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September 1
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<h2 id="events">Events</h2> <h3>Pre-1600</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/1145/o3toAURA">1145</a> – The main altar of <a href="/facts/Lund_Cathedral/QJYRezNN">Lund Cathedral</a>, at the time the seat of the <a href="/facts/Archiepiscopal_see/8QWylVcN">archiepiscopal see</a> of all the <a href="/facts/Nordic_countries/uaqX7z81">Nordic countries</a>, is consecrated.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1173/BpETFEDd">1173</a> – The widow <a href="/facts/Stamira/8SxdISKL">Stamira</a> sacrifices herself in order to raise the siege of <a href="/facts/Ancona/fp735qtc">Ancona</a> by the forces of Emperor <a href="/facts/Frederick_Barbarossa/cHAmGDKu">Frederick Barbarossa</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1355/FUILXcn0">1355</a> – King <a href="/facts/Tvrtko_I_of_Bosnia/IJSJGEM2">Tvrtko I of Bosnia</a> writes <i>In castro nostro Vizoka vocatum</i> from the <a href="/facts/Old_town_of_Visoki/WKoyBXB0">Old town of Visoki</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/1449/Bw53V0mQ">1449</a> – <a href="/facts/Tumu_Crisis/bkPhK3Bm">Tumu Crisis</a>: The <a href="/facts/Mongol_Empire/cfddtfIK">Mongols</a> capture the <a href="/facts/Emperor_of_China/W56Qf2Rv">Emperor of China</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/1529/QyRzuT7e">1529</a> – The Spanish fort of <a href="/facts/Sancti_Spiritu_(Argentina)/lhgoqeI5">Sancti Spiritu</a>, the first one built in modern <a href="/facts/Argentina/aFSA5bAk">Argentina</a>, is destroyed by indigenous people.</li> <li><a href="/facts/1532/BsLbQdVe">1532</a> – Lady <a href="/facts/Anne_Boleyn/zN7ssVCS">Anne Boleyn</a> is made <a href="/facts/Marquess_of_Pembroke/nqnK3k2I">Marquess of Pembroke</a> by her <a href="/facts/Engagement/F1We8pyM">fiancé</a>, King <a href="/facts/Henry_VIII_of_England/LFgGAjh0">Henry VIII of England</a>.</li></ul> <h3>1601–1900</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/1604/MI0yGQEG">1604</a> – <a href="/facts/Adi_Granth/BrSkBs8H">Adi Granth</a>, now known as <a href="/facts/Guru_Granth_Sahib/BrSkBs8H">Guru Granth Sahib</a>, the holy scripture of <a href="/facts/Sikh/V7yh2L8b">Sikhs</a>, is first installed at <a href="/facts/Harmandir_Sahib/zQt7novv">Harmandir Sahib</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/1610/zxB4Xl76">1610</a> – <a href="/facts/Claudio_Monteverdi/RwJG9mgH">Claudio Monteverdi</a>'s musical work <i><a href="/facts/Vespro_della_Beata_Vergine/h8xJVXWU">Vespro della Beata Vergine</a></i> (<i><a href="/facts/Vespers/2Kqne3r5">Vespers</a> for <a href="/facts/Mary%2c_mother_of_Jesus/cq3fKofl">the Blessed Virgin</a></i>) is first published, printed in Venice and dedicated to <a href="/facts/Pope_Paul_V/62LVJzSj">Pope Paul V</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1644/jCycHRwR">1644</a> – <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Tippermuir/7pVQrzfr">Battle of Tippermuir</a>: <a href="/facts/James_Graham%2c_1st_Marquess_of_Montrose/uLlTJr4I">James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose</a> defeats the <a href="/facts/John_Wemyss%2c_1st_Earl_of_Wemyss/ATVkCzwJ">Earl of Wemyss</a>'s <a href="/facts/Covenanter/QCbLx0A3">Covenanters</a>, reviving the <a href="/facts/Cavalier/JTXvr32Y">Royalist</a> cause.</li> <li><a href="/facts/1645/w8BTcoIy">1645</a> – <a href="/facts/English_Civil_War/lKXK3YXx">English Civil War</a>. <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Scotland/sAac4KdX">Scottish</a> <a href="/facts/Covenanter/QCbLx0A3">Covenanter</a> forces abandon their month-long <a href="/facts/Siege_of_Hereford/ohngsu90">Siege of Hereford</a>, a <a href="/facts/Cavalier/JTXvr32Y">Cavalier</a> stronghold, on news of Royalist victories in Scotland.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1715/M7XLh4kJ">1715</a> – At the age of five, <a href="/facts/Louis_XV_of_France/jr0fBhum">Louis XV</a> becomes king of France in succession to his great-grandfather, King Louis XIV.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1763/ParWKaFt">1763</a> – <a href="/facts/Catherine_II_of_Russia/FTVM1heM">Catherine II of Russia</a> endorses <a href="/facts/Ivan_Betskoy/VrMVWF9t">Ivan Betskoy</a>'s plans for a <a href="/facts/Foundling_Home_in_Moscow/ldjKLV82">Foundling Home in Moscow</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/1772/TA6mW9tB">1772</a> – The <a href="/facts/Mission_San_Luis_Obispo_de_Tolosa/mmNLYDNC">Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa</a> is founded in <a href="/facts/San_Luis_Obispo%2c_California/BRAfHexd">San Luis Obispo, California</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1774/KBzhWkgq">1774</a> – <a href="/facts/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay/F0RsprL7">Massachusetts Bay</a> colonists rise up in the bloodless <a href="/facts/Powder_Alarm/HbT7xMqX">Powder Alarm</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/1804/gV8IpQ6n">1804</a> – <a href="/facts/3_Juno/5hQkurE0">3 Juno</a>, one of the largest <a href="/facts/Asteroid/g7Ulr1VB">asteroids</a> in the <a href="/facts/Main_Belt/YHAq2Eh3">Main Belt</a>, is discovered by the German astronomer <a href="/facts/Karl_Ludwig_Harding/sdtYSGdc">Karl Ludwig Harding</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1831/24zmwew1">1831</a> – The <a href="/facts/Order_of_St._Gregory_the_Great/aTQFgsb2">Order of St. Gregory the Great</a> is established by <a href="/facts/Pope_Gregory_XVI/FhUGCHr5">Pope Gregory XVI</a> of the <a href="/facts/Vatican_State/JTKnEt6J">Vatican State</a> to recognize high support for the Vatican or for the Pope, by a man or a woman, and not necessarily a <a href="/facts/Roman_Catholic/rJ4F4gqH">Roman Catholic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1836/9214WG3p">1836</a> – <a href="/facts/Narcissa_Whitman/u400QLu2">Narcissa Whitman</a>, one of the first English-speaking white women to settle west of the <a href="/facts/Rocky_Mountains/rDc3cU0E">Rocky Mountains</a>, arrives at <a href="/facts/Walla_Walla%2c_Washington/etpvRl82">Walla Walla, Washington</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/1838/eNceSVoF">1838</a> – <a href="/facts/Saint_Andrew%2527s_Scots_School/XU5o0QpF">Saint Andrew's Scots School</a>, the oldest school of British origin in South America, is established.</li> <li><a href="/facts/1862/wLde0GHd">1862</a> – <a href="/facts/American_Civil_War/A9FT3ksD">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Chantilly/4IC8zqcG">Battle of Chantilly</a>: <a href="/facts/Confederate_States_of_America/jMSDM4q3">Confederate Army troops</a> defeat a group of retreating <a href="/facts/United_States_Army/WACWBEK9">Union Army troops</a> in <a href="/facts/Chantilly%2c_Virginia/rVuprXAJ">Chantilly, Virginia</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1864/xmYu2SP5">1864</a> – American Civil War: The <a href="/facts/Confederate_Army/XlqneAzz">Confederate Army</a> General <a href="/facts/John_Bell_Hood/met5R3tM">John Bell Hood</a> orders the evacuation of <a href="/facts/Atlanta/8hPVGb78">Atlanta</a>, ending a four-month <a href="/facts/Siege/7RAugQoD">siege</a> by General <a href="/facts/William_Tecumseh_Sherman/cDbr9QS4">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/1870/gpkRncsy">1870</a> – <a href="/facts/Franco-Prussian_War/DU9aBkVB">Franco-Prussian War</a>: The <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Sedan/MXwy0pr0">Battle of Sedan</a> is fought, resulting in a decisive <a href="/facts/Kingdom_of_Prussia/x796l7vx">Prussian</a> victory.</li> <li><a href="/facts/1873/CJ5Hegm0">1873</a> – <a href="/facts/Cetshwayo/JnLKGvuz">Cetshwayo</a> ascends to the throne as king of the <a href="/facts/Zulu_Kingdom/H5TaL9G6">Zulu</a> nation following the death of his father <a href="/facts/Mpande/5ruT6jLh">Mpande</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/1878/rnlYq7CQ">1878</a> – <a href="/facts/Emma_Nutt/PXsUpkvg">Emma Nutt</a> becomes the world's first female telephone operator when she is recruited by <a href="/facts/Alexander_Graham_Bell/oQer2abq">Alexander Graham Bell</a> to the Boston Telephone Dispatch Company.</li> <li><a href="/facts/1880/QApjL1dG">1880</a> – The army of <a href="/facts/Ayub_Khan_(Emir_of_Afghanistan)/Y449Q4IM">Mohammad Ayub Khan</a> is routed by the British at the <a href="/facts/Battle_of_Kandahar_(1880)/EMxzS6IS">Battle of Kandahar</a>, ending the <a href="/facts/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War/SDHVBzKm">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/1894/4e9bljQh">1894</a> – Over 400 people die in the <a href="/facts/Great_Hinckley_Fire/kn4gvuhP">Great Hinckley Fire</a>, a <a href="/facts/Forest_fire/LU3797A0">forest fire</a> in <a href="/facts/Hinckley%2c_Minnesota/K8y0gXqw">Hinckley, Minnesota</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/1897/vbUcwIeN">1897</a> – The <a href="/facts/Tremont_Street_Subway/rEVfDwfX">Tremont Street Subway</a> in Boston opens, becoming the first underground <a href="/facts/Rapid_transit/bbhkQbAW">rapid transit</a> system in North America.</li></ul> <h3>1901–present</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/1923/yARB7QmW">1923</a> – The <a href="/facts/1923_Great_Kant%25C5%258D_earthquake/1jGFj6qN">Great Kantō earthquake</a> devastates Tokyo and <a href="/facts/Yokohama/q5RcVlLf">Yokohama</a>, killing about 105,000 people.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1939/qMDTC2rc">1939</a> – <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>: <a href="/facts/Nazi_Germany/8kRbqRpo">Germany</a> and <a href="/facts/Slovak_Republic_(1939%25E2%2580%259345)/EQobAMBX">Slovakia</a> <a href="/facts/Invasion_of_Poland/8kconR1e">invade Poland</a>, beginning the European phase of World War II.</li> <li>1939 – <a href="/facts/J._Robert_Oppenheimer/qvgElLRC">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> and his student <a href="/facts/Hartland_Snyder/2MjwM6RU">Hartland Snyder</a> publish the <a href="/facts/Oppenheimer%25E2%2580%2593Snyder_model/bMsBBGTQ">Oppenheimer–Snyder model</a>, proving for the first time in contemporary physics how <a href="/facts/Black_hole/1r2lmkcF">black holes</a> could develop.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1944/A6Jvm3T6">1944</a> – <a href="/facts/World_War_II/2efV5L1U">World War II</a>: Launch of <a href="/facts/Operation_Ratweek_(1944)/RVWRfkud">Operation Ratweek</a>, complicating German retreat.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1961/aVtANPeE">1961</a> – <a href="/facts/TWA_Flight_529/2rVUyzLQ">TWA Flight 529</a> crashed shortly after takeoff from <a href="/facts/Midway_International_Airport/ICKzV7Eh">Midway Airport</a> in Chicago, killing all 78 people on board. At the time, it was the deadliest single plane disaster in U.S. history.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1967/dmIuJ9Qy">1967</a> – <a href="/facts/Six-Day_War/xM8d0Wy1">Six-Day War</a>: The <a href="/facts/Khartoum_Resolution/Gsovdybo">Khartoum Resolution</a> is issued at the Arab Summit, and eight countries adopt the "three 'no's against Israel".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1969/Qunmv17a">1969</a> – A <a href="/facts/1969_Libyan_coup_d%2527%25C3%25A9tat/vnwEQLxj">coup</a> in <a href="/facts/Libya/HMPH8PWR">Libya</a> brings <a href="/facts/Muammar_Gaddafi/JFp2s57J">Muammar Gaddafi</a> to power.</li> <li><a href="/facts/1973/U4cMWEpF">1973</a> – A 76-hour multinational rescue effort in the <a href="/facts/Celtic_Sea/6z8xE3kf">Celtic Sea</a> resulted in the <a href="/facts/Rescue_of_Roger_Mallinson_and_Roger_Chapman/uqFUPgFa">Rescue of Roger Mallinson and Roger Chapman</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1974/yb8hxjWJ">1974</a> – The <i><a href="/facts/SR-71_Blackbird/ESfv9oFq">SR-71 Blackbird</a></i> sets (and holds) the record for flying from New York to London in the time of one hour, 54 minutes and 56.4 seconds at a speed of 1,435.587 miles per hour (2,310.353 km/h).</li> <li><a href="/facts/1981/KMGWH0jA">1981</a> – Central African President <a href="/facts/David_Dacko/yBz6A3u1">David Dacko</a> is ousted from power in a <a href="/facts/1981_Central_African_Republic_coup_d%2527%25C3%25A9tat/Mv1FV6tk">bloodless military coup</a> led by General <a href="/facts/Andr%25C3%25A9_Kolingba/rUzB2qov">André Kolingba</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1982/oMGkW7wb">1982</a> – The United States <a href="/facts/Air_Force_Space_Command/BByYh3t4">Air Force Space Command</a> is founded.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1983/Hh9D0QTA">1983</a> – <a href="/facts/Cold_War/spJdJQ3q">Cold War</a>: <a href="/facts/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007/d4qmKIFM">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a> is shot down by a <a href="/facts/Soviet_Union/m7wWsPto">Soviet</a> jet fighter after the commercial aircraft strayed into Soviet airspace, killing all 269 on board, including <a href="/facts/United_States_Congress/mJlU46K7">Congressman</a> <a href="/facts/Larry_McDonald/aPQDhXuw">Lawrence McDonald</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/1985/XsTSpulI">1985</a> – The wreck of the <a href="/facts/Titanic/loD4esxz">Titanic</a> is discovered by an American-French expedition led by <a href="/facts/Robert_Ballard/EbKTTXTp">Robert Ballard</a> and Jean-Louis Michel.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/2004/0yE6vkMU">2004</a> – The <a href="/facts/Beslan_school_siege/h4Vtmcbx">Beslan school siege</a> begins when armed terrorists take schoolchildren and school staff hostage in <a href="/facts/North_Ossetia/7w9mvFry">North Ossetia</a>, Russia; by the end of the siege, three days later, more than 385 people are dead (including hostages, other civilians, security personnel and terrorists).</li> <li><a href="/facts/2008/nrFQTFDH">2008</a> – <a href="/facts/Iraq_War/dlAgf8at">Iraq War</a>: The <a href="/facts/United_States_Armed_Forces/NHVsU9Id">United States Armed Forces</a> transfers control of <a href="/facts/Al_Anbar_Governorate/N3Q0W9HA">Anbar Province</a> to the <a href="/facts/Iraqi_Armed_Forces/6J8VVnk1">Iraqi Armed Forces</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="births">Births</h2> <h3>Pre-1600</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/948/Yf23mnEK">948</a> – <a href="/facts/Emperor_Jingzong_of_Liao/UQfcxUhl">Jing Zong</a>, emperor of the <a href="/facts/Liao_dynasty/aLMKfWr7">Liao Dynasty</a> (died 982)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1145/o3toAURA">1145</a> – <a href="/facts/Ibn_Jubayr/8twwPAtB">Ibn Jubayr</a>, Arab geographer and poet (died 1217)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1288/hhFD812V">1288</a> – <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_Richeza_of_Poland/RgnCw8WQ">Elizabeth Richeza of Poland</a> (died 1335)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1341/jVgCRNlR">1341</a> – <a href="/facts/Frederick_III_the_Simple/gquf4Ugs">Frederick III the Simple</a>, King of Sicily (died 1377)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1453/rqFBWIwH">1453</a> – <a href="/facts/Gonzalo_Fern%25C3%25A1ndez_de_C%25C3%25B3rdoba/U0NpQrd2">Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba</a>, Spanish general (died 1515)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1477/trlly14A">1477</a> – <a href="/facts/Bartolomeo_Fanfulla/A0gcHPxf">Bartolomeo Fanfulla</a>, Italian mercenary (died 1525)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1561/NQedznRo">1561</a> – <a href="/facts/Gervase_Helwys/3Ss4Wjla">Gervase Helwys</a>, English murderer (died 1615)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1566/CjPqy1am">1566</a> – <a href="/facts/Edward_Alleyn/cgmMWRzr">Edward Alleyn</a>, English actor and major figure of the Elizabethan theatre; founder of <a href="/facts/Dulwich_College/vgcn1mx5">Dulwich College</a> and <a href="/facts/Alleyn%2527s_School/zYDgVste">Alleyn's School</a> (died 1626)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1577/jtjXklPG">1577</a> – <a href="/facts/Scipione_Borghese/H1Fgrw4K">Scipione Borghese</a>, Italian cardinal and art collector (died 1633)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1579/b4zTXunG">1579</a> – <a href="/facts/John_Frederick_of_Holstein-Gottorp%2c_Prince-Bishop/RRSeu3Hk">John Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince-Bishop</a>, Roman Catholic archbishop (died 1634)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1588/ma1S28Ld">1588</a> – <a href="/facts/Henri%2c_Prince_of_Cond%25C3%25A9_(1588%25E2%2580%25931646)/CRx7zMjm">Henri, Prince of Condé</a> (died 1646)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1592/UlFy2P5N">1592</a> – <a href="/facts/Maria_Angela_Astorch/qvaNMLCl">Maria Angela Astorch</a>, Spanish mystic and saint (died 1665)</li></ul> <h3>1601–1900</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/1606/6LNTzvzL">1606</a> – <a href="/facts/Nicholas_Slanning/2Xk5cG3A">Nicholas Slanning</a>, English politician (died 1643)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1608/1DSH3vzI">1608</a> – <a href="/facts/Giacomo_Torelli/0teexPjT">Giacomo Torelli</a>, Italian stage designer, engineer, and architect (died 1678)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1647/CwqAjJYj">1647</a> – <a href="/facts/Princess_Anna_Sophie_of_Denmark/9ukrq00F">Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark</a>, daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark (died 1717)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1653/c2RM4eTy">1653</a> – <a href="/facts/Johann_Pachelbel/B7NluXXp">Johann Pachelbel</a>, German organist, composer, and educator (died 1706)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1689/KvLwzdlj">1689</a> – <a href="/facts/Kilian_Ignaz_Dientzenhofer/yUVVe0j5">Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer</a>, Bohemian architect, designed <a href="/facts/Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_Cathedral/CPy3AbeX">Ss. Cyril and Methodius Cathedral</a> (died 1751)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1711/zsN9jKm5">1711</a> – <a href="/facts/William_IV%2c_Prince_of_Orange/Nkmz9fH0">William IV, Prince of Orange</a> (died 1751)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1726/m2d34N6l">1726</a> – <a href="/facts/Johann_Becker_(organist)/WXUcqTWe">Johann Becker</a>, German organist, composer, and educator (died 1803)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1795/I2Nmzncx">1795</a> – <a href="/facts/James_Gordon_Bennett_Sr./ESXoTHrc">James Gordon Bennett Sr.</a>, American publisher, founded the <i><a href="/facts/New_York_Herald/MUYnwRe2">New York Herald</a></i> (died 1872)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1799/cHlk6GYJ">1799</a> – <a href="/facts/Ferenc_Gyulay/Qmn0EInz">Ferenc Gyulay</a>, Hungarian-Austrian commander and politician (died 1868)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1811/t8Uwt7ka">1811</a> – <a href="/facts/James_Montgomrey/vIHKAbqL">James Montgomrey</a>, Leader and important benefactor of his home town of <a href="/facts/Brentford/LbcWQJbc">Brentford</a>, England (died 1883)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1818/8YwUybJm">1818</a> – <a href="/facts/Jos%25C3%25A9_Mar%25C3%25ADa_Castro_Madriz/Nd4rMUaD">José María Castro Madriz</a>, Costa Rican lawyer and politician, 1st <a href="/facts/President_of_Costa_Rica/Byg71bdT">President of Costa Rica</a> (died 1892)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1848/pdeR3EA3">1848</a> – <a href="/facts/Auguste_Forel/ufbsh9tt">Auguste Forel</a>, Swiss myrmecologist, neuroanatomist, and psychiatrist (died 1931)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1849/hRfIfMEN">1849</a> – <a href="/facts/Emil_Zuckerkandl/F11Dpvp2">Emil Zuckerkandl</a>, Hungarian anatomist (died 1910)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1850/hCD3XDg7">1850</a> – <a href="/facts/Jim_O%2527Rourke_(baseball)/7z0u9KHw">Jim O'Rourke</a>, American baseball player and manager (died 1919)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1851/GeytjB5u">1851</a> – <a href="/facts/John_Clum/C4J9PYUF">John Clum</a>, American journalist and agent (died 1932)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1853/cFa6GXyc">1853</a> – <a href="/facts/Aleksei_Brusilov/zNsoQxkP">Aleksei Brusilov</a>, Russian general (died 1926)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1854/mS3CBX4G">1854</a> – <a href="/facts/Engelbert_Humperdinck_(composer)/Hpc5JQsn">Engelbert Humperdinck</a>, German playwright and composer (died 1921)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1855/zEA3P7fK">1855</a> – <a href="/facts/Innokenty_Annensky/tdhtwSo4">Innokenty Annensky</a>, Russian poet and critic (died 1909)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1856/vURzaXKl">1856</a> – <a href="/facts/Sergei_Winogradsky/abdvjtVP">Sergei Winogradsky</a>, Ukrainian-Russian microbiologist and ecologist (died 1953)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1864/xmYu2SP5">1864</a> – <a href="/facts/Akashi_Motojiro/n7cTLAJG">Akashi Motojiro</a>, Japanese general (died 1919)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1866/BA0GQaok">1866</a> – <a href="/facts/James_J._Corbett/HKRD5nJy">James J. Corbett</a>, American boxer (died 1933)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1867/6yA43tmb">1867</a> – <a href="/facts/John_Gretton%2c_1st_Baron_Gretton/78mopUC2">John Gretton, 1st Baron Gretton</a>, English sailor and politician (died 1947)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1868/ASf6q2lV">1868</a> – <a href="/facts/Henri_Bourassa/aXzjbAYo">Henri Bourassa</a>, Canadian publisher and politician (died 1952)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1871/KH3eqnP3">1871</a> – <a href="/facts/J._Reuben_Clark/rv7Irm6J">J. Reuben Clark</a>, American lawyer, civil servant, and religious leader (died 1961)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1873/CJ5Hegm0">1873</a> – <a href="/facts/Jo%25C3%25A3o_Ferreira_Sardo/muvhnGG0">João Ferreira Sardo</a> the founder of Gafanha da Nazaré (died 1925)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1875/ggkhnYQX">1875</a> – <a href="/facts/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs/lFWLFHpA">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a>, American author (died 1950)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1876/W5qGllpP">1876</a> – <a href="/facts/Harriet_Shaw_Weaver/EcID9aX7">Harriet Shaw Weaver</a>, English journalist and activist (died 1961)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1877/NUButNG5">1877</a> – <a href="/facts/Francis_William_Aston/DVoj9ebB">Francis William Aston</a>, English chemist and physicist, <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Nobel Prize</a> laureate (died 1945)</li> <li>1877 – <a href="/facts/Rex_Beach/r52hoQm5">Rex Beach</a>, American author, playwright, and water polo player (died 1949)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1878/rnlYq7CQ">1878</a> – <a href="/facts/Princess_Alexandra_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha/qs1e0E8P">Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> (died 1942)</li> <li>1878 – <a href="/facts/J._F._C._Fuller/tXBpK2Kf">J. F. C. Fuller</a>, English general and historian (died 1966)</li> <li>1878 – <a href="/facts/Tullio_Serafin/kjSahx8U">Tullio Serafin</a>, Italian conductor and director (died 1968)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1883/EwbmutJN">1883</a> – <a href="/facts/Didier_Pitre/JGMQx3sw">Didier Pitre</a>, Canadian ice hockey player (died 1934)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1884/sMq3Cz3G">1884</a> – <a href="/facts/Hilda_Rix_Nicholas/Qva7CHYl">Hilda Rix Nicholas</a>, Australian artist (died 1961)</li> <li>1884 – <a href="/facts/Sigurd_Wall%25C3%25A9n/ShTq3Nru">Sigurd Wallén</a>, Swedish actor and director (died 1947)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1886/Dq24GK25">1886</a> – <a href="/facts/Othmar_Schoeck/HuVtedpd">Othmar Schoeck</a>, Swiss composer and conductor (died 1957)</li> <li>1886 – <a href="/facts/Shigeyasu_Suzuki/05joF52q">Shigeyasu Suzuki</a>, Japanese general (died 1957)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1887/42l31f6p">1887</a> – <a href="/facts/Blaise_Cendrars/QBHp3Jpm">Blaise Cendrars</a>, Swiss author and poet (died 1961)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1888/DC27pmN2">1888</a> – <a href="/facts/Andrija_%25C5%25A0tampar/NqncGYLb">Andrija Štampar</a>, Croatian physician (died 1958)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1892/t6ztGdnJ">1892</a> – <a href="/facts/Leverett_Saltonstall/quljnqjm">Leverett Saltonstall</a>, American lieutenant and politician, 55th <a href="/facts/Governor_of_Massachusetts/KvMAgzLs">Governor of Massachusetts</a> (died 1979)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1893/LudKjI1v">1893</a> – <a href="/facts/Yasuo_Kuniyoshi/kFIz3Q6h">Yasuo Kuniyoshi</a>, Japanese-American painter and photographer (died 1953)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1895/q4F6bTdq">1895</a> – <a href="/facts/Engelbert_Zaschka/xvH5bvnX">Engelbert Zaschka</a>, German engineer and designer, invented the <a href="/facts/Human-powered_aircraft/Hg4brNs1">Human-powered aircraft</a> (died 1955)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1896/4AqQphen">1896</a> – <a href="/facts/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada/EfhP71eQ">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a>, Indian religious leader, founded the <a href="/facts/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness/rzhUQNU2">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</a> (died 1977)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1897/vbUcwIeN">1897</a> – <a href="/facts/Andy_Kennedy_(footballer%2c_born_1897)/TvvrKJFJ">Andy Kennedy</a>, Irish footballer (died 1963)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1898/22NQXEjQ">1898</a> – <a href="/facts/Violet_Carson/dkA6tFw9">Violet Carson</a>, English actress and singer (died 1983)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1899/mrg9Bavy">1899</a> – <a href="/facts/Richard_Arlen/6rHT3PVD">Richard Arlen</a>, American actor (died 1976)</li></ul> <h3>1901–present</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/1902/MHb8RK0o">1902</a> – <a href="/facts/Kazimierz_D%25C4%2585browski/uyUTxfyn">Kazimierz Dąbrowski</a>, Polish psychiatrist and psychologist (died 1980)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1904/pYw7uoS4">1904</a> – <a href="/facts/Johnny_Mack_Brown/HXL8fDAy">Johnny Mack Brown</a>, American football player and actor (died 1974)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1905/o7XdVa8l">1905</a> – <a href="/facts/Father_Chrysanthus/484nJ7nE">Father Chrysanthus</a>, Dutch arachnologist (died 1972)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1906/dCqcXjCc">1906</a> – <a href="/facts/Joaqu%25C3%25ADn_Balaguer/IboqDwWE">Joaquín Balaguer</a>, Dominican lawyer and politician, 49th <a href="/facts/President_of_the_Dominican_Republic/h3hCXbHe">President of the Dominican Republic</a> (died 2002)</li> <li>1906 – <a href="/facts/Franz_Biebl/UHdB1k83">Franz Biebl</a>, German composer and educator (died 2001)</li> <li>1906 – <a href="/facts/Eleanor_Hibbert/naLthjR3">Eleanor Hibbert</a>, English author (died 1993)</li> <li>1906 – <a href="/facts/Arthur_Rowe/PUWooStM">Arthur Rowe</a>, English footballer and manager (died 1993)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1907/70u8Thdr">1907</a> – <a href="/facts/Gil_Puyat/JSzAjpgJ">Gil Puyat</a>, Filipino businessman and politician (died 1981)</li> <li>1907 – <a href="/facts/Walter_Reuther/ed9CYaUX">Walter Reuther</a>, American labor union leader and president of the <a href="/facts/United_Auto_Workers/VjJKGzj0">United Auto Workers</a> (died <a href="/facts/1970/zvXkpYmn">1970</a>) <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1908/y2Yvla5J">1908</a> – <a href="/facts/Amir_Elahi/zBryQsJT">Amir Elahi</a>, Pakistani cricketer (died 1980)</li> <li>1908 – <a href="/facts/Lou_Kenton/dJkxj9qg">Lou Kenton</a>, English social activist (died 2012)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1909/EYEK0tGS">1909</a> – <a href="/facts/E._Herbert_Norman/u0JqKDNy">E. Herbert Norman</a>, Canadian historian and diplomat (died 1957)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1913/TJLNwLcE">1913</a> – <a href="/facts/Ludwig_Merwart/6D73UQua">Ludwig Merwart</a>, Austrian painter and illustrator (died 1979)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1914/VNGWH7j3">1914</a> – <a href="/facts/John_H._Adams_(jockey)/DCV0WnUp">John H. Adams</a>, American jockey (died 1995)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1916/Vfq2LjJ1">1916</a> – <a href="/facts/Dorothy_Cheney/SqF5zkSV">Dorothy Cheney</a>, American tennis player (died 2014)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1919/5R5RKF5E">1919</a> – <a href="/facts/Ossie_Dawson/kpTl4hTF">Ossie Dawson</a>, South African cricketer (died 2008)</li> <li>1919 – <a href="/facts/Hilda_H%25C3%25A4nchen/97wtATel">Hilda Hänchen</a>, German physicist and academic (died 2013)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1920/cMv9MvzA">1920</a> – <a href="/facts/Liz_Carpenter/HrawFU12">Liz Carpenter</a>, American journalist, author and activist (died 2010)</li> <li>1920 – <a href="/facts/Eduardo_J._Corso/MsStmybA">Eduardo J. Corso</a>, Uruguayan lawyer and journalist (died 2012)</li> <li>1920 – <a href="/facts/Richard_Farnsworth/DRz5mxy0">Richard Farnsworth</a>, American actor and stuntman (died 2000)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1921/7abkb6mF">1921</a> – <a href="/facts/Willem_Frederik_Hermans/UgLFMaf8">Willem Frederik Hermans</a>, Dutch author, poet and playwright (died 1995)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1922/AFrJQ34X">1922</a> – <a href="/facts/Yvonne_De_Carlo/m63HAtf5">Yvonne De Carlo</a>, Canadian-American actress and singer (died 2007)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></li> <li>1922 – <a href="/facts/Vittorio_Gassman/2wdJp4yg">Vittorio Gassman</a>, Italian actor, director and screenwriter (died 2000)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1923/yARB7QmW">1923</a> – <a href="/facts/Rocky_Marciano/Wu96IHCf">Rocky Marciano</a>, American boxer (died 1969)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></li> <li>1923 – <a href="/facts/Kenneth_Thomson%2c_2nd_Baron_Thomson_of_Fleet/S8M2Il6F">Kenneth Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet</a>, Canadian businessman and art collector (died 2006)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1924/lArFYWHI">1924</a> – <a href="/facts/Hal_Douglas/I5gY5EP3">Hal Douglas</a>, American voice actor (died 2014)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1925/FKVmYRam">1925</a> – <a href="/facts/Arvonne_Fraser/8QEUwaS2">Arvonne Fraser</a>, American activist (died 2018)</li> <li>1925 – <a href="/facts/Art_Pepper/KoSY2LEN">Art Pepper</a>, American saxophonist, clarinet player and composer (died 1982)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1926/03cK1qtm">1926</a> – <a href="/facts/Abdur_Rahman_Biswas/7BjNajgU">Abdur Rahman Biswas</a>, Bangladeshi banker and politician, 10th <a href="/facts/President_of_Bangladesh/IqV3eBF9">President of Bangladesh</a> (died 2017)</li> <li>1926 – <a href="/facts/Gene_Colan/wWmTd2h0">Gene Colan</a>, American illustrator (died 2011)</li> <li>1926 – <a href="/facts/Russell_Jones_(ice_hockey)/qkaSbul2">Russell Jones</a>, Australian ice hockey player and coach (died 2012)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1927/jcoYnDtY">1927</a> – <a href="/facts/Soshana_Afroyim/aVtg5usM">Soshana Afroyim</a>, Austrian painter (died 2015)</li> <li>1927 – <a href="/facts/Wyatt_Cooper/edEIRg9S">Wyatt Cooper</a>, American author and screenwriter (died 1978)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1928/GY8IzJk3">1928</a> – <a href="/facts/George_Maharis/BJ8C1dSb">George Maharis</a>, American actor, singer, and artist (died 2023)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1929/CqjpW93q">1929</a> – <a href="/facts/Mava_Lee_Thomas/LpA16N4z">Mava Lee Thomas</a>, American baseball player (died 2013)</li> <li>1929 – <a href="/facts/Maurice_Vachon/7a6fEgh8">Maurice Vachon</a>, Canadian wrestler (died 2013)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1930/CrbUfsAD">1930</a> – <a href="/facts/Turgut_%25C3%2596zakman/1GfWV3xI">Turgut Özakman</a>, Turkish lawyer and civil servant (died 2013)</li> <li>1930 – <a href="/facts/Dick_Raaymakers/S84zxwkj">Dick Raaymakers</a>, Dutch composer and theorist (died 2013)</li> <li>1930 – <a href="/facts/Charles_Correa/kuu6lvYc">Charles Correa</a>, Indian architect (died 2015)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1931/JK9FEYxa">1931</a> – <a href="/facts/Abdul_Haq_Ansari/IyrMaKJ0">Abdul Haq Ansari</a>, Indian theologian and scholar (died 2012)</li> <li>1931 – <a href="/facts/Beano_Cook/R8zebPun">Beano Cook</a>, American journalist and sportscaster (died 2012)</li> <li>1931 – <a href="/facts/Cecil_Parkinson/69e1XohX">Cecil Parkinson</a>, English accountant and politician, <a href="/facts/Secretary_of_State_for_Transport/5bYzoMh8">Secretary of State for Transport</a> (died 2016)</li> <li>1931 – <a href="/facts/Boxcar_Willie/PTmtpyTx">Boxcar Willie</a>, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 1999)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1932/XlUMqV5p">1932</a> – <a href="/facts/Derog_Gioura/MrCBFSXH">Derog Gioura</a>, Nauruan politician, 23rd <a href="/facts/President_of_Nauru/K1PkLmo7">President of Nauru</a> (died 2008)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1933/2LFFswPa">1933</a> – <a href="/facts/Marshall_Lytle/1q99PVK2">Marshall Lytle</a>, American bass player and songwriter (died 2013)</li> <li>1933 – <a href="/facts/Ann_Richards/uXU4jC44">Ann Richards</a>, American educator and politician, 45th <a href="/facts/Governor_of_Texas/bdVK7c7h">Governor of Texas</a> (died 2006)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></li> <li>1933 – <a href="/facts/T._Thirunavukarasu/xb5ymUJp">T. Thirunavukarasu</a>, Sri Lankan politician (died 1982)</li> <li>1933 – <a href="/facts/Conway_Twitty/wVAywm5r">Conway Twitty</a>, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 1993)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1935/cgLN91AJ">1935</a> – <a href="/facts/Nicholas_Garland/IeuJnkKp">Nicholas Garland</a>, English cartoonist</li> <li>1935 – <a href="/facts/Seiji_Ozawa/eTeqfYrY">Seiji Ozawa</a>, Japanese conductor and director (died 2024)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></li> <li>1935 – <a href="/facts/Guy_Rodgers/gXdbSBJE">Guy Rodgers</a>, American basketball player (died 2001)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1936/VsNHIP3x">1936</a> – <a href="/facts/Valery_Legasov/5w5D5Ih5">Valery Legasov</a>, Soviet inorganic chemist, chief of the commission investigating the Chernobyl disaster (died 1988)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1938/auSpdqeH">1938</a> – <a href="/facts/Alan_Dershowitz/sGqIaVxl">Alan Dershowitz</a>, American lawyer and author<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></li> <li>1938 – <a href="/facts/Per_Kirkeby/87qHyHLB">Per Kirkeby</a>, Danish painter, sculptor and poet (died 2018)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1939/qMDTC2rc">1939</a> – <a href="/facts/Rico_Carty/A7BmkrSD">Rico Carty</a>, Dominican baseball player (died 2024)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></li> <li>1939 – <a href="/facts/Lily_Tomlin/CwLUxzzX">Lily Tomlin</a>, American actress, comedian, screenwriter and producer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1940/AMQgqkYN">1940</a> – <a href="/facts/Ya%25C5%259Far_B%25C3%25BCy%25C3%25BCkan%25C4%25B1t/nU1QL1Iz">Yaşar Büyükanıt</a>, Turkish general (died 2019)</li> <li>1940 – <a href="/facts/Annie_Ernaux/JDLJn78z">Annie Ernaux</a>, French author, <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature/wWVXbIbp">Nobel Prize</a> laureate<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1942/Hv8rLssG">1942</a> – <a href="/facts/C._J._Cherryh/wMr3b59V">C. J. Cherryh</a>, American author and educator<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1943/3DdRsjrn">1943</a> – <a href="/facts/Don_Stroud/fEg5tMXf">Don Stroud</a>, American actor<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1944/A6Jvm3T6">1944</a> – <a href="/facts/Archie_Bell_(singer)/9dTb8wsC">Archie Bell</a>, American soul singer-songwriter and musician<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a></li> <li>1944 – <a href="/facts/Leonard_Slatkin/WfsfYBHr">Leonard Slatkin</a>, American conductor and composer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1945/w7Rc9CUl">1945</a> – <a href="/facts/Abd_Rabbuh_Mansur_Hadi/D3maHoxk">Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi</a>, Yemeni general and politician, 2nd <a href="/facts/President_of_Yemen/p6yPU0m9">President of Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1946/BnTf4qUs">1946</a> – <a href="/facts/Barry_Gibb/NI7rXFpV">Barry Gibb</a>, Manx-English singer-songwriter and producer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a></li> <li>1946 – <a href="/facts/Shalom_Hanoch/TIm68S8M">Shalom Hanoch</a>, Israeli rock singer, lyricist and composer</li> <li>1946 – <a href="/facts/Roh_Moo-hyun/8hXH4qXs">Roh Moo-hyun</a>, South Korean soldier and politician, 9th <a href="/facts/List_of_Presidents_of_South_Korea/05z1sw1a">President of South Korea</a> (died 2009)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1947/Wy1AYbDz">1947</a> – <a href="/facts/Al_Green_(politician)/ErwwEkeb">Al Green</a>, American lawyer and politician</li> <li>1947 – <a href="/facts/P._A._Sangma/YpEN1N0b">P. A. Sangma</a>, Indian lawyer and politician, 11th <a href="/facts/Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha/6EUq8UX8">Speaker of the Lok Sabha</a> (died 2016)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1948/8PpY1FY5">1948</a> – <a href="/facts/Greg_Errico/1BRs63fC">Greg Errico</a>, American drummer and producer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a></li> <li>1948 – <a href="/facts/J%25C3%25B3zef_%25C5%25BByci%25C5%2584ski/g2ENvI5n">Józef Życiński</a>, Polish archbishop and philosopher (died 2011)</li> <li>1948 – <a href="/facts/Russ_Kunkel/5z4k41Ax">Russ Kunkel</a>, American drummer and producer</li> <li><a href="/facts/1949/25neuEUm">1949</a> – <a href="/facts/Garry_Maddox/DChNvgk9">Garry Maddox</a>, American baseball player and sportscaster</li> <li>1949 – <a href="/facts/Alasdair_McDonnell/Wp8JufeS">Alasdair McDonnell</a>, Irish physician and politician</li> <li><a href="/facts/1950/mxu5oLbY">1950</a> – <a href="/facts/Mikhail_Fradkov/5jFkhcVd">Mikhail Fradkov</a>, Russian politician, 36th <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_Russia/G1y2kL6a">Prime Minister of Russia</a></li> <li>1950 – <a href="/facts/Phillip_Fulmer/8lWD0mm5">Phillip Fulmer</a>, American football player and coach</li> <li>1950 – <a href="/facts/Phil_McGraw/HgN8fpcN">Phil McGraw</a>, American psychologist, author and talk show host<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1951/o7KS23e8">1951</a> – <a href="/facts/David_Bairstow/Xk2Shf6N">David Bairstow</a>, English cricketer and sportscaster (died 1998)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1952/LYQM5Bu0">1952</a> – <a href="/facts/Michael_Massee/a7Ie2ppM">Michael Massee</a>, American actor (died 2016)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a></li> <li>1952 – <a href="/facts/Manuel_Pi%25C3%25B1ero/JEy77rgy">Manuel Piñero</a>, Spanish golfer</li> <li><a href="/facts/1955/UeUsbRq8">1955</a> – <a href="/facts/Bruce_Foxton/jEEw4MPm">Bruce Foxton</a>, English singer-songwriter and bass player<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1956/s8lywmqd">1956</a> – <a href="/facts/Vinnie_Johnson/dJsqQGpS">Vinnie Johnson</a>, American basketball player and sportscaster</li> <li>1956 – <a href="/facts/Bernie_Wagenblast/3ut2wHw4">Bernie Wagenblast</a>, transportation journalist, founder of <a href="/facts/Transportation_Communications_Newsletter/TeRYJz5o">Transportation Communications Newsletter</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1957/6Aeq0xSI">1957</a> – <a href="/facts/Alexandra_Aikhenvald/KvjxXUc6">Alexandra Aikhenvald</a>, Australian linguist<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a>[<i>better source needed</i>]</li> <li>1957 – <a href="/facts/Gloria_Estefan/pzcHyLAm">Gloria Estefan</a>, Cuban-American singer-songwriter and actress<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a></li> <li>1957 – <a href="/facts/Du%25C5%25A1ko_Ivanovi%25C4%2587/gLuaCrLB">Duško Ivanović</a>, Montenegrin basketball player and coach</li> <li><a href="/facts/1959/3NCLPH6G">1959</a> – <a href="/facts/Mike_Duxbury/NykzqChl">Mike Duxbury</a>, English footballer</li> <li><a href="/facts/1960/H5oTKVEk">1960</a> – <a href="/facts/Ralf_Au%25C3%259Fem/LrDxzrKe">Ralf Außem</a>, German footballer and manager</li> <li>1960 – <a href="/facts/Karl_Mecklenburg/6hoVf8k6">Karl Mecklenburg</a>, American football player</li> <li><a href="/facts/1961/aVtANPeE">1961</a> – <a href="/facts/Jeremy_Farrar/MmJV8yXz">Jeremy Farrar</a>, British academic and educator; director of the <a href="/facts/Wellcome_Trust/fBtPWxvj">Wellcome Trust</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a></li> <li>1961 – <a href="/facts/Christopher_Ferguson/tCBFzmp0">Christopher Ferguson</a>, American captain, pilot and astronaut</li> <li>1961 – <a href="/facts/Boney_James/cf8feJBJ">Boney James</a>, American saxophonist, composer and producer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1962/l6s31Ap3">1962</a> – <a href="/facts/Tony_Cascarino/Q663aqb5">Tony Cascarino</a>, English-Irish footballer</li> <li>1962 – <a href="/facts/Ruud_Gullit/AAjKqsn5">Ruud Gullit</a>, Dutch footballer and manager</li> <li><a href="/facts/1963/IAgXNXRm">1963</a> – <a href="/facts/Stephen_Kernahan/Gg7kJA2M">Stephen Kernahan</a>, Australian footballer</li> <li>1963 – <a href="/facts/Grant-Lee_Phillips/tms9aEr0">Grant-Lee Phillips</a>, American musician and actor<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1964/3juQ3GsC">1964</a> – <a href="/facts/Brian_Bellows/rzEoktIN">Brian Bellows</a>, Canadian ice hockey player</li> <li>1964 – <a href="/facts/Charlie_Robison/41lycFGT">Charlie Robison</a>, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 2023)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1965/RlpYNuG1">1965</a> – <a href="/facts/Craig_McLachlan/LdAchFnC">Craig McLachlan</a>, Australian actor and singer</li> <li>1965 – <a href="/facts/Tibor_Simon/myFKRbr4">Tibor Simon</a>, Hungarian footballer and manager (died 2002)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1966/6ET4QfEl">1966</a> – <a href="/facts/Tim_Hardaway/P1waDGDa">Tim Hardaway</a>, American basketball player and coach</li> <li><a href="/facts/1967/dmIuJ9Qy">1967</a> – <a href="/facts/Steve_Pemberton/DG0rnqdb">Steve Pemberton</a>, English actor, screenwriter and director</li> <li>1967 – <a href="/facts/David_Whissell/80GWYnbL">David Whissell</a>, Canadian engineer and politician</li> <li><a href="/facts/1968/KPacXbuQ">1968</a> – <a href="/facts/Mohamed_Atta/2b3zhgmq">Mohamed Atta</a>, Egyptian terrorist (died 2001)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1969/Qunmv17a">1969</a> – <a href="/facts/Henning_Berg/RdQllsq6">Henning Berg</a>, Norwegian footballer and manager</li> <li><a href="/facts/1970/zvXkpYmn">1970</a> – <a href="/facts/David_Fairleigh/wkzXU84A">David Fairleigh</a>, Australian rugby league player, coach and sportscaster</li> <li>1970 – <a href="/facts/Hwang_Jung-min/mgrcwlc7">Hwang Jung-min</a>, South Korean actor</li> <li>1970 – <a href="/facts/Padma_Lakshmi/g62U3LRe">Padma Lakshmi</a>, Indian-American actress and author<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1971/436B8JtH">1971</a> – <a href="/facts/Ricardo_Antonio_Chavira/BPx6ag2W">Ricardo Antonio Chavira</a>, American actor<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a></li> <li>1971 – <a href="/facts/Yoshitaka_Hirota/WUqIVlXb">Yoshitaka Hirota</a>, Japanese bass player and composer</li> <li>1971 – <a href="/facts/Maury_Sterling/GCfcbUDB">Maury Sterling</a>, American actor<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a></li> <li>1971 – <a href="/facts/Hakan_%25C5%259E%25C3%25BCk%25C3%25BCr/Gn3LlIeX">Hakan Şükür</a>, Turkish footballer and politician</li> <li>1971 – <a href="/facts/Rachel_Zoe/1Utr0kUG">Rachel Zoe</a>, American fashion designer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1973/U4cMWEpF">1973</a> – <a href="/facts/J.D._Fortune/GXfkQ8qV">J.D. Fortune</a>, Canadian singer-songwriter</li> <li>1973 – <a href="/facts/Simon_Shaw/RQe80gSP">Simon Shaw</a>, English rugby player</li> <li>1973 – <a href="/facts/Ram_Kapoor/kSwmYJVn">Ram Kapoor</a>, Indian actor</li> <li><a href="/facts/1974/yb8hxjWJ">1974</a> – <a href="/facts/Burn_Gorman/m7vomVDN">Burn Gorman</a>, American-born English actor and musician<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a></li> <li>1974 – <a href="/facts/Jason_Taylor_(American_football)/zkDz5PV7">Jason Taylor</a>, American football player and sportscaster</li> <li>1974 – <a href="/facts/Yutaka_Yamamoto/cov0mC69">Yutaka Yamamoto</a>, Japanese director and producer, founder of <a href="/facts/Ordet_(company)/nDRRGbp9">Ordet Animation Studio</a></li> <li>1974 – <a href="/facts/Jhonen_Vasquez/wJvckAoa">Jhonen Vasquez</a>, American writer, director, cartoonist and comic illustrator</li> <li><a href="/facts/1975/VYMnwoeF">1975</a> – <a href="/facts/Natalie_Bassingthwaighte/wtBp4BV6">Natalie Bassingthwaighte</a>, Australian singer-songwriter</li> <li>1975 – <a href="/facts/Ammon_Bundy/0AFIFDQJ">Ammon Bundy</a>, American anti-government militant <a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a></li> <li>1975 – <a href="/facts/Cuttino_Mobley/CGJ3asCJ">Cuttino Mobley</a>, American basketball player</li> <li>1975 – <a href="/facts/Scott_Speedman/AFAMH1pC">Scott Speedman</a>, English-Canadian actor<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1976/78RFM9Xk">1976</a> – <a href="/facts/Babydaddy/raSGn297">Babydaddy</a>, American singer-songwriter and producer</li> <li>1976 – <a href="/facts/Marcos_Ambrose/apUFMeJj">Marcos Ambrose</a>, Australian racing driver</li> <li>1976 – <a href="/facts/Clare_Connor/R1CXReML">Clare Connor</a>, English cricketer</li> <li>1976 – <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589rik_Morales/u9nLgG0x">Érik Morales</a>, Mexican boxer</li> <li>1976 – <a href="/facts/Sebasti%25C3%25A1n_Rozental/cLSFjAt2">Sebastián Rozental</a>, Chilean footballer</li> <li><a href="/facts/1977/wrXpt5jT">1977</a> – <a href="/facts/David_Albelda/bW7Udnmh">David Albelda</a>, Spanish footballer</li> <li>1977 – <a href="/facts/Raffaele_Giammaria/jl2AqxAp">Raffaele Giammaria</a>, Italian racing driver</li> <li>1977 – <a href="/facts/Arsalan_Iftikhar/ezupKMI9">Arsalan Iftikhar</a>, American lawyer and author</li> <li>1977 – <a href="/facts/Aaron_Schobel/pLg7TJUr">Aaron Schobel</a>, American football player</li> <li><a href="/facts/1978/0yIlakn7">1978</a> – <a href="/facts/Max_Vieri/wRBG1HHH">Max Vieri</a>, Australian-Italian footballer</li> <li><a href="/facts/1980/LlDU6MAx">1980</a> – <a href="/facts/Sammy_Adjei/p878GI70">Sammy Adjei</a>, Ghanaian footballer</li> <li>1980 – <a href="/facts/Chris_Riggott/aMfcyUYU">Chris Riggott</a>, English footballer</li> <li><a href="/facts/1981/KMGWH0jA">1981</a> – <a href="/facts/Boyd_Holbrook/fRtpUk2F">Boyd Holbrook</a>, American actor<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a></li> <li>1981 – <a href="/facts/Clinton_Portis/YmCtc1w7">Clinton Portis</a>, American football player</li> <li>1981 – <a href="/facts/Adam_Quick/YaJ91Jh9">Adam Quick</a>, Australian basketball player</li> <li><a href="/facts/1982/oMGkW7wb">1982</a> – <a href="/facts/Jeffrey_Buttle/tj35Plox">Jeffrey Buttle</a>, Canadian figure skater</li> <li>1982 – <a href="/facts/Paul_Dumbrell/1hKXLAnn">Paul Dumbrell</a>, Australian racing driver</li> <li>1982 – <a href="/facts/Ryan_Gomes/LYtsm7cg">Ryan Gomes</a>, American basketball player</li> <li>1982 – <a href="/facts/Zoe_Lister-Jones/Lt9oFhj7">Zoe Lister-Jones</a>, American actress and director<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1983/Hh9D0QTA">1983</a> – <a href="/facts/I%25C3%25B1aki_Lejarreta/3katvmxU">Iñaki Lejarreta</a>, Spanish cyclist (died 2012)</li> <li>1983 – <a href="/facts/Jos%25C3%25A9_Antonio_Reyes/LNTj1SV6">José Antonio Reyes</a>, Spanish footballer (died 2019)</li> <li>1983 – <a href="/facts/Jeff_Woywitka/jqGBvWeF">Jeff Woywitka</a>, Canadian ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/facts/1984/JqqEX46m">1984</a> – <a href="/facts/Ludwig_G%25C3%25B6ransson/lymAIUht">Ludwig Göransson</a>, Swedish film composer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a></li> <li>1984 – <a href="/facts/L%25C3%25A1szl%25C3%25B3_K%25C3%25B6teles/F5V5BbhD">László Köteles</a>, Hungarian footballer</li> <li>1984 – <a href="/facts/Rod_Pelley/u8QHrRsw">Rod Pelley</a>, Canadian ice hockey player</li> <li>1984 – <a href="/facts/Joe_Trohman/oYT6Dc2U">Joe Trohman</a>, American singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1985/XsTSpulI">1985</a> – <a href="/facts/Larsen_Jensen/XeKj79o9">Larsen Jensen</a>, American swimmer</li> <li><a href="/facts/1986/8uT5tERV">1986</a> – <a href="/facts/Anthony_Allen_(rugby_union)/xz7Itv4r">Anthony Allen</a>, English rugby player</li> <li>1986 – <a href="/facts/Ga%25C3%25ABl_Monfils/UlmH5jbb">Gaël Monfils</a>, French tennis player</li> <li>1986 – <a href="/facts/Stella_Mwangi/k3TIWjgP">Stella Mwangi</a>, Kenyan-Norwegian singer-songwriter</li> <li><a href="/facts/1987/pThGJW7B">1987</a> – <a href="/facts/Leonel_Su%25C3%25A1rez/kdeTJab5">Leonel Suárez</a>, Cuban decathlete<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a></li> <li>1987 – <a href="/facts/Mats_Zuccarello/X9aqdHeW">Mats Zuccarello</a>, Norwegian ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/facts/1988/VsU0rXfc">1988</a> – <a href="/facts/Simona_de_Silvestro/If3W3PV2">Simona de Silvestro</a>, Swiss racing driver</li> <li>1988 – <a href="/facts/Miles_Plumlee/ATfEGlsE">Miles Plumlee</a>, American basketball player<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a></li> <li>1988 – <a href="/facts/Chanel_West_Coast/Cbs0vf9S">Chanel West Coast</a>, American rapper-songwriter and model<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1989/HWvGcTeT">1989</a> – <a href="/facts/Astrid_Besser/QPh1MXNN">Astrid Besser</a>, Italian tennis player</li> <li>1989 – <a href="/facts/Bill_Kaulitz/3Jc4ekaF">Bill Kaulitz</a>, German singer and songwriter<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a></li> <li>1989 – <a href="/facts/Jefferson_Montero/v24tRRHE">Jefferson Montero</a>, Ecuadorian footballer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a></li> <li>1989 – <a href="/facts/Gustav_Nyquist/9gCKp88V">Gustav Nyquist</a>, Swedish ice hockey player<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1990/ySbaqvwp">1990</a> – <a href="/facts/Aisling_Loftus/jWrPUVKo">Aisling Loftus</a>, English actress<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a></li> <li>1990 – <a href="/facts/Stanislav_Tecl/7XAXVfch">Stanislav Tecl</a>, Czech footballer</li> <li><a href="/facts/1991/2VyD1KeD">1991</a> – <a href="/facts/Rhys_Bennett_(footballer%2c_born_1991)/tFgPpqy3">Rhys Bennett</a>, English footballer</li> <li><a href="/facts/1992/C3hhqclX">1992</a> – <a href="/facts/Cristiano_Biraghi/Yx6SjmRB">Cristiano Biraghi</a>, Italian footballer</li> <li>1992 – <a href="/facts/Kirani_James/S6p8o6La">Kirani James</a>, Grenadian sprinter<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a></li> <li>1992 – <a href="/facts/Tom%25C3%25A1%25C5%25A1_Nosek/hVgoNor1">Tomáš Nosek</a>, Czech ice hockey player<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a></li> <li>1992 – <a href="/facts/Woo_Hye-lim/2LpH1Hym">Woo Hye-lim</a>, South Korean singer-songwriter</li> <li><a href="/facts/1993/8gXvDoaz">1993</a> – <a href="/facts/Mario_Lemina/U8BcRkuu">Mario Lemina</a>, Gabonese footballer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1994/DHYvCLxY">1994</a> – <a href="/facts/Anna_Smolina/vAwuAt6S">Anna Smolina</a>, Russian tennis player<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:87" href="#fn:87"><sup>87</sup></a></li> <li>1994 – <a href="/facts/Carlos_Sainz_Jr./vxhr3wBR">Carlos Sainz Jr.</a>, Spanish racing driver<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:88" href="#fn:88"><sup>88</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1995/d3Qass5d">1995</a> – <a href="/facts/Nathan_MacKinnon/TJFNAPVg">Nathan MacKinnon</a>, Canadian ice hockey player<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:89" href="#fn:89"><sup>89</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1996/qrQNaXmK">1996</a> – <a href="/facts/Zendaya/uDzU5uXs">Zendaya</a>, American actress and singer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:90" href="#fn:90"><sup>90</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1997/FSVnuhSn">1997</a> – <a href="/facts/Jung_Kook/qMVNFsj5">Jeon Jungkook</a>, South Korean singer, songwriter and record producer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:91" href="#fn:91"><sup>91</sup></a></li> <li>1997 – <a href="/facts/Joan_Mir/pAxGkoh1">Joan Mir</a>, Spanish motorcycle racer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:92" href="#fn:92"><sup>92</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1998/m0E92lbX">1998</a> – <a href="/facts/Josh_Okogie/3Dx0chyP">Josh Okogie</a>, Nigerian-American basketball player<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:93" href="#fn:93"><sup>93</sup></a></li> <li>1998 – <a href="/facts/Salah_Mohsen/ozKXMzGr">Salah Mohsen</a>, Egyptian footballer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:94" href="#fn:94"><sup>94</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1999/pc1BDf3P">1999</a> – <a href="/facts/Cam_Reddish/dE7kqSKh">Cam Reddish</a>, American basketball player<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:95" href="#fn:95"><sup>95</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/2000/UbBNQdMl">2000</a> – <a href="/facts/Mikhail_Iakovlev/RAxwuzr6">Mikhail Iakovlev</a>, Israeli Olympic cyclist<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:96" href="#fn:96"><sup>96</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/2000/UbBNQdMl">2000</a> – <a href="/facts/Pratika_Rawal/JujxH0Wf">Pratika Rawal</a>, Indian Cricketer<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:97" href="#fn:97"><sup>97</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/2002/8anKm4m1">2002</a> – <a href="/facts/Diane_Parry/FMFy9c4k">Diane Parry</a>, French tennis player<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:98" href="#fn:98"><sup>98</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:99" href="#fn:99"><sup>99</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/2003/jR4SwKlP">2003</a> – <a href="/facts/An_Yu-jin/DKpBfAHB">An Yu-jin</a>, South Korean singer and actress<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:100" href="#fn:100"><sup>100</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <h3>Pre-1600</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/870/1JwkbwE6">870</a> – <a href="/facts/Muhammad_al-Bukhari/VRUqSepx">Muhammad al-Bukhari</a>, Persian scholar (born 810)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1081/zuegVlHE">1081</a> – Bishop <a href="/facts/Eusebius_of_Angers/8X68InjG">Eusebius of Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1159/ru3XVhww">1159</a> – <a href="/facts/Pope_Adrian_IV/b4Qeljfn">Pope Adrian IV</a> (born 1100)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:101" href="#fn:101"><sup>101</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1198/4zsVRyvw">1198</a> – <a href="/facts/Dulce_of_Aragon/bGmPl7Po">Dulce, Queen of Portugal</a> (born 1160)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1215/AFUh2LTT">1215</a> – <a href="/facts/Otto_I_(bishop_of_Utrecht)/lTqI3NMT">Otto</a>, bishop of Utrecht</li> <li><a href="/facts/1256/v07FQELj">1256</a> – <a href="/facts/Kuj%25C5%258D_Yoritsune/oD77qa3C">Kujō Yoritsune</a>, Japanese shōgun (born 1218)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1327/FbsTFJI7">1327</a> – <a href="/facts/Foulques_de_Villaret/0v2Dw1nP">Foulques de Villaret</a>, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller</li> <li><a href="/facts/1339/s3U59Aqf">1339</a> – <a href="/facts/Henry_XIV%2c_Duke_of_Bavaria/AaI2zUrK">Henry XIV, Duke of Bavaria</a> (born 1305)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1376/GU20sTLk">1376</a> – <a href="/facts/Philip_of_Valois%2c_Duke_of_Orl%25C3%25A9ans/deanUyx2">Philip of Valois, Duke of Orléans</a> (born 1336)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1414/uSATv2F1">1414</a> – <a href="/facts/William_de_Ros%2c_6th_Baron_de_Ros/JYSM47ma">William de Ros, 6th Baron de Ros</a>, English politician, <a href="/facts/Lord_High_Treasurer/Dm0knfx3">Lord High Treasurer</a> (born 1369)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1480/14ExVmwq">1480</a> – <a href="/facts/Ulrich_V%2c_Count_of_W%25C3%25BCrttemberg/2E2ILVJW">Ulrich V, Count of Württemberg</a> (born 1413)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1557/sK2gm1Vj">1557</a> – <a href="/facts/Jacques_Cartier/5aYLNseA">Jacques Cartier</a>, French navigator and explorer (born 1491)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1581/k187aN22">1581</a> – <a href="/facts/Guru_Ram_Das/1WQwKWNU">Guru Ram Das</a>, <a href="/facts/Sikh/V7yh2L8b">Sikh</a> 4th of the <a href="/facts/Ten_Gurus_of_Sikhism/G8UIrbYC">Ten Gurus of Sikhism</a> (born 1534)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1599/zNoNqAnS">1599</a> – <a href="/facts/Cornelis_de_Houtman/jVoExWK3">Cornelis de Houtman</a>, Dutch explorer (born 1565)</li></ul> <h3>1601–1900</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/1615/uYoqjm4b">1615</a> – <a href="/facts/%25C3%2589tienne_Pasquier/KGoKrat4">Étienne Pasquier</a>, French lawyer and jurist (born 1529)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1646/rhkX29eK">1646</a> – <a href="/facts/Francis_Windebank/s1WGDlmy">Francis Windebank</a>, English statesman (born 1582)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1648/NjDBL0Tp">1648</a> – <a href="/facts/Marin_Mersenne/Yklw7IGN">Marin Mersenne</a>, French mathematician, theologian, and philosopher (born 1588)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1678/q5U9nxLs">1678</a> – <a href="/facts/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger/sKajAMKd">Jan Brueghel the Younger</a>, Flemish painter (born 1601)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1685/raHySqfn">1685</a> – <a href="/facts/Leoline_Jenkins/6Hp1YwWm">Leoline Jenkins</a>, Welsh lawyer, jurist, and politician, <a href="/facts/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Northern_Department/mlM5RVel">Secretary of State for the Northern Department</a> (born 1625)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1687/6CgNqhws">1687</a> – <a href="/facts/Henry_More/cAz6nb6U">Henry More</a>, English priest and philosopher (born 1614)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1706/1DDb8udd">1706</a> – <a href="/facts/Cornelis_de_Man/xcXAIVDP">Cornelis de Man</a>, Dutch painter (born 1621)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1715/M7XLh4kJ">1715</a> – <a href="/facts/Fran%25C3%25A7ois_Girardon/GSb7GnVh">François Girardon</a>, French sculptor (born 1628)</li> <li>1715 – <a href="/facts/Louis_XIV_of_France/2LseeIlj">Louis XIV of France</a> (born 1638)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:102" href="#fn:102"><sup>102</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1838/eNceSVoF">1838</a> – <a href="/facts/William_Clark/I0Rgyx9q">William Clark</a>, American soldier, explorer, and politician, 4th <a href="/facts/List_of_Governors_of_Missouri/sSEQSKSM">Governor of Missouri Territory</a> (born 1770)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1839/D4oVgcgX">1839</a> – <a href="/facts/Izidor_Guzmics/IoDXJB5z">Izidor Guzmics</a>, Hungarian theologian and educator (born 1786)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1868/ASf6q2lV">1868</a> – <a href="/facts/Ferenc_Gyulay/Qmn0EInz">Ferenc Gyulay</a>, Hungarian-Austrian commander and politician (born 1799)</li></ul> <h3>1901–present</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/1914/VNGWH7j3">1914</a> – <a href="/facts/Martha_(passenger_pigeon)/a4sRmoIP">Martha</a>, <a href="/facts/Endling/IsIjFdQ3">last known</a> <a href="/facts/Passenger_pigeon/R0bQfP3p">passenger pigeon</a> (h. 1885)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:103" href="#fn:103"><sup>103</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1922/AFrJQ34X">1922</a> – <a href="/facts/Samu_Pecz/RL6SAGxm">Samu Pecz</a>, Hungarian architect and academic (born 1854)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1924/lArFYWHI">1924</a> – <a href="/facts/Noe_Khomeriki/qsgRyBWA">Noe Khomeriki</a>, Georgian Social Democrat politician (born 1883)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:104" href="#fn:104"><sup>104</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1930/CrbUfsAD">1930</a> – <a href="/facts/Peeter_P%25C3%25B5ld/vowk3cNN">Peeter Põld</a>, Estonian scientist and politician, 1st <a href="/facts/Estonian_Minister_of_Education/fyjXI1s1">Estonian Minister of Education</a> (born 1878)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1943/3DdRsjrn">1943</a> – <a href="/facts/Charles_Atangana/E7J8RJm8">Charles Atangana</a>, Cameroonian ruler (born 1880)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1947/Wy1AYbDz">1947</a> – <a href="/facts/Frederick_Russell_Burnham/MtVGPsXd">Frederick Russell Burnham</a>, American soldier and adventurer (born 1861)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1951/o7KS23e8">1951</a> – <a href="/facts/Nellie_McClung/9J9SjfGC">Nellie McClung</a>, Canadian author and suffragist (born 1873)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:105" href="#fn:105"><sup>105</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1967/dmIuJ9Qy">1967</a> – <a href="/facts/Siegfried_Sassoon/8EfNcNFw">Siegfried Sassoon</a>, English soldier and writer (born 1886)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1969/Qunmv17a">1969</a> – <a href="/facts/Drew_Pearson_(journalist)/Tn2l6I72">Drew Pearson</a>, American journalist and author (born 1897)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1970/zvXkpYmn">1970</a> – <a href="/facts/Fran%25C3%25A7ois_Mauriac/gjlRIw9T">François Mauriac</a>, French novelist, poet, and playwright, <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature/wWVXbIbp">Nobel Prize</a> laureate (born 1885)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1971/436B8JtH">1971</a> – <a href="/facts/Alan_Brown_(British_Army_officer)/PE3BTtr8">Alan Brown</a>, English soldier (born 1909)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1974/yb8hxjWJ">1974</a> – <a href="/facts/Gerd_Neggo/IHc2bQdv">Gerd Neggo</a>, Estonian dancer, dance teacher, and choreographer (born 1891)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1977/wrXpt5jT">1977</a> – <a href="/facts/Ethel_Waters/PvA9zWzM">Ethel Waters</a>, American singer and actress (born 1896)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1981/KMGWH0jA">1981</a> – <a href="/facts/Ann_Harding/PVhvG7y6">Ann Harding</a>, American actress (born 1901)</li> <li>1981 – <a href="/facts/Albert_Speer/VMYu0WaU">Albert Speer</a>, German architect and author (born 1905)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1982/oMGkW7wb">1982</a> – <a href="/facts/Haskell_Curry/PsNUI4Gn">Haskell Curry</a>, American mathematician and academic (born 1900)</li> <li>1982 – <a href="/facts/W%25C5%2582adys%25C5%2582aw_Gomu%25C5%2582ka/5dAFtDke">Władysław Gomułka</a>, Polish activist and politician (born 1905)</li> <li>1982 – <a href="/facts/Isabel_Cristina_Mrad_Campos/5bAzXuW7">Isabel Cristina Mrad Campos</a>, Brazilian student; honored by the <a href="/facts/Catholic_Church/rJ4F4gqH">Catholicism</a> (born <a href="/facts/1962/l6s31Ap3">1962</a>)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:106" href="#fn:106"><sup>106</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:107" href="#fn:107"><sup>107</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/1983/Hh9D0QTA">1983</a> – <a href="/facts/Henry_M._Jackson/cfkXwIRr">Henry M. Jackson</a>, American lawyer and politician (born 1912)</li> <li>1983 – <a href="/facts/Larry_McDonald/aPQDhXuw">Larry McDonald</a>, American physician and politician (born 1935)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1984/JqqEX46m">1984</a> – <a href="/facts/Madeleine_de_Bourbon-Busset/CyMnAoyj">Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset</a>, Duchess of Parma (born 1898)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1985/XsTSpulI">1985</a> – <a href="/facts/Stefan_Bellof/kFE4EcvM">Stefan Bellof</a>, German racing driver (born 1957)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1986/8uT5tERV">1986</a> – <a href="/facts/Murray_Hamilton/znIaVtgU">Murray Hamilton</a>, American actor (born 1923)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1988/VsU0rXfc">1988</a> – <a href="/facts/Luis_Walter_Alvarez/YjnP5cd5">Luis Walter Alvarez</a>, American physicist and academic, <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Nobel Prize</a> laureate (born 1911)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1989/HWvGcTeT">1989</a> – <a href="/facts/A._Bartlett_Giamatti/7sb0v1A2">A. Bartlett Giamatti</a>, American businessman and academic (born 1938)</li> <li>1989 – <a href="/facts/Kazimierz_Deyna/sbJrrzUa">Kazimierz Deyna</a>, Polish footballer (born 1947)</li> <li>1989 – <a href="/facts/Tadeusz_Sendzimir/l7RSnGQ6">Tadeusz Sendzimir</a>, Polish-American engineer (born 1894)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1990/ySbaqvwp">1990</a> – <a href="/facts/Edwin_O._Reischauer/mxQ6vaAD">Edwin O. Reischauer</a>, American scholar and diplomat (born 1910)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1991/2VyD1KeD">1991</a> – <a href="/facts/Otl_Aicher/crfS9oDk">Otl Aicher</a>, German graphic designer and typographer (born 1922)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1997/FSVnuhSn">1997</a> – <a href="/facts/Zolt%25C3%25A1n_Czibor/94g6qNt5">Zoltán Czibor</a>, Hungarian footballer (born 1929)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1998/m0E92lbX">1998</a> – <a href="/facts/J%25C3%25B3zef_Krupi%25C5%2584ski/5HIGXsoJ">Józef Krupiński</a>, Polish poet and author (born 1930)</li> <li>1998 – <a href="/facts/Cary_Middlecoff/QCkNU5Tv">Cary Middlecoff</a>, American golfer and sportscaster (born 1921)</li> <li>1998 – <a href="/facts/Osman_F._Seden/GoJquWGl">Osman F. Seden</a>, Turkish director, producer, and screenwriter (born 1924)</li> <li><a href="/facts/1999/pc1BDf3P">1999</a> – <a href="/facts/W._Richard_Stevens/t5hCDFb3">W. Richard Stevens</a>, Zambian computer scientist and author (born 1951)</li> <li><a href="/facts/2003/jR4SwKlP">2003</a> – <a href="/facts/Rand_Brooks/H1L8lUu1">Rand Brooks</a>, American actor and producer (born 1918)</li> <li>2003 – <a href="/facts/Terry_Frost/teXVIXXH">Terry Frost</a>, English painter and academic (born 1915)</li> <li><a href="/facts/2004/0yE6vkMU">2004</a> – <a href="/facts/Ahmed_Kuftaro/NTVgo1sd">Ahmed Kuftaro</a>, Syrian religious leader, <a href="/facts/Grand_Mufti_of_Syria/Wc5qXHxM">Grand Mufti of Syria</a> (born 1915)</li> <li>2004 – <a href="/facts/Alastair_Morton/QI4455kg">Alastair Morton</a>, South African businessman (born 1938)</li> <li><a href="/facts/2005/gV0sNsas">2005</a> – <a href="/facts/R._L._Burnside/pu4uYnzC">R. L. Burnside</a>, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (born 1926)</li> <li><a href="/facts/2006/3BeSooyh">2006</a> – <a href="/facts/Gy%25C3%25B6rgy_Faludy/DKPlxLBa">György Faludy</a>, Hungarian author and poet (born 1910)</li> <li>2006 – <a href="/facts/Warren_Mitofsky/2Ivk4jPQ">Warren Mitofsky</a>, American journalist (born 1934)</li> <li>2006 – <a href="/facts/Bob_O%2527Connor_(mayor)/lcpDvH4D">Bob O'Connor</a>, American businessman and politician, 57th <a href="/facts/Mayor_of_Pittsburgh/NPM2IgvY">Mayor of Pittsburgh</a> (born 1944)</li> <li>2006 – <a href="/facts/Kyffin_Williams/SetIyWtg">Kyffin Williams</a>, Welsh painter and educator (born 1918)</li> <li><a href="/facts/2007/WjIPeDN1">2007</a> – <a href="/facts/Roy_McKenzie/JmVuPNha">Roy McKenzie</a>, New Zealand horse racer and philanthropist (born 1922)</li> <li><a href="/facts/2008/nrFQTFDH">2008</a> – <a href="/facts/Thomas_J._Bata/YraudVr2">Thomas J. Bata</a>, Czech-Canadian businessman (born 1914)</li> <li>2008 – <a href="/facts/Jerry_Reed/oUGmuUHf">Jerry Reed</a>, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (born 1937)</li> <li><a href="/facts/2010/aNH2Is5x">2010</a> – <a href="/facts/Wakanohana_Kanji_I/KgRIP03h">Wakanohana Kanji I</a>, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 45th <a href="/facts/Makuuchi/swf2hbzq">Yokozuna</a> (born 1928)</li> <li><a href="/facts/2012/XEX1VQNP">2012</a> – <a href="/facts/Sean_Bergin/BaFojdBo">Sean Bergin</a>, South African saxophonist, flute player, and composer (born 1948)</li> <li>2012 – <a href="/facts/Hal_David/N3MKsuw6">Hal David</a>, American songwriter and composer (born 1921)</li> <li>2012 – <a href="/facts/Smarck_Michel/fUMQFcMW">Smarck Michel</a>, Haitian businessman and politician, 6th <a href="/facts/Prime_Minister_of_Haiti/IhRxFFCy">Prime Minister of Haiti</a> (born 1937)</li> <li>2012 – <a href="/facts/William_Petz%25C3%25A4ll/DDTBP07U">William Petzäll</a>, Swedish politician (born 1988)</li> <li>2012 – <a href="/facts/Arnaldo_Putzu/wUDpPtTG">Arnaldo Putzu</a>, Italian illustrator (born 1927)</li> <li><a href="/facts/2013/eQaDXDHl">2013</a> – <a href="/facts/Ignacio_Eizaguirre/zDgQBucX">Ignacio Eizaguirre</a>, Spanish footballer and manager (born 1920)</li> <li>2013 – <a href="/facts/Gordon_Steege/n193onKH">Gordon Steege</a>, Australian soldier (born 1917)</li> <li>2013 – <a href="/facts/Margaret_Mary_Vojtko/eJFz159s">Margaret Mary Vojtko</a>, American linguist and academic (born 1930)</li> <li>2013 – <a href="/facts/Ken_Wallis/wPb9rM0r">Ken Wallis</a>, English commander and pilot (born 1916)</li> <li><a href="/facts/2014/dJ82Jq47">2014</a> – <a href="/facts/Ahmed_Abdi_Godane/xjytGvvu">Ahmed Abdi Godane</a>, Somali militant leader (born 1977)</li> <li>2014 – <a href="/facts/Roger_McKee/0kTfp1Ek">Roger McKee</a>, American baseball player (born 1926)</li> <li>2014 – <a href="/facts/Joseph_Shivers/LxpESatJ">Joseph Shivers</a>, American chemist and academic, developed <a href="/facts/Spandex/rcId3DYb">spandex</a> (born 1920)</li> <li><a href="/facts/2015/bcMDMUaf">2015</a> – <a href="/facts/Gurgen_Dalibaltayan/1bhNsE0A">Gurgen Dalibaltayan</a>, Armenian general (born 1926)</li> <li>2015 – <a href="/facts/Dean_Jones_(actor)/3CmP9AAq">Dean Jones</a>, American actor and singer (born 1931)</li> <li>2015 – <a href="/facts/Richard_G._Hewlett/CAbGTDaN">Richard G. Hewlett</a>, American historian and author (born 1923)</li> <li>2015 – <a href="/facts/Ben_Kuroki/YY8x1hb3">Ben Kuroki</a>, American sergeant and pilot (born 1917)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:108" href="#fn:108"><sup>108</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/2018/dkwRKqoo">2018</a> – <a href="/facts/Randy_Weston/VY1zWPvp">Randy Weston</a>, American jazz pianist and composer (born 1926)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:109" href="#fn:109"><sup>109</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/2020/o49o8AaY">2020</a> – <a href="/facts/Erick_Morillo/FfQ08UYN">Erick Morillo</a>, American disc jockey and music producer (born 1971)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:110" href="#fn:110"><sup>110</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/2022/6xouULBp">2022</a> – <a href="/facts/Barbara_Ehrenreich/5PDf5bwQ">Barbara Ehrenreich</a>, American writer and journalist (born 1941)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:111" href="#fn:111"><sup>111</sup></a></li> <li>2022 – <a href="/facts/Yang_Yongsong/1l8luxYc">Yang Yongsong</a>, Chinese <a href="/facts/Major_general/4v4nzpy7">major general</a> (born 1919)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:112" href="#fn:112"><sup>112</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/2023/xUnp4b0W">2023</a> – <a href="/facts/Jimmy_Buffett/95VGme3g">Jimmy Buffett</a>, American singer-songwriter, musician, author and businessman (born 1946)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:113" href="#fn:113"><sup>113</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/2024/oobtmKEa">2024</a> – <a href="/facts/Linda_Deutsch/dUKVJRIz">Linda Deutsch</a>, American journalist (born 1943)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:114" href="#fn:114"><sup>114</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="holidays-and-observances">Holidays and observances</h2> <ul><li>Christian <a href="/facts/Feast_day/HIapcqYk">feast day</a>: <ul><li><a href="/facts/Constantius_of_Aquino/2wHv666V">Constantius (Costanzo) of Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/David_Pendleton_Oakerhater/14Wq5es8">David Pendleton Oakerhater</a> (<a href="/facts/Anglican_Communion/N8l7GJUE">Anglican Communion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/Saint_Giles/RrsJlUB6">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Isabel_Cristina/5bAzXuW7">Isabel Cristina</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:115" href="#fn:115"><sup>115</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lupus_of_Sens/CtRQxrgr">Loup (Lupus) of Sens</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nivard/t6a44l8S">Nivard (Nivo)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sixtus_of_Reims/VgwYVsM7">Sixtus of Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Terentian/rCfQhYJy">Terentian (Terrence)</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Verena/vvCILdkt">Verena</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Saint_Vibiana/3pDVt1xS">Vibiana</a></li> <li>The beginning of the <a href="/facts/Liturgical_year/jAWrf1uF">new liturgical year</a> (<a href="/facts/Eastern_Orthodox_Church/5n20Akh5">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Catholic_Church/TEupXfEm">Eastern Catholic Church</a>)</li> <li><a href="/facts/September_1_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)/p3qKDuzA">September 1 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Knowledge_Day/Mwsvv7A3">Knowledge Day</a> (Former Soviet Union)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:116" href="#fn:116"><sup>116</sup></a></li> <li>Anniversary of <a href="/facts/Al-Fateh_Revolution/vnwEQLxj">Al Fateh Revolution</a> (<a href="/facts/Gaddafi_loyalism/fpb96nhd">Gaddafists</a> in Libya)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:117" href="#fn:117"><sup>117</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wattle_Day/5IHlcUUR">Wattle Day</a> (Australia)<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:118" href="#fn:118"><sup>118</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to September 1. <ul><li><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1">"On This Day"</a>. BBC.</li> <li></li> <li><a href="https://archive.nytimes.com/learning.blogs.nytimes.com/on-this-day/september-1"><i>The New York Times</i>: On This Day</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.onthisday.com/events/september/1">"Historical Events on September 1"</a>. OnThisDay.com.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Rydbeck, Otto (1946). "Lunds domkyrka, byggnadens och dess inventariers historia enligt de nyaste forskningsresultaten" [Lund Cathedral, the history of the building and its furnishings according to the latest research]. In Newman, Ernst (ed.). Lunds domkyrkas historia 1145–1945 [History of Lund Cathedral 1145–1945] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Svenska kyrkans diakonistyrelses bokförlag. pp. 29–30. <a href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/8073961" target="_blank">http://libris.kb.se/bib/8073961</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Giuseppe Cannonieri, L'assedio di Ancona dell'anno 1174, Tipografia Niccolai 1848, Firenze <a href="https://archive.org/details/lassediodiancon00canngoog" target="_blank">https://archive.org/details/lassediodiancon00canngoog</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Chiara Censi, Stamira. L'eroina di Ancona tra storia e leggenda, Ancona, edizioni laboratorio culturale di Ancona, 2004 <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Paolo Grillo, Le guerre del Barbarossa, Laterza, Bari, 2014 <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>The History of the Siege of Ancona by Boncompagno da Signa (in English) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095501/http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/sources/ancona.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095501/http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/sources/ancona.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Wolf, Uwe, ed. (October 2013). "Claudio Monteverdi: Vespro della Beata Vergine / Marienvesper / Vespers 1610" (PDF). 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