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Jiangsu
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<h2 id="name">Name</h2> <p>Jiangsu's name is a compound of the first elements of the names of the two cities of Jiangning (now <a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a>) and <a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a>. The abbreviation for this province is "苏" (<i>Sū</i>), the second character of its name.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="history">History</h2> <p>During the earliest Chinese dynasties, the area that is now Jiangsu was far away from the center of Chinese civilization, which was in the northwest <a href="/facts/Henan/jCKtYLXv">Henan</a>; it was home of the Huai barbarians (淮夷), an ancient ethnic group. During the <a href="/facts/Zhou_dynasty/70beuGpa">Zhou dynasty</a> more contact was made, and eventually the <a href="/facts/State_of_Wu/x4cMapYP">state of Wu</a> appeared in southern Jiangsu, one of the many hundreds of states that existed across northern and central China at that time. Near the end of the <a href="/facts/Spring_and_Autumn_period/H8klKw2P">Spring and Autumn period</a>, Wu became a great power under <a href="/facts/King_Helu_of_Wu/rR2p5x8N">King Helu of Wu</a>, and defeated in 484 BC the <a href="/facts/State_of_Qi/8X3ayucK">state of Qi</a>, a major power in the north in modern-day <a href="/facts/Shandong/7IyuMEdW">Shandong</a> <a href="/facts/Province/wev3AtEQ">province</a>, and contest for the position of overlord over all states of China. The state of Wu was subjugated in 473 BC by the <a href="/facts/State_of_Yue/mLMJBnnY">state of Yue</a>, another state that had emerged to the south in modern-day <a href="/facts/Zhejiang/TQtpFHdJ">Zhejiang</a> province. Yue was in turn subjugated by the powerful <a href="/facts/State_of_Chu/3Ntzc7lj">state of Chu</a> from the west in 333 BC. Eventually the <a href="/facts/State_of_Qin/m2gNbCq7">state of Qin</a> swept away all the other states, and unified China in 221 BC.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> <p>Under the reign of the <a href="/facts/Han_dynasty/hanfxS9D">Han dynasty</a> (206 BC to 220 AD), Jiangsu was removed from the centers of civilization in the <a href="/facts/North_China_Plain/ms3yMcpJ">North China Plain</a>, and was administered under two <i><a href="/facts/Zhou_(political_division)/GnmVcWyM">zhou</a></i> (provinces): <a href="/facts/Xuzhou_(ancient_China)/XU4DHT8N">Xu</a> Province in the north, and <a href="/facts/Yangzhou_(ancient_China)/oRN75J77">Yang</a> Province in the south. During the <a href="/facts/Three_Kingdoms/VPwdBTMA">Three Kingdoms</a> period, southern Jiangsu became the base of the <a href="/facts/Eastern_Wu/A2TzccAX">Eastern Wu</a> (222 to 280), whose capital, <a href="/facts/Jiankang/GPCdQVSR">Jianye</a> (later renamed to Jiankang), is modern <a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a>. When nomadic invasions overran northern China in the 4th century, the imperial court of the <a href="/facts/Jin_dynasty_(265%25E2%2580%2593420)/prdhqA8X">Jin dynasty</a> moved to Jiankang. Cities in southern and central Jiangsu swelled with the influx of migrants from the north. Jiankang remained as the capital for four successive <a href="/facts/Southern_dynasties/EBrYshfA">Southern dynasties</a> and became the largest commercial and cultural center in China.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <p>After the Sui dynasty united the country in 581, the political center of the country shifted back to the north, but the Grand Canal was built through Jiangsu to link the Central Plains with the prosperous Yangtze Delta. The <a href="/facts/Tang_dynasty/FFhmVfwM">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907) relied on southern Jiangsu for annual deliveries of grain. It was during the <a href="/facts/Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279), which saw the development of a wealthy mercantile class and emergent <a href="/facts/Market_economy/d56S7haK">market economy</a> in China, that <a href="/facts/Jiangnan/5kUcFLxv">Jiangnan</a> (southern Jiangsu, <a href="/facts/Shanghai/nYyuBo2S">Shanghai</a>, and adjacent areas) emerged as a center of <a href="/facts/Trade/S13U8JKr">trade</a>. From then onwards, major cities like <a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a> or <a href="/facts/Yangzhou/l8PuHkrL">Yangzhou</a>, would be synonymous with opulence and luxury in China. Today the region remains one of the richest parts of China. </p><p>The Jurchen <a href="/facts/Jin_dynasty%2c_1115%25E2%2580%25931234/yv1tvwzk">Jin dynasty</a> <a href="/facts/Jingkang_Incident/MexYR1fy">gained control</a> of <a href="/facts/North_China/mmmH3l53">North China</a> in 1127 during the <a href="/facts/Jin_campaigns_against_the_Song_dynasty/fyUE8IIw">Jin-Song wars</a>, and <a href="/facts/Huai_River/dzVdGoWm">Huai River</a>, which used to cut through north Jiangsu to reach the <a href="/facts/Yellow_Sea/0T615mgC">Yellow Sea</a>, was the border between the north, under the Jin, and the south, under the <a href="/facts/Southern_Song_dynasty/FxV5bXS5">Southern Song dynasty</a>. The Mongols took control of China in the thirteenth century. The <a href="/facts/Ming_dynasty/p3bSVwUH">Ming dynasty</a>, which was established in 1368 after driving out the <a href="/facts/Mongols/fb4zx1s8">Mongols</a> who had occupied China, initially put its capital in <a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a>. Regions surrounding Nanjing, corresponding to Jiangsu and Anhui today, were designated as <a href="/facts/Nanzhili/yLy8LkEK">Nanzhili</a> province (literally "southern directly governed"). Following a coup by Zhu Di (later, the <a href="/facts/Yongle_Emperor/5dRoyxpU">Yongle Emperor</a>), however, the capital was moved to <a href="/facts/Beijing/Bg4puFBv">Beijing</a>, far to the north, although Nanjing kept its status as the southern capital. In late Ming, Jiangnan continued to be an important center of trade in China; some historians see in the flourishing <a href="/facts/Textiles/PJrVeM5S">textiles</a> industry at the time incipient <a href="/facts/Industrialization/h3QXzS6C">industrialization</a> and <a href="/facts/Capitalism/FbPc6TTw">capitalism</a>, a trend that was however aborted. </p> <p>The <a href="/facts/Qing_dynasty/5j6r4p5m">Qing dynasty</a> converted Nanzhili to "Jiangnan province"; in 1666 Jiangsu and Anhui were split apart as separate provinces. Jiangsu's borders have been for the most part stable since then. </p><p>With the start of Western incursion into China in the 1840s, the rich and mercantile <a href="/facts/Yangtze_Delta/nkrNkRoY">Yangtze River Delta</a> was increasingly exposed to Western influence; <a href="/facts/Shanghai/nYyuBo2S">Shanghai</a>, originally an unremarkable little town of Jiangsu, quickly developed into a metropolis of trade, banking, and cosmopolitanism, and was split out later as an independent municipality. Jiangnan also figures strongly in the <a href="/facts/Taiping_Rebellion/2jcD49yd">Taiping Rebellion</a> (1851 – 1864), a massive and deadly rebellion that attempted to set up a <a href="/facts/Christianity/nKyJHlqq">Christian</a> <a href="/facts/Theocracy/RHWYhm6s">theocracy</a> in China; it started far to the south, in <a href="/facts/Guangdong/wvjsjdb1">Guangdong</a> province, swept through much of South China, and by 1853, had established Nanjing as its capital, renamed as Tianjing (天京 "Heavenly Capital"). </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Republic_of_China_(1912%25E2%2580%259349)/NgEhkXWz">Republic of China</a> was established in 1912,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:13" href="#fn:13"><sup>13</sup></a> and China was soon torn apart by warlords. Jiangsu changed hands several times, but in April 1927, <a href="/facts/Chiang_Kai-shek/dXkvQU17">Chiang Kai-shek</a> established a government at <a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a>; he was soon able to bring most of China under his control. This was however interrupted by the <a href="/facts/Second_Sino-Japanese_War/QgPmgfHa">second Sino-Japanese War</a>, which began full-scale in 1937; on December 13, 1937, Nanjing fell, and the combined atrocities of the occupying Japanese for the next three months would come to be known as the <a href="/facts/Rape_of_Nanjing/8g3dnRUH">Rape of Nanjing</a>, after which it became the seat of the <a href="/facts/Wang_Jingwei_regime/hUnTPUVq">collaborationist government of East China</a> under <a href="/facts/Wang_Jingwei/mcvbpfSg">Wang Jingwei</a>, and most of Jiangsu remained under Japanese occupation until the end of the war in 1945. </p><p>After the war, Nanjing was once again the capital of the Republic of China, though now the <a href="/facts/Chinese_Civil_War/FML5ckX5">Chinese Civil War</a> had broken out between the <a href="/facts/Kuomintang/jxHMXkAo">Kuomintang</a> government and <a href="/facts/Chinese_Communist_Party/MwS3Togt">Communist forces</a>, based further north, mostly in <a href="/facts/Northeast_China/d679urKB">Northeast China</a>. The decisive <a href="/facts/Huaihai_Campaign/5QxYp3u8">Huaihai Campaign</a> was fought in northern Jiangsu; it resulted in Kuomintang defeat, and the communists were soon able to cross the <a href="/facts/Yangtze_River/f9A2h4rQ">Yangtze River</a> and take Nanjing. The Kuomintang fled southward and eventually ended up in <a href="/facts/Taipei/uxB89v54">Taipei</a>, from which the Republic of China government continues to administer <a href="/facts/Taiwan/VcJoUD8w">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/facts/Penghu/D4jFNs8o">Pescadores</a>, and its neighboring islands, though it also continues to claim (technically, at least) Nanjing as its rightful <i>de jure</i> capital. </p><p>After the communist takeover, <a href="/facts/Beijing/Bg4puFBv">Beijing</a> (formerly Peiping) was made capital of the People's Republic, and Nanjing was demoted to be the provincial capital of Jiangsu. The <a href="/facts/Chinese_economic_reform/fhdC9JDe">economic reforms</a> of <a href="/facts/Deng_Xiaoping/qloJ6G8m">Deng Xiaoping</a> initially focused on the south coast of China, in <a href="/facts/Guangdong/wvjsjdb1">Guangdong</a> province, which soon left Jiangsu behind; starting from the 1990s they were applied more evenly to the rest of China. <a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a> and <a href="/facts/Wuxi/Lw1r33n7">Wuxi</a>, two southern cities of Jiangsu in close proximity to neighboring <a href="/facts/Shanghai/nYyuBo2S">Shanghai</a>, have since become particularly prosperous, being among the top 10 cities in China in terms of <a href="/facts/Gross_domestic_product/zQRgyFKc">gross domestic product</a> and outstripping the provincial capital of Nanjing. The income disparity between northern and southern Jiangsu however remains large. </p> <h2 id="geography">Geography</h2> <p>Jiangsu is flat, with plains covering 68 percent of its total area (water covers another 18 percent). Most of the province stands not more than 50 meters (160 ft) <a href="/facts/Above_mean_sea_level/Aqv1HLP2">above sea level</a>. Jiangsu also has a well-developed irrigation system, which earned it (especially the southern half) the moniker of <a href="/facts/Traditional_Chinese_characters/bBFLkuz7">traditional Chinese</a>: 水鄕; <a href="/facts/Simplified_Chinese_characters/UcAD6xXs">simplified Chinese</a>: 水乡 (<i>shuǐxiāng</i> "land of water"). The southern city of <a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a> has so many canals that it has been dubbed "<a href="/facts/List_of_places_called_Venice_of_the_East/aQtMMFoh">Venice of the East</a>" or the "Venice of the Orient".<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:14" href="#fn:14"><sup>14</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:15" href="#fn:15"><sup>15</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Grand_Canal_of_China/L4D8JKw5">Grand Canal of China</a> cuts through Jiangsu from north to south, crossing all the east–west river systems. Jiangsu also borders the <a href="/facts/Yellow_Sea/0T615mgC">Yellow Sea</a>. The <a href="/facts/Yangtze_River/f9A2h4rQ">Yangtze River</a>, the longest river of China, cuts through the province in the south and reaches the <a href="/facts/East_China_Sea/LpC6wxIu">East China Sea</a>, which divides the region into two parts: more urban, prosperous south and more poorer, rural north, and these two parts has a tense division.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:16" href="#fn:16"><sup>16</sup></a> <a href="/facts/Mount_Huaguo_(Jiangsu)/mLmml3kN">Mount Huaguo</a>, near the city of <a href="/facts/Lianyungang/YcbAxf9W">Lianyungang</a>, is the highest point in Jiangsu, at an altitude of 625 meters (2,051 ft) <a href="/facts/Above_sea_level/Aqv1HLP2">above sea level</a>. Large lakes in Jiangsu include <a href="/facts/Lake_Tai/zxVnnK6L">Lake Tai</a> (the largest), <a href="/facts/Lake_Hongze/08oYKINP">Lake Hongze</a>, <a href="/facts/Lake_Gaoyou/6UX9GCkx">Lake Gaoyou</a>, Lake Luoma, and <a href="/facts/Lake_Yangcheng/R9bKrcY0">Lake Yangcheng</a>. </p><p>Before 1194 A.D., the <a href="/facts/Huai_River/dzVdGoWm">Huai River</a> cut through north Jiangsu to reach the <a href="/facts/Yellow_Sea/0T615mgC">Yellow Sea</a>. The Huai River is a major river in central China, and it was the traditional border between <a href="/facts/North_China_and_South_China/p7vVbT3e">North China and South China</a>. Since 1194 A.D., the <a href="/facts/Yellow_River/LajkLtUU">Yellow River</a> further to the north changed its course several times, running into the <a href="/facts/Huai_River/dzVdGoWm">Huai River</a> in north Jiangsu each time instead of its other usual path northwards into <a href="/facts/Bohai_Bay/pr6YGwnV">Bohai Bay</a>. The silting caused by the <a href="/facts/Yellow_River/LajkLtUU">Yellow River</a> was so heavy that after its last episode of "hijacking" the Huai River ended in 1855: the Huai River was no longer able to go through its usual path into the sea. Instead it flooded, pooled up (thereby forming and enlarging <a href="/facts/Lake_Hongze/08oYKINP">Lake Hongze</a> and <a href="/facts/Lake_Gaoyou/6UX9GCkx">Lake Gaoyou</a>), and flowed southwards through the <a href="/facts/Grand_Canal_of_China/L4D8JKw5">Grand Canal</a> into the <a href="/facts/Yangtze_River/f9A2h4rQ">Yangtze</a>. The old path of the <a href="/facts/Huai_River/dzVdGoWm">Huai River</a> is now marked by a series of <a href="/facts/Irrigation/RWX5PEgK">irrigation</a> channels, the most significant of which is the <a href="/facts/North_Jiangsu_Main_Irrigation_Canal/IkDy5rAQ">North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal</a> (<a href="/facts/Traditional_Chinese_characters/bBFLkuz7">traditional Chinese</a>: 蘇北灌溉總渠; <a href="/facts/Simplified_Chinese_characters/UcAD6xXs">simplified Chinese</a>: 苏北灌溉总渠), which channels a small amount of the water of the <a href="/facts/Huai_River/dzVdGoWm">Huai River</a> alongside south of its old path into the sea. </p> <p>Most of Jiangsu has a <a href="/facts/Humid_subtropical_climate/vr1kMhwS">humid subtropical climate</a> (<i>Cfa</i> or <i>Cwa</i> in the <a href="/facts/K%25C3%25B6ppen_climate_classification/VDcr86hF">Köppen climate classification</a>), beginning to transition into a <a href="/facts/Humid_continental_climate/m5J175oK">humid continental climate</a> (Köppen <i>Dwa</i>) in the far north. Seasonal changes are clear-cut, with temperatures at an average of −1 to 4 °C (30 to 39 °F) in January and 26 to 29 °C (79 to 84 °F) in July. Rain falls frequently between spring and summer (<i><a href="/facts/Meiyu/A9mRRyUC">meiyu</a></i>), <a href="/facts/Typhoon/xGfFa6H7">typhoons</a> with <a href="/facts/Rainstorm/MLqcQEyx">rainstorms</a> occur in late summer and early autumn. As with the rest of the coast, tornados are possible. The annual average rainfall is 800 to 1,200 millimeters (31 to 47 in), concentrated mostly in summer during the southeast <a href="/facts/Monsoon/0a2o484v">monsoon</a>. </p> <h3>Climate change in Jiangsu</h3> <p>Due to its flat terrain, low altitude, and dense population, Jiangsu is one of the most vulnerable regions in China to <a href="/facts/Climate_change_in_China/BGl8dQUg">climate change</a> and its ensuing <a href="/facts/Sea_level_rise/Pb5MGJxb">sea level rise</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:17" href="#fn:17"><sup>17</sup></a> According to the data collected by the Center of Climate Change in Jiangsu from 1961 to 2007, on average, the province experiences an temperature increase between 0.16 and 0.45 Celsius per 10 years and total precipitation change between -28.7 and 37.09 mm per 10 years. <a href="/facts/Extreme_weather/gzcNR4BC">Extreme weather</a> have become stronger and more common. Jiangsu's <a href="/facts/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture/ru4tQClx">agriculture</a>, <a href="/facts/Ecosystem/kVE8mSmR">ecosystem</a>, <a href="/facts/Water_resources/2j7FJlLE">water resource</a>, transportation, and <a href="/facts/Coastal_erosion/nIj8kCHP">coastline</a> are all negatively impacted. The speed of sea level rise exceeds the world's average by a large margin.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:18" href="#fn:18"><sup>18</sup></a> </p><p>Specifically, a ranking on climate change risk of global regions released in early 2023 by The Cross Dependency Initiative (XDI) puts Jiangsu as the most vulnerable of the entire world.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:19" href="#fn:19"><sup>19</sup></a> Jiangsu is at more risk due to its extensive <a href="/facts/Built_environment/BdyKv5bK">industrial, trade, residential, and commercial development</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:20" href="#fn:20"><sup>20</sup></a> </p><p>In response to climate disturbance across the country, the fourteenth <a href="/facts/Five-year_plans_of_China/9hw6jsQH">five-year plan</a>, endorsed by the National People's Congress in 2021, indicates the general direction and various steps towards a low-carbon transition.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:21" href="#fn:21"><sup>21</sup></a> On a provincial level, the Jiangsu government aims to achieve an 18% carbon dioxide decrease per unit GDP and accelerate the development of a green, low-carbon economy, as indicated in the 14th five-year development. The province also plans to recover the damaged coastal regions such as <a href="/facts/Lianyungang/YcbAxf9W">Lianyugang</a> and <a href="/facts/Yancheng/RWzYPENe">Yancheng</a>, and improve resilience against rising sea level by implementing <a href="/facts/Seawall/mccVfcKm">seawalls</a> and river <a href="/facts/Floodgate/5aKxz5pz">floodgates</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:22" href="#fn:22"><sup>22</sup></a> </p><p>Major cities:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:23" href="#fn:23"><sup>23</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Wuxi/Lw1r33n7">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Xuzhou/aNWWaty1">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Changzhou/aEGnz2M5">Changzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Yangzhou/l8PuHkrL">Yangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Lianyungang/YcbAxf9W">Lianyungang</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Yancheng/RWzYPENe">Yancheng</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Zhenjiang/0j18UP7v">Zhenjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nantong/eXvxoj4Q">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Huai%2527an/jTGwQV3k">Huai'an</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Taizhou%2c_Jiangsu/yE8rLlcK">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Suqian/kl0o88bH">Suqian</a></li></ul> <h2 id="administrative-divisions">Administrative divisions</h2> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Jiangsu/jkzGmbb2">List of administrative divisions of Jiangsu</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_township-level_divisions_of_Jiangsu/zyudWBq6">List of township-level divisions of Jiangsu</a></p> <p>Jiangsu is divided into thirteen <a href="/facts/Prefecture-level_division/wvPGXDMD">prefecture-level divisions</a>, all <a href="/facts/Prefecture-level_city/qINdybtc">prefecture-level cities</a> (including a <a href="/facts/Sub-provincial_divisions_in_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China/gpAAf4A4">sub-provincial city</a>): </p> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="9">Administrative divisions of Jiangsu</th></tr><tr><td colspan="9"><a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a><a href="/facts/Wuxi/Lw1r33n7">Wuxi</a><a href="/facts/Xuzhou/aNWWaty1">Xuzhou</a><a href="/facts/Changzhou/aEGnz2M5">Changzhou</a><a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a><a href="/facts/Nantong/eXvxoj4Q">Nantong</a><a href="/facts/Lianyungang/YcbAxf9W">Lianyungang</a><a href="/facts/Huai%2527an/jTGwQV3k">Huai'an</a><a href="/facts/Yancheng/RWzYPENe">Yancheng</a><a href="/facts/Yangzhou/l8PuHkrL">Yangzhou</a><a href="/facts/Zhenjiang/0j18UP7v">Zhenjiang</a><a href="/facts/Taizhou%2c_Jiangsu/yE8rLlcK">Taizhou</a><a href="/facts/Suqian/kl0o88bH">Suqian</a><i><a href="/facts/Shanghai/nYyuBo2S">Shanghai</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="col" rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Administrative_division_codes_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China/BlH8htaE">Division code</a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:24" href="#fn:24"><sup>24</sup></a></th><th scope="col" rowspan="2">Division</th><th scope="col" rowspan="2">Area in km2<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:25" href="#fn:25"><sup>25</sup></a></th><th scope="col" rowspan="2">Population 2020<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:26" href="#fn:26"><sup>26</sup></a></th><th scope="col" rowspan="2">Seat</th><th scope="col" colspan="3">Divisions<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:27" href="#fn:27"><sup>27</sup></a></th></tr><tr><th scope="col"><a href="/facts/District_(China)/Kjntjonc">Districts</a></th><th scope="col"><a href="/facts/Counties_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China/lF6P9Pvb">Counties</a></th><th scope="col"><a href="/facts/County-level_city/2xDSg84X">CL cities</a></th></tr><tr><th>320000</th><th>Jiangsu Province</th><td>102,600.00</td><td>84,748,016</td><td><a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a> city</td><td>55</td><td>19</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><th>320100</th><th><a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a> city</th><td>6,582.31</td><td>9,314,685</td><td><a href="/facts/Xuanwu_District%2c_Nanjing/5HFII4J9">Xuanwu District</a></td><td>11</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>320200</th><th><a href="/facts/Wuxi/Lw1r33n7">Wuxi</a> city</th><td>4,787.61</td><td>7,462,135</td><td><a href="/facts/Liangxi_District/UWxl4drc">Binhu District</a></td><td>5</td><td></td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th>320300</th><th><a href="/facts/Xuzhou/aNWWaty1">Xuzhou</a> city</th><td>11,764.88</td><td>9,083,790</td><td><a href="/facts/Yunlong_District/rbb7MLIf">Yunlong District</a></td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th>320400</th><th><a href="/facts/Changzhou/aEGnz2M5">Changzhou</a> city</th><td>4,384.57</td><td>5,278,121</td><td><a href="/facts/Xinbei_District/ds6c54Sy">Xinbei District</a></td><td>5</td><td></td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th>320500</th><th><a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a> city</th><td>8,488.42</td><td>12,748,262</td><td><a href="/facts/Gusu_District/NDLsfkk8">Gusu District</a></td><td>5</td><td></td><td>4</td></tr><tr><th>320600</th><th><a href="/facts/Nantong/eXvxoj4Q">Nantong</a> city</th><td>8,001.00</td><td>7,726,635</td><td><a href="/facts/Chongchuan_District/eVKPfhFQ">Chongchuan District</a></td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><th>320700</th><th><a href="/facts/Lianyungang/YcbAxf9W">Lianyungang</a> city</th><td>7,615.29</td><td>4,599,360</td><td><a href="/facts/Haizhou_District%2c_Lianyungang/8n5FjYBe">Haizhou District</a></td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>320800</th><th><a href="/facts/Huai%2527an/jTGwQV3k">Huai'an</a> city</th><td>9,949.97</td><td>4,556,230</td><td><a href="/facts/Qingjiangpu_District/9Q1F1Bjw">Qingjiangpu District</a></td><td>4</td><td>3</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>320900</th><th><a href="/facts/Yancheng/RWzYPENe">Yancheng</a> city</th><td>16,972.42</td><td>6,709,629</td><td><a href="/facts/Tinghu_District/KWQ1W0el">Tinghu District</a></td><td>3</td><td>5</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th>321000</th><th><a href="/facts/Yangzhou/l8PuHkrL">Yangzhou</a> city</th><td>6,591.21</td><td>4,559,797</td><td><a href="/facts/Hanjiang_District%2c_Yangzhou/hd9CDny3">Hanjiang District</a></td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th>321100</th><th><a href="/facts/Zhenjiang/0j18UP7v">Zhenjiang</a> city</th><td>3,840.32</td><td>3,210,418</td><td><a href="/facts/Jingkou_District/eudVm6jt">Jingkou District</a></td><td>3</td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><th>321200</th><th><a href="/facts/Taizhou%2c_Jiangsu/yE8rLlcK">Taizhou</a> city</th><td>5,787.26</td><td>4,512,762</td><td><a href="/facts/Hailing_District/9kaYEeI4">Hailing District</a></td><td>3</td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><th>321300</th><th><a href="/facts/Suqian/kl0o88bH">Suqian</a> city</th><td>8,555.00</td><td>4,986,192</td><td><a href="/facts/Sucheng_District/pX8Nezs9">Sucheng District</a></td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="11"> <a href="/facts/Sub-provincial_divisions_in_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China/gpAAf4A4">Sub-provincial cities</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="5">Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations</th></tr><tr><th>English</th><th>Chinese</th><th>Pinyin</th><th>Wu Romanization</th><th>Jiang–Huai (Langjin Pinin)</th></tr><tr><td>Jiangsu Province</td><td>江苏省</td><td><i>Jiāngsū Shěng</i></td><td><i>kaon sou san</i></td><td><i>Jiang1 su1 Sen3</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a> city</td><td>南京市</td><td><i>Nánjīng Shì</i></td><td><i>noe cin zy</i></td><td><i>Lang2 jin1 Shr4</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Wuxi/Lw1r33n7">Wuxi</a> city</td><td>无锡市</td><td><i>Wúxī Shì</i></td><td><i>vu sih zy</i></td><td><i>U2 si5 Shr4</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Xuzhou/aNWWaty1">Xuzhou</a> city</td><td>徐州市</td><td><i>Xúzhōu Shì</i></td><td><i>zi tseu zy</i></td><td><i>Sü2 zhou1 Shr4</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Changzhou/aEGnz2M5">Changzhou</a> city</td><td>常州市</td><td><i>Chángzhōu Shì</i></td><td><i>zan tseu zy</i></td><td><i>Chang2 zhou1 Shr4</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a> city</td><td>苏州市</td><td><i>Sūzhōu Shì</i></td><td><i>sou tseu zy</i></td><td><i>Su1 zhou1 Shr4</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Nantong/eXvxoj4Q">Nantong</a> city</td><td>南通市</td><td><i>Nántōng Shì</i></td><td><i>noe thon zy</i></td><td><i>Lang2 tong1 Shr4</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Lianyungang/YcbAxf9W">Lianyungang</a> city</td><td>连云港市</td><td><i>Liányúngǎng Shì</i></td><td><i>lie yuin kaon zy</i></td><td><i>Liän2 üin2 gang3 Shr4</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Huai%2527an/jTGwQV3k">Huai'an</a> city</td><td>淮安市</td><td><i>Huái'ān Shì</i></td><td><i>wa oe zy</i></td><td><i>Huä2 ang1 Shr4</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Yancheng/RWzYPENe">Yancheng</a> city</td><td>盐城市</td><td><i>Yánchéng Shì</i></td><td><i>yie zen zy</i></td><td><i>Iän2 chen2 Shr4</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Yangzhou/l8PuHkrL">Yangzhou</a> city</td><td>扬州市</td><td><i>Yángzhōu Shì</i></td><td><i>yan tseu zy</i></td><td><i>Iang2 zhou1 Shr4</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Zhenjiang/0j18UP7v">Zhenjiang</a> city</td><td>镇江市</td><td><i>Zhènjiāng Shì</i></td><td><i>tsen kaon zy</i></td><td><i>Zhen4 jang1 Shr4</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Taizhou%2c_Jiangsu/yE8rLlcK">Taizhou</a> city</td><td>泰州市</td><td><i>Tàizhōu Shì</i></td><td><i>tha tseu zy</i></td><td><i>Tä4 zhou1 Shr4</i></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/facts/Suqian/kl0o88bH">Suqian</a> city</td><td>宿迁市</td><td><i>Sùqiān Shì</i></td><td><i>soh tshie zy</i></td><td><i>Su5 ciän1 Shr4</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These prefecture-level cities are in turn subdivided into 95 <a href="/facts/County-level_division/wvPGXDMD">county-level divisions</a> (55 <a href="/facts/District_of_China/Kjntjonc">districts</a>, 21 <a href="/facts/County-level_cities/2xDSg84X">county-level cities</a>, and 19 <a href="/facts/County_(People%2527s_Republic_of_China)/lF6P9Pvb">counties</a>). Those are in turn divided into 1,237 <a href="/facts/Administrative_divisions_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China/wvPGXDMD">township-level divisions</a> (699 <a href="/facts/Town_(China)/2NSd1l9R">towns</a>, 19 <a href="/facts/Townships_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China/w8a8Wps6">townships</a>, and 519 <a href="/facts/Subdistricts_of_China/2ByR18a6">subdistricts</a>). At the end of the year 2021, the total population was 85.05 million.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:28" href="#fn:28"><sup>28</sup></a> </p> <h3>Urban areas</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="5">Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities</th></tr><tr><th>No.</th><th>Cities</th><th>2020 Urban area<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:29" href="#fn:29"><sup>29</sup></a></th><th>2010 Urban area<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:30" href="#fn:30"><sup>30</sup></a></th><th>2020 City proper</th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a></td><td>8,085,241</td><td>5,827,888<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:31" href="#fn:31"><sup>31</sup></a></td><td>9,314,685</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a></td><td>5,892,892</td><td>3,302,152<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:32" href="#fn:32"><sup>32</sup></a></td><td>12,748,262</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Wuxi/Lw1r33n7">Wuxi</a></td><td>3,956,985</td><td>2,757,736</td><td>7,462,135</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Changzhou/aEGnz2M5">Changzhou</a></td><td>3,572,349</td><td>2,257,376<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:33" href="#fn:33"><sup>33</sup></a></td><td>5,278,121</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><a href="/facts/Xuzhou/aNWWaty1">Xuzhou</a></td><td>2,517,693</td><td>1,735,166<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:34" href="#fn:34"><sup>34</sup></a></td><td>9,083,790</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td><a href="/facts/Nantong/eXvxoj4Q">Nantong</a></td><td>1,993,344<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:35" href="#fn:35"><sup>35</sup></a></td><td>1,612,385</td><td>7,726,635</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td><a href="/facts/Yangzhou/l8PuHkrL">Yangzhou</a></td><td>1,846,656</td><td>1,077,531<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:36" href="#fn:36"><sup>36</sup></a></td><td>4,559,797</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td><a href="/facts/Yancheng/RWzYPENe">Yancheng</a></td><td>1,678,542</td><td>1,136,826<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:37" href="#fn:37"><sup>37</sup></a></td><td>6,709,629</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td><a href="/facts/Kunshan/2SNyRCIf">Kunshan</a></td><td>1,652,159</td><td>1,118,617</td><td><i>see Suzhou</i></td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td><a href="/facts/Huai%2527an/jTGwQV3k">Huai'an</a></td><td>1,561,105</td><td>1,523,655<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:38" href="#fn:38"><sup>38</sup></a></td><td>4,556,230</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td><a href="/facts/Lianyungang/YcbAxf9W">Lianyungang</a></td><td>1,395,701</td><td>897,393<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:39" href="#fn:39"><sup>39</sup></a></td><td>4,599,360</td></tr><tr><td>12</td><td><a href="/facts/Jiangyin/M6uEA4Y1">Jiangyin</a></td><td>1,331,352</td><td>1,013,670</td><td><i>see Wuxi</i></td></tr><tr><td>13</td><td><a href="/facts/Changshu/MPySoSN0">Changshu</a></td><td>1,230,599</td><td>929,124</td><td><i>see Suzhou</i></td></tr><tr><td>14</td><td><a href="/facts/Taizhou%2c_Jiangsu/yE8rLlcK">Taizhou</a></td><td>1,140,206</td><td>676,877<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:40" href="#fn:40"><sup>40</sup></a></td><td>4,512,762</td></tr><tr><td>15</td><td><a href="/facts/Zhenjiang/0j18UP7v">Zhenjiang</a></td><td>1,123,813</td><td>950,516</td><td>3,210,418</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td><a href="/facts/Zhangjiagang/rcDdUcSv">Zhangjiagang</a></td><td>1,055,893</td><td>762,625</td><td><i>see Suzhou</i></td></tr><tr><td>17</td><td><a href="/facts/Suqian/kl0o88bH">Suqian</a></td><td>940,921</td><td>783,376</td><td>4,986,192</td></tr><tr><td>18</td><td><a href="/facts/Yixing/mJFIrVVh">Yixing</a></td><td>889,871</td><td>710,497</td><td><i>see Wuxi</i></td></tr><tr><td>19</td><td><a href="/facts/Pizhou/sGjtjq0I">Pizhou</a></td><td>850,815</td><td>631,572</td><td><i>see Xuzhou</i></td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td><a href="/facts/Danyang%2c_Jiangsu/zMsj5b6S">Danyang</a></td><td>792,584</td><td>500,572</td><td><i>see Zhenjiang</i></td></tr><tr><td>21</td><td><a href="/facts/Rugao/zShqEsDd">Rugao</a></td><td>761,879</td><td>614,909</td><td><i>see Nantong</i></td></tr><tr><td>22</td><td><a href="/facts/Xinghua%2c_Jiangsu/BCgKlDrg">Xinghua</a></td><td>649,849</td><td>575,288</td><td><i>see Taizhou</i></td></tr><tr><td>23</td><td><a href="/facts/Taixing/u48qtW7m">Taixing</a></td><td>619,033</td><td>553,079</td><td><i>see Taizhou</i></td></tr><tr><td>24</td><td><a href="/facts/Hai%2527an/tFIEAlho">Hai'an</a></td><td>601,165</td><td><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:41" href="#fn:41"><sup>41</sup></a></td><td><i>see Nantong</i></td></tr><tr><td>25</td><td><a href="/facts/Taicang/2Rlf02LQ">Taicang</a></td><td>586,830</td><td>435,225</td><td><i>see Suzhou</i></td></tr><tr><td>26</td><td><a href="/facts/Qidong_City/PtT9wBkP">Qidong</a></td><td>580,157</td><td>479,243</td><td><i>see Nantong</i></td></tr><tr><td>27</td><td><a href="/facts/Xinyi%2c_Jiangsu/ywF2CrT8">Xinyi</a></td><td>549,911</td><td>402,169</td><td><i>see Xuzhou</i></td></tr><tr><td>28</td><td><a href="/facts/Dongtai/Aga5AlaC">Dongtai</a></td><td>524,562</td><td>489,815</td><td><i>see Yancheng</i></td></tr><tr><td>29</td><td><a href="/facts/Liyang/DWqEzVw3">Liyang</a></td><td>495,507</td><td>368,409</td><td><i>see Changzhou</i></td></tr><tr><td>30</td><td><a href="/facts/Jingjiang/h1PPHpyM">Jingjiang</a></td><td>453,970</td><td>388,119</td><td><i>see Taizhou</i></td></tr><tr><td>31</td><td><a href="/facts/Gaoyou/nj7za9mI">Gaoyou</a></td><td>422,816</td><td>341,069</td><td><i>see Yangzhou</i></td></tr><tr><td>32</td><td><a href="/facts/Jurong%2c_Jiangsu/2kplqJwM">Jurong</a></td><td>412,996</td><td>299,033</td><td><i>see Zhenjiang</i></td></tr><tr><td>33</td><td><a href="/facts/Yizheng/1KbHQexU">Yizheng</a></td><td>356,995</td><td>271,969</td><td><i>see Yangzhou</i></td></tr><tr><td>34</td><td><a href="/facts/Yangzhong/BwUCdr78">Yangzhong</a></td><td>221,434</td><td>179,771</td><td><i>see Zhenjiang</i></td></tr><tr><td>—</td><td><a href="/facts/Haimen%2c_Nantong/VTwbwvKc">Haimen</a></td><td>661,983<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:42" href="#fn:42"><sup>42</sup></a></td><td>453,781</td><td><i>see Nantong</i></td></tr><tr><td>—</td><td><a href="/facts/Wujiang_District%2c_Suzhou/8cUqN5ll">Wujiang</a></td><td><i>see Suzhou</i></td><td>781,771<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:43" href="#fn:43"><sup>43</sup></a></td><td><i>see Suzhou</i></td></tr><tr><td>—</td><td><a href="/facts/Jiangdu_District/UJSQd94G">Jiangdu</a></td><td><i>see Yangzhou</i></td><td>506,706<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:44" href="#fn:44"><sup>44</sup></a></td><td><i>see Yangzhou</i></td></tr><tr><td>—</td><td><a href="/facts/Jiangyan_District/xgfbykn7">Jiangyan</a></td><td><i>see Taizhou</i></td><td>376,724<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:45" href="#fn:45"><sup>45</sup></a></td><td><i>see Taizhou</i></td></tr><tr><td>—</td><td><a href="/facts/Dafeng_District/2HqBSYC4">Dafeng</a></td><td><i>see Yancheng</i></td><td>347,389<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:46" href="#fn:46"><sup>46</sup></a></td><td><i>see Yancheng</i></td></tr><tr><td>—</td><td><a href="/facts/Jintan_District/hFgeqJPt">Jintan</a></td><td><i>see Changzhou</i></td><td>275,185<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:47" href="#fn:47"><sup>47</sup></a></td><td><i>see Changzhou</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="10"> Most populous cities in JiangsuSource: <i>China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018</i> Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:48" href="#fn:48"><sup>48</sup></a></th></tr><tr><th>Rank</th><th></th><th>Pop.</th><th>Rank</th><th></th><th>Pop.</th></tr><tr><td>1</td><td><a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a></td><td>6,572,000</td><td>11</td><td><a href="/facts/Taizhou%2c_Jiangsu/yE8rLlcK">Taizhou</a></td><td>967,600</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td><a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a></td><td>3,572,500</td><td>12</td><td><a href="/facts/Zhenjiang/0j18UP7v">Zhenjiang</a></td><td>888,500</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td><a href="/facts/Wuxi/Lw1r33n7">Wuxi</a></td><td>2,588,400</td><td>13</td><td><a href="/facts/Suqian/kl0o88bH">Suqian</a></td><td>823,900</td></tr><tr><td>4</td><td><a href="/facts/Changzhou/aEGnz2M5">Changzhou</a></td><td>2,340,700</td><td>14</td><td><a href="/facts/Kunshan/2SNyRCIf">Kunshan</a></td><td>527,400</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td><a href="/facts/Xuzhou/aNWWaty1">Xuzhou</a></td><td>2,066,900</td><td>15</td><td><a href="/facts/Yixing/mJFIrVVh">Yixing</a></td><td>510,400</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td><a href="/facts/Nantong/eXvxoj4Q">Nantong</a></td><td>1,634,100</td><td>16</td><td><a href="/facts/Changshu/MPySoSN0">Changshu</a></td><td>436,500</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td><a href="/facts/Huai%2527an/jTGwQV3k">Huai'an</a></td><td>1,604,500</td><td>17</td><td><a href="/facts/Pizhou/sGjtjq0I">Pizhou</a></td><td>405,000</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td><a href="/facts/Yancheng/RWzYPENe">Yancheng</a></td><td>1,342,700</td><td>18</td><td><a href="/facts/Zhangjiagang/rcDdUcSv">Zhangjiagang</a></td><td>384,000</td></tr><tr><td>9</td><td><a href="/facts/Yangzhou/l8PuHkrL">Yangzhou</a></td><td>1,219,400</td><td>19</td><td><a href="/facts/Jiangyin/M6uEA4Y1">Jiangyin</a></td><td>382,500</td></tr><tr><td>10</td><td><a href="/facts/Lianyungang/YcbAxf9W">Lianyungang</a></td><td>1,102,000</td><td>20</td><td><a href="/facts/Danyang%2c_Jiangsu/zMsj5b6S">Danyang</a></td><td>364,400</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="politics">Politics</h2> <p class="note">Main articles: <a href="/facts/Politics_of_Jiangsu/0yHXPBa8">Politics of Jiangsu</a> and <a href="/facts/List_of_provincial_leaders_of_the_People%2527s_Republic_of_China/JTXlYlb1">List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China</a></p> <p>The politics of Jiangsu is structured in a one party (Communist) government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Governor_of_Jiangsu/0yHXPBa8">Governor of Jiangsu</a> is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Jiangsu. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Jiangsu <a href="/facts/Chinese_Communist_Party/MwS3Togt">Chinese Communist Party</a> Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Jiangsu <a href="/facts/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary/0hcNNN11">CCP Party Chief</a>". </p> <h3>Courts</h3> <p>In July 2021, the Jiangsu Intermediate Court established a labor tribunal to handle <a href="/facts/Labor_relations_in_China/QEduBssn">labor</a> disputes arising from the <a href="/facts/Platform_economy/5mQ6Eb4w">platform economy</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:49" href="#fn:49"><sup>49</sup></a>: 183 </p> <h2 id="economy">Economy</h2> <p>As of 2022, Jiangsu had a gross domestic product (GDP) of <a href="/facts/Renminbi/513xLnrK">CNY¥</a>12.29 trillion (US$1.83 trillion),<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:50" href="#fn:50"><sup>50</sup></a> the <a href="/facts/List_of_Chinese_provincial-level_divisions_by_GDP/pDgVHT46">second-highest</a> in China after Guangdong. Its GDP is greater than those of Australia and South Korea, which are the world's 12th- and 13th-largest economies respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:51" href="#fn:51"><sup>51</sup></a> In 2022, Jiangsu's GDP adjusted by <a href="/facts/Purchasing_power_parity/qpRMGaXG">purchasing power parity</a> was $3.04 trillion, making it the <a href="/facts/List_of_the_largest_administrative_divisions_by_GRDP/P81Pb1Jb">3rd-largest</a> of any country subdivision globally, behind California and Guangdong.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:52" href="#fn:52"><sup>52</sup></a> Jiangsu's economy in PPP also was just behind that of Italy with a GDP PPP of $ $3.05 trillion, the <a href="/facts/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)/fDw3Ibeo">12th largest in the world</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:53" href="#fn:53"><sup>53</sup></a> </p><p>Jiangsu is very wealthy among the provinces of China. Its 2022 <a href="/facts/Nominal_GDP/zQRgyFKc">nominal GDP</a> per capita reached ¥144,390 (US$21,467), becoming the first province in China to reach the $20,000 mark.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:54" href="#fn:54"><sup>54</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:55" href="#fn:55"><sup>55</sup></a> Cities like Nanjing, <a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a>, and <a href="/facts/Wuxi/Lw1r33n7">Wuxi</a> have GDPs per capita around twice the provincial average, making south Jiangsu one of the most prosperous regions in China. </p><p>The province has an extensive irrigation system supporting its agriculture, which is based primarily on <a href="/facts/Rice/wvL1hBCz">rice</a> and <a href="/facts/Wheat/lrk6HdV3">wheat</a>, followed by <a href="/facts/Maize/lJ6c5xMH">maize</a> and <a href="/facts/Sorghum/D1KNhtdT">sorghum</a>. Main <a href="/facts/Cash_crop/fwvVrxLT">cash crops</a> include <a href="/facts/Cotton/efXRcjbn">cotton</a>, <a href="/facts/Soybean/reNwxvo2">soybeans</a>, <a href="/facts/Peanut/dMd0XWsu">peanuts</a>, <a href="/facts/Rapeseed/6KgzlLuc">rapeseed</a>, <a href="/facts/Sesame/mt1fttR6">sesame</a>, <a href="/facts/Hemp/b8Y2vvpW">ambary hemp</a>, and <a href="/facts/Tea/6XMEPKPl">tea</a>. Other products include <a href="/facts/Peppermint/A0xDeVe0">peppermint</a>, <a href="/facts/Spearmint/Mu7ckF0l">spearmint</a>, <a href="/facts/Bamboo/wGPJ2cEA">bamboo</a>, <a href="/facts/Medicinal_herbs/KUvkVQ8q">medicinal herbs</a>, <a href="/facts/Apple/SF1WND0v">apples</a>, <a href="/facts/Pear/pRAKLrdK">pears</a>, <a href="/facts/Peach/I7FLcBTU">peaches</a>, <a href="/facts/Loquat/GLrx9y7M">loquats</a>, <a href="/facts/Ginkgo/4b2c7GeQ">ginkgo</a>. <a href="/facts/Silkworm/r4IJIUtk">Silkworms</a> form an important part of Jiangsu's agriculture, with the <a href="/facts/Lake_Tai/zxVnnK6L">Lake Tai</a> region to the south a major base of <a href="/facts/Silk/3SKPK0JE">silk</a> production in China. Jiangsu is an important producer of freshwater fish and other aquatic products. </p><p>Jiangsu has <a href="/facts/Coal/83kV3qxg">coal</a>, <a href="/facts/Petroleum/IQV0bHVd">petroleum</a>, and <a href="/facts/Natural_gas/9MYQ7NAP">natural gas</a> deposits, but its most significant mineral products are non-metal minerals such as <a href="/facts/Halite/9xEEKKT8">halite</a> (rock salt), <a href="/facts/Sulfur/IK0amTfM">sulfur</a>, <a href="/facts/Phosphorus/27xCeIqs">phosphorus</a>, and <a href="/facts/Marble/5JEFb0qu">marble</a>. The city of Xuzhou is a coal hub of China. The salt mines of <a href="/facts/Huaiyin_District%2c_Huai%2527an/ncKH1Wy1">Huaiyin</a> have more than 0.4 trillion <a href="/facts/Tonne/gMymLmWv">tonnes</a> of deposits, one of the greatest collections of deposits in China. </p><p>Jiangsu is historically oriented toward light industries such as <a href="/facts/Textiles/PJrVeM5S">textiles</a> and <a href="/facts/Food_industry/1JPhss6V">food industry</a>. Since 1949, Jiangsu has developed heavy industries such as <a href="/facts/Chemical_industry/3M6gfHer">chemical industry</a> and <a href="/facts/Construction_material/58eqDhy9">construction materials</a>. Jiangsu's important industries include machinery, electronic, chemicals, and automobile.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:56" href="#fn:56"><sup>56</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:57" href="#fn:57"><sup>57</sup></a> The government has worked hard to promote the solar industry and hoped by 2012 the solar industry would be worth 100 billion RMB.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:58" href="#fn:58"><sup>58</sup></a> Jiangsu's economy growth has directly benefited from the reform Chinese's policies, and its growth trajectory reflects that of many other coastal provinces, such as Zhejiang and Shandong.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:59" href="#fn:59"><sup>59</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/Chinese_economic_reform/fhdC9JDe">economic reforms</a> of <a href="/facts/Deng_Xiaoping/qloJ6G8m">Deng Xiaoping</a> have greatly benefited southern cities, especially <a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a> and <a href="/facts/Wuxi/Lw1r33n7">Wuxi</a>, which outstrip the provincial capital, <a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a>, in total output. In the eastern outskirts of Suzhou, <a href="/facts/Singapore/CQDkhUvD">Singapore</a> has built the <a href="/facts/Suzhou_Industrial_Park/1GrEMEBw">Suzhou Industrial Park</a>, a flagship of Sino-<a href="/facts/Singapore/CQDkhUvD">Singaporean</a> cooperation and the only industrial park in China that is in its entirety the investment of a single foreign country. </p><p>Jiangsu contains over 100 different economic and technological development zones devoted to different types of investments.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:60" href="#fn:60"><sup>60</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="demographics">Demographics</h2> Historical population<table><tbody><tr><th>Year</th><th>Pop.</th><th>±%</th></tr><tr><th>1912<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:61" href="#fn:61"><sup>61</sup></a> </th><td>32,283,000</td><td>— </td></tr><tr><th>1928<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:62" href="#fn:62"><sup>62</sup></a> </th><td>34,126,000</td><td>+5.7%</td></tr><tr><th>1936–37<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:63" href="#fn:63"><sup>63</sup></a> </th><td>36,469,000</td><td>+6.9%</td></tr><tr><th>1947<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:64" href="#fn:64"><sup>64</sup></a> </th><td>36,080,000</td><td>−1.1%</td></tr><tr><th>1954<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:65" href="#fn:65"><sup>65</sup></a> </th><td>41,252,192</td><td>+14.3%</td></tr><tr><th>1964<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:66" href="#fn:66"><sup>66</sup></a> </th><td>44,504,608</td><td>+7.9%</td></tr><tr><th>1982<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:67" href="#fn:67"><sup>67</sup></a> </th><td>60,521,114</td><td>+36.0%</td></tr><tr><th>1990<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:68" href="#fn:68"><sup>68</sup></a> </th><td>67,056,519</td><td>+10.8%</td></tr><tr><th>2000<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:69" href="#fn:69"><sup>69</sup></a> </th><td>73,043,577</td><td>+8.9%</td></tr><tr><th>2010<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:70" href="#fn:70"><sup>70</sup></a> </th><td>78,659,903</td><td>+7.7%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Shanghai was part of Jiangsu Province until 1927. Nanjing part of Jiangsu Province until 1927; dissolved in 1952 and incorporated into Jiangsu Province.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The majority of Jiangsu residents are ethnic <a href="/facts/Han_Chinese/gMl0sKy0">Han Chinese</a>. Other minorities include the <a href="/facts/Hui_people/pYP5gCEX">Hui</a> and the <a href="/facts/Manchu/orGs7jQx">Manchus</a>. In 2021, 73.94 percent of the province lived in urban areas, while 26.06 lived in rural areas.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:71" href="#fn:71"><sup>71</sup></a> </p> Demographic indicators in 2021 <p>Population: 85.05 million (urban: 62.89 million; rural: 39.421 million) <a href="/facts/Birth_rate/t7GJHp2x">Birth rate</a>: 5.65 per 1000 <a href="/facts/Death_rate/s4gmxyFV">Death rate</a>: 6.77 per 1000 <a href="/facts/Human_sex_ratio/m9UXUF2r">Sex ratio</a>: 103.05 males per 100 females <a href="/facts/Literacy_rate/GpXB3QbJ">Literacy rate</a>: 96.94% </p> <h3>Religion</h3> <p>The predominant religions in Jiangsu are <a href="/facts/Chinese_folk_religion/5D15uYoQ">Chinese folk religions</a>, <a href="/facts/Taoism/Bk79rd9J">Taoist traditions</a> and <a href="/facts/Chinese_Buddhism/k9EN28cK">Chinese Buddhism</a>. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 16.67% of the population believes and is involved in <a href="/facts/Chinese_ancestral_religion/tBYpyI3G">cults of ancestors</a>, while 2.64% of the population identifies as Christian.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:72" href="#fn:72"><sup>72</sup></a> The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 80.69% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in <a href="/facts/Chinese_folk_religion/5D15uYoQ">worship of nature deities</a>, Buddhism, <a href="/facts/Confucianism/Nlbwgmxw">Confucianism</a>, Taoism, <a href="/facts/Chinese_salvationist_religions/QdWJe1d0">folk religious sects</a>, and small minorities of <a href="/facts/Muslim/W2ukq4pg">Muslims</a>. </p><p>In 2010, there were 130,757 Muslims in Jiangsu.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:73" href="#fn:73"><sup>73</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="transportation">Transportation</h2> <h3>Air</h3> <p><a href="/facts/Nanjing_Lukou_International_Airport/U4mb3usj">Nanjing Lukou International Airport</a> (<a href="/facts/IATA_airport_code/ogq7w5UQ">IATA</a>: NKG) serves as the major airport in the province, with flights to Tokyo, Osaka, Hong Kong, Seoul-Incheon, Frankfurt, Bangkok, Milan, Vancouver and Los Angeles. Other passenger airports include <a href="/facts/Sunan_Shuofang_International_Airport/Wn6y1hQT">Sunan Shuofang International Airport</a>, <a href="/facts/Changzhou_Benniu_Airport/YcJujFkB">Changzhou Benniu Airport</a>, <a href="/facts/Yangzhou_Taizhou_International_Airport/ts4f6Swh">Yangzhou Taizhou International Airport</a>, and <a href="/facts/Nantong_Xingdong_Airport/0Qb7G3dX">Nantong Xingdong Airport</a>. Air traffic in the populated <a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a> area is often diverted to <a href="/facts/Shanghai_Hongqiao_International_Airport/Use1N3KJ">Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport</a>, to which Suzhou is conveniently connected to via bus services and by expressway. </p><p><a href="/facts/Xuzhou_Guanyin_International_Airport/R3CISkXm">Xuzhou Guanyin International Airport</a>, <a href="/facts/Yancheng_Nanyang_International_Airport/SsAdCVDf">Yancheng Nanyang International Airport</a>, and <a href="/facts/Lianyungang_Baitabu_Airport/ereTR8cA">Lianyungang Baitabu Airport</a> serve as hubs in northern Jiangsu. </p> <h3>Rail</h3> <p class="note">Main article: <a href="/facts/Railways_in_Jiangsu/jYpkIAde">Railways in Jiangsu</a></p> <p>The southern part of the province, namely the Shanghai-Nanjing corridor, has very high-frequency rail services. Jiangsu is on the <a href="/facts/Jinghu_railway/uHbVUxaa">Jinghu railway</a> from <a href="/facts/Beijing/Bg4puFBv">Beijing</a> to <a href="/facts/Shanghai/nYyuBo2S">Shanghai</a>, as well as the high speed line between the two cities: <a href="/facts/Shanghai%25E2%2580%2593Nanjing_intercity_railway/t2C4UflQ">Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway</a> and <a href="/facts/Beijing-Shanghai_high-speed_railway/v11MWJLj">Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway</a>, completed in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Since the completion of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed line, travel time between Beijing and Nanjing has been reduced to approximately four hours (from eleven hours previously); travel time between Nanjing and Shanghai on the fastest high-speed trains takes just over an hour. </p><p>As of 2022, all major cities in Jiangsu have been connected by high-speed lines, including: <a href="/facts/Shanghai-Nanjing_intercity_railway/t2C4UflQ">Shanghai-Nanjing intercity railway</a> since 2010, <a href="/facts/Beijing-Shanghai_high-speed_railway/v11MWJLj">Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway</a> since 2011, <a href="/facts/Nanjing%25E2%2580%2593Hangzhou_high-speed_railway/pG8bdNq2">Nanjing–Hangzhou high-speed railway</a> since 2013, <a href="/facts/Nanjing%25E2%2580%2593Anqing_intercity_railway/PawA63Nr">Nanjing–Anqing intercity railway</a> since 2015, <a href="/facts/Lianyungang%25E2%2580%2593Zhenjiang_high-speed_railway/UGLMVFCL">Lianyungang–Zhenjiang high-speed railway</a> since 2020, <a href="/facts/Xuzhou%25E2%2580%2593Yancheng_high-speed_railway/W8Su3s2q">Xuzhou–Yancheng high-speed railway</a> since 2019, <a href="/facts/Yancheng%25E2%2580%2593Nantong_high-speed_railway/gCkTxkXK">Yancheng–Nantong high-speed railway</a> since 2020, <a href="/facts/Shanghai%25E2%2580%2593Suzhou%25E2%2580%2593Nantong_railway/yARfy8gn">Shanghai–Suzhou–Nantong railway</a> since 2020, and <a href="/facts/Lianyungang%25E2%2580%2593Xuzhou_high-speed_railway/dFoV0oQq">Lianyungang–Xuzhou high-speed railway</a> since 2021. </p> <h3>Road</h3> <p>Jiangsu's road network is one of the most developed in the country.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:74" href="#fn:74"><sup>74</sup></a> The <a href="/facts/G2_Beijing%25E2%2580%2593Shanghai_Expressway/Y6Irx3Yt">Beijing–Shanghai Expressway (G2)</a> enters the province from the north and passes through Huai'an, Yangzhou, Taizhou, and Wuxi on the way to Shanghai; travelling from Shanghai westbound, the G2 forks at <a href="/facts/Wuxi/Lw1r33n7">Wuxi</a> and continues onto Nanjing separately as G42, the <a href="/facts/Shanghai%25E2%2580%2593Nanjing_Expressway/mDPjahxB">Shanghai–Nanjing Expressway</a>, which serves the widely travelled southern corridor of the province. The Ningchang Expressway links Nanjing with <a href="/facts/Changzhou/aEGnz2M5">Changzhou</a>. The <a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a> area is extensively networked with expressways, going in all directions. The Yanhai Expressway links the coastal regions of the province, passing through <a href="/facts/Nantong/eXvxoj4Q">Nantong</a>, <a href="/facts/Yancheng/RWzYPENe">Yancheng</a>, and <a href="/facts/Lianyungang/YcbAxf9W">Lianyungang</a>. </p><p>Historically, the province was divided by the Yangtze River into northern and southern regions. The first bridge across the river in Jiangsu, the <a href="/facts/Nanjing_Yangtze_River_Bridge/fKkLLvK0">Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge</a>, was completed in 1968 during the <a href="/facts/Cultural_Revolution/1EAQGgYk">Cultural Revolution</a>. The second bridge crossing, <a href="/facts/Jiangyin_Suspension_Bridge/9XYRQjvI">Jiangyin Bridge</a>, opened 30 years later at <a href="/facts/Jiangyin/M6uEA4Y1">Jiangyin</a>. As of October 2014, there were 11 <a href="/facts/Yangtze_River_bridges_and_tunnels/pWalWvpM">cross-Yangtze bridges</a> in the province, including the five in Nanjing, which also has two cross-river tunnels. The Jiangyin Bridge (1,385 m (4,544 ft)), <a href="/facts/Runyang_Bridge/RQQq8orT">Runyang Bridge</a> (opened in 2005, connecting Yangzhou and Zhenjiang, 1,490 m (4,890 ft)), and <a href="/facts/Fourth_Nanjing_Yangtze_Bridge/mCnVenXR">Fourth Nanjing Bridge</a> (opened in 2012; 1,418 m (4,652 ft)) all rank among the ten <a href="/facts/List_of_longest_suspension_bridge_spans/Dvu1yTED">longest suspension bridges</a> in the world. The <a href="/facts/Sutong_Bridge/yuTSQmRQ">Sutong Bridge</a>, opened in 2008, connecting Nantong and Changshu, has one of the <a href="/facts/List_of_longest_cable-stayed_bridge_spans/NXv06QqG">longest</a> <a href="/facts/Cable-stayed_bridge/sVfq79Sa">cable-stayed bridge</a> spans in the world, at 1,088 m (3,570 ft). </p> <h3>Metro (subway)</h3> <p>As of December 2022, Jiangsu has six cities that have operational subway systems, together with an extra city (<a href="/facts/Huai%2527an/jTGwQV3k">Huai'an</a>) currently under construction. These six cities are <a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a>, <a href="/facts/Wuxi/Lw1r33n7">Wuxi</a>, <a href="/facts/Changzhou/aEGnz2M5">Changzhou</a>, <a href="/facts/Xuzhou/aNWWaty1">Xuzhou</a> and <a href="/facts/Nantong/eXvxoj4Q">Nantong</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Nanjing_Metro/PVSSpjwe">Nanjing Metro</a> was opened in September 2005. It was the sixth city in mainland China that opened up a metro system. As of December 2019 the city currently has 11 metro lines (<a href="/facts/Line_1_(Nanjing_Metro)/9UPNhmRD">Line 1</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_2_(Nanjing_Metro)/PryUUHBe">Line 2</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_3_(Nanjing_Metro)/WwQmgDuA">Line 3</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_4_(Nanjing_Metro)/CBpomVHG">Line 4</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_10_(Nanjing_Metro)/tPPTmTjs">Line 10</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_S1_(Nanjing_Metro)/fRMrI3nS">Line S1</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_S3_(Nanjing_Metro)/Yhd16Uge">Line S3</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_S6_(Nanjing_Metro)/JLrVMG63">Line S6</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_S7_(Nanjing_Metro)/2X1G97MT">Line S7</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_S8_(Nanjing_Metro)/uwmuBFPE">Line S8</a> and <a href="/facts/Line_S9_(Nanjing_Metro)/ml3Ftr2o">Line S9</a>), with several extra ones (i.e. <a href="/facts/Line_5_(Nanjing_Metro)/ELloKE9m">Line 5</a>) under construction. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Suzhou_Metro/qDMPUKPB">Suzhou Metro</a> was opened in April 2012. As of May 2025, it currently has nine operational lines: <a href="/facts/Line_1_(Suzhou_Metro)/LgrVdm1u">Line 1</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_2_(Suzhou_Metro)/fwmyftvI">Line 2</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_3_(Suzhou_Metro)/pJz3N5rb">Line 3</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_4_(Suzhou_Metro)/9kTRKt8c">Line 4</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_5_(Suzhou_Metro)/N5NHTTLK">Line 5</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_6_(Suzhou_Metro)/g0Rj4zQy">Line 6</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_7_(Suzhou_Metro)/0U8fxkcy">Line 7</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_8_(Suzhou_Metro)/V8KGLUXT">Line 8</a>, and <a href="/facts/Line_11_(Suzhou_Metro)/wG5MWmLQ">Line 11</a>, one under construction (<a href="/facts/Line_10_(Suzhou_Metro)/HQwSqQBw">Line 10</a>), and at least 2 under planning (<a href="/facts/Line_9_(Suzhou_Metro)/LwCd7yLl">Line 9</a> and <a href="/facts/Line_S4_(Suzhou_Metro)/vhdJ68y5">Line S4</a>). Planned lines are expected to be operational by 2035. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Wuxi_Metro/AzyD0rW7">Wuxi Metro</a> was opened in July 2014. The system is currently composed of four operational lines by 2022: <a href="/facts/Line_1_(Wuxi_Metro)/50U3T44T">Line 1</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_2_(Wuxi_Metro)/LLmGP0sL">Line 2</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_3_(Wuxi_Metro)/vDfuB3uX">Line 3</a> and <a href="/facts/Line_4_(Wuxi_Metro)/E3JahRVl">Line 4</a>. It also has two other lines under construction: <a href="/facts/Line_S1_(Wuxi_Metro)/AzyD0rW7">Line S1</a> and an extension of <a href="/facts/Line_4_(Wuxi_Metro)/E3JahRVl">Line 4</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Changzhou_Metro/5B8H6uqY">Changzhou Metro</a> was opened in September 2019. The system currently only has two lines operational, <a href="/facts/Line_1_(Changzhou_Metro)/qBWpEtzz">Line 1</a> and <a href="/facts/Line_2_(Changzhou_Metro)/5B8H6uqY">Line 2</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Xuzhou_Metro/yJ1Mpejm">Xuzhou Metro</a> was opened in September 2019, a few days after the <a href="/facts/Changzhou_Metro/5B8H6uqY">Changzhou Metro</a> started operations. The system currently only has three lines operational, <a href="/facts/Line_1_(Xuzhou_Metro)/zuEuK3PI">Line 1</a>, <a href="/facts/Line_2_(Xuzhou_Metro)/4FkEwj0h">Line 2</a> and <a href="/facts/Line_3_(Xuzhou_Metro)/VjLY62K7">Line 3</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/facts/Nantong_Metro/8dvzV4z1">Nantong Metro</a> was opened in November 2022. It has one operating line: <a href="/facts/Line_1_(Nantong_Metro)/sstAroSo">Line 1</a> and another line under construction: Line 2.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:75" href="#fn:75"><sup>75</sup></a> </p><p>The Huai'an Metro, also known as the Huai'an Rail System, began construction in November 2018. There are seven lines planned: Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4, Line 5, Line S1, and Line S2. It is expected to start operations before 2025. </p> <h2 id="culture">Culture</h2> <p>The four mass migrations in the 4th, 8th, 12th and 14th centuries had been influential in shaping the regional culture of Jiangsu. According to dialects and the other factors, the province can be roughly segmented four major cultural subdivisions: <a href="/facts/Wu_Chinese/IXnCCme0">Wu</a> (吴), Jinling (金陵), <a href="/facts/Sinitic_languages/8IYLTAT2">Huaiyang</a> (淮扬) and <a href="/facts/Sinitic_languages/8IYLTAT2">Xuhuai</a> (徐淮), from southeast to northwest. The belts of transition blurred the boundaries.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:76" href="#fn:76"><sup>76</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:77" href="#fn:77"><sup>77</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:78" href="#fn:78"><sup>78</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Group</th><th>Wuyue</th><th colspan="2">Lower Yangtze</th><th>Central Plains</th></tr><tr><th>Designation</th><th>Wu</th><th>Jinling</th><th>Huaiyang</th><th>Xuhuai</th></tr><tr><td>Major dialect</td><td>Wu Chinese</td><td>Lower Yangtze Mandarin</td><td>Lower Yangtze Mandarin</td><td>Central Plains Mandarin</td></tr><tr><td>Core</td><td>Suzhou</td><td>Nanjing</td><td>Yangzhou</td><td>Xuzhou</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Jiangsu is rich in cultural traditions. <i><a href="/facts/Kunqu/dNjVP2ed">Kunqu</a></i>, originating in <a href="/facts/Kunshan/2SNyRCIf">Kunshan</a>, is one of the most renowned and prestigious forms of <a href="/facts/Chinese_opera/j9rQoPWq">Chinese opera</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:79" href="#fn:79"><sup>79</sup></a> <i><a href="/facts/Pingtan_(artform)/IH7IVV47">Pingtan</a></i>, a form of storytelling accompanied by music, is also popular: it can be subdivided into types by origin: <a href="/facts/Suzhou_Pingtan/IH7IVV47">Suzhou Pingtan</a> (of <a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a>), Yangzhou Pingtan (of <a href="/facts/Yangzhou/l8PuHkrL">Yangzhou</a>), and Nanjing Pingtan (of <a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a>). <a href="/facts/Wuxi_opera/BqkGdGER">Wuxi opera</a>, a form of traditional <a href="/facts/Chinese_opera/j9rQoPWq">Chinese opera</a>, is popular in <a href="/facts/Wuxi/Lw1r33n7">Wuxi</a>, while Huaiju is popular further north, around <a href="/facts/Yancheng/RWzYPENe">Yancheng</a>. <a href="/facts/Jiangsu_cuisine/VLDoFspd">Jiangsu cuisine</a> is one of the eight great traditions of the <a href="/facts/Cuisine_of_China/deFGefLG">cuisine of China</a>. </p><p><a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a> is also well known for its silk, <a href="/facts/Chinese_embroidery/sh9CQTct">Chinese embroidery</a>, <a href="/facts/Jasmine_tea/4Rz4LKle">jasmine tea</a>, stone bridges, <a href="/facts/Pagodas/KekTlSK1">pagodas</a>, and classical gardens. Nearby <a href="/facts/Yixing/mJFIrVVh">Yixing</a> is noted for its <a href="/facts/Teaware/gp42RhUb">teaware</a> while Yangzhou is known for its <a href="/facts/Lacquerware/jbq1PpLy">lacquerware</a> and <a href="/facts/Jadeware/GBmn12oI">jadeware</a>. <a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a>'s <i><a href="/facts/Yunjin/zHSRaSyz">yunjin</a></i> is a noted type of woven silk. </p><p>Since ancient times, south Jiangsu has been famed for its prosperity and opulence, and simply inserting south Jiangsu place names (Suzhou, Yangzhou, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess, as was indeed done by many famous poets. In particular, the fame of Suzhou (as well as <a href="/facts/Hangzhou/wXb5auh7">Hangzhou</a> in neighbouring <a href="/facts/Zhejiang/TQtpFHdJ">Zhejiang</a>) has led to the popular saying: 上有天堂，下有蘇杭 ("above there is heaven; below there are Suzhou and <a href="/facts/Hangzhou/wXb5auh7">Hangzhou</a>"), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities. Similarly, the prosperity of Yangzhou has led poets to dream of: 腰纏十萬貫，騎鶴下揚州 ("with a hundred thousand <a href="/facts/Ancient_Chinese_currency/v4RfhJXt">strings of coins</a> wrapped around its waist, a <a href="/facts/Crane_(bird)/A9uEzwIh">crane</a> landed in Yangzhou"). </p> <h2 id="education-and-research">Education and research</h2> <h3>Higher education</h3> <p class="note">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/facts/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Jiangsu/83AFFPVe">List of universities and colleges in Jiangsu</a> and <a href="/facts/Project_211/8RzjvM8k">Project 211</a>.</p> <p>As of 2022, Jiangsu hosts 168 institutions of higher education, ranking first of all Chinese provinces.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:80" href="#fn:80"><sup>80</sup></a> There are two <a href="/facts/Project_985/zmpyGR8A">Project 985</a>, 11 <a href="/facts/Project_211/8RzjvM8k">Project 211</a>, and 16 <a href="/facts/Double_First-Class_Construction/0BpvBvfq">Double First-Class Construction</a> universities in the province. A combination of 93 members of <a href="/facts/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences/zzHb3yVm">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> and <a href="/facts/Chinese_Academy_of_Engineering/4gyNY7AW">Chinese Academy of Engineering</a> work in Jiangsu.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:81" href="#fn:81"><sup>81</sup></a> As of 2023, four major cities in Jiangsu ranked in the world's top 200 (Nanjing 6th, Suzhou 40th, Zhenjiang 166th and Wuxi 188th) cities by scientific research output, as tracked by the <a href="/facts/Nature_Index/HCAnyVGM">Nature Index</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:82" href="#fn:82"><sup>82</sup></a> </p> <h4>Double First Class Universities in Jiangsu</h4> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="4">Jiangsu (16)</th><th><a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a> (13)</th><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/China_Pharmaceutical_University/WrV0CMWa">China Pharmaceutical University</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Hohai_University/que0AuPL">Hohai University</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Nanjing_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics_University/krfCzy8g">Nanjing Aeronautics and Astronautics University</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Nanjing_Agricultural_University/AFIrWjHb">Nanjing Agricultural University</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Nanjing_Forestry_University/5kYrzj0V">Nanjing Forestry University</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Nanjing_Medical_University/YGw5yuBl">Nanjing Medical University</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Nanjing_Normal_University/CqJKg7nW">Nanjing Normal University</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Nanjing_University/8u7usj9E">Nanjing University</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Nanjing_University_of_Chinese_Medicine/zFVCISJE">Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Nanjing_University_of_Information_Science_and_Technology/4EhEyGh7">Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Nanjing_University_of_Posts_and_Telecommunications/7InhmKzf">Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Nanjing_University_of_Science_and_Technology/a50ob28x">Nanjing University of Science and Technology</a></li><li><a href="/facts/Southeast_University/y96Am6p0">Southeast University</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Wuxi/Lw1r33n7">Wuxi</a></th><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/Jiangnan_University/t3QbNS7t">Jiangnan University</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a></th><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/Soochow_University_(Suzhou)/1fsaVkVH">Soochow University</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Xuzhou/aNWWaty1">Xuzhou</a></th><td><ul><li><a href="/facts/China_University_of_Mining_and_Technology/tIaKAADt">China University of Mining and Technology</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other Major Research Universities in Jiangsu </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Jiangsu_University/LI41j4wr">Jiangsu University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jiangsu_Normal_University/Bqq41tB2">Jiangsu Normal University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Yangzhou_University/u2WLIwkQ">Yangzhou University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nanjing_Tech_University/dpMzG008">Nanjing Tech University</a></li> <li>Jiangsu University of Science and Technology</li> <li><a href="/facts/Changzhou_University/aEGnz2M5">Changzhou University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nantong_University/Dl8n8KTd">Nantong University</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Suzhou_University_of_Science_and_Technology/IgRPfmVb">Suzhou University of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nanjing_Institute_of_Technology/Hv5gKUHX">Nanjing Institute of Technology</a></li> <li>Huaiyin Institute of Technology</li></ul> <h3>Additional schools</h3> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nanjing_Jinling_High_School/rHd2N2AK">Nanjing Jinling High School</a></li> <li>Tianyi middle School</li> <li><a href="/facts/Xishan_Senior_High_School/RKqDzw3E">Xishan Senior High School</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Qianhuang_Senior_High_School/QDr8yYu9">Qianhuang Senior High School</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/School_of_Foreign_Languages_and_Cultures_of_NNU/k2MNV6Yg">School of Foreign Languages and Cultures of NNU</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Xuyi_High_School/y6Ad3jLb">Xuyi High School</a></li></ul> <h2 id="tourism">Tourism</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a> was the capital of several Chinese dynasties and contains a variety of historic sites, such as the <a href="/facts/Purple_Mountain_(Nanjing)/5JLnGjYG">Purple Mountain</a>, <a href="/facts/Purple_Mountain_Observatory/lWew0f50">Purple Mountain Observatory</a>, the <a href="/facts/Sun_Yat-sen_Mausoleum/d89JzcIx">Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum</a>, <a href="/facts/City_Wall_of_Nanjing/fULBC3cc">Ming dynasty city wall and gates</a>, <a href="/facts/Ming_Xiaoling_Mausoleum/hxpvnKlQ">Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum</a> (the mausoleum of the first Ming Emperor, <a href="/facts/Hongwu_Emperor/V1FUTL6k">Hongwu Emperor</a>), <a href="/facts/Xuanwu_Lake/wzCTnshb">Xuanwu Lake</a>, <a href="/facts/Jiming_Temple/nosrF6PJ">Jiming Temple</a>, the <a href="/facts/Nanjing_Massacre/8g3dnRUH">Nanjing Massacre</a> Memorial, <a href="/facts/Nanjing_Fuzimiao/1eGxyolH">Nanjing Confucius Temple</a>, <a href="/facts/Nanjing_Yangtze_River_Bridge/fKkLLvK0">Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge</a>, and the <a href="/facts/Nanjing_Zoo/6MGjTurY">Nanjing Zoo</a>, along with its circus. <a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a> is renowned for its classical gardens (designated as a <a href="/facts/UNESCO/QSbkRv3o">UNESCO</a> <a href="/facts/World_Heritage_Site/6AbWWKV4">World Heritage Site</a>), as well as the <a href="/facts/Hanshan_Temple/0nGlWm5M">Hanshan Temple</a>, and <a href="/facts/Huqiu_Tower/I8h4lo4C">Huqiu Tower</a>. Nearby is the water-town of <a href="/facts/Zhouzhuang%2c_Kunshan/GvIelu7F">Zhouzhuang</a>, an international tourist destination with Venice-like waterways, bridges and dwellings, which have been preserved over centuries. <a href="/facts/Yangzhou/l8PuHkrL">Yangzhou</a> is known for <a href="/facts/Slender_West_Lake/9Q2MyCa4">Slender West Lake</a>. <a href="/facts/Wuxi/Lw1r33n7">Wuxi</a> is known for being the home of the world's tallest Buddha statue. In the north, <a href="/facts/Xuzhou/aNWWaty1">Xuzhou</a> is designated as one of China's "eminent historical cities". The official travel and tourism website for Jiangsu<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:83" href="#fn:83"><sup>83</sup></a> was set up in 2008. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Lion_Garden/rXFQCrNu">Lion Garden</a> in <a href="/facts/Suzhou/6ncxdpYK">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Grand_Buddha_at_Ling_Shan/ortVb6BV">Grand Buddha at Ling Shan</a>, <a href="/facts/Wuxi/Lw1r33n7">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chaotian_Palace/Ba9JzCfv">Chaotian Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Qixia_Temple/2Q4EuNCk">Qixia Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Pagoda_of_Tianning_Temple_(Changzhou)/72LoRTJh">Tianning Temple Pagoda</a></li> <li>Tombs of Southern Tang Emperor</li> <li><a href="/facts/Yangzhong_Puffer_Fish/wbwFbt9u">Yangzhong Puffer Fish</a></li></ul> <h2 id="sports">Sports</h2> <p>Professional sports teams in Jiangsu include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/China_League_One/wa7wGS8M">China League One</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nanjing_City_F.C./IGNxWF08">Nanjing City F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nantong_Zhiyun_F.C./qlvH0lhL">Nantong Zhiyun F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Suzhou_Dongwu_F.C./4ARDPqsE">Suzhou Dongwu F.C.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/China_League_Two/CAs4u2lD">China League Two</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Wuxi_Wugo_F.C./p4VysJ0j">Wuxi Wugo F.C.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chinese_Basketball_Association/uqTqRW6G">Chinese Basketball Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Jiangsu_Dragons/Vx0Q95Sd">Jiangsu Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nanjing_Monkey_King/ekG8WWG4">Nanjing Monkey King</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/Chinese_Volleyball_League/1SGos5XV">Chinese Volleyball League</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Jiangsu_ECE_VC/E9cz3eBm">Jiangsu Zenith Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/facts/China_Baseball_League/jHfCxcrT">China Baseball League</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Jiangsu_Pegasus/9wPmbngr">Jiangsu Pegasus</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="international-relations">International relations</h2> <h3>Twin Provinces</h3> <p>Source:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:84" href="#fn:84"><sup>84</sup></a> </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Country</th><th>State/Province</th><th>Time</th></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Australia/qLHpbppq">Australia</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Victoria_(Australia)/76P2nqtz">Victoria</a></td><td>1979/11/18</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Aichi_Prefecture/SDqHPcjm">Aichi</a></td><td>1980/7/28</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/North_Korea/Q41laakP">North Korea</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kangwon_Province_(North_Korea)/7q6lCDnL">Kangwon</a></td><td>1984/11/8</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Canada/D5P9yqs6">Canada</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Ontario/HUkxk5Rf">Ontario</a></td><td>1985/11/21</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td><a href="/facts/New_York_State/mnl67G1G">New York</a></td><td>1989/4/21</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/United_Kingdom/kuPAILt2">United Kingdom</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Essex/cuUqAlzH">Essex</a></td><td>1992/7/16</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a></td><td><a href="/facts/North_Rhine-Westphalia/0QmCWxjo">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td><td>1992/8/1</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Tuscany/Ivw1ogrE">Tuscany</a></td><td>1992/9/18</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Japan/U5mz0SRT">Japan</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Fukuoka_Prefecture/5oWJfGgY">Fukuoka</a></td><td>1992/11/4</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Pakistan/cbIsvJy1">Pakistan</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Punjab%2c_Pakistan/ppTkKUTS">Punjab</a></td><td>1993/12/28</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Germany/paluuWBX">Germany</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Baden-W%25C3%25BCrttemberg/6MjmVxjI">Baden-Württemberg</a></td><td>1994/4/23</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Netherlands/y8xn5stT">Netherlands</a></td><td><a href="/facts/North_Brabant/Q7rr5VeL">North Brabant</a></td><td>1994/9/9</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/South_Korea/pCobAaVw">South Korea</a></td><td><a href="/facts/North_Jeolla_Province/BD4cP4ou">North Jeolla</a></td><td>1994/10/27</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Brazil/QHkG46GL">Brazil</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Minas_Gerais/73LdwKnD">Minas Gerais</a></td><td>1996/3/27</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Italy/tUf0PDYF">Italy</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Veneto/ejrBn3n0">Veneto</a></td><td>1998/6/22</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Sweden/u3qC7lyj">Sweden</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25C3%2596sterg%25C3%25B6tland_County/YUtMv9DT">Östergötland</a></td><td>1999/3/22</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Russia/jfkCwyxn">Russia</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Moscow_Oblast/699h9DNN">Moscow Oblast</a></td><td>1999/8/20</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Belgium/YKuMXP5j">Belgium</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Namur_Province/Mm5YgCAt">Namur</a></td><td>2000/5/7</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/South_Africa/vvXQpLgq">South Africa</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Free_State_(province)/vnKmcuBA">Free state</a></td><td>2000/6/7</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Poland/eXJ7fd0D">Poland</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship/1UAyRtVJ">Lesser Poland</a></td><td>2000/11/16</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Finland/G5Ak6T91">Finland</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Southern_Finland_Province/yG1ocPsv">Southern Finland</a></td><td>2001/5/11</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Colombia/nl7r8Q2u">Colombia</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Atl%25C3%25A1ntico_Department/oVcRg26W">Atlántico</a></td><td>2001/6/4</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Malaysia/8zbUMzCP">Malaysia</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Malacca/ncvoSb0j">Malacca</a></td><td>2002/9/18</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/France/CxIeIKM3">France</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Alsace/MSXIp87H">Alsace</a></td><td>2007/05/24</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Mexico/IT5bwhdh">Mexico</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Baja_California/vJY3AFwn">Baja California</a></td><td>2006/8/23</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Switzerland/LcGuxeTe">Switzerland</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Canton_of_Lucerne/3Nn706st">Lucerne</a></td><td>2011/4/26</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/United_States/P0sCdLe5">United States</a></td><td><a href="/facts/California/zLW2vdQJ">California</a></td><td>2011/7/18</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Turkey/KIYAWAs0">Turkey</a></td><td><a href="/facts/%25C4%25B0zmir_Province/BQSmoCzB">İzmir</a></td><td>2012/4/30</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Spain/bIyrB8EY">Spain</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)/TMhgnsH3">Basque</a></td><td>2012/4/27</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Denmark/KVtykzsw">Denmark</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Capital_Region_of_Denmark/67Jop83j">Capital Region</a></td><td>2015/1/30</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Belarus/vweHwgob">Belarus</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Mogilev_Region/pEzMg0C0">Mogilev</a></td><td>2015/5/10</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Namibia/ahXuaypy">Namibia</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Khomas_Region/MgmIdf69">Khomas</a></td><td>2015/6/19</td></tr><tr><td> <a href="/facts/Malaysia/8zbUMzCP">Malaysia</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Kedah/bopDPHka">Kedah</a></td><td>2023/10/6</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Twin towns and sister cities</h3> <p>Source:<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:85" href="#fn:85"><sup>85</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nanjing/WennCVWt">Nanjing</a> with <a href="/facts/Aichi/SDqHPcjm">Aichi</a>, Japan<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:86" href="#fn:86"><sup>86</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul> <li>China portal</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Aviation_Martyrs%2527_Cemetery/LPyTdrok">Aviation Martyrs' Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Jiangsu-Hong_Kong_Personnel_Training_Cooperation_Programme/vmlF4NdP">Jiangsu-Hong Kong Personnel Training Cooperation Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Major_national_historical_and_cultural_sites_(Jiangsu)/MqNrqKF4">Major national historical and cultural sites in Jiangsu</a></li></ul> <h2 id="notes">Notes</h2> <h3>Citations</h3> <h3>Sources</h3> <ul><li><a href="http://info.hktdc.com/mktprof/china/mpjis.htm">Economic profile for Jiangsu</a> at <a href="/facts/Hong_Kong_Trade_Development_Council/7ayCAlzB">HKTDC</a></li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> Wikimedia Commons has media related to 江苏. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i>Jiangsu</i>. <ul><li><a href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4448">Complete Map of the Seven Coastal Provinces</a> from 1821 to 1850 (in English and Chinese)</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>UK: /dʒæŋˈsuː/;[4] US: /ˈdʒjɑːŋˈsuː/ [5] Chinese: 江苏ⓘ; pinyin: Jiāngsū, alternatively romanized as Kiangsu or Chiangsu <a href="/wiki/British_English" target="_blank">/wiki/British_English</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Zhao Tingting (赵婷婷). "Top 10 regions with highest GDP in China". China Daily (in Chinese). Archived from the original on October 28, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2017. <a href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2014-04/01/content_17393546_2.htm" target="_blank">http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2014-04/01/content_17393546_2.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>"Human Development Indices (8.0)- China". Global Data Lab. Retrieved September 23, 2024. <a href="https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/CHN/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0" target="_blank">https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/CHN/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Lall, Ranjit (December 8, 2010). "China provinces 'to be bigger than Russia'". Financial Times. Archived from the original on April 6, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406140246/http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2010/12/08/china-regions-to-be-bigger-than-russia/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120406140246/http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2010/12/08/china-regions-to-be-bigger-than-russia/</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>"National Data". China NBS. March 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024. see also "National Data". China NBS. March 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.; see also 2023年江苏省国民经济和社会发展统计公报. jiangsu.gov.cn. March 5, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024. The average exchange rate of 2023 was CN¥7.0467 to US$1 "Statistical communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 national economic and social development" (Press release). China NBS. February 29, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024. <a href="2023年江苏省国民经济和社会发展统计公报" target="_blank">2023年江苏省国民经济和社会发展统计公报</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>"2021 GDP (current US$)". World Bank. Retrieved September 13, 2022. <a href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?year_high_desc=true" target="_blank">https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?year_high_desc=true</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>"Jiangsu authorities recount achievements in higher education field over past decade". Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education. September 2, 2022. 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Retrieved November 22, 2023. <a href="https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2023-science-cities/tables/overall" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2023-science-cities/tables/overall</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>(in Chinese) Origin of the Names of China's Provinces Archived 2016-04-27 at the Wayback Machine, People's Daily Online. (in Chinese) <a href="http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html" target="_blank">http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"Jiangsu - province, China". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved January 22, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514011237/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/317225/Jiangsu/71208/Cultural-life/" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20140514011237/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/317225/Jiangsu/71208/Cultural-life/</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>管玉春, 六代繁华帝王都 东晋、南朝的都城——建康 (in Simplified Chinese). June 24, 2009. Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2015. <a href="管玉春, 六代繁华帝王都 东晋、南朝的都城——建康" target="_blank">管玉春, 六代繁华帝王都 东晋、南朝的都城——建康</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:13"><p>"Republic of China (1912 AD－1949 AD) - China culture". cultural-china.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2017. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018062336/http://history.cultural-china.com/en/183History6971.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20161018062336/http://history.cultural-china.com/en/183History6971.html</a> <a href="#fnref:13" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:14"><p>"Suzhou -'Venice in the Orient' – China Travel Guide". Uvista.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512053618/http://www.uvista.com/en/jiangsu/suzhou.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20130512053618/http://www.uvista.com/en/jiangsu/suzhou.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:14" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:15"><p>"Nikonians Photo Galleries – Venice of the East". Images.nikonians.org. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013. <a href="http://images.nikonians.org/galleries/showphoto.php?photo=204283" target="_blank">http://images.nikonians.org/galleries/showphoto.php?photo=204283</a> <a href="#fnref:15" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:16"><p>Lee, Jennifer (April 27, 2009). "Jiangsu, New York's China Sister". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. <a href="https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/jiangsu-new-yorks-chinese-sister/?_r=0" target="_blank">https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/jiangsu-new-yorks-chinese-sister/?_r=0</a> <a href="#fnref:16" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:17"><p>"XDI releases world-first comparison of every state's physical climate risk". www.preventionweb.net. February 20, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023. <a href="https://www.preventionweb.net/news/xdi-releases-world-first-comparison-every-states-physical-climate-risk" target="_blank">https://www.preventionweb.net/news/xdi-releases-world-first-comparison-every-states-physical-climate-risk</a> <a href="#fnref:17" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:18"><p>苏, 政发 (2009). "江苏省政府关于印发江苏省应对气候变化方案的通知". 中国气候变化信息网. <a href="https://www.ccchina.org.cn/Detail.aspx?newsId=73146&TId=266" target="_blank">https://www.ccchina.org.cn/Detail.aspx?newsId=73146&TId=266</a> <a href="#fnref:18" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:19"><p>"XDI releases world-first comparison of every state's physical climate risk". www.preventionweb.net. February 20, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023. <a href="https://www.preventionweb.net/news/xdi-releases-world-first-comparison-every-states-physical-climate-risk" target="_blank">https://www.preventionweb.net/news/xdi-releases-world-first-comparison-every-states-physical-climate-risk</a> <a href="#fnref:19" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:20"><p>"XDI Benchmark Series - Gross Domestic Climate Risk". XDI. Retrieved March 16, 2023. <a href="https://xdi.systems/xdi-benchmark-gdcr/" target="_blank">https://xdi.systems/xdi-benchmark-gdcr/</a> <a href="#fnref:20" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:21"><p>"Issue Brief - China's 14th 5-Year Plan: Spotlighting Climate & Environment | United Nations Development Programme". UNDP. Retrieved March 16, 2023. <a href="https://www.undp.org/china/publications/issue-brief-chinas-14th-5-year-plan-spotlighting-climate-environment" target="_blank">https://www.undp.org/china/publications/issue-brief-chinas-14th-5-year-plan-spotlighting-climate-environment</a> <a href="#fnref:21" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:22"><p>内详; 林森 (April 11, 2022). "江苏省印发《江苏省"十四五"应对气候变化规划》的通知". 中国绿色碳汇基金会. Retrieved March 15, 2023. <a href="http://www.thjj.org/sf_384578B9ABCB47128691DDD03F3545C3_227_8C0B6735583.html" target="_blank">http://www.thjj.org/sf_384578B9ABCB47128691DDD03F3545C3_227_8C0B6735583.html</a> <a href="#fnref:22" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:23"><p>"Cities and Towns in Jiangsu". Jiangsu.net. Archived from the original on December 5, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2017. <a href="http://www.jiangsu.net/city/" target="_blank">http://www.jiangsu.net/city/</a> <a href="#fnref:23" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:24"><p>中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 (in Simplified Chinese). Ministry of Civil Affairs. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015. <a href="中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码" target="_blank">中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码</a> <a href="#fnref:24" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:25"><p>Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics. 《深圳统计年鉴2014》 (in Simplified Chinese). China Statistics Print. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015. <a href="《深圳统计年鉴2014》" target="_blank">《深圳统计年鉴2014》</a> <a href="#fnref:25" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:26"><p>"江苏省人民政府 数据发布 江苏省第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）". www.jiangsu.gov.cn. Archived from the original on December 20, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2022. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220022722/http://www.jiangsu.gov.cn/art/2021/5/18/art_34151_9817846.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20211220022722/http://www.jiangsu.gov.cn/art/2021/5/18/art_34151_9817846.html</a> <a href="#fnref:26" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:27"><p>Ministry of Civil Affairs (August 2014). 《中国民政统计年鉴2014》 (in Simplified Chinese). China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-7130-9. <a href="《中国民政统计年鉴2014》978-7-5037-7130-9" target="_blank">《中国民政统计年鉴2014》978-7-5037-7130-9</a> <a href="#fnref:27" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:28"><p>"National Data". China NBS. March 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024. see also "National Data". China NBS. March 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.; see also 2023年江苏省国民经济和社会发展统计公报. jiangsu.gov.cn. March 5, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024. The average exchange rate of 2023 was CN¥7.0467 to US$1 "Statistical communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 national economic and social development" (Press release). China NBS. February 29, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024. <a href="2023年江苏省国民经济和社会发展统计公报" target="_blank">2023年江苏省国民经济和社会发展统计公报</a> <a href="#fnref:28" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:29"><p>国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 (2022). 中国2020年人口普查分县资料. Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-9772-9. <a href="中国2020年人口普查分县资料978-7-5037-9772-9" target="_blank">中国2020年人口普查分县资料978-7-5037-9772-9</a> <a href="#fnref:29" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:30"><p>国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 (2012). 中国2010年人口普查分县资料. Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6. <a href="中国2010年人口普查分县资料978-7-5037-6659-6" target="_blank">中国2010年人口普查分县资料978-7-5037-6659-6</a> <a href="#fnref:30" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:31"><p>New districts established after 2010 census: Lishui (Lishui County), Gaochun (Gaochun County). These new districts not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city. <a href="/wiki/Lishui_District" target="_blank">/wiki/Lishui_District</a> <a href="#fnref:31" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:32"><p>New district established after 2010 census: Wujiang (Wujiang CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city. <a href="/wiki/Wujiang_District,_Suzhou" target="_blank">/wiki/Wujiang_District,_Suzhou</a> <a href="#fnref:32" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:33"><p>New district established after 2010 census: Jintan (Jintan CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city. <a href="/wiki/Jintan_District" target="_blank">/wiki/Jintan_District</a> <a href="#fnref:33" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:34"><p>New district established after 2010 census: Tongshan (Tongshan County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city. <a href="/wiki/Tongshan_District" target="_blank">/wiki/Tongshan_District</a> <a href="#fnref:34" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:35"><p>New district established after 2020 census: Haimen (Haimen CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city. <a href="/wiki/Haimen,_Nantong" target="_blank">/wiki/Haimen,_Nantong</a> <a href="#fnref:35" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:36"><p>New district established after 2010 census: Jiangdu (Jiangdu CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city. <a href="/wiki/Jiangdu_District" target="_blank">/wiki/Jiangdu_District</a> <a href="#fnref:36" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:37"><p>New district established after 2010 census: Dafeng (Dafeng CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city. <a href="/wiki/Dafeng_District" target="_blank">/wiki/Dafeng_District</a> <a href="#fnref:37" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:38"><p>New district established after 2010 census: Hongze (Hongze County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city. <a href="/wiki/Hongze_District" target="_blank">/wiki/Hongze_District</a> <a href="#fnref:38" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:39"><p>New district established after 2010 census: Ganyu (Ganyu County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city. <a href="/wiki/Ganyu_District" target="_blank">/wiki/Ganyu_District</a> <a href="#fnref:39" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:40"><p>New district established after 2010 census: Jiangyan (Jiangyan CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city. <a href="/wiki/Jiangyan_District" target="_blank">/wiki/Jiangyan_District</a> <a href="#fnref:40" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:41"><p>Hai'an County is currently known as Hai'an CLC after 2010 census. <a href="#fnref:41" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:42"><p>New district established after 2020 census: Haimen (Haimen CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city. <a href="/wiki/Haimen,_Nantong" target="_blank">/wiki/Haimen,_Nantong</a> <a href="#fnref:42" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:43"><p>New district established after 2010 census: Wujiang (Wujiang CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city. <a href="/wiki/Wujiang_District,_Suzhou" target="_blank">/wiki/Wujiang_District,_Suzhou</a> <a href="#fnref:43" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:44"><p>New district established after 2010 census: Jiangdu (Jiangdu CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city. <a href="/wiki/Jiangdu_District" target="_blank">/wiki/Jiangdu_District</a> <a href="#fnref:44" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:45"><p>New district established after 2010 census: Jiangyan (Jiangyan CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city. <a href="/wiki/Jiangyan_District" target="_blank">/wiki/Jiangyan_District</a> <a href="#fnref:45" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:46"><p>New district established after 2010 census: Dafeng (Dafeng CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city. <a href="/wiki/Dafeng_District" target="_blank">/wiki/Dafeng_District</a> <a href="#fnref:46" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:47"><p>New district established after 2010 census: Jintan (Jintan CLC). 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