-grandfather-joshua-haldeman.html</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:21">Getahun, Hannah. &quot;Elon Musk's grandfather belonged to a political party that believed the world should be governed by technology. Newspapers at the time described it as having 'the tone of an incipient Fascist movement.'&quot;. Business Insider. Retrieved May 16, 2025. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/who-was-elon-musk-grandfather-joshua-haldeman-technocracy-incorporated-party-2023-9" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/who-was-elon-musk-grandfather-joshua-haldeman-technocracy-incorporated-party-2023-9</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:22">Laurent, Sylvie (February 6, 2025). &quot;Elon Musk ou &#171;&nbsp;l'homme qui valait 300 milliards&nbsp;&#187;&nbsp;: un enfumage id&#233;ologique&quot;. L'Humanit&#233; (in French). Archived from the original on April 3, 2025. Retrieved May 17, 2025. <a href="https://archive.today/20250403175156/https://www.humanite.fr/en-debat/elon-musk/2646226-2" target="_blank">https://archive.today/20250403175156/https://www.humanite.fr/en-debat/elon-musk/2646226-2</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:23">Leo, Geoff (March 20, 2025). &quot;The Canadian roots of Elon Musk's conspiracist grandpa&quot;. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved May 16, 2025. <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/newsinteractives/features/joshua-haldeman-elon-musk-saskatchewan-tech-utopian-conspiracist" target="_blank">https://www.cbc.ca/newsinteractives/features/joshua-haldeman-elon-musk-saskatchewan-tech-utopian-conspiracist</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:24">Kay, Grace (September 30, 2023). &quot;Elon Musk's dad, 77, says he'd have more kids &#8212; but only if he could find a woman under 35&quot;. Business Insider. Archived from the original on February 23, 2024. Retrieved February 23, 2024. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-father-errol-musk-have-more-kids-young-woman-2023-9" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-father-errol-musk-have-more-kids-young-woman-2023-9</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:25">Crilly, Rob (March 25, 2018). &quot;Elon Musk's father has baby with step-daughter he has known since she was four&quot;. The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. <a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/03/25/elon-musks-father-has-baby-step-daughter-has-known-since-four/" target="_blank">https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/03/25/elon-musks-father-has-baby-step-daughter-has-known-since-four/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:26">Usborne, Simon (February 21, 2018). &quot;Meet the Musks: who's who in Elon's extended family?&quot;. The Guardian. ISSN&nbsp;0261-3077. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2018/feb/21/meet-elon-musk-family" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2018/feb/21/meet-elon-musk-family</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:27">Lieberman, Hallie. &quot;The Musk of Romance&quot;. Wired. Archived from the original on September 2, 2020. Retrieved September 2, 2020. <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/tosca-musk-romance-passionflix/" target="_blank">https://www.wired.com/story/tosca-musk-romance-passionflix/</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:28">Higgins, Tim (August 17, 2024). &quot;Elon Musk's Walk With Jesus&quot;. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 14, 2025. Retrieved February 4, 2025. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/tech/elon-musk-religion-christianity-4545dd8b" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/tech/elon-musk-religion-christianity-4545dd8b</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:29">Rees, Anna (July 24, 2024). &quot;Elon Musk says Christian teachings are 'good and wise'&quot;. Premier. Archived from the original on November 2, 2024. Retrieved February 4, 2025. <a href="https://premierchristian.news/en/news/article/elon-musk-christian-teachings-are-good-and-wise" target="_blank">https://premierchristian.news/en/news/article/elon-musk-christian-teachings-are-good-and-wise</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:30">Smith, Adam (June 28, 2021). &quot;50 years of Elon Musk's huge wealth, from emeralds to SpaceX and Tesla&quot;. The Independent. Archived from the original on November 25, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2021. teenage Elon Musk once walked the streets of New York with emeralds in his pocket. His father said: &quot;We were very wealthy. We had so much money at times we couldn't even close our safe,&quot; adding that one person would have to hold the money in place with another closing the door. &quot;And then there'd still be all these notes sticking out and we'd sort of pull them out and put them in our pockets.&quot; <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elon-musk-birthday-ceo-tesla-b1874017.html" target="_blank">https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elon-musk-birthday-ceo-tesla-b1874017.html</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:31">Smith, Adam (June 28, 2021). &quot;50 years of Elon Musk's huge wealth, from emeralds to SpaceX and Tesla&quot;. The Independent. Archived from the original on November 25, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2021. teenage Elon Musk once walked the streets of New York with emeralds in his pocket. His father said: &quot;We were very wealthy. We had so much money at times we couldn't even close our safe,&quot; adding that one person would have to hold the money in place with another closing the door. &quot;And then there'd still be all these notes sticking out and we'd sort of pull them out and put them in our pockets.&quot; <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elon-musk-birthday-ceo-tesla-b1874017.html" target="_blank">https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elon-musk-birthday-ceo-tesla-b1874017.html</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:32">Mann, Jyoti (September 11, 2023). &quot;Elon Musk really was telling the truth by saying his father Errol never owned an emerald mine, biographer says&quot;. Business Insider. Archived from the original on November 22, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2024. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-father-errol-never-owned-emerald-mine-telling-truth-2023-9" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-father-errol-never-owned-emerald-mine-telling-truth-2023-9</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:33">Crellin, Zac (September 22, 2023). &quot;Elon Musk's Dad Shares Deadly Secrets of Fabled Emerald Mine&quot;. The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024. <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/elon-musks-dad-errol-shares-deadly-secrets-of-the-fabled-emerald-mine-in-zambia" target="_blank">https://www.thedailybeast.com/elon-musks-dad-errol-shares-deadly-secrets-of-the-fabled-emerald-mine-in-zambia</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:34">Eligon, John; Chutel, Lynsey (May 5, 2022). &quot;Elon Musk Left a South Africa That Was Rife With Misinformation and White Privilege&quot;. The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/05/world/africa/elon-musk-south-africa.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/05/world/africa/elon-musk-south-africa.html</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:35">Cao, Sissi (January 7, 2020). &quot;At 71, Elon Musk's Model Mom, Maye Musk, Is at Her Peak as a Style Icon&quot;. Observer. Archived from the original on June 30, 2023. Retrieved June 30, 2023. <a href="https://observer.com/2020/01/elon-musk-mother-maye-model-dietician-interview-book-women-self-help/" target="_blank">https://observer.com/2020/01/elon-musk-mother-maye-model-dietician-interview-book-women-self-help/</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:36">Hall, Dana (April 11, 2014). &quot;Rocket Man: The otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk&quot;. The Mercury News. [http from leads://web.archive.org/web/20140414070701/http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541126/rocket-man-otherworldy-ambitions-elon-musk Archived] from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2014. {{cite news}}: Check |archive-url= value (help) <a href="http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541126/rocket-man-otherworldy-ambitions-elon-musk" target="_blank">http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541126/rocket-man-otherworldy-ambitions-elon-musk</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:37">Isaacson (2023), p. 23. - Isaacson, Walter (2023). Elon Musk. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-9821-8128-4. OCLC&nbsp;1395888338. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1395888338" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1395888338</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:38">Strauss, Neil (November 15, 2017). &quot;Elon Musk: The Architect of Tomorrow&quot;. Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817165150/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/elon-musk-the-architect-of-tomorrow-120850/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200817165150/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/elon-musk-the-architect-of-tomorrow-120850/</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:39">&quot;Does Elon Musk have PTSD? Biographer Walter Isaacson says the billionaire's turbulent childhood with an abusive father left him scarred&quot;. Archived from the original on June 15, 2024. Retrieved June 15, 2024. <a href="https://fortune.com/well/2023/09/17/does-elon-musk-have-ptsd-walter-isaacson-biography/" target="_blank">https://fortune.com/well/2023/09/17/does-elon-musk-have-ptsd-walter-isaacson-biography/</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:40">Isaacson (2023), pp. 2&#8211;3. - Isaacson, Walter (2023). Elon Musk. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-9821-8128-4. OCLC&nbsp;1395888338. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1395888338" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1395888338</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:41">Isaacson (2023), pp. 2&#8211;3. - Isaacson, Walter (2023). Elon Musk. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-9821-8128-4. OCLC&nbsp;1395888338. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1395888338" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1395888338</a> <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:42">Bhaimiya, Sawdah. &quot;Errol Musk denies berating his son after an attack at school put Elon Musk in hospital&quot;. Business Insider. Archived from the original on December 5, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2023. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-dad-errol-denies-berating-him-after-attack-school-2023-9" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-dad-errol-denies-berating-him-after-attack-school-2023-9</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:43">Friend, Tad (August 17, 2009). &quot;Plugged In&quot;. The New Yorker. Archived from the original on March 8, 2022. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/08/24/plugged-in" target="_blank">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/08/24/plugged-in</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:44">&quot;Elon Musk shares the science fiction book series that inspired him to start SpaceX&quot;. CNBC. February 22, 2020. Archived from the original on November 4, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023. <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/21/elon-musk-recommends-science-fiction-book-series-that-inspired-spacex.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/21/elon-musk-recommends-science-fiction-book-series-that-inspired-spacex.html</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:45">Vance (2017), p. 38. - Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (2nd&nbsp;ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-06-230125-3. <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:46">O'Kane, Sean (June 9, 2015). &quot;Play the PC game Elon Musk wrote as a pre-teen&quot;. The Verge. Archived from the original on February 7, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2019. <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2015/6/9/8752333/elon-musk-blastar-pc-game" target="_blank">https://www.theverge.com/2015/6/9/8752333/elon-musk-blastar-pc-game</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:47">Belfiore (2007), pp. 166&#8211;195. - Belfiore, Michael (2007). Rocketeers. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-06-114902-3. <a href="#fnref:47" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:48">Mak, Aaron (December 4, 2019). &quot;Elon Musk Says 'Pedo Guy' Was a Common Insult in His Youth. We Checked With His Schoolmates&quot;. Slate. Archived from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006045204/https://slate.com/technology/2019/12/elon-musk-trial-pedo-guy-diver-lawsuit.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20201006045204/https://slate.com/technology/2019/12/elon-musk-trial-pedo-guy-diver-lawsuit.html</a> <a href="#fnref:48" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:49">Isaacson (2023), p. 26. - Isaacson, Walter (2023). Elon Musk. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-9821-8128-4. OCLC&nbsp;1395888338. <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1395888338" target="_blank">https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1395888338</a> <a href="#fnref:49" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:50">Clifford, Catherine (June 12, 2018). &quot;Multi-billionaire Elon Musk: 'I arrived in North America at 17 with $2,000'&quot;. CNBC. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802083529/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/12/telsas-elon-musk-tweets-he-arrived-in-north-america-at-17-with-2000.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200802083529/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/12/telsas-elon-musk-tweets-he-arrived-in-north-america-at-17-with-2000.html</a> <a href="#fnref:50" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:51">Vance (2017), p. 44. Musk's opportunity to flee arrived with a change in the law that allowed Maye to pass her Canadian citizenship to her children. - Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (2nd&nbsp;ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-06-230125-3. <a href="#fnref:51" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:52">Eligon, John; Chutel, Lynsey (May 5, 2022). &quot;Elon Musk Left a South Africa That Was Rife With Misinformation and White Privilege&quot;. The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/05/world/africa/elon-musk-south-africa.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/05/world/africa/elon-musk-south-africa.html</a> <a href="#fnref:52" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:53">Junod, Tom (November 15, 2012). &quot;Elon Musk: Triumph of His Will&quot;. Esquire. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020. <a href="/wiki/Tom_Junod" target="_blank">/wiki/Tom_Junod</a> <a href="#fnref:53" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:54">Vance (2017), pp. 43&#8211;44. What rarely gets mentions is that Musk attended the University of Pretoria for five months before heading off on his grand adventure. ... Musk characterized the time at university as just something to do while he awaited his Canadian documentation. - Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (2nd&nbsp;ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-06-230125-3. <a href="#fnref:54" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:55">Vance (2017), p. 45. After a 1,900-mile bus ride, he ended up in Swift Current, a town of fifteen thousands people. Musk called a second cousin out of the blue from the bus station and hitched a ride to his house. - Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (2nd&nbsp;ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-06-230125-3. <a href="#fnref:55" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:56">Minks, Caroline (March 4, 2025). &quot;How did Elon Musk become a Canadian citizen?&quot;. CIC News. Retrieved March 13, 2025. <a href="https://www.cicnews.com/2025/03/how-did-elon-musk-become-a-canadian-citizen-0352253.html#gs.k94fdp" target="_blank">https://www.cicnews.com/2025/03/how-did-elon-musk-become-a-canadian-citizen-0352253.html#gs.k94fdp</a> <a href="#fnref:56" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:57">Vance (2017), p. 46. Musk spent the next year working a series of odd jobs around Canada. He tended vegetables and shoved out grain bins at a cousin's farm located in the tiny town of Waldeck. ... He inquired about the job with the best wage, which turned out to be a gig cleaning the boiler room of a lumber mill for eighteen dollars an hour. - Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (2nd&nbsp;ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-06-230125-3. <a href="#fnref:57" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:58">Vance (2017), pp. 46&#8211;47. Elon ended up enrolling at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, in 1989. - Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (2nd&nbsp;ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-06-230125-3. <a href="#fnref:58" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:59">Locke, Taylor (December 20, 2019). &quot;Elon Musk's college pal: This is what 'differentiates Elon from the rest of humanity'&quot;. CNBC. Archived from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2021. <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/20/elon-musks-college-friend-on-why-hes-different-from-everyone-else.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/20/elon-musks-college-friend-on-why-hes-different-from-everyone-else.html</a> <a href="#fnref:59" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:60">Shoichet, Catherine E. (September 29, 2024). &quot;Elon Musk is one of illegal immigration's harshest critics. He once described his past immigration status as a 'gray area'&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on November 13, 2024. Retrieved November 19, 2024. <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/29/us/elon-musk-immigration-gray-area-cec/index.html" target="_blank">https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/29/us/elon-musk-immigration-gray-area-cec/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:60" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:61">Vance (2017), p. 368. Musk produced a document for me dated June 22, 2009, that came from Judith Haccou, the director of graduate admissions in the office of the registrar at Stanford University. It read, &quot;As per special request from my colleagues in the School of Engineering, I have searched Stanford's admission data base and acknowledge that you applied and were admitted to the graduate program in Material Science Engineering in 1995. Since you did not enroll, Stanford is not able to issue you an official certification document.&quot; Musk also had an explanation for the weird timing on his degrees from Penn. &quot;I had a History and an English credit that I agreed with Penn that I would do at Stanford,&quot; he said. &quot;The I put Stanford on deferment. Later, Penn's requirements changed so that you don't need the English and History credit. So they awarded me the degree in '97 when it was clear I was not going to go to grad school, and their requirement was no longer there.&quot; - Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (2nd&nbsp;ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-06-230125-3. <a href="#fnref:61" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:62">Kasprak, Alex (December 21, 2022). &quot;Does Elon Musk Have an Undergraduate Degree in Physics?&quot;. Snopes. Archived from the original on December 23, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022. <a href="https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/musk-physics-degree/" target="_blank">https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/musk-physics-degree/</a> <a href="#fnref:62" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:63">Vance (2017), Appendix 1. I called Penn's registrar and verified these findings. Copies of Musk's records show that he received a dual degree in economics and physics in May 1997. O'Reilly also subpoenaed the registrar's office at Stanford to verify Musk's admittance in 1995 for his doctorate work in physics. &quot;Based on the information you provided, we are unable to locate a record in our office for Elon Musk,&quot; wrote the director of graduate admissions. - Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (2nd&nbsp;ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-06-230125-3. <a href="#fnref:63" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:64">Meisenzahl, Elizabeth. &quot;SpaceX, founded by Penn graduate Elon Musk, launches U.S. astronauts into space&quot;. The Daily Pennsylvanian. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807065913/https://www.thedp.com/article/2020/05/penn-elon-musk-space-x-rocket-launch" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200807065913/https://www.thedp.com/article/2020/05/penn-elon-musk-space-x-rocket-launch</a> <a href="#fnref:64" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:65">McCray, Patrick W. (June 11, 2012). &quot;A pioneer in space and on Earth&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on November 28, 2022. Retrieved November 19, 2022. <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/10/opinion/mccray-elon-musk" target="_blank">https://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/10/opinion/mccray-elon-musk</a> <a href="#fnref:65" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:66">Hern, Alex (February 9, 2018). &quot;Elon Musk: the real-life Iron Man&quot;. The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022. Retrieved November 3, 2022. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/feb/09/elon-musk-the-real-life-iron-man" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/feb/09/elon-musk-the-real-life-iron-man</a> <a href="#fnref:66" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:67">&quot;How internships helped Elon Musk figure out his future&quot;. CNBC. July 16, 2018. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228213526/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/09/how-internships-helped-elon-musk-figure-out-his-future.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20191228213526/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/09/how-internships-helped-elon-musk-figure-out-his-future.html</a> <a href="#fnref:67" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:68">Soni, Jimmi (February 22, 2022). &quot;The little-known story about Elon Musk's first post-grad internship&quot;. Fortune. Archived from the original on March 7, 2022. <a href="https://fortune.com/longform/book-excerpt-paypal-founders-elon-musk-max-levchin/" target="_blank">https://fortune.com/longform/book-excerpt-paypal-founders-elon-musk-max-levchin/</a> <a href="#fnref:68" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:69">Vance (2017), Appendix 1. I called Penn's registrar and verified these findings. Copies of Musk's records show that he received a dual degree in economics and physics in May 1997. O'Reilly also subpoenaed the registrar's office at Stanford to verify Musk's admittance in 1995 for his doctorate work in physics. &quot;Based on the information you provided, we are unable to locate a record in our office for Elon Musk,&quot; wrote the director of graduate admissions. - Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (2nd&nbsp;ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-06-230125-3. <a href="#fnref:69" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:70">Vance (2017), p. 368. Musk produced a document for me dated June 22, 2009, that came from Judith Haccou, the director of graduate admissions in the office of the registrar at Stanford University. It read, &quot;As per special request from my colleagues in the School of Engineering, I have searched Stanford's admission data base and acknowledge that you applied and were admitted to the graduate program in Material Science Engineering in 1995. Since you did not enroll, Stanford is not able to issue you an official certification document.&quot; Musk also had an explanation for the weird timing on his degrees from Penn. &quot;I had a History and an English credit that I agreed with Penn that I would do at Stanford,&quot; he said. &quot;The I put Stanford on deferment. Later, Penn's requirements changed so that you don't need the English and History credit. So they awarded me the degree in '97 when it was clear I was not going to go to grad school, and their requirement was no longer there.&quot; - Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (2nd&nbsp;ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-06-230125-3. <a href="#fnref:70" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:71">Sacchetti, Maria; Siddiqui, Faiz; Miroff, Nick (October 26, 2024). &quot;Elon Musk, enemy of 'open borders', launched his career working illegally&quot;. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 26, 2024. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/10/26/elon-musk-immigration-status/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/10/26/elon-musk-immigration-status/</a> <a href="#fnref:71" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:72">Maidment, Paul (March 15, 2016). &quot;7 college dropouts who made millions&quot;. CNBC. Archived from the original on May 15, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515143817/https://www.cnbc.com/2014/11/03/college-dropouts-who-made-millions.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200515143817/https://www.cnbc.com/2014/11/03/college-dropouts-who-made-millions.html</a> <a href="#fnref:72" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:73">Clifford, Catherine (June 12, 2018). &quot;Multi-billionaire Elon Musk: 'I arrived in North America at 17 with $2,000'&quot;. CNBC. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802083529/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/12/telsas-elon-musk-tweets-he-arrived-in-north-america-at-17-with-2000.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200802083529/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/12/telsas-elon-musk-tweets-he-arrived-in-north-america-at-17-with-2000.html</a> <a href="#fnref:73" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:74">Sacchetti, Maria; Siddiqui, Faiz; Miroff, Nick (October 26, 2024). &quot;Elon Musk, enemy of 'open borders', launched his career working illegally&quot;. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 26, 2024. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/10/26/elon-musk-immigration-status/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/10/26/elon-musk-immigration-status/</a> <a href="#fnref:74" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:75">Siddiqui, Faiz; Miroff, Nick (October 27, 2024). &quot;Elon Musk claims student visa permitted him to work in U.S.&quot; The Washington Post. Retrieved February 1, 2025. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/10/27/elon-musk-immigration/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/10/27/elon-musk-immigration/</a> <a href="#fnref:75" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:76">&quot;A Deep Dive into Elon Musk's Investments: The Makings of a Billionaire&quot;. Toptal Finance Blog. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved May 19, 2022. <a href="https://www.toptal.com/finance/venture-capital-consultants/elon-musks-investments" target="_blank">https://www.toptal.com/finance/venture-capital-consultants/elon-musks-investments</a> <a href="#fnref:76" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:77">Strauss, Neil (November 15, 2017). &quot;Elon Musk: The Architect of Tomorrow&quot;. Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817165150/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/elon-musk-the-architect-of-tomorrow-120850/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200817165150/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/elon-musk-the-architect-of-tomorrow-120850/</a> <a href="#fnref:77" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:78">Huddlestone, Tom Jr. (June 19, 2018). &quot;Elon Musk slept on his office couch and 'showered at the YMCA' while starting his first company&quot;. CNBC. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818205314/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/19/how-elon-musk-founded-zip2-with-his-brother-kimbal.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200818205314/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/19/how-elon-musk-founded-zip2-with-his-brother-kimbal.html</a> <a href="#fnref:78" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:79">Chafkin, Max (December 1, 2007). &quot;Entrepreneur of the Year, 2007: Elon Musk&quot;. Inc. Archived from the original on December 28, 2007. Retrieved February 22, 2022. <a href="http://www.inc.com/magazine/20071201/entrepreneur-of-the-year-elon-musk.html" target="_blank">http://www.inc.com/magazine/20071201/entrepreneur-of-the-year-elon-musk.html</a> <a href="#fnref:79" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:80">Huddlestone, Tom Jr. (June 19, 2018). &quot;Elon Musk slept on his office couch and 'showered at the YMCA' while starting his first company&quot;. CNBC. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2020. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818205314/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/19/how-elon-musk-founded-zip2-with-his-brother-kimbal.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20200818205314/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/19/how-elon-musk-founded-zip2-with-his-brother-kimbal.html</a> <a href="#fnref:80" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:81">&quot;Zip2 Founder Launches 2nd Firm: Readies Financial Supersite. &#8211; Free Online Library&quot;. thefreelibrary.com. Archived from the original on April 12, 2021. Retrieved April 12, 2021. <a href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Zip2+Founder+Launches+2nd+Firm:+Readies+Financial+Supersite.-a055603529" target="_blank">https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Zip2+Founder+Launches+2nd+Firm:+Readies+Financial+Supersite.-a055603529</a> <a href="#fnref:81" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:82">Kidder (2013), pp. 224&#8211;228. - Kidder, David; Hoffman, Reid (2013). The Startup Playbook: Secrets of the Fastest Growing Start-Ups from the founding Entrepreneurs. San Francisco, California: Chronicle Books. ISBN&nbsp;978-1-4521-0504-8. <a href="#fnref:82" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:83">Vance (2017), p. 67. - Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (2nd&nbsp;ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-06-230125-3. <a href="#fnref:83" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:84">Vance (2017), p. 14. - Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (2nd&nbsp;ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-06-230125-3. <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:85">Junnarkar, Sandeep (February 16, 1999). &quot;Compaq buys Zip2&quot;. CNET. Archived from the original on October 21, 2014. Retrieved December 13, 2020. <a href="http://news.cnet.com/Compaq+buys+Zip2/2100-1023_3-221675.html" target="_blank">http://news.cnet.com/Compaq+buys+Zip2/2100-1023_3-221675.html</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:86">Vance (2017), p. 109. - Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (2nd&nbsp;ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-06-230125-3. <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:87">Vance (2017), p. 78. - Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (2nd&nbsp;ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-06-230125-3. <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:265">Feinberg, Andrew (April 18, 2023). &quot;Trump lashes out at Elon Musk after tech mogul says he voted for Biden&quot;. The Independent. Archived from the original on September 19, 2023. Retrieved September 18, 2023. <a href="https://www.the-independent.com/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-elon-musk-tucker-carlson-b2322101.html" target="_blank">https://www.the-independent.com/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-elon-musk-tucker-carlson-b2322101.html</a> <a href="#fnref:265" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:266">&quot;Accused of not supporting free speech, Elon Musk defends decision to vote Republicans in Nov&quot;. Firstpost. May 30, 2022. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.&quot;Carney: Green stimulus profiteer comes under IRS scrutiny&quot;. Washington Examiner. October 14, 2012. Archived from the original on October 9, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2022.Musk, Elon [@elonmusk] (July 13, 2024). &quot;I fully endorse President Trump and hope for his rapid recovery&quot; (Tweet). Archived from the original on July 17, 2024. Retrieved July 14, 2024 &#8211; via Twitter. <a href="https://www.firstpost.com/world/accused-of-not-supporting-free-speech-elon-musk-defends-decision-to-vote-republicans-in-nov-10739451.html" target="_blank">https://www.firstpost.com/world/accused-of-not-supporting-free-speech-elon-musk-defends-decision-to-vote-republicans-in-nov-10739451.html</a> <a href="#fnref:266" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:268">Kirkpatrick, Emily. &quot;Elon Musk Supports Kanye West's Run for President...Again&quot;. Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2020. <a href="https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/07/elon-musk-kanye-west-president-support-again" target="_blank">https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/07/elon-musk-kanye-west-president-support-again</a> <a href="#fnref:268" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
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<li id="fn:270">&quot;Tesla's Musk says he 'can no longer support' Democrats, 'will vote Republican'&quot;. CTVNews. May 18, 2022. Archived from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.Kolodny, Lora (May 18, 2022). &quot;Elon Musk says he'll vote Republican, bashes Democrats&quot;. CNBC. Archived from the original on June 8, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.Barrabi, Thomas (May 18, 2022). &quot;Elon Musk to vote GOP for first time because Democrats are 'party of division &amp; hate'&quot;. New York Post. Archived from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022.&quot;&quot;Can No Longer Support Democrats, Will Vote Republican&quot;: Elon Musk&quot;. NDTV. Archived from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022. <a href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/tesla-s-musk-says-he-can-no-longer-support-democrats-will-vote-republican-1.5910008" target="_blank">https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/tesla-s-musk-says-he-can-no-longer-support-democrats-will-vote-republican-1.5910008</a> <a href="#fnref:270" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:271">Mattioli, Dana; Palazzolo, Joe; Safdar, Khadeeja (October 2, 2024). &quot;Elon Musk Gave Tens of Millions to Republican Causes Far Earlier Than Previously Known&quot;. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 2, 2024. Retrieved October 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-political-donations-stephen-miller-desantis-39464294" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-political-donations-stephen-miller-desantis-39464294</a> <a href="#fnref:271" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:272">Mattioli, Dana; Palazzolo, Joe; Safdar, Khadeeja (October 2, 2024). &quot;Elon Musk Gave Tens of Millions to Republican Causes Far Earlier Than Previously Known&quot;. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 2, 2024. Retrieved October 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-political-donations-stephen-miller-desantis-39464294" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-political-donations-stephen-miller-desantis-39464294</a> <a href="#fnref:272" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:273">Schonfeld, Zach (June 15, 2022). &quot;DeSantis on Musk tweet: 'I welcome support from African Americans'&quot;. The Hill. Archived from the original on June 21, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022. <a href="https://thehill.com/policy/technology/3525627-desantis-on-musk-tweet-i-welcome-support-from-african-americans/" target="_blank">https://thehill.com/policy/technology/3525627-desantis-on-musk-tweet-i-welcome-support-from-african-americans/</a> <a href="#fnref:273" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:274">Siddiqui, Faiz (May 25, 2023). &quot;Twitter repeatedly crashes as DeSantis tries to make presidential announcement&quot;. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved June 8, 2023. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/05/24/elon-musk-ron-desantis-2024-twitter/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/05/24/elon-musk-ron-desantis-2024-twitter/</a> <a href="#fnref:274" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:275">&quot;Twitter Spaces Glitches Plague DeSantis's 2024 Announcement&quot;. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on June 8, 2023. Retrieved June 8, 2023. <a href="https://www.wsj.com/video/twitter-spaces-glitches-plague-desantiss-2024-announcement/B240C703-2EA7-430C-A709-7C90F2A26CBE.html" target="_blank">https://www.wsj.com/video/twitter-spaces-glitches-plague-desantiss-2024-announcement/B240C703-2EA7-430C-A709-7C90F2A26CBE.html</a> <a href="#fnref:275" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:276">Robert F. Kennedy Jr. speaks on Twitter Spaces, challenges Biden for 2024 nomination | NewsNation No. NewsNation. June 5, 2023. Archived from the original on February 5, 2025. Retrieved February 5, 2025. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9aDfmN8z5Ik" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9aDfmN8z5Ik</a> <a href="#fnref:276" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:277">Vivek Ramaswamy Speaks with Elon Musk &amp; David Sacks on an X Space. July 30, 2023. Retrieved February 5, 2025 &#8211; via YouTube. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5RyE4d5nBY" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5RyE4d5nBY</a> <a href="#fnref:277" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:278">Schneider, Elena (January 15, 2024). &quot;Dean Phillips floats a Cabinet post for Musk or Ackman&quot;. Politico. Archived from the original on January 16, 2024. Retrieved February 5, 2025. <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2024/01/15/dean-phillips-floats-a-cabinet-post-for-musk-or-ackman-00135640" target="_blank">https://www.politico.com/news/2024/01/15/dean-phillips-floats-a-cabinet-post-for-musk-or-ackman-00135640</a> <a href="#fnref:278" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:279">&quot;How Elon Musk came to endorse Donald Trump&quot;. The Washington Post. July 29, 2024. Archived from the original on September 19, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/07/29/musk-trump-endorsement-immigration/" target="_blank">https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/07/29/musk-trump-endorsement-immigration/</a> <a href="#fnref:279" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:280">&quot;Elon Musk says he 'fully' endorses Donald Trump after shots fired during campaign rally&quot;. Business Insider. Archived from the original on November 12, 2024. Retrieved November 19, 2024. <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-endorses-trump-after-pennsylvania-rally-incident-2024-7" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-endorses-trump-after-pennsylvania-rally-incident-2024-7</a> <a href="#fnref:280" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:281">Rogers, Alex; Morris, Stephen; Inagaki, Kana (2024). &quot;Elon Musk's riskiest bet yet: Donald Trump&quot;. Financial Times. If he loses, I'm fucked <a href="https://on.ft.com/406cj3B" target="_blank">https://on.ft.com/406cj3B</a> <a href="#fnref:281" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:282">Kinnard, Meg (October 5, 2024). &quot;Elon Musk makes his first appearance at a Trump rally and casts the election in dire terms&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 6, 2024. Retrieved October 6, 2024. <a href="https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-donald-trump-rally-butler-election-f718967ec29431a2b9858b1121e70da1" target="_blank">https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-donald-trump-rally-butler-election-f718967ec29431a2b9858b1121e70da1</a> <a href="#fnref:282" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:283">Meyer, Josh (November 1, 2024). &quot;Fake video of Georgia voter fraud is Russian misinformation, US officials say&quot;. USA Today. Archived from the original on November 7, 2024. Retrieved November 3, 2024. <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/11/01/georgia-voter-fraud-video-fake-russia/75993122007/" target="_blank">https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/11/01/georgia-voter-fraud-video-fake-russia/75993122007/</a> <a href="#fnref:283" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:284">Tenbarge, Kat; Goggin, Ben; Barnett, Emma (October 17, 2024). &quot;Musk pushes debunked Dominion voting conspiracy theory at first Pennsylvania appearance&quot;. NBC News. Archived from the original on November 16, 2024. Retrieved November 19, 2024. <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/musk-pushes-debunked-dominion-voting-conspiracy-theory-campaign-appear-rcna175985" target="_blank">https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/musk-pushes-debunked-dominion-voting-conspiracy-theory-campaign-appear-rcna175985</a> <a href="#fnref:284" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:285">Ingram, Julia; May, Madeleine (October 21, 2024). &quot;The X factor: How Trump ally Elon Musk is using social media to prime voter mistrust ahead of 2024 election&quot;. CBS News. Archived from the original on November 9, 2024. Retrieved October 22, 2024. <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/elon-musk-trump-social-media-election-2024/" target="_blank">https://www.cbsnews.com/news/elon-musk-trump-social-media-election-2024/</a> <a href="#fnref:285" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:286">Thadani, Trisha; Morse, Clara Ence (December 6, 2024). &quot;Elon Musk is now America's largest political donor&quot;. The Washington Post. ISSN&nbsp;0190-8286. Archived from the original on January 1, 2025. Retrieved December 31, 2024. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250101000528/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/12/06/elon-musk-trump-campaign-spending-fec/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20250101000528/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/12/06/elon-musk-trump-campaign-spending-fec/</a> <a href="#fnref:286" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:287">Schulz, Joe (March 3, 2025). &quot;As Musk pours millions into Wisconsin Supreme Court race, Tesla files case that could reach justices&quot;. Wisconsin Public Radio. Retrieved March 26, 2025. <a href="https://www.wpr.org/news/elon-musk-pac-millions-wisconsin-supreme-court-race-tesla-lawsuit" target="_blank">https://www.wpr.org/news/elon-musk-pac-millions-wisconsin-supreme-court-race-tesla-lawsuit</a> <a href="#fnref:287" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:288">Walker, Chris (March 26, 2025). &quot;Musk Pours Millions Into Wisconsin Court Race to Protect Rigged Maps for GOP&quot;. Truthout. Archived from the original on March 26, 2025. Retrieved March 26, 2025. <a href="https://truthout.org/articles/musk-pours-millions-into-wisconsin-court-race-to-protect-rigged-maps-for-gop/" target="_blank">https://truthout.org/articles/musk-pours-millions-into-wisconsin-court-race-to-protect-rigged-maps-for-gop/</a> <a href="#fnref:288" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:289">Times, The Brussels. &quot;Musk-AfD: EU Commission to monitor risks of 'preferential treatment'&quot;. Brussels Times. Retrieved January 7, 2025. <a href="https://www.brusselstimes.com/1380216/musk-afd-debate-eu-commission-to-monitor-risks-of-preferential-treatment" target="_blank">https://www.brusselstimes.com/1380216/musk-afd-debate-eu-commission-to-monitor-risks-of-preferential-treatment</a> <a href="#fnref:289" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:290">Henley, Jon (January 6, 2025). &quot;Emmanuel Macron joins growing criticism of Elon Musk in Europe&quot;. The Guardian. ISSN&nbsp;0261-3077. Retrieved January 7, 2025.Hutchison, Peter. &quot;European leaders in France, Norway and Germany hit back against Elon Musk in UK political meddling row&quot;. Fortune Europe. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on January 7, 2025. Retrieved January 7, 2025.&quot;European leaders decry Elon Musk's meddling&quot;. Deutsche Welle. January 6, 2025. Archived from the original on January 7, 2025. Retrieved January 7, 2025.&quot;Elon Musk's European political meddling is 'worrying,' says Norway's PM&quot;. Politico. January 6, 2025. Archived from the original on January 6, 2025. Retrieved January 7, 2025.&quot;Musk provokes European leaders ahead of chat with German far-right leader&quot;. BBC News. January 7, 2025. Archived from the original on January 8, 2025. Retrieved January 8, 2025. <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/06/emmanuel-macron-joins-growing-criticism-elon-musk-europe" target="_blank">https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/06/emmanuel-macron-joins-growing-criticism-elon-musk-europe</a> <a href="#fnref:290" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:291">Dorn, Sara. &quot;Foreign Leaders&#8212;And The EU&#8212;Step Up Challenges To Musk As His Feuds With Global Politicians Heat Up&quot;. Forbes. Archived from the original on January 6, 2025. Retrieved January 7, 2025.Tankersley, Jim (January 9, 2025). &quot;Elon Musk Is Trying to Break Germany's Quarantine on the Far-Right AfD&quot;. The New York Times. ISSN&nbsp;0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 28, 2025. Retrieved February 2, 2025.Psaropoulos, John T. &quot;Is Elon Musk a Nazi, and can he get European far-right hardliners elected?&quot;. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved February 2, 2025.Ewing, Giselle Ruhiyyih (January 25, 2025). &quot;Musk tells Germans to get over 'past guilt' in speech to far-right AfD rally&quot;. Politico. Archived from the original on January 27, 2025. Retrieved February 2, 2025. <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2025/01/06/foreign-leaders-and-the-eu-step-up-challenges-to-musk-as-his-feuds-with-global-politicians-heat-up/" target="_blank">https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2025/01/06/foreign-leaders-and-the-eu-step-up-challenges-to-musk-as-his-feuds-with-global-politicians-heat-up/</a> <a href="#fnref:291" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:292">Ingram, David; Horvath, Bruna (February 16, 2025). &quot;How Elon Musk is boosting far-right politics across the globe&quot;. NBC News. Retrieved March 20, 2025. <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/elon-musk/elon-musk-boosting-far-right-politics-globe-rcna189505" target="_blank">https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/elon-musk/elon-musk-boosting-far-right-politics-globe-rcna189505</a> <a href="#fnref:292" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:293">The &quot;Roman salute&quot; is a gesture which was used by Italian Fascists, then adopted by the Nazis. It is not believed to have been used by ancient Romans.[274] <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascist" target="_blank">/wiki/Italian_Fascist</a> <a href="#fnref:293" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:294">&quot;Elon Musk's gesture at Trump rally draws scrutiny&quot;. BBC News. January 20, 2025. Archived from the original on January 29, 2025. Retrieved January 21, 2025. <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/cpdxzjw9p47o" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/cpdxzjw9p47o</a> <a href="#fnref:294" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:295">&quot;Elon Musk tried to turn the salute controversy into a joke&quot;. NPR. Archived from the original on January 28, 2025. Retrieved January 28, 2025. <a href="https://www.npr.org/transcripts/nx-s1-5269719" target="_blank">https://www.npr.org/transcripts/nx-s1-5269719</a> <a href="#fnref:295" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:296">Brice, Makini; Chambers, Madeline; Timmons, Heather; Singh, Kanishka (January 21, 2025). &quot;Musk's hand gesture during Trump inauguration festivities draws scrutiny&quot;. Reuters. Archived from the original on January 29, 2025. Retrieved January 22, 2025. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/musks-hand-gesture-during-trump-inauguration-festivities-draws-scrutiny-2025-01-21/" target="_blank">https://www.reuters.com/world/us/musks-hand-gesture-during-trump-inauguration-festivities-draws-scrutiny-2025-01-21/</a> <a href="#fnref:296" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:297">Biller, Andreas (January 24, 2025). &quot;Nach Hitlergru&#223;-Skandal macht Elon Musk jetzt einfach Nazi-Witze&quot;. Focus. Retrieved April 26, 2025. Elon Musk macht auf X (ehemals Twitter) jetzt Nazi-Witze. Zuvor war er wegen einer gleich mehrfach ausgef&#252;hrten Geste kritisiert worden, die von den meisten Beobachtern eindeutig als Hitlergru&#223; erkannt wurde. <a href="https://www.focus.de/politik/ausland/auf-twitter-nach-hitlergruss-skandal-macht-elon-musk-jetzt-einfach-nazi-witze_607cfc85-d60b-4730-9793-51ab09882f52.html" target="_blank">https://www.focus.de/politik/ausland/auf-twitter-nach-hitlergruss-skandal-macht-elon-musk-jetzt-einfach-nazi-witze_607cfc85-d60b-4730-9793-51ab09882f52.html</a> <a href="#fnref:297" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:298">Bennhold, Katrin (January 25, 2025) [January 24, 2025]. &quot;What Elon Musk's Salute Was All About&quot;. The New York Times. ISSN&nbsp;1553-8095. OCLC&nbsp;1645522. Archived from the original on January 28, 2025. Retrieved February 6, 2025. <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/24/world/europe/elon-musk-roman-salute-nazi.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/24/world/europe/elon-musk-roman-salute-nazi.html</a> <a href="#fnref:298" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></li>
<li id="fn:299">Multiple references:

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&quot;Elon Musk's alleged drug use puts 13,000 jobs at risk, report suggests&quot;. Euronews. 2024.
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Elon Musk Criticizes WSJ Reporting on His Use of Illegal Drugs Archived 2025-02-12 at the Wayback Machine, The Wall Street Journal.
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Elon Musk uses LSD, cocaine, ecstasy, mushrooms: WSJ Archived 2024-05-16 at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg Television.
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</ol>

Elon Musk open-in-new

Elon Musk