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Naskapi language
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<h2 id="phonology">Phonology</h2> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><a href="/facts/Bilabial_consonant/q2H5MUAe">Bilabial</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">Alveolar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Palatal_consonant/KLcKyXE8">Palatal</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Velar_consonant/blWClp79">Velar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Glottal_consonant/rMdEdLxH">Glottal</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Nasal_consonant/m6D3cVhe">Nasal</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Stop_consonant/okC9pztc">Stop</a>/ <a href="/facts/Affricate/Fn2y7FIA">Affricate</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">tʃ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Fricative/1FQuuhfX">Fricative</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_glottal_fricative/lfRB7CPW">h</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Approximant/SXrlw7zY">Approximant</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a></td><td>(<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_approximant/f1wQ41RI">ɹ</a>)</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Lateral_consonant/Mcyc1or8">Lateral</a></th><td></td><td>(<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a>)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Each stop has voiced allophones as [b, d, dʒ, ɡ] and pre-aspirated allophones as [ʰp, ʰt, ʰtʃ, ʰk].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a> </p> <ul><li>Long vowels: /i/, /a~æ/, /u/</li> <li>Short vowels: /ɪ~ə/, /ʌ~ə/, /o~ʊ/</li></ul> <h2 id="orthography">Orthography</h2> <p>There are two writing systems used for Naskapi language. One is Latin, similar to <a href="/facts/Innu-aimun/U2xvbfzv">Innu Language (Montagnais)</a>, and the other is <a href="/facts/Cree_syllabics/SFTwevsY">Cree syllabics</a>, similar to <a href="/facts/East_Cree/f4jtDKVE">James Bay Cree</a>, as well as other dialects of Cree across Canada. </p> <h3>Latin</h3> <p>The Naskapi Latin alphabet consists of three vowels, ⟨a⟩, ⟨i⟩, and ⟨u⟩, in short form and in long form. The long form is either written with a <a href="/facts/Circumflex/kg8xlo6W">circumflex</a> accent, e.g. ⟨â⟩, or by simply writing the vowel twice, e.g. ⟨aa⟩. In addition there are twelve <a href="/facts/Grapheme/uzXGIsAr">graphemes</a> to represent the consonants, including the <a href="/facts/Digraph_(orthography)/wp3UgEyU">digraph</a> ⟨Ch⟩. </p> <table><tbody><tr><td>Uppercase</td><td>A</td><td>Â/AA</td><td>Ch</td><td>H</td><td>I</td><td>Î/II</td><td>K</td><td>L</td><td>M</td><td>N</td><td>P</td><td>R</td><td>S</td><td>T</td><td>U</td><td>Û/UU</td><td>W</td><td>Y</td></tr><tr><td>lowercase</td><td>a</td><td>â/aa</td><td>ch</td><td>h</td><td>i</td><td>î/ii</td><td>k</td><td>l</td><td>m</td><td>n</td><td>p</td><td>r</td><td>s</td><td>t</td><td>u</td><td>û/uu</td><td>w</td><td>y</td></tr><tr><td>IPA</td><td>/ʌ~ə/</td><td>/a~æ/</td><td>/tʃ, dʒ/</td><td>/h/</td><td>/ɪ~ə/</td><td>/i/</td><td>/k, g/</td><td>/l/</td><td>/m/</td><td>/n/</td><td>/p, b/</td><td>/ɹ/</td><td>/s, ʃ/</td><td>/t, d/</td><td>/o~ʊ/</td><td>/u/</td><td>/w/</td><td>/j/</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Ch, K, P, and T are also used to write the voiced <a href="/facts/Allophone/2gp1p5PN">allophones</a>.</li> <li>L and R are only used in loanwords from other languages.</li></ul> <h3>Syllabary</h3> <p>Naskapi Syllabics (ᓇᔅᑲᐱ ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ, <i>naskapi iyuw iyimuun</i>) is derived from <a href="/facts/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics/YylyRMzU">Canadian Aboriginal syllabics</a>, and while having its unique characteristics, shares many features with other Canadian Cree Syllabic systems. Unlike other Cree Syllabics, long and short vowels are not distinguished. The final forms in Naskapi Syllabics are similar to other varieties of <a href="/facts/Eastern_Cree_syllabics/AJ4LXXDJ">Eastern Cree syllabics</a>. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>_a</th><th>_i</th><th>_u</th><th>_wa</th><th>_wi</th><th>_w</th><th>s_wa</th><th>-</th></tr><tr><th>-</th><td>ᐊ</td><td>ᐃ</td><td>ᐅ</td><td>ᐛ</td><td>ᐎ</td><td>ᐤ</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>p</th><td>ᐸ</td><td>ᐱ</td><td>ᐳ</td><td>ᑈ</td><td></td><td></td><td>ᔌ</td><td>ᑉ</td></tr><tr><th>t</th><td>ᑕ</td><td>ᑎ</td><td>ᑐ</td><td>ᑥ</td><td></td><td></td><td>ᔌ</td><td>ᑦ</td></tr><tr><th>k</th><td>ᑲ</td><td>ᑭ</td><td>ᑯ</td><td>ᒂ</td><td></td><td>ᒄ</td><td>ᔎ</td><td>ᒃ</td></tr><tr><th>ch</th><td>ᒐ</td><td>ᒋ</td><td>ᒍ</td><td>ᒠ</td><td></td><td></td><td>ᔏ</td><td>ᒡ</td></tr><tr><th>m</th><td>ᒪ</td><td>ᒥ</td><td>ᒧ</td><td>ᒺ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ᒻ</td></tr><tr><th>n</th><td>ᓇ</td><td>ᓂ</td><td>ᓄ</td><td>ᓏ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ᓐ</td></tr><tr><th>s</th><td>ᓴ</td><td>ᓯ</td><td>ᓱ</td><td>ᔄ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ᔅ</td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2">y</th><td rowspan="2">ᔭ</td><td rowspan="2">ᔨ</td><td rowspan="2">ᔪ</td><td rowspan="2">ᔽ</td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td rowspan="2"></td><td>ᔾ</td></tr><tr><td>ᐟ</td></tr><tr><th colspan="9">Other Symbols</th></tr><tr><th>h</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ᐦ</td></tr><tr><th>hk</th><td>ᑾ</td><td>ᑶ</td><td>ᑴ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>l</th><td>ᓚ</td><td>ᓕ</td><td>ᓗ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ᓪ</td></tr><tr><th>r</th><td>ᕋ</td><td>ᕆ</td><td>ᕈ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>ᕐ</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101208210859/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/naskapi/">Naskapi Lexicon</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.languagegeek.com/algon/naskapi/naskapi.html">Languagegeek: Naskapi</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150621174555/http://naskapinews.com/language/">Naskapi Language</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/nsk">OLAC resources in and about the Naskapi language</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>MacKenzie, Marguerite. 1994. <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>