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R (programming language)
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<h2 id="history">History</h2> Co-originators of the R language <p>R was started by professors <a href="/facts/Ross_Ihaka/mF4ccPtG">Ross Ihaka</a> and <a href="/facts/Robert_Gentleman_(statistician)/8qM9fEBU">Robert Gentleman</a> as a programming language to teach introductory statistics at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Auckland/J1DeQIhv">University of Auckland</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> The language was inspired by the <a href="/facts/S_(programming_language)/VTG29WnE">S programming language</a>, with most S programs able to run unaltered in R.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a> The language was also inspired by <a href="/facts/Scheme_(programming_language)/0aGdf3SC">Scheme's</a> <a href="/facts/Lexical_scoping/bbj6AFMo">lexical scoping</a>, allowing for <a href="/facts/Local_variable/q8sIjyhx">local variables</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a> </p><p>The name of the language, R, comes from being both an S language successor and the shared first letter of the authors, Ross and Robert.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a> In August 1993, Ihaka and Gentleman posted a <a href="/facts/Binary_file/ysttM8hh">binary</a> file of R on StatLib — a data archive website.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> At the same time, they announced the posting on the <i>s-news</i> mailing list.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> On 5 December 1997, R became a <a href="/facts/GNU_project/mjc8AwM6">GNU project</a> when version 0.60 was released.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> On 29 February 2000, the 1.0 version was released.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="packages">Packages</h2> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/R_package/etUNSDLc">R package</a></p> <p><a href="/facts/R_package/etUNSDLc">R packages</a> are collections of functions, documentation, and data that expand R.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> For example, packages can add reporting features (using packages such as <a href="/facts/RStudio/6jJDQpA0">RMarkdown</a>, Quarto,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Knitr/L9N7Lkxn">knitr</a>, and <a href="/facts/Sweave/AvSMsSY4">Sweave</a>) and support for various statistical techniques (such as <a href="/facts/Linear/fChtg3KC">linear</a>, <a href="/facts/Generalized_linear_model/Sf1htm5W">generalized linear</a> and <a href="/facts/Nonlinear_system/4aYItALC">nonlinear</a> modeling, classical <a href="/facts/Statistical_hypothesis_testing/yv9RPF6U">statistical tests</a>, <a href="/facts/Spatial_analysis/R6rlDzRl">spatial</a> analysis, <a href="/facts/Time-series_analysis/fSXPR817">time-series analysis</a>, and <a href="/facts/Cluster_analysis/HUeDnWPt">clustering</a>). Ease of package installation and use have contributed to the language's adoption in <a href="/facts/Data_science/AHYUo0Rn">data science</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a> </p><p>Immediately available when starting R after installation, base packages provide the fundamental and necessary syntax and commands for programming, computing, graphics production, <a href="/facts/Elementary_arithmetic/aUn5tGtp">basic arithmetic</a>, and statistical functionality.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> </p><p>An example is the <a href="/facts/Tidyverse/jNljMfXJ">tidyverse</a> collection of R packages, which bundles several subsidiary packages to provide a common <a href="/facts/API/GMlN4vUr">API</a>. The collection specializes in tasks related to accessing and processing "<a href="/facts/Tidy_data/H64Sys2w">tidy data</a>",<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> which are data contained in a <a href="/facts/Two-dimensional_space/f4b397W8">two-dimensional</a> table with a single row for each <a href="/facts/Observation/NTodmzCo">observation</a> and a single column for each variable.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> </p><p>Installing a package occurs only once. For example, to install the tidyverse collection:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p> > install.packages("tidyverse") <p>To load the functions, data, and documentation of a package, one calls the library() function. To load the tidyverse collection, one can execute the following code:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> </p> > # The package name can be enclosed in quotes > library("tidyverse") > # But the package name can also be used without quotes > library(tidyverse) <p>The <a href="/facts/R_package/etUNSDLc">Comprehensive R Archive Network</a> (CRAN) was founded in 1997 by Kurt Hornik and <a href="/facts/Friedrich_Leisch/LpdM7kSB">Friedrich Leisch</a> to host R's <a href="/facts/Source_code/o9J6Jv23">source code</a>, executable files, documentation, and user-created packages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> CRAN's name and scope mimic the <a href="/facts/Comprehensive_TeX_Archive_Network/efKgMbRx">Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a> (CTAN) and the <a href="/facts/Comprehensive_Perl_Archive_Network/MB7Iv662">Comprehensive Perl Archive Network</a> (CPAN).<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> CRAN originally had only three <a href="/facts/Mirror_site/n9mBsW8j">mirror sites</a> and twelve contributed packages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> As of 16 October 2024, it has 99 mirrors<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> and 21,513 contributed packages.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a> Packages are also available in <a href="/facts/Repository_(version_control)/PjE4Vkes">repositories</a> such as R-Forge, Omegahat, and <a href="/facts/GitHub/n1hNCsc3">GitHub</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a> </p><p>To provide guidance on the CRAN web site, its <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/web/views/">Task Views</a> area lists packages that are relevant for specific topics; sample topics include <a href="/facts/Causal_inference/0D0zNs9b">causal inference</a>, <a href="/facts/Finance/fLh1GgN8">finance</a>, <a href="/facts/Genetics/bu8wne0A">genetics</a>, <a href="/facts/High-performance_computing/HT9NwGAN">high-performance computing</a>, <a href="/facts/Machine_learning/e0w0XJTu">machine learning</a>, <a href="/facts/Medical_imaging/pL6JyJEp">medical imaging</a>, <a href="/facts/Meta-analysis/IcfChd8z">meta-analysis</a>, <a href="/facts/Social_science/hAbm1xtD">social sciences</a>, and <a href="/facts/Spatial_statistics/R6rlDzRl">spatial statistics</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Bioconductor/SQyvk4TM">Bioconductor</a> project provides packages for <a href="/facts/Genomics/pVU3BGpL">genomic</a> data analysis, <a href="/facts/Complementary_DNA/P2nWeY4T">complementary DNA</a>, <a href="/facts/Microarray/LvJeNodc">microarray</a>, and <a href="/facts/High-throughput_sequencing/hsPsNCQW">high-throughput sequencing</a> methods. </p> <h2 id="community">Community</h2> <p>There are three main groups that help support R software development: </p> <ul><li>The R Core Team was founded in 1997 to maintain the R <a href="/facts/Source_code/o9J6Jv23">source code</a>.</li> <li>The R Foundation for Statistical Computing was founded in April 2003 to provide financial support.</li> <li>The R Consortium is a <a href="/facts/Linux_Foundation/5wbe2Vp0">Linux Foundation</a> project to develop R infrastructure.</li></ul> <p><i><a href="/facts/The_R_Journal/GyoFVw3I">The R Journal</a></i> is an <a href="/facts/Open_access/r7rLYN6C">open access</a>, <a href="/facts/Academic_journal/SBI7Ue0q">academic journal</a> that features short to medium-length articles on the use and development of R. The journal includes articles on packages, programming tips, CRAN news, and foundation news. </p><p>The R community hosts many conferences and in-person meetups.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> These groups include: </p> <ul><li>UseR!: an annual international R user conference (<a href="https://www.r-project.org/conferences/">website</a>)</li> <li>Directions in Statistical Computing (DSC) (<a href="https://www.r-project.org/conferences/">website</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/R-Ladies/4sXmgYVV">R-Ladies</a>: an organization to promote <a href="/facts/Gender_diversity/9qSksMYR">gender diversity</a> in the R community (<a href="https://rladies.org">website</a>)</li> <li>SatRdays: R-focused conferences held on Saturdays (<a href="https://satrdays.org/">website</a>)</li> <li>R Conference (<a href="https://rstats.ai/">website</a>)</li> <li>posit::conf (formerly known as rstudio::conf) (<a href="https://www.posit.co/conference/">website</a>)</li></ul> <p>On social media sites such as Twitter, the hashtag #rstats can be used to follow new developments in the R community.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="examples">Examples</h2> <h3>Hello, World!</h3> <p>The following is a <a href="/facts/%2522Hello%2c_World!%2522_program/vLn0jLlL">"Hello, World!" program</a>: </p> > print("Hello, World!") [1] "Hello, World!" <p>Here is an alternative version, which uses the cat() function:</p>> cat("Hello, World!") Hello, World! <h3>Basic syntax</h3> <p>The following examples illustrate the basic <a href="/facts/Programming_language_syntax/zM5oInza">syntax of the language</a> and use of the command-line interface.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a> </p><p>In R, the generally preferred <a href="/facts/Assignment_(computer_science)/kLevAoyJ">assignment operator</a> is an arrow made from two characters <-, although = can be used in some cases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a> </p> > x <- 1:6 # Create a numeric vector in the current environment > y <- x^2 # Similarly, create a vector based on the values in x. > print(y) # Print the vector’s contents. [1] 1 4 9 16 25 36 > z <- x + y # Create a new vector that is the sum of x and y > z # Return the contents of z to the current environment. [1] 2 6 12 20 30 42 > z_matrix <- matrix(z, nrow = 3) # Create a new matrix that transforms the vector z into a 3x2 matrix object > z_matrix [,1] [,2] [1,] 2 20 [2,] 6 30 [3,] 12 42 > 2 * t(z_matrix) - 2 # Transpose the matrix; multiply every element by 2; subtract 2 from each element in the matrix; and then return the results to the terminal. [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 2 10 22 [2,] 38 58 82 > new_df <- data.frame(t(z_matrix), row.names = c("A", "B")) # Create a new dataframe object that contains the data from a transposed z_matrix, with row names 'A' and 'B' > names(new_df) <- c("X", "Y", "Z") # Set the column names of the new_df dataframe as X, Y, and Z. > print(new_df) # Print the current results. X Y Z A 2 6 12 B 20 30 42 > new_df$Z # Output the Z column [1] 12 42 > new_df$Z == new_df['Z'] && new_df[3] == new_df$Z # The dataframe column Z can be accessed using the syntax $Z, ['Z'], or [3], and the values are the same. [1] TRUE > attributes(new_df) # Print information about attributes of the new_df dataframe $names [1] "X" "Y" "Z" $row.names [1] "A" "B" $class [1] "data.frame" > attributes(new_df)$row.names <- c("one", "two") # Access and then change the row.names attribute; this can also be done using the rownames() function > new_df X Y Z one 2 6 12 two 20 30 42 <h3>Structure of a function</h3> <p>R is able to create <a href="/facts/Function_(computer_programming)/9vFJrg0A">functions</a> that add new functionality for code reuse.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Object_(computer_science)/eX99dtAw">Objects</a> created within the body of the function (which are enclosed by curly brackets) remain <a href="/facts/Local_variable/q8sIjyhx">accessible only</a> from within the function, and any <a href="/facts/Data_type/fcx5hgVL">data type</a> may be returned. In R, almost all functions and all <a href="/facts/User-defined_function/IyGboMtT">user-defined functions</a> are <a href="/facts/Closure_(computer_programming)/droP22Xn">closures</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a> </p><p>The following is an example of creating a function to perform an arithmetic calculation: </p> # The function's input parameters are x and y. # The function, named f, returns a linear combination of x and y. f <- function(x, y) { z <- 3 * x + 4 * y # An explicit return() statement is optional--it could be replaced with simply `z` in this case. return(z) } # As an alternative, the last statement executed in a function is returned implicitly. f <- function(x, y) 3 * x + 4 * y <p>The following is some output from using the function defined above: </p> > f(1, 2) # 3 * 1 + 4 * 2 = 3 + 8 [1] 11 > f(c(1, 2, 3), c(5, 3, 4)) # Element-wise calculation [1] 23 18 25 > f(1:3, 4) # Equivalent to f(c(1, 2, 3), c(4, 4, 4)) [1] 19 22 25 <p>It is possible to define functions to be used as <a href="/facts/Infix_notation/LY0dMhay">infix operators</a> by using the special syntax `%name%`, where "name" is the function variable name: </p> > `%sumx2y2%` <- function(e1, e2) {e1 ^ 2 + e2 ^ 2} > 1:3 %sumx2y2% -(1:3) [1] 2 8 18 <p>Since R version 4.1.0, functions can be written in a short notation, which is useful for passing anonymous functions to higher-order functions:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a> </p> > sapply(1:5, \(i) i^2) # here \(i) is the same as function(i) [1] 1 4 9 16 25 <h3>Native pipe operator</h3> <p>In R version 4.1.0, a native <a href="/facts/Pipeline_(computing)/xmHjrPMP">pipe operator</a>, |>, was introduced.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a> This operator allows users to chain functions together, rather than using nested function calls. </p> > nrow(subset(mtcars, cyl == 4)) # Nested without the pipe character [1] 11 > mtcars |> subset(cyl == 4) |> nrow() # Using the pipe character [1] 11 <p>Another alternative to nested functions is the use of intermediate objects, rather than the pipe operator: </p> > mtcars_subset_rows <- subset(mtcars, cyl == 4) > num_mtcars_subset <- nrow(mtcars_subset_rows) > print(num_mtcars_subset) [1] 11 <p>While the pipe operator can produce code that is easier to read, it is advisable to chain together at most 10-15 lines of code using this operator, as well as to chunk code into <a href="/facts/Task_(project_management)/2ufY8v5B">sub-tasks</a> that are saved into objects having meaningful names.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a> The following is an example having fewer than 10 lines, which some readers may find difficult to grasp in the absence of intermediate named steps:</p>(\(x, n = 42, key = c(letters, LETTERS, " ", ":", ")")) strsplit(x, "")[[1]] |> (Vectorize(\(chr) which(chr == key) - 1))() |> (`+`)(n) |> (`%%`)(length(key)) |> (\(i) key[i + 1])() |> paste(collapse = "") )("duvFkvFksnvEyLkHAErnqnoyr") <p>The following is a version of the preceding code that is easier to read:</p>default_key <- c(letters, LETTERS, " ", ":", ")") f <- function(x, n = 42, key = default_key) { split_input <- strsplit(x, "")[[1]] results <- (Vectorize(\(chr) which(chr == key) - 1))(split_input) |> (`+`)(n) |> (`%%`)(length(key)) |> (\(i) key[i + 1])() combined_results <- paste(results, collapse = "") return(combined_results) } f("duvFkvFksnvEyLkHAErnqnoyr") <h3>Object-oriented programming</h3> <p>The R language has native support for <a href="/facts/Object-oriented_programming/TxNMEcao">object-oriented programming</a>. There are two native <a href="/facts/Application_framework/xSzKMgdn">frameworks</a>, the so-called S3 and S4 systems. The former, being more informal, supports single dispatch on the first argument, and objects are assigned to a class simply by setting a "class" attribute in each object. The latter is a system like the <a href="/facts/CLOS/jM4RCgSS">Common Lisp Object System (CLOS)</a>, with formal classes (also derived from <a href="/facts/S_(programming_language)/VTG29WnE">S</a>) and generic methods, which supports <a href="/facts/Multiple_dispatch/eCYSSjGE">multiple dispatch</a> and <a href="/facts/Multiple_inheritance/kFvNb9rY">multiple inheritance</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a> </p><p>In the example below, summary() is a <a href="/facts/Generic_function/ulkL9u3G">generic function</a> that dispatches to different methods depending on whether its <a href="/facts/Argument_of_a_function/QkuPc28I">argument</a> is a numeric <a href="/facts/Vector_(mathematics_and_physics)/U8mM7A5F">vector</a> or a <i>factor</i>: </p> > data <- c("a", "b", "c", "a", NA) > summary(data) Length Class Mode 5 character character > summary(as.factor(data)) a b c NA's 2 1 1 1 <h3>Modeling and plotting</h3> <p>The R language has built-in support for <a href="/facts/Data_modeling/bryA2moP">data modeling</a> and graphics. The following example shows how R can generate and plot a <a href="/facts/Linear_model/x1we3e1d">linear model</a> with residuals. </p> # Create x and y values x <- 1:6 y <- x^2 # Linear regression model: y = A + B * x model <- lm(y ~ x) # Display an in-depth summary of the model summary(model) # Create a 2-by-2 layout for figures par(mfrow = c(2, 2)) # Output diagnostic plots of the model plot(model) <p>The output from the summary() function in the preceding code block is as follows: </p> Residuals: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3.3333 -0.6667 -2.6667 -2.6667 -0.6667 3.3333 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) -9.3333 2.8441 -3.282 0.030453 * x 7.0000 0.7303 9.585 0.000662 *** --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Residual standard error: 3.055 on 4 degrees of freedom Multiple R-squared: 0.9583, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9478 F-statistic: 91.88 on 1 and 4 DF, p-value: 0.000662 <h3>Mandelbrot set</h3> <p>This example of a <a href="/facts/Mandelbrot_set/2NVUgrVG">Mandelbrot set</a> highlights the use of <a href="/facts/Complex_numbers/2w7mqI7e">complex numbers</a>. It models the first 20 <a href="/facts/Iteration/AMc1p7BL">iterations</a> of the <a href="/facts/Equation/pxFzLAVR">equation</a> z = z2 + c, where c represents different <a href="/facts/Complex_number/2w7mqI7e">complex constants</a>. </p><p>To run this sample code, it is necessary to first install the package that provides the write.gif() function: </p> install.packages("caTools") <p>The sample code is as follows: </p> library(caTools) jet.colors <- colorRampPalette( c("green", "pink", "#007FFF", "cyan", "#7FFF7F", "white", "#FF7F00", "red", "#7F0000")) dx <- 1500 # define width dy <- 1400 # define height C <- complex( real = rep(seq(-2.2, 1.0, length.out = dx), each = dy), imag = rep(seq(-1.2, 1.2, length.out = dy), times = dx) ) # reshape as matrix of complex numbers C <- matrix(C, dy, dx) # initialize output 3D array X <- array(0, c(dy, dx, 20)) Z <- 0 # loop with 20 iterations for (k in 1:20) { # the central difference equation Z <- Z^2 + C # capture the results X[, , k] <- exp(-abs(Z)) } write.gif( X, "Mandelbrot.gif", col = jet.colors, delay = 100) <h2 id="version-names">Version names</h2> <p>All R version releases from 2.14.0 onward have <a href="/facts/Code_name/MRq0mo4b">codenames</a> that make reference to <a href="/facts/Peanuts/vVtGkzuE">Peanuts</a> comics and films.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a> </p><p>In 2018, core R developer <a href="/facts/Peter_Dalgaard/PgcmMvRF">Peter Dalgaard</a> presented a history of R releases since 1997.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a> Some notable early releases before the named releases include the following: </p> <ul><li>Version 1.0.0, released on 29 February 2000, a <a href="/facts/Leap_days/lJscEwUh">leap day</a></li> <li>Version 2.0.0, released on 4 October 2004, "which at least had a nice ring to it"<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li></ul> <p>The idea of naming R version releases was inspired by the naming system for <a href="/facts/Debian_version_history/gVkBsMcv">Debian</a> and <a href="/facts/Ubuntu_version_history/85JvJ2sj">Ubuntu</a> versions. Dalgaard noted an additional reason for the use of Peanuts references in R codenames—the humorous observation that "everyone in statistics is a <a href="/facts/P-value/InnYd1bz">P-nut</a>."<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a> </p> R release codenames<table><tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Release date</th><th>Name</th><th>Peanuts reference</th><th>Reference</th></tr><tr><td>4.5.0</td><td>2025-04-11</td><td>How About a Twenty-Six</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.4.3</td><td>2025-02-28</td><td>Trophy Case</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.4.2</td><td>2024-10-31</td><td>Pile of Leaves</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.4.1</td><td>2024-06-14</td><td>Race for Your Life</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.4.0</td><td>2024-04-24</td><td>Puppy Cup</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.3.3</td><td>2024-02-29</td><td>Angel Food Cake</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.3.2</td><td>2023-10-31</td><td>Eye Holes</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.3.1</td><td>2023-06-16</td><td>Beagle Scouts</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.3.0</td><td>2023-04-21</td><td>Already Tomorrow</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.2.3</td><td>2023-03-15</td><td>Shortstop Beagle</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.2.2</td><td>2022-10-31</td><td>Innocent and Trusting</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.2.1</td><td>2022-06-23</td><td>Funny-Looking Kid</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.2.0</td><td>2022-04-22</td><td>Vigorous Calisthenics</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.1.3</td><td>2022-03-10</td><td>One Push-Up</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.1.2</td><td>2021-11-01</td><td>Bird Hippie</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.1.1</td><td>2021-08-10</td><td>Kick Things</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.1.0</td><td>2021-05-18</td><td>Camp Pontanezen</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.0.5</td><td>2021-03-31</td><td>Shake and Throw</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.0.4</td><td>2021-02-15</td><td>Lost Library Book</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.0.3</td><td>2020-10-10</td><td>Bunny-Wunnies Freak Out</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.0.2</td><td>2020-06-22</td><td>Taking Off Again</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.0.1</td><td>2020-06-06</td><td>See Things Now</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>4.0.0</td><td>2020-04-24</td><td>Arbor Day</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.6.3</td><td>2020-02-29</td><td>Holding the Windsock</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.6.2</td><td>2019-12-12</td><td>Dark and Stormy Night</td><td>See <a href="/facts/It_was_a_dark_and_stormy_night/qI2S47b9">It was a dark and stormy night#Literature</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.6.1</td><td>2019-07-05</td><td>Action of the Toes</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.6.0</td><td>2019-04-26</td><td>Planting of a Tree</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.5.3</td><td>2019-03-11</td><td>Great Truth</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.5.2</td><td>2018-12-20</td><td>Eggshell Igloos</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.5.1</td><td>2018-07-02</td><td>Feather Spray</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.5.0</td><td>2018-04-23</td><td>Joy in Playing</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.4.4</td><td>2018-03-15</td><td>Someone to Lean On</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:119" href="#fn:119"><sup>119</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.4.3</td><td>2017-11-30</td><td>Kite-Eating Tree</td><td>See <a href="/facts/Kite-Eating_Tree/eCvINVQV">Kite-Eating Tree</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:120" href="#fn:120"><sup>120</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:121" href="#fn:121"><sup>121</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.4.2</td><td>2017-09-28</td><td>Short Summer</td><td>See <i><a href="/facts/It_Was_a_Short_Summer%2c_Charlie_Brown/yH4zcjom">It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown</a></i></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:122" href="#fn:122"><sup>122</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.4.1</td><td>2017-06-30</td><td>Single Candle</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:123" href="#fn:123"><sup>123</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:124" href="#fn:124"><sup>124</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.4.0</td><td>2017-04-21</td><td>You Stupid Darkness</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:125" href="#fn:125"><sup>125</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:126" href="#fn:126"><sup>126</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.3.3</td><td>2017-03-06</td><td>Another Canoe</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:127" href="#fn:127"><sup>127</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:128" href="#fn:128"><sup>128</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.3.2</td><td>2016-10-31</td><td>Sincere Pumpkin Patch</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:129" href="#fn:129"><sup>129</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:130" href="#fn:130"><sup>130</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.3.1</td><td>2016-06-21</td><td>Bug in Your Hair</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:131" href="#fn:131"><sup>131</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:132" href="#fn:132"><sup>132</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.3.0</td><td>2016-05-03</td><td>Supposedly Educational</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:133" href="#fn:133"><sup>133</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:134" href="#fn:134"><sup>134</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.2.5</td><td>2016-04-11</td><td>Very, Very Secure Dishes</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:135" href="#fn:135"><sup>135</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:136" href="#fn:136"><sup>136</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:137" href="#fn:137"><sup>137</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:138" href="#fn:138"><sup>138</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.2.4</td><td>2016-03-11</td><td>Very Secure Dishes</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:139" href="#fn:139"><sup>139</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:140" href="#fn:140"><sup>140</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.2.3</td><td>2015-12-10</td><td>Wooden Christmas-Tree</td><td>See <i><a href="/facts/A_Charlie_Brown_Christmas/VyYXKHVv">A Charlie Brown Christmas</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:141" href="#fn:141"><sup>141</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:142" href="#fn:142"><sup>142</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.2.2</td><td>2015-08-14</td><td>Fire Safety</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:143" href="#fn:143"><sup>143</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:144" href="#fn:144"><sup>144</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:145" href="#fn:145"><sup>145</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.2.1</td><td>2015-06-18</td><td>World-Famous Astronaut</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:146" href="#fn:146"><sup>146</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:147" href="#fn:147"><sup>147</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.2.0</td><td>2015-04-16</td><td>Full of Ingredients</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:148" href="#fn:148"><sup>148</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:149" href="#fn:149"><sup>149</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.1.3</td><td>2015-03-09</td><td>Smooth Sidewalk</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:150" href="#fn:150"><sup>150</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:151" href="#fn:151"><sup>151</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.1.2</td><td>2014-10-31</td><td>Pumpkin Helmet</td><td>See <i><a href="/facts/You%2527re_a_Good_Sport%2c_Charlie_Brown/CeVnynIm">You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown</a></i></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:152" href="#fn:152"><sup>152</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.1.1</td><td>2014-07-10</td><td>Sock it to Me</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:153" href="#fn:153"><sup>153</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:154" href="#fn:154"><sup>154</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:155" href="#fn:155"><sup>155</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:156" href="#fn:156"><sup>156</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:157" href="#fn:157"><sup>157</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.1.0</td><td>2014-04-10</td><td>Spring Dance</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:158" href="#fn:158"><sup>158</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:159" href="#fn:159"><sup>159</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.0.3</td><td>2014-03-06</td><td>Warm Puppy</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:160" href="#fn:160"><sup>160</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:161" href="#fn:161"><sup>161</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.0.2</td><td>2013-09-25</td><td>Frisbee Sailing</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:162" href="#fn:162"><sup>162</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:163" href="#fn:163"><sup>163</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.0.1</td><td>2013-05-16</td><td>Good Sport</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:164" href="#fn:164"><sup>164</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:165" href="#fn:165"><sup>165</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>3.0.0</td><td>2013-04-03</td><td>Masked Marvel</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:166" href="#fn:166"><sup>166</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:167" href="#fn:167"><sup>167</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2.15.3</td><td>2013-03-01</td><td>Security Blanket</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:168" href="#fn:168"><sup>168</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:169" href="#fn:169"><sup>169</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2.15.2</td><td>2012-10-26</td><td>Trick or Treat</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:170" href="#fn:170"><sup>170</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:171" href="#fn:171"><sup>171</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2.15.1</td><td>2012-06-22</td><td>Roasted Marshmallows</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:172" href="#fn:172"><sup>172</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:173" href="#fn:173"><sup>173</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2.15.0</td><td>2012-03-30</td><td>Easter Beagle</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:174" href="#fn:174"><sup>174</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:175" href="#fn:175"><sup>175</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2.14.2</td><td>2012-02-29</td><td>Gift-Getting Season</td><td>See <i><a href="/facts/It%2527s_the_Easter_Beagle%2c_Charlie_Brown/4nbdoaKg">It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:176" href="#fn:176"><sup>176</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:177" href="#fn:177"><sup>177</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2.14.1</td><td>2011-12-22</td><td>December Snowflakes</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:178" href="#fn:178"><sup>178</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:179" href="#fn:179"><sup>179</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>2.14.0</td><td>2011-10-31</td><td>Great Pumpkin</td><td>See <i><a href="/facts/It%2527s_the_Great_Pumpkin%2c_Charlie_Brown/KzMc63np">It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown</a></i><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:180" href="#fn:180"><sup>180</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:181" href="#fn:181"><sup>181</sup></a></td></tr><tr><td>r-devel</td><td>N/A</td><td>Unsuffered Consequences</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:182" href="#fn:182"><sup>182</sup></a></td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:183" href="#fn:183"><sup>183</sup></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="interfaces">Interfaces</h2> Examples of user interfaces for R <p>R is installed with a <a href="/facts/Command-line_interface/R9JpGmXQ">command line console</a> by default, but there are multiple ways to interface with the language: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Integrated_development_environment/jbEINSQf">Integrated development environment (IDE)</a>: <ul><li>R.app<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:184" href="#fn:184"><sup>184</sup></a> (OSX/<a href="/facts/MacOS/Y93vVpTm">macOS</a> only)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Rattle_GUI/ITkIcGcb">Rattle GUI</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/R_Commander/ruFYdAhf">R Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/RKWard/vta0MmPJ">RKWard</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/RStudio/6jJDQpA0">RStudio</a></li> <li>Tinn-R<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:185" href="#fn:185"><sup>185</sup></a></li></ul></li> <li>General-purpose IDEs: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Eclipse_(software)/YoqHVjas">Eclipse</a> via the <a href="https://marketplace.eclipse.org/content/statet-r/">StatET plugin</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Microsoft_Visual_Studio/omNe6Lej">Visual Studio</a> via <a href="/facts/R_Tools_for_Visual_Studio/Er9UenGg">R Tools for Visual Studio</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Source-code_editor/D0hecHMt">Source-code editors</a>: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Emacs_Speaks_Statistics/G4n7o4oa">Emacs</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Vim_(text_editor)/JXAYMDgt">Vim</a> via the <a href="https://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=2628">Nvim-R plugin</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Kate_(text_editor)/lGzAv33F">Kate</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/LyX/dSrv830u">LyX</a> via <a href="/facts/Sweave/AvSMsSY4">Sweave</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/WinEdt/9ncUcHfH">WinEdt</a> (<a href="https://cran.r-project.org/package=RWinEdt">website</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Jupyter/sN94yfV5">Jupyter</a> (<a href="https://docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/navigator/tutorials/r-lang/">website</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Other <a href="/facts/Scripting_language/8pF4ajBL">scripting languages</a>: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Python_(programming_language)/YbuGqofa">Python</a> (<a href="https://rpy2.github.io">website</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Perl/fx31kjlT">Perl</a> (<a href="https://metacpan.org/module/Statistics::R">website</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Ruby_(programming_language)/BeYSaPSR">Ruby</a> (<a href="https://github.com/alexgutteridge/rsruby">source code</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/F_Sharp_(programming_language)/jdXHnYz5">F#</a> (<a href="https://bluemountaincapital.github.io/FSharpRProvider/">website</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Julia_(programming_language)/AoB0PJ9C">Julia</a> (<a href="https://github.com/JuliaInterop/RCall.jl">source code</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>General-purpose programming languages: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Java_(programming_language)/9ScgFyAL">Java</a> via the <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rserve/index.html">Rserve socket server</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/C_Sharp_(programming_language)/UC2gxeyb">.NET C#</a> (<a href="https://rdotnet.github.io/rdotnet/">website</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Statistical frameworks that use R in the background include <a href="/facts/Jamovi/UblNl3E4">Jamovi</a> and <a href="/facts/JASP/toUIeHzB">JASP</a>. </p> <h2 id="implementations">Implementations</h2> <p>The main R implementation is written primarily in <a href="/facts/C_(programming_language)/Ky2No763">C</a>, <a href="/facts/Fortran/m1KqjcMU">Fortran</a>, and <a href="/facts/Self-hosting_(compilers)/0Q3F2Buy">R itself</a>. Other implementations include the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="http://www.pqr-project.org">pretty quick R</a> (pqR), by <a href="/facts/Radford_M._Neal/lVkhIL4W">Radford M. Neal</a>, which attempts to improve <a href="/facts/Memory_management/vthLkUpz">memory management</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Renjin/YqF2AU4K">Renjin</a> for the <a href="/facts/Java_virtual_machine/l9Nzrsun">Java Virtual Machine</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/projects/cxxr">CXXR</a> and Riposte<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:186" href="#fn:186"><sup>186</sup></a> written in <a href="/facts/C%252B%252B/Et0F2qn9">C++</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Oracle_Corporation/0z14FygH">Oracle's</a> <a href="https://github.com/oracle/fastr">FastR</a> built on <a href="https://www.graalvm.org/">GraalVM</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/TIBCO_Software/BHPUaPAl">TIBCO</a> Enterprise Runtime for R (TERR) to integrate with <a href="/facts/Spotfire/dusfneyk">Spotfire</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:187" href="#fn:187"><sup>187</sup></a> (The company also created <a href="/facts/S-PLUS/9z1AoMMv">S-Plus</a>, an implementation of the S language.)</li></ul> <p>Microsoft R Open (MRO) was an R implementation. As of 30 June 2021, Microsoft began to phase out MRO in favor of the CRAN distribution.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:188" href="#fn:188"><sup>188</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="commercial-support">Commercial support</h2> <p>Although R is an <a href="/facts/Open-source/7X9rCdz4">open-source</a> project, some companies provide commercial support: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Oracle_Corporation/0z14FygH">Oracle</a> provides commercial support for its <a href="/facts/Oracle_Big_Data_Appliance/82Hwpq9b">Big Data Appliance</a>, which integrates R into its other products.</li> <li><a href="/facts/IBM/QszA7nwd">IBM</a> provides commercial support for execution of R within <a href="/facts/Hadoop/oUS1G2R7">Hadoop</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_numerical-analysis_software/VDvWr7LR">Comparison of numerical-analysis software</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Comparison_of_statistical_packages/IY1heG2H">Comparison of statistical packages</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_numerical-analysis_software/yKFzDBDK">List of numerical-analysis software</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_statistical_software/QFqfrzWo">List of statistical software</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Rmetrics/n5EVIGGc">Rmetrics</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Wickham, Hadley; Çetinkaya-Rundel, Mine; Grolemund, Garrett (2023). <a href="https://r4ds.hadley.nz/"><i>R for data science: import, tidy, transform, visualize, and model data</i></a> (2nd ed.). Beijing Boston Farnham Sebastopol Tokyo: <a href="/facts/O%2527Reilly_Media/Fr3Kv7sm">O'Reilly</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-1-4920-9740-2.</li> <li>Gagolewski, Marek (2024). <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/7490464"><i>Deep R Programming</i></a>. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2FZENODO.7490464">10.5281/ZENODO.7490464</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-0-6455719-2-9.</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://developer.r-project.org/TechDocs/">R Technical Papers</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.bigbookofr.com/">Big Book of R</a>, curated list of R-related programming books</li> <li><a href="https://www.r-project.org/doc/bib/R-books.html">Books Related to R - R Project</a>, partially annotated curated list of books relating to R or S.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Giorgi, Federico M.; Ceraolo, Carmine; Mercatelli, Daniele (27 April 2022). "The R Language: An Engine for Bioinformatics and Data Science". Life. 12 (5): 648. Bibcode:2022Life...12..648G. doi:10.3390/life12050648. PMC 9148156. PMID 35629316. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9148156" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9148156</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"R - Free Software Directory". directory.fsf.org. Retrieved 26 January 2024. <a href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/R#tab=Details" target="_blank">https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/R#tab=Details</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"R: What is R?". www.r-project.org. Retrieved 10 May 2025. <a href="https://www.r-project.org/about.html" target="_blank">https://www.r-project.org/about.html</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Ihaka, Ross. "The R Project: A Brief History and Thoughts About the Future" (PDF). p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022. We set a goal of developing enough of a language to teach introductory statistics courses at Auckland. <a href="https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/downloads/Otago.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/downloads/Otago.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Hornik, Kurt; The R Core Team (12 April 2022). "R FAQ". The Comprehensive R Archive Network. 3.3 What are the differences between R and S?. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022. <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html#What-are-the-differences-between-R-and-S_003f" target="_blank">https://cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html#What-are-the-differences-between-R-and-S_003f</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Morandat, Frances; Hill, Brandon; Osvald, Leo; Vitek, Jan (11 June 2012). "Evaluating the design of the R language: objects and functions for data analysis". European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming. 2012: 104–131. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31057-7_6. Retrieved 17 May 2016 – via SpringerLink. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31057-7_6" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31057-7_6</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Hornik, Kurt; The R Core Team (12 April 2022). "R FAQ". The Comprehensive R Archive Network. 2.13 What is the R Foundation?. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022. <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html#Why-is-R-named-R_003f" target="_blank">https://cran.r-project.org/doc/FAQ/R-FAQ.html#Why-is-R-named-R_003f</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>"Index of /datasets". lib.stat.cmu.edu. Retrieved 5 September 2024. <a href="https://lib.stat.cmu.edu/datasets/" target="_blank">https://lib.stat.cmu.edu/datasets/</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Ihaka, Ross. "R: Past and Future History" (PDF). p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022. <a href="https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/downloads/Interface98.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/downloads/Interface98.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Ihaka, Ross (5 December 1997). "New R Version for Unix". stat.ethz.ch. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023. <a href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/1997/000014.html" target="_blank">https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/1997/000014.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Ihaka, Ross. "The R Project: A Brief History and Thoughts About the Future" (PDF). p. 18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022. <a href="https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/downloads/Otago.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/downloads/Otago.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Wickham, Hadley; Cetinkaya-Rundel, Mine; Grolemund, Garrett (2023). R for Data Science, Second Edition. O'Reilly. p. xvii. ISBN 978-1-492-09740-2. <a href="978-1-492-09740-2" target="_blank">978-1-492-09740-2</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Quarto". Quarto. Retrieved 5 September 2024. <a href="https://quarto.org/" target="_blank">https://quarto.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>Chambers, John M. (2020). "S, R, and Data Science". The R Journal. 12 (1): 462–476. doi:10.32614/RJ-2020-028. ISSN 2073-4859. The R language and related software play a major role in computing for data science. ... R packages provide tools for a wide range of purposes and users. <a href="https://journal.r-project.org/archive/2020/RJ-2020-028/index.html" target="_blank">https://journal.r-project.org/archive/2020/RJ-2020-028/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>Davies, Tilman M. (2016). "Installing R and Contributed Packages". The Book of R: A First Course in Programming and Statistics. San Francisco, California: No Starch Press. p. 739. ISBN 9781593276515. <a href="9781593276515" target="_blank">9781593276515</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Wickham, Hadley (2014). "Tidy Data" (PDF). Journal of Statistical Software. 59 (10). doi:10.18637/jss.v059.i10. <a href="/wiki/Hadley_Wickham" target="_blank">/wiki/Hadley_Wickham</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>Wickham, Hadley; Cetinkaya-Rundel, Mine; Grolemund, Garrett (2023). R for Data Science, Second Edition. O'Reilly. ISBN 978-1-492-09740-2. <a href="978-1-492-09740-2" target="_blank">978-1-492-09740-2</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>Wickham, Hadley; Cetinkaya-Rundel, Mine; Grolemund, Garrett (2023). R for Data Science, Second Edition. O'Reilly. ISBN 978-1-492-09740-2. <a href="978-1-492-09740-2" target="_blank">978-1-492-09740-2</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>This code displays to standard error a listing of all the packages that the tidyverse collection depends upon. The code may also display warnings showing namespace conflicts, which may typically be ignored. <a href="/wiki/Standard_streams" target="_blank">/wiki/Standard_streams</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>Hornik, Kurt (2012). "The Comprehensive R Archive Network". WIREs Computational Statistics. 4 (4): 394–398. doi:10.1002/wics.1212. ISSN 1939-5108. S2CID 62231320. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wics.1212" target="_blank">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wics.1212</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>Hornik, Kurt (2012). "The Comprehensive R Archive Network". WIREs Computational Statistics. 4 (4): 394–398. doi:10.1002/wics.1212. ISSN 1939-5108. S2CID 62231320. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wics.1212" target="_blank">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wics.1212</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>Kurt Hornik (23 April 1997). "Announce: CRAN". r-help. Wikidata Q101068595.. <a href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/1997/000001.html" target="_blank">https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/1997/000001.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"The Status of CRAN Mirrors". cran.r-project.org. Retrieved 16 October 2024. <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/mirmon_report.html" target="_blank">https://cran.r-project.org/mirmon_report.html</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>"CRAN - Contributed Packages". cran.r-project.org. Retrieved 16 October 2024. <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/index.html" target="_blank">https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/index.html</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>"R-Forge: Welcome". r-forge.r-project.org. Retrieved 5 September 2024. <a href="https://r-forge.r-project.org/" target="_blank">https://r-forge.r-project.org/</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"The Omega Project for Statistical Computing". www.omegahat.net. Retrieved 5 September 2024. <a href="https://www.omegahat.net/" target="_blank">https://www.omegahat.net/</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>"Build software better, together". GitHub. Retrieved 5 September 2024. <a href="https://github.com/trending/r" target="_blank">https://github.com/trending/r</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>See here for a community maintained GitHub list jumpingrivers.github.io/meetingsR/ <a href="http://jumpingrivers.github.io/meetingsR/" target="_blank">http://jumpingrivers.github.io/meetingsR/</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>Wickham, Hadley; Grolemund, Garrett (January 2017). 1 Introduction | R for Data Science (1st ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1491910399.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) <a href="978-1491910399" target="_blank">978-1491910399</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>An expanded list of standard language features can be found in the R manual, "An Introduction to R" cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.pdf <a href="http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.pdf" target="_blank">http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-intro.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>R Development Core Team. "Assignments with the = Operator". Retrieved 11 September 2018. <a href="https://developer.r-project.org/equalAssign.html" target="_blank">https://developer.r-project.org/equalAssign.html</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>Kabacoff, Robert (2012). "Quick-R: User-Defined Functions". statmethods.net. 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"Advanced R - Functional programming - Closures". adv-r.had.co.nz. <a href="http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Functional-programming.html#closures" target="_blank">http://adv-r.had.co.nz/Functional-programming.html#closures</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>"NEWS". r-project.org. <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/NEWS.html#:~:text=R%20now%20provides%20a%20shorthand%20notation%20for%20creating%20functions" target="_blank">https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/NEWS.html#:~:text=R%20now%20provides%20a%20shorthand%20notation%20for%20creating%20functions</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>"R: R News". cran.r-project.org. Retrieved 14 March 2024. <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-devel/NEWS.html" target="_blank">https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-devel/NEWS.html</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>Wickham, Hadley; Çetinkaya-Rundel, Mine; Grolemund, Garrett (2023). "4 Workflow: code style". R for data science: import, tidy, transform, visualize, and model data (2nd ed.). Beijing; Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. ISBN 978-1-4920-9740-2. OCLC 1390607935. <a href="978-1-4920-9740-2" target="_blank">978-1-4920-9740-2</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>"Class Methods". Retrieved 25 April 2024. <a href="https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/base/html/UseMethod.html" target="_blank">https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/base/html/UseMethod.html</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>Monkman, Martin. 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"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 12, 1986 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 8 April 2024. <a href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1986/02/12" target="_blank">https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1986/02/12</a> <a href="#fnref:84" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:85"><p>"[Rd] R 4.1.0 is released". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2021/000670.html" target="_blank">https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2021/000670.html</a> <a href="#fnref:85" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:86"><p>Schulz, Charles (30 July 1978). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for July 30, 1978 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1978/07/30" target="_blank">https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1978/07/30</a> <a href="#fnref:86" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:87"><p>"[Rd] R 4.0.5 is released". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2021/000668.html" target="_blank">https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2021/000668.html</a> <a href="#fnref:87" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:88"><p>Schulz, Charles (2 March 1959). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 02, 1959 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1959/03/02" target="_blank">https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1959/03/02</a> <a href="#fnref:88" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:89"><p>Schulz, Charles (27 February 2006). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 27, 2006 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/2006/02/27" target="_blank">https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/2006/02/27</a> <a href="#fnref:89" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:90"><p>Schulz, Charles (13 March 1959). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 13, 1959 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1959/03/13" target="_blank">https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1959/03/13</a> <a href="#fnref:90" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:91"><p>"[Rd] R 4.0.4 scheduled for February 15". hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2021/000664.html" target="_blank">https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2021/000664.html</a> <a href="#fnref:91" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:92"><p>Schulz, Charles (23 October 1972). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 23, 1972 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1972/10/23" target="_blank">https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1972/10/23</a> <a href="#fnref:92" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:93"><p>"[Rd] R 4.0.3 is released". stat.ethz.ch. 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Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240407212529/https://collectpeanuts.com/Collection/ImagesW/Plaques/201405/IMG_4892.jpg" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20240407212529/https://collectpeanuts.com/Collection/ImagesW/Plaques/201405/IMG_4892.jpg</a> <a href="#fnref:116" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:117"><p>"Peanuts Snoopy Charlie Brown A Friend is Someone you can lean on metal tin sign". Retrieved 17 April 2025. <a href="https://thumbs.worthpoint.com/zoom/images1/1/0418/30/peanuts-snoopy-charlie-brown-friend_1_505bef366e5738e429106a1f6e0f3acc.jpg" target="_blank">https://thumbs.worthpoint.com/zoom/images1/1/0418/30/peanuts-snoopy-charlie-brown-friend_1_505bef366e5738e429106a1f6e0f3acc.jpg</a> <a href="#fnref:117" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:118"><p>"Peanuts Snoopy & Charlie Brown Friend Is Someone You Can Lean On Fire-King Mug". 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Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2016/000598.html" target="_blank">https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2016/000598.html</a> <a href="#fnref:138" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:139"><p>Schulz, Charles (20 February 1964). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 20, 1964 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1964/02/20" target="_blank">https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1964/02/20</a> <a href="#fnref:139" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:140"><p>"R 3.2.4 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2016/000597.html" target="_blank">https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2016/000597.html</a> <a href="#fnref:140" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:141"><p>Schulz, Charles (18 December 1980). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for December 18, 1980 | GoComics.com". GoComics. 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Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2015/000589.html" target="_blank">https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2015/000589.html</a> <a href="#fnref:145" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:146"><p>Schulz, Charles (10 March 1969). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 10, 1969 | GoComics.com". GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1969/03/10" target="_blank">https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1969/03/10</a> <a href="#fnref:146" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:147"><p>"[R] R 3.2.1 liftoff". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2015/000586.html" target="_blank">https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2015/000586.html</a> <a href="#fnref:147" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:148"><p>Schulz, Charles (7 April 1966). "Peanuts by Charles Schulz for April 07, 1966 | GoComics.com". GoComics. 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Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2015/000582.html" target="_blank">https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2015/000582.html</a> <a href="#fnref:151" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:152"><p>"[R] R 3.1.2 is released". stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024. <a href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2014/000578.html" target="_blank">https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2014/000578.html</a> <a href="#fnref:152" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:153"><p>"Sock it to me". Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240409064756/https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/9XoAAOSwI51iIBwR/s-l1600.webp" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20240409064756/https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/9XoAAOSwI51iIBwR/s-l1600.webp</a> <a href="#fnref:153" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:154"><p>"Sock it to me". 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