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Elon Musk
Businessman (born 1971)

Elon Reeve Musk is a businessman renowned for leading Tesla, SpaceX, and X (formerly Twitter). Considered the wealthiest person since 2021, his net worth is estimated at US$424.7 billion. Born in South Africa, Musk founded SpaceX in 2002 and joined Tesla in 2004, transforming it into a leader in electric vehicles. He co-founded OpenAI and founded xAI. In 2022, he acquired Twitter, rebranding it as X. Musk’s political activities have been polarizing, especially amid controversies over hate speech and misinformation. He served as senior advisor to President Donald Trump in early 2025, drawing public backlash.

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Early life

See also: Musk family

Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, South Africa's administrative capital.12 He is of British and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry.34 His mother, Maye (née Haldeman), is a model and dietitian born in Saskatchewan, Canada, and raised in South Africa.567 His father, Errol Musk, is a South African electromechanical engineer, pilot, sailor, consultant, emerald dealer, and property developer, who partly owned a rental lodge at Timbavati Private Nature Reserve.891011 His maternal grandfather, Joshua N. Haldeman, who died in a plane crash when Elon was a toddler, was an American-born Canadian chiropractor, aviator and political activist in the Technocracy movement1213 who moved to South Africa in 1950.14 Haldeman's anti-government, anti-democratic and conspiracist views, which included the promotion of far-right antisemitic conspiracy theories,1516 "fanatical" support of apartheid,17 and according to Errol Musk, support of Nazism,18 have been suggested as an influence on Elon.19202122 During his childhood, Elon was told stories by his grandmother of Haldeman's travels and exploits, and Elon has suggested that all of Haldeman's descendants have his "desire for adventure, exploration – doing crazy things".23

Elon has a younger brother, Kimbal, a younger sister, Tosca, and four paternal half-siblings.24252627 Musk was raised in the Anglican Church, in which he was baptized.2829 The Musk family was wealthy during Elon's youth.30 Despite both Elon and Errol previously stating that Errol was a part owner of a Zambian emerald mine,31 in 2023, Errol recounted that the deal he made was to receive "a portion of the emeralds produced at three small mines".3233 Errol was elected to the Pretoria City Council as a representative of the anti-apartheid Progressive Party and has said that his children shared their father's dislike of apartheid.34

After his parents divorced in 1979, Elon, aged around 9, chose to live with his father because he had an Encyclopaedia Britannica and a computer.353637 Elon later regretted his decision and became estranged from his father.38 Elon has recounted trips to a wilderness school that he described as a "paramilitary Lord of the Flies" where "bullying was a virtue" and children were encouraged to fight over rations.39 In one incident, after an altercation with a fellow pupil, Elon was thrown down concrete steps and beaten severely, leading to him being hospitalized for his injuries.40 Elon described his father berating him after he was discharged from the hospital.41 Errol denied berating Elon and claimed, "The boy had just lost his father to suicide and Elon had called him stupid. Elon had a tendency to call people stupid. How could I possibly blame that child?"42

Elon was an enthusiastic reader of books, and had attributed his success in part to having read The Lord of the Rings, the Foundation series, and The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.4344 At age ten, he developed an interest in computing and video games, teaching himself how to program from the VIC-20 user manual.45 At age twelve, Elon sold his BASIC-based game Blastar to PC and Office Technology magazine for approximately $500.4647

Education

Musk attended Waterkloof House Preparatory School, Bryanston High School, and then Pretoria Boys High School, where he graduated.48 Musk was a good but unexceptional student, earning a 61 in Afrikaans and a B on his senior math certification.49 Musk applied for a Canadian passport through his Canadian-born mother to avoid South Africa's mandatory military service,5051 which would have forced him to participate in the apartheid regime,52 as well as to ease his path to immigration to the United States.53 While waiting for his application to be processed, he attended the University of Pretoria for five months.54

Musk arrived in Canada in June 1989, connected with a second cousin in Saskatchewan,5556 and worked odd jobs including at a farm and a lumber mill.57 In 1990, he entered Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario.5859 Two years later, he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania, where he studied until 1995.60 Although Musk has said that he earned his degrees in 1995, the University of Pennsylvania did not award them until 1997 – a Bachelor of Arts in physics and a Bachelor of Science in economics from the university's Wharton School.6162636465 He reportedly hosted large, ticketed house parties to help pay for tuition, and wrote a business plan for an electronic book-scanning service similar to Google Books.66

In 1994, Musk held two internships in Silicon Valley: one at energy storage startup Pinnacle Research Institute, which investigated electrolytic supercapacitors for energy storage, and another at Palo Alto–based startup Rocket Science Games.6768 In 1995, he was accepted to a graduate program in materials science at Stanford University, but did not enroll.697071 Musk decided to join the Internet boom, applying for a job at Netscape, to which he reportedly never received a response.7273 The Washington Post reported that Musk lacked legal authorization to remain and work in the United States after failing to enroll at Stanford.74 In response, Musk said he was allowed to work at that time and that his student visa transitioned to an H1-B. According to numerous former business associates and shareholders, Musk said he was on a student visa at the time.75

Business career

Main article: Business career of Elon Musk

Zip2

Main article: Zip2

In 1995, Musk, his brother Kimbal, and Greg Kouri founded web software company Zip2 with funds borrowed from Musk's father.7677 They housed the venture at a small rented office in Palo Alto.78 The company developed and marketed an Internet city guide for the newspaper publishing industry, with maps, directions, and yellow pages.79

According to Musk, "The website was up during the day and I was coding it at night, seven days a week, all the time."80 The Musk brothers obtained contracts with The New York Times and the Chicago Tribune,81 and persuaded the board of directors to abandon plans for a merger with CitySearch.82 Musk's attempts to become CEO were thwarted by the board.83 Compaq acquired Zip2 for $307 million in cash in February 1999,8485 and Musk received $22 million for his 7-percent share.86

X.com and PayPal

Main articles: X.com (bank), PayPal, and PayPal Mafia

In 1999, Musk co-founded X.com, an online financial services and e-mail payment company.87 The startup was one of the first federally insured online banks, and, in its initial months of operation, over 200,000 customers joined the service.88 The company's investors regarded Musk as inexperienced and replaced him with Intuit CEO Bill Harris by the end of the year.89 The following year, X.com merged with online bank Confinity to avoid competition.909192 Founded by Max Levchin and Peter Thiel,93 Confinity had its own money-transfer service, PayPal, which was more popular than X.com's service.94

Within the merged company, Musk returned as CEO. Musk's preference for Microsoft software over Unix created a rift in the company and caused Thiel to resign.95 Due to resulting technological issues and lack of a cohesive business model, the board ousted Musk and replaced him with Thiel in 2000.9697 Under Thiel, the company focused on the PayPal service and was renamed PayPal in 2001.9899 In 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for $1.5 billion in stock, of which Musk—the largest shareholder with 11.72% of shares—received $175.8 million.100101 In 2017, Musk purchased the domain X.com from PayPal for an undisclosed amount, stating that it had sentimental value.102103

SpaceX

Main article: SpaceX

In 2001, Musk became involved with the nonprofit Mars Society and discussed funding plans to place a growth-chamber for plants on Mars.104 Seeking a way to launch the greenhouse payloads into space, Musk made two unsuccessful trips to Moscow to purchase intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) from Russian companies NPO Lavochkin and Kosmotras. Musk instead decided to start a company to build affordable rockets.105 With $100 million of his early fortune,106 Musk founded SpaceX in May 2002 and became the company's CEO and Chief Engineer.107108

SpaceX attempted its first launch of the Falcon 1 rocket in 2006.109 Although the rocket failed to reach Earth orbit, it was awarded a Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program contract from NASA, then led by Mike Griffin.110111 After two more failed attempts that nearly caused Musk to go bankrupt,112 SpaceX succeeded in launching the Falcon 1 into orbit in 2008.113 Later that year, SpaceX received a $1.6 billion NASA contract for Falcon 9-launched Dragon spacecraft flights to the International Space Station (ISS), replacing the Space Shuttle after its 2011 retirement.114 In 2012, the Dragon vehicle docked with the ISS, a first for a commercial spacecraft.115

Working towards its goal of reusable rockets, in 2015 SpaceX successfully landed the first stage of a Falcon 9 on a land platform.116 Later landings were achieved on autonomous spaceport drone ships, an ocean-based recovery platform.117 In 2018, SpaceX launched the Falcon Heavy; the inaugural mission carried Musk's personal Tesla Roadster as a dummy payload.118119 Since 2019,120 SpaceX has been developing Starship, a reusable, super heavy-lift launch vehicle intended to replace the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy.121 In 2020, SpaceX launched its first crewed flight, the Demo-2, becoming the first private company to place astronauts into orbit and dock a crewed spacecraft with the ISS.122 In 2024, NASA awarded SpaceX an $843 million contract to deorbit the ISS at the end of its lifespan.123

Starlink

Main article: Starlink

See also: Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War

In 2015, SpaceX began development of the Starlink constellation of low Earth orbit satellites to provide satellite Internet access.124 After the launch of prototype satellites in 2018, the first large constellation was deployed in May 2019.125 As of May 2025, over 7,600 Starlink satellites are operational,126 comprising 65% of all operational Earth satellites.127 The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation was estimated by SpaceX in 2020 to be $10 billion.128129

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Musk provided free Starlink service to Ukraine, permitting Internet access and communication at a yearly cost to SpaceX of $400 million.130131132133134 However, Musk refused to block Russian state media on Starlink.135136 In 2023, Musk denied Ukraine's request to activate Starlink over Crimea to aid an attack against the Russian navy, citing fears of a nuclear response.137138139

Tesla

Main article: Tesla, Inc.

Tesla, Inc., originally Tesla Motors, was incorporated in July 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning. Both men played active roles in the company's early development prior to Musk's involvement.140 Musk led the Series A round of investment in February 2004; he invested $6.35 million, became the majority shareholder, and joined Tesla's board of directors as chairman.141142 Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw Roadster product design, but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.143 Following a series of escalating conflicts in 2007, and the 2008 financial crisis, Eberhard was ousted from the firm.144[]145 Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect in 2008.146 A 2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard designated Musk as a Tesla co-founder, along with Tarpenning and two others.147148

Tesla began delivery of the Roadster, an electric sports car, in 2008. With sales of about 2,500 vehicles, it was the first mass production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells.149 Under Musk, Tesla has since launched several well-selling electric vehicles, including the four-door sedan Model S (2012), the crossover Model X (2015), the mass-market sedan Model 3 (2017), the crossover Model Y (2020), and the pickup truck Cybertruck (2023).150151152153154

In May 2020 Musk resigned from chairman of the board as part of the settlement of a lawsuit from the SEC over him tweeting that funding had been "secured" for potentially taking Tesla private.155156

The company has also constructed multiple lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle factories, called Gigafactories.157 Since its initial public offering in 2010,158 Tesla stock has risen significantly; it became the most valuable carmaker in summer 2020,159160 and it entered the S&P 500 later that year.161162 In October 2021, it reached a market capitalization of $1 trillion, the sixth company in U.S. history to do so.163

SolarCity and Tesla Energy

Main articles: SolarCity and Tesla Energy

Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for SolarCity, which his cousins Lyndon and Peter Rive founded in 2006.164 By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States.165 In 2014, Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity building an advanced production facility in Buffalo, New York, triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States.166 Construction of the factory started in 2014 and was completed in 2017. It operated as a joint venture with Panasonic until early 2020.167168

Tesla acquired SolarCity for $2 billion in 2016 and merged it with its battery unit to create Tesla Energy. The deal's announcement resulted in a more than 10% drop in Tesla's stock price; at the time, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues.169 Multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit against Musk and Tesla's directors, stating that the purchase of SolarCity was done solely to benefit Musk and came at the expense of Tesla and its shareholders.170171 Tesla directors settled the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk the sole remaining defendant.172173 Two years later, the court ruled in Musk's favor.174

Neuralink

Main article: Neuralink

In 2016, Musk co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology startup, with an investment of $100 million.175176 Neuralink aims to integrate the human brain with artificial intelligence (AI) by creating devices that are embedded in the brain. Such technology could enhance memory or allow the devices to communicate with software.177178 The company also hopes to develop devices to treat neurological conditions like spinal cord injuries.179 In 2022, Neuralink announced that clinical trials would begin by the end of the year.180 In September 2023, the Food and Drug Administration approved Neuralink to initiate six-year human trials.181

Neuralink has conducted animal testing on macaques at the University of California, Davis. In 2021, the company released a video in which a macaque played the video game Pong via a Neuralink implant. The company's animal trials—which have caused the deaths of some monkeys—have led to claims of animal cruelty. The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine has alleged that Neuralink violated the Animal Welfare Act.182 Employees have complained that pressure from Musk to accelerate development has led to botched experiments and unnecessary animal deaths. In 2022, a federal probe was launched into possible animal welfare violations by Neuralink.183

The Boring Company

Main article: The Boring Company

In 2017, Musk founded the Boring Company to construct tunnels; he also revealed plans for specialized, underground, high-occupancy vehicles that could travel up to 150 miles per hour (240 km/h) and thus circumvent above-ground traffic in major cities.184185 Early in 2017, the company began discussions with regulatory bodies and initiated construction of a 30-foot (9.1 m) wide, 50-foot (15 m) long, and 15-foot (4.6 m) deep "test trench" on the premises of SpaceX's offices, as that required no permits.186 The Los Angeles tunnel, less than two miles (3.2 km) in length, debuted to journalists in 2018. It used Tesla Model Xs and was reported to be a rough ride while traveling at suboptimal speeds.187 Two tunnel projects announced in 2018, in Chicago and West Los Angeles, have been canceled.188189 However, a tunnel beneath the Las Vegas Convention Center was completed in early 2021.190 Local officials have approved further expansions of the tunnel system.191

X Corp.

Main articles: Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk and Twitter under Elon Musk

In early 2017, Musk expressed interest in buying Twitter and had questioned the platform's commitment to freedom of speech.192193194 By 2022, Musk had reached 9.2% stake in the company,195 making him the largest shareholder.196197 Musk later agreed to a deal that would appoint him to Twitter's board of directors and prohibit him from acquiring more than 14.9% of the company.198199 Days later, Musk made a $43 billion offer to buy Twitter.200201 By the end of April Musk had successfully concluded his bid for approximately $44 billion.202 This included approximately $12.5 billion in loans and $21 billion in equity financing.203204 Having back tracked on his initial decision,205 Musk bought the company on October 27, 2022.206

Immediately after the acquisition, Musk fired several top Twitter executives including CEO Parag Agrawal;207208 Musk became the CEO instead.209 Under Elon Musk, Twitter instituted monthly subscriptions for a "blue check",210211212 and laid off a significant portion of the company's staff.213214 Musk lessened content moderation and hate speech also increased on the platform after his takeover.215216217218 In late 2022, Musk released internal documents relating to Twitter's moderation of Hunter Biden's laptop controversy in the lead-up to the 2020 presidential election.219 Musk also promised to step down as CEO after a Twitter poll,220221 and five months later, Musk stepped down as CEO and transitioned his role to executive chairman and chief technology officer (CTO).222

Despite Musk stepping down as CEO, X continues to struggle with challenges such as viral misinformation,223 hate speech, and antisemitism controversies.224225 Musk has been accused of trying to silence some of his critics such as Twitch steamer Asmongold, who criticized him during one of his streams.226 Musk has been accused of removing their accounts' blue checkmarks, which hinders visibility and is considered a form of shadow banning,227228 or suspending their accounts without justification.229

Other activities

Hyperloop

Main articles: Hyperloop and Hyperloop pod competition

In August 2013, Musk announced plans for a version of a vactrain, and assigned engineers from SpaceX and Tesla to design a transport system between Greater Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area, at an estimated cost of $6 billion.230231 Later that year, Musk unveiled the concept, dubbed the Hyperloop,232 intended to make travel cheaper than any other mode of transport for such long distances.233

OpenAI and xAI

Further information: OpenAI and xAI (company)

In December 2015, Musk co-founded OpenAI, a not-for-profit artificial intelligence (AI) research company aiming to develop artificial general intelligence, intended to be safe and beneficial to humanity.234 Musk pledged $1 billion of funding to the company,235 but only donated $50 million.236 In 2018, Musk left the OpenAI board.237 Since 2018, OpenAI has made significant advances in machine learning.238 In July 2023, Musk launched the artificial intelligence company xAI, which aims to develop a generative AI program that competes with existing offerings like OpenAI's ChatGPT. Musk obtained funding from investors in SpaceX and Tesla,239 and xAI hired engineers from Google and OpenAI.240

Private jet

Main articles: ElonJet and 2022 Twitter suspensions

Musk uses a private jet owned by Falcon Landing LLC, a SpaceX-linked company, and acquired a second jet in August 2020.241242 His heavy use of the jets and the consequent fossil fuel usage have received criticism.243244 Musk's flight usage is tracked on social media through ElonJet.245246247 In December 2022, Musk banned the ElonJet account on Twitter, and made temporary bans on the accounts of journalists that posted stories regarding the incident, including Donie O'Sullivan, Keith Olbermann, and journalists from The New York Times, The Washington Post, CNN, and The Intercept.248

Politics

Main article: Political activities of Elon Musk

See also: Protests against Elon Musk

Musk is an outlier among business leaders who typically avoid partisan political advocacy.249250251 Musk was a registered independent voter when he lived in California.252 Historically, he has donated to both Democrats and Republicans,253 many of whom serve in states in which he has a vested interest.254 Since 2022, his political contributions have mostly supported Republicans, with his first vote for a Republican going to Mayra Flores in the 2022 Texas's 34th congressional district special election.255256 In 2024, he started supporting international far-right political parties, activists, and causes,257 and has shared far-right misinformation258259260 and numerous conspiracy theories.261262 Since 2024, his views have been generally described as right-wing.263

Musk supported Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012,264 Hillary Clinton in 2016, Joe Biden in 2020,265 and Donald Trump in 2024.266 In the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Musk endorsed candidate Andrew Yang and expressed support for Yang's proposed universal basic income,267 and endorsed Kanye West's 2020 presidential campaign.268 In 2021, Musk publicly expressed opposition to the Build Back Better Act, a $3.5 trillion legislative package endorsed by Joe Biden that ultimately failed to pass due to unanimous opposition from congressional Republicans and several Democrats.269 In 2022, Musk said he would start supporting Republican Party candidates,270 and gave over $50 million to Citizens for Sanity, a conservative political action committee.271 In 2023, he supported Republican Ron DeSantis for the 2024 U.S. presidential election, giving $10 million to his campaign,272 and hosted DeSantis's campaign announcement on a Twitter Spaces event.273274275 From June 2023 to January 2024, Musk hosted a bipartisan set of X Spaces with Republican and Democratic candidates, including Robert F. Kennedy Jr.,276 Vivek Ramaswamy,277 and Dean Phillips.278

By early 2024, Musk had become a vocal and financial supporter of Donald Trump.279 In July 2024, minutes after the attempted assassination of Donald Trump, Musk endorsed him for president saying; "I fully endorse President Trump and hope for his rapid recovery."280281 During the presidential campaign, Musk joined Trump on stage at a campaign rally,282 and during the campaign promoted conspiracy theories and falsehoods about Democrats, election fraud283 and immigration, in support of Trump.284285 Musk was the largest individual donor of the 2024 election.286 In 2025, Musk contributed $19 million to the Wisconsin Supreme Court race, hoping to influence the state's future redistricting efforts and its regulations governing car manufacturers and dealers.287288

Musk's international political actions and comments have come under increasing scrutiny and criticism, especially from the governments and leaders of France, Germany, Norway, Spain and the United Kingdom, particularly due to his position in the U.S. government as well as ownership of X.289290291 An NBC News analysis found he had boosted far-right political movements to cut immigration and curtail regulation of business in at least 18 countries on six continents since 2023.292

Salute at Trump's second inauguration

Main article: Elon Musk salute controversy

During his speech after the second inauguration of Donald Trump, Musk twice made a gesture interpreted by many as a Nazi or a fascist Roman salute.293 He thumped his right hand over his heart, fingers spread wide, and then extended his right arm out, emphatically, at an upward angle, palm down and fingers together. He then repeated the gesture to the crowd behind him. As he finished the gestures, he said to the crowd, "My heart goes out to you. It is thanks to you that the future of civilization is assured."294295296

It was widely condemned as an intentional Nazi salute in Germany,297298299 where making such gestures is illegal.300 The Anti-Defamation League said it was not a Nazi salute,301 but other Jewish organizations disagreed and condemned the salute.302303304305 American public opinion was divided on partisan lines as to whether it was a fascist salute.306 Musk dismissed the accusations of Nazi sympathies, deriding them as "dirty tricks" and a "tired" attack.307308 Neo-Nazi and white supremacist groups celebrated it as a Nazi salute.309310 Multiple European political parties demanded that Musk be banned from entering their countries.311312

Department of Government Efficiency

Main article: Department of Government Efficiency

The concept of DOGE emerged in a discussion between Musk and Donald Trump, and in August 2024, Trump committed to giving Musk an advisory role, with Musk accepting the offer.313 In November and December 2024, Musk suggested that the organization could help to cut the U.S. federal budget, consolidate the number of federal agencies,314315 and eliminate the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau,316317 and that its final stage would be "deleting itself".318

In January 2025, the organization was created by executive order, and Musk was designated a "special government employee".319320 Musk is leading the organization and is a senior advisor to the president,321 although his official role is not clear.322 In sworn statement during a lawsuit, the director of the White House Office of Administration stated that Musk "is not an employee of the U.S. DOGE Service or U.S. DOGE Service Temporary Organization", "is not the U.S. DOGE Service administrator", and has "no actual or formal authority to make government decisions himself".323324 Trump said two days later that he had put Musk in charge of DOGE.325 A federal judge has ruled that Musk acts as the de facto leader of DOGE.326

Musk's role in the second Trump administration, particularly in response to DOGE, has attracted public backlash. He was criticized for his treatment of federal government employees,327328329 including his influence over the mass layoffs of the federal workforce.330331332 He has prioritized secrecy within the organization333 and has accused others of violating privacy laws.334 A Senate report alleged that Musk could avoid up to $2 billion in legal liability as a result of DOGE's actions335 In May 2025, Bill Gates accused Musk of "killing the world’s poorest children" through his cuts to USAID,336 which modeling by Boston University estimated had resulted in 300,000 deaths by this time, most of them of children.337338

Musk announced on May 28, 2025 that he would depart from the Trump Administration as planned when the special government employee's 130 day deadline expired,339 with a White House official confirming that Musk's offboarding from the Trump Administration was already underway.340 His departure was officially confirmed during a joint Oval Office press conference with Trump on May 30, 2025.341

Feud with Donald Trump

Main article: Trump–Musk feud

After leaving office, Musk criticized the Trump administration's Big Beautiful Bill, calling it a "disgusting abomination" due to its provisions increasing the deficit.342 A feud began between Musk and Trump, with its most notable event being Musk alleging Trump had ties to sex offender Jeffrey Epstein on X (formerly Twitter) on June 5, 2025.343344 Trump responded on Truth Social stating that Musk went "CRAZY" after the "EV Mandate" was purportedly taken away and threatened to cut Musk's government contracts.345346 Musk then called for a third Trump impeachment.347 The next day, Trump stated that he did not wish to reconcile with Musk, and added that Musk would face "very serious consequences" if he funds Democratic candidates.348 On June 11, Musk publicly apologized for the tweets against Trump, saying they "went too far."349

Views

Main article: Views of Elon Musk

Rejecting the conservative label,350 Musk has described himself as a political moderate, even as his views have become more right-wing over time.351 His views have been characterized as libertarian and far-right,352353 and after his involvement in European politics, they have received criticism from world leaders such as Emmanuel Macron and Olaf Scholz.354355334335

Within the context of American politics, Musk supported Democratic candidates up until 2022, at which point he voted for a Republican for the first time.356357358 He has stated support for universal basic income,359 gun rights,360 freedom of speech,361 a tax on carbon emissions,362 and H-1B visas.363 Musk has expressed concern about issues such as artificial intelligence (AI)364 and climate change,365 and has been a critic of wealth tax,366 short-selling,367 and government subsidies.368 An immigrant himself, Musk has been accused of being anti-immigration, and regularly blames immigration policies for illegal immigration.369 He is also a pronatalist who believes population decline is the biggest threat to civilization,370 and believes in the principles of Christianity.371372 Musk has long been an advocate for space colonization, especially the colonization of Mars. He has repeatedly pushed for humanity colonizing Mars, in order to become an interplanetary species and lower the risks of human extinction.373

Musk has promoted conspiracy theories and made controversial statements that have led to accusations of racism, sexism, antisemitism,374375 transphobia,376 disseminating disinformation, and support of white pride.377378 While describing himself as a "pro-Semite",379 his comments regarding George Soros and Jewish communities have been condemned by the Anti-Defamation League and the White House.380 Musk was criticized during the COVID-19 pandemic for making unfounded epidemiological claims,381 defied COVID-19 lockdowns restrictions,382 and supported the Canada convoy protest against vaccine mandates.383384 He has amplified false claims of white genocide in South Africa.385

International relations

Main article: International relations of Elon Musk

Musk has been critical of Israel's actions in the Gaza Strip during the Gaza war,386 praised China's economic and climate goals,387388 suggested that Taiwan and China should resolve cross-strait relations,389390 and was described as having a close relationship with the Chinese government.391392

In Europe, Musk expressed support for Ukraine in 2022 during the Russian invasion, recommended referendums and peace deals on the annexed Russia-occupied territories,393394 and supported the far-right Alternative for Germany in Germany in 2024.395 Regarding British politics, Musk blamed the 2024 UK riots on mass migration and open borders,396397 criticized Prime Minister Keir Starmer for what he described as a "two-tier" policing system,398399400 and was subsequently attacked as being responsible for spreading misinformation and amplifying the far-right.401 He has also voiced his support for far-right activist Tommy Robinson and pledged electoral support for Reform UK.402403

Main article: Legal affairs of Elon Musk

Further information: List of lawsuits involving Tesla, Inc. and Criticism of Tesla, Inc.

In 2018, Musk was sued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for a tweet stating that funding had been secured for potentially taking Tesla private.404405 The securities fraud lawsuit characterized the tweet as false, misleading, and damaging to investors, and sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO of publicly traded companies.406407408 Two days later, Musk settled with the SEC, without admitting or denying the SEC's allegations. As a result, Musk and Tesla were fined $20 million each, and Musk was forced to step down for three years as Tesla chairman but was able to remain as CEO.409 Shareholders filed a lawsuit over the tweet,410 and in February 2023, a jury found Musk and Tesla not liable.411 Musk has stated in interviews that he does not regret posting the tweet that triggered the SEC investigation.412413

In 2019, Musk stated in a tweet that Tesla would build half a million cars that year.414 The SEC reacted by asking a court to hold him in contempt for violating the terms of the 2018 settlement agreement. A joint agreement between Musk and the SEC eventually clarified the previous agreement details,415 including a list of topics about which Musk needed preclearance.416 In 2020, a judge blocked a lawsuit that claimed a tweet by Musk regarding Tesla stock price ("too high imo") violated the agreement.417418 Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)-released records showed that the SEC concluded Musk had subsequently violated the agreement twice by tweeting regarding "Tesla's solar roof production volumes and its stock price".419

In October 2023, the SEC sued Musk over his refusal to testify a third time in an investigation into whether he violated federal law by purchasing Twitter stock in 2022.420421422 In February 2024, Judge Laurel Beeler ruled that Musk must testify again.423 In January 2025, the SEC filed a lawsuit against Musk for securities violations related to his purchase of Twitter.424 In January 2024, Delaware judge Kathaleen McCormick ruled in a 2018 lawsuit that Musk's $55 billion pay package from Tesla be rescinded.425 McCormick called the compensation granted by the company's board "an unfathomable sum" that was unfair to shareholders.426

Personal life

Musk became a U.S. citizen in 2002.427 From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in California, where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded.428 He then relocated to Cameron County, Texas,429430 saying that California had become "complacent" about its economic success.431432433

While hosting Saturday Night Live in 2021, Musk stated that he has Asperger syndrome (now merged with autism spectrum disorder).434435 When asked about his experience growing up with Asperger's syndrome in a TED2022 conference in Vancouver, Musk stated that "the social cues were not intuitive ... I would just tend to take things very literally ... but then that turned out to be wrong — [people were not] simply saying exactly what they mean, there's all sorts of other things that are meant, and [it] took me a while to figure that out."436 Musk suffers from back pain and has undergone several spine-related surgeries, including a disc replacement.437438 In 2000, he contracted a severe case of malaria while on vacation in South Africa.439

Musk has stated he uses doctor-prescribed ketamine for occasional depression and that he doses "a small amount once every other week or something like that";440 since January 2024, some media outlets have reported that he takes ketamine, marijuana, LSD, ecstasy, mushrooms, cocaine and other drugs. Musk at first refused to comment on his alleged drug use, before responding that he had not tested positive for drugs, and that if drugs somehow improved his productivity, "I would definitely take them!".441 The New York Times' investigations revealed Musk's overuse of ketamine and numerous other drugs, as well as strained family relationships and concerns from close associates who have become troubled by his public behavior as he became more involved in political activities and government work.442 According to The Washington Post, President Trump described Musk as "a big-time drug addict".443

Through his own label Emo G Records, Musk released a rap track, "RIP Harambe", on SoundCloud in March 2019.444445446 The following year, he released an EDM track, "Don't Doubt Ur Vibe", featuring his own lyrics and vocals.447

Musk plays video games, which he stated has a "'restoring effect' that helps his 'mental calibration'".448 Some games he plays include Quake, Diablo IV, Elden Ring, and Polytopia.449450 Musk once claimed to be one of the world's top video game players but has since admitted to "account boosting", or cheating by hiring outside services to achieve top player rankings.451452453 Musk has justified the boosting by claiming that all top accounts do it so he has to as well to remain competitive.454455456 In 2024 and 2025, Musk criticized the video game Assassin's Creed Shadows and its creator Ubisoft for "woke" content.457 Musk posted to X that "DEI kills art" and specified the inclusion of the historical figure Yasuke in the Assassin's Creed game as offensive; he also called the game "terrible". Ubisoft responded by saying that Musk's comments were "just feeding hatred" and that they were focused on producing a game not pushing politics.458459

Relationships and children

Further information: Musk family

Musk has fathered at least 14 children, one of whom died as an infant.460 The Wall Street Journal reported in 2025 that sources close to Musk suggest that the "true number of Musk's children is much higher than publicly known".461 He had six children with his first wife, Canadian author Justine Wilson, who he met while attending Queen's University in Ontario, Canada; they married in 2000.462 In 2002, their first child Nevada Musk died of sudden infant death syndrome at the age of 10 weeks.463 After his death, the couple used in vitro fertilization (IVF) to continue their family;464 they had twins in 2004, followed by triplets in 2006.465 The couple divorced in 2008 and have shared custody of their children.466467 The elder twin he had with Wilson came out as a trans woman and, in 2022, officially changed her name to Vivian Jenna Wilson,468 adopting her mother's surname because she no longer wished to be associated with Musk.469

Musk began dating English actress Talulah Riley in 2008.470 They married two years later at Dornoch Cathedral in Scotland.471472 In 2012, the couple divorced, then remarried the following year.473 After briefly filing for divorce in 2014,474 Musk finalized a second divorce from Riley in 2016.475 Musk then dated the American actress Amber Heard for several months in 2017;476 he had reportedly been "pursuing" her since 2012.477

In 2018, Musk and Canadian musician Grimes confirmed they were dating.478 Grimes and Musk have three children, born in 2020, 2021, and 2022.479480481482 Musk and Grimes originally gave their eldest child the name "X Æ A-12", which would have violated California regulations as it contained characters that are not in the modern English alphabet;483484 the names registered on the birth certificate are "X" as a first name, "Æ A-Xii" as a middle name, and "Musk" as a last name.485486 They received criticism for choosing a name perceived to be impractical and difficult to pronounce;487 Musk has said the intended pronunciation is "X Ash A Twelve".488 Their second child was born via surrogacy.489 Despite the pregnancy, Musk confirmed reports that the couple were "semi-separated" in September 2021; in an interview with Time in December 2021, he said he was single.490491 In October 2023, Grimes sued Musk over parental rights and custody of X Æ A-Xii.492493494 Elon Musk has taken X Æ A-Xii to multiple official events in Washington, D.C. during Trump's second term in office.495

Also in July 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that Musk allegedly had an affair with Nicole Shanahan, the wife of Google co-founder Sergey Brin, in 2021, leading to their divorce the following year.496 Musk denied the report.497 Musk also had a relationship with Australian actress Natasha Bassett, who has been described as "an occasional girlfriend".498 In October 2024, The New York Times reported Musk bought a Texas compound for his children and their mothers,499 though Musk denied having done so.500

Musk also has four children with Shivon Zilis, director of operations and special projects at Neuralink: twins born via IVF in 2021, a child born in 2024 via surrogacy and a child born in 2025.501502503504505506 Musk allegedly had a child with author Ashley St. Clair in 2024.507508

On February 14, 2025, Ashley St. Clair, an influencer and author, posted on X claiming to have given birth to Musk's son Romulus five months earlier, which media outlets reported as Musk's supposed thirteenth child.509510 On February 22, 2025, it was reported that St Clair had filed for sole custody of her five-month-old son and for Musk to be recognised as the child's father.511512 On March 31, 2025, Musk wrote that, while he was unsure if he was the father of St. Clair's child, he had paid St. Clair $2.5 million and would continue paying her $500,000 per year.513514515516517 Later reporting from the Wall Street Journal indicated that $1 million of these payments to St. Clair was structured as a loan.518

Wealth

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Wealth of Elon Musk.[edit]

Elon Musk is the wealthiest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$381 billion as of May 2025, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index,519 and $424.7 billion according to Forbes,520 primarily from his ownership stakes in Tesla and SpaceX.521

Having been first listed on the Forbes Billionaires List in 2012,522 around 75% of Musk's wealth was derived from Tesla stock in November 2020.523 Describing himself as "cash poor",524525 he became the first person in the world to have a net worth above $300 billion a year later. By December 2024, he became the first person to reach a net worth of $400 billion.526

Musk Foundation

Main article: Musk Foundation

Musk is president of the Musk Foundation he founded in 2001,527528 whose stated purpose is to provide solar-power energy systems in disaster areas, with an interest in human space exploration, pediatrics, renewable energy, and "safe artificial intelligence".529 From 2002 to 2018, the foundation donated nearly half of its $25 million directly to Musk's OpenAI.530531 The foundation's assets reached $9.4 billion by the end of 2021, but it only dispensed $160 million to charities that year.532

The Musk Foundation has been criticized for its "self-serving"533 donations to efforts close to Musk's family and companies,534 as well as its low payout ratio.535536 In 2021, after Musk challenged World Food Programme director David Beasley to draft a plan to use money of Musk's that Beasley said could contribute to ending world hunger,537538 Musk instead donated the $6 billion in question to his own foundation even after Beasley's plan showed that the money could feed 42 million people for a year.539540541

Public image

Main article: Public image of Elon Musk

Although his ventures have been highly influential within their separate industries starting in the 2000s, Musk only became a public figure in the early 2010s. He has been described as an eccentric who makes spontaneous and impactful decisions, while also often making controversial statements, contrary to other billionaires who prefer reclusiveness to protect their businesses. Musk's actions and his expressed views have made him a polarizing figure.542 Biographer Ashlee Vance described people's opinions of Musk as polarized due to his "part philosopher, part troll" persona on Twitter.543

Musk has been described as an American oligarch due to his extensive influence over public discourse, social media, industry, politics, and government policy.544 After Trump's re-election, Musk's influence and actions during the transition period and the second presidency of Donald Trump led some to call him "President Musk", the "actual president-elect", "shadow president" or "co-president".545546

Accolades

Main article: List of awards and honors received by Elon Musk

Awards for his contributions to the development of the Falcon rockets include the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics George Low Transportation Award in 2008,547 the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Gold Space Medal in 2010,548 and the Royal Aeronautical Society Gold Medal in 2012.549 In 2015, he received an honorary doctorate in engineering and technology from Yale University550 and an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Honorary Membership.551 Musk was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2018.552553 In 2022, Musk was elected to the National Academy of Engineering.554

Time has listed Musk as one of the most influential people in the world in 2010,555 2013,556 2018,557 and 2021.558 Musk was selected as Time's "Person of the Year" for 2021. Then Time editor-in-chief Edward Felsenthal wrote that, "Person of the Year is a marker of influence, and few individuals have had more influence than Musk on life on Earth, and potentially life off Earth too."559560

In popular culture

See also: Elon Musk filmography

Musk was a partial inspiration for the characterization of Tony Stark in the Marvel film Iron Man (2008).561 Musk also had a cameo appearance in the film's 2010 sequel, Iron Man 2.562 Other films that he has made cameos and appearances include Machete Kills (2013),563 Why Him? (2016),564 and Men in Black: International (2019).565 Television series in which he has appeared include The Simpsons ("The Musk Who Fell to Earth", 2015),566 The Big Bang Theory ("The Platonic Permutation", 2015),567 South Park ("Members Only", 2016),568569 Young Sheldon ("A Patch, a Modem, and a Zantac®", 2017),570 Rick and Morty ("One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty", 2019).571572 He contributed interviews to the documentaries Racing Extinction (2015) and Lo and Behold (2016).573574

Notes

Works cited

Further reading

  • Conger, Kate; Mac, Ryan (2024). Character Limit: How Elon Musk Destroyed Twitter (1st hardcover ed.). New York: Penguin Press. ISBN . OCLC 1432234243.
  • Farrow, Ronan (August 28, 2023) [August 21, 2023 (online)]. "Elon Musk's Shadow Rule". A Reporter at Large (story series). The New Yorker. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  • Tarnoff, Ben, "Ultra Hardcore" (subscription required) (review of Walter Isaacson, Elon Musk, Simon and Schuster, 2023, 670 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXXI, no. 1 (January 18, 2024), pp. 6, 8, 10. "There is an anti-modern impulse to Musk, a craving for lordship that can't be entirely satisfied within the confines of a capitalist economy. A king doesn't have advertisers or shareholders or customers, and Musk, if he continues on his current trajectory, may very well be abandoned by all three. Aristotle says a good ending should be surprising but inevitable. It's possible to imagine multiple finales for Musk that meet these criteria, but the story always begins the same way. Once upon a time in Pretoria, there was a boy who wanted to be a man." (p. 10.)

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  61. Vance (2017), p. 368. Musk produced a document for me dated June 22, 2009, that came from Judith Haccou, the director of graduate admissions in the office of the registrar at Stanford University. It read, "As per special request from my colleagues in the School of Engineering, I have searched Stanford's admission data base and acknowledge that you applied and were admitted to the graduate program in Material Science Engineering in 1995. Since you did not enroll, Stanford is not able to issue you an official certification document." Musk also had an explanation for the weird timing on his degrees from Penn. "I had a History and an English credit that I agreed with Penn that I would do at Stanford," he said. "The I put Stanford on deferment. Later, Penn's requirements changed so that you don't need the English and History credit. So they awarded me the degree in '97 when it was clear I was not going to go to grad school, and their requirement was no longer there." - Vance, Ashlee (2017) [2015]. Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future (2nd ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN 978-0-06-230125-3. ↩

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  348. Welker & Marquez 2025. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWelkerMarquez2025 (help) ↩

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