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Proto-Circassian language
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<h2 id="phonology">Phonology</h2> <table><tbody><tr><td><table><tbody><tr><td>Proto‑Circassian</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td>East Circassian</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Kabardian_language/a1Yv2tUX">Kabardian</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Besleney/xGp1775o">Basleney</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td>West Circassian</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td>Kuban river</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Temirgoy/lduW8sh7">Temirgoy</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Abzakh_dialect/ag43QYoQ">Abzakh</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Bzhedugh_dialect/CWq0h2tr">Bzhedugh</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td>Black Sea coast</td><td rowspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Shapsug_Adyghe_dialect/nJxlNboI">Shapsug</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td rowspan="2"><p><a href="/facts/Natukhai/94I9tIl4">Natkhuaja</a></p></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td>A Circassian dialects family tree.</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Consonants</h3> <p>The consonant system is reconstructed with a four-way <a href="/facts/Phonation/u2IGLdgG">phonation</a> contrast in <a href="/facts/Stop_consonant/okC9pztc">stops</a> and <a href="/facts/Affricate_consonant/Fn2y7FIA">affricates</a>, and a two-way contrast in <a href="/facts/Fricative_consonant/1FQuuhfX">fricatives</a>. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">ProtoCircassian</th><th colspan="5"><a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Western Circassian</a></th><th colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Kabardian_language/a1Yv2tUX">Eastern Circassian</a></th></tr><tr><th>ProtoWestern</th><th><a href="/facts/Shapsug_Adyghe_dialect/nJxlNboI">Shapsug</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Bzhedug_Adyghe_dialect/CWq0h2tr">Bzhedug</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Chemgui</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Abzakh_Adyghe_dialect/ag43QYoQ">Abzakh</a></th><th>ProtoEastern</th><th><a href="/facts/Besleney_language/xGp1775o">Besleney</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Kabardian_language/a1Yv2tUX">Kabardian</a></th></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a> ⟨б⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a> ⟨б⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a> ⟨б⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a> ⟨б⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a> ⟨б⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a> ⟨п⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a> ⟨п⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a> ⟨п⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a> ⟨б⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a> ⟨б⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">pʰ</a> ⟨пʰ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">pʰ</a> ⟨пʰ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">pʰ</a> ⟨пʰ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a> ⟨п⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a> ⟨п⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a> ⟨п⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Bilabial_ejective_stop/xrN47eFU">pʼ</a> ⟨пӏ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Bilabial_ejective_stop/xrN47eFU">pʼ</a> ⟨пӏ⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Bilabial_ejective_stop/xrN47eFU">pʼ</a> ⟨пӏ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Bilabial_ejective_stop/xrN47eFU">pʼ</a> ⟨пӏ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Bilabial_ejective_stop/xrN47eFU">pʼ</a> ⟨пӏ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a> ⟨д⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a> ⟨д⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a> ⟨д⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a> ⟨д⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a> ⟨д⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a> ⟨т⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a> ⟨т⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a> ⟨т⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a> ⟨д⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a> ⟨д⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">tʰ</a> ⟨тʰ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">tʰ</a> ⟨тʰ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">tʰ</a> ⟨тʰ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a> ⟨т⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a> ⟨т⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a> ⟨т⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_stop/ea7ahEWx">tʼ</a> ⟨тӏ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_stop/ea7ahEWx">tʼ</a> ⟨тӏ⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_stop/ea7ahEWx">tʼ</a> ⟨тӏ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_stop/ea7ahEWx">tʼ</a> ⟨тӏ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_stop/ea7ahEWx">tʼ</a> ⟨тӏ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡʲ</a> ⟨гь⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡʲ</a> ⟨гь⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡʲ</a> ⟨гь⟩</td><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a> ⟨дж⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡʲ</a> ⟨гь⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡʲ</a> ⟨гь⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a> ⟨дж⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">kʲ</a> ⟨кь⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">kʲ</a> ⟨кь⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">kʲ</a> ⟨кь⟩</td><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a> ⟨ч⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡʲ</a> ⟨гь⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡʲ</a> ⟨гь⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a> ⟨дж⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">kʲʰ</a> ⟨кʰь⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">kʲʰ</a> ⟨кʰь⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">kʲʰ</a> ⟨кʰь⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">t͡ʃʰ</a> ⟨чʰ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a> ⟨ч⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">kʲ</a> ⟨кь⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">kʲ</a> ⟨кь⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a> ⟨ч⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Velar_ejective_stop/lNW5fHwr">kʲʼ</a> ⟨кӏь⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Velar_ejective_stop/lNW5fHwr">kʲʼ</a> ⟨кӏь⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Velar_ejective_stop/lNW5fHwr">kʲʼ</a> ⟨кӏь⟩</td><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">t͡ʃʼ</a> ⟨кӏ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Velar_ejective_stop/lNW5fHwr">kʲʼ</a> ⟨кӏь⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Velar_ejective_stop/lNW5fHwr">kʲʼ</a> ⟨кӏь⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">t͡ʃʼ</a> ⟨кӏ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ɡʷ</a> ⟨гу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ɡʷ</a> ⟨гу⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ɡʷ</a> ⟨гу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ɡʷ</a> ⟨гу⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ɡʷ</a> ⟨гу⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">kʷ</a> ⟨ку⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">kʷ</a> ⟨ку⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">kʷ</a> ⟨ку⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ɡʷ</a> ⟨гу⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ɡʷ</a> ⟨гу⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">kʷʰ</a> ⟨кʰу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">kʷʰ</a> ⟨кʰу⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">kʷʰ</a> ⟨кʰу⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">kʷ</a> ⟨ку⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">kʷ</a> ⟨ку⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">kʷ</a> ⟨ку⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">kʷʼ</a> ⟨кӏу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">kʷʼ</a> ⟨кӏу⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">kʷʼ</a> ⟨кӏу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">kʷʼ</a> ⟨кӏу⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">kʷʼ</a> ⟨кӏу⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_plosive/aKeHjs1N">q</a> ⟨къ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_plosive/aKeHjs1N">q</a> ⟨къ⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_plosive/aKeHjs1N">q</a> ⟨къ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_plosive/aKeHjs1N">q</a> ⟨къ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_plosive/aKeHjs1N">q</a> ⟨къ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">qʰ</a> ⟨кʰъ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">qʰ</a> ⟨кʰъ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">qʰ</a> ⟨кʰъ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_plosive/aKeHjs1N">q</a> ⟨къ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_affricate/hn5jhhqR">q͡χ</a> ⟨кхъ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_affricate/hn5jhhqR">q͡χ</a> ⟨кхъ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">qʷ</a> ⟨къу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">qʷ</a> ⟨къу⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">qʷ</a> ⟨къу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">qʷ</a> ⟨къу⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">qʷ</a> ⟨къу⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">qʷʰ</a> ⟨кʰъу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">qʷʰ</a> ⟨кʰъу⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">qʷʰ</a> ⟨кʰъу⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">qʷ</a> ⟨къу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">q͡χʷ</a> ⟨кхъу⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">q͡χʷ</a> ⟨кхъу⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_affricate/rKxCFyD1">d͡z</a> ⟨дз⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_affricate/rKxCFyD1">d͡z</a> ⟨дз⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_affricate/rKxCFyD1">d͡z</a> ⟨дз⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_affricate/rKxCFyD1">d͡z</a> ⟨дз⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_affricate/rKxCFyD1">d͡z</a> ⟨дз⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate/YfPyNGjE">t͡s</a> ⟨ц⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate/YfPyNGjE">t͡s</a> ⟨ц⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate/YfPyNGjE">t͡s</a> ⟨ц⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_affricate/rKxCFyD1">d͡z</a> ⟨дз⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_affricate/rKxCFyD1">d͡z</a> ⟨дз⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">t͡sʰ</a> ⟨цʰ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">t͡sʰ</a> ⟨цʰ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">t͡sʰ</a> ⟨цʰ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate/YfPyNGjE">t͡s</a> ⟨ц⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate/YfPyNGjE">t͡s</a> ⟨ц⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate/YfPyNGjE">t͡s</a> ⟨ц⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_affricate/cYxdrDPc">t͡sʼ</a> ⟨цӏ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_affricate/cYxdrDPc">t͡sʼ</a> ⟨цӏ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_affricate/cYxdrDPc">t͡sʼ</a> / <a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_fricative/Rh8Qkyrz">sʼ</a> ⟨цӏ / сӏ⟩</td><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_affricate/cYxdrDPc">t͡sʼ</a> ⟨цӏ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_affricate/cYxdrDPc">t͡sʼ</a> ⟨цӏ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_affricate/cYxdrDPc">t͡sʼ</a> ⟨цӏ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">d͡ʑʷ</a> ⟨джъу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">d͡ʑʷ</a> ⟨джъу⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʑʷ</a> ⟨жьу⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʒʷ</a> ⟨жъу⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">d͡zʷ</a> ⟨дзу⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʒʷ</a> ⟨жъу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a> ⟨в⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a> ⟨в⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">t͡ɕʷ</a> ⟨чъу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">t͡ɕʷ</a> ⟨чъу⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">t͡ɕʷ</a> ⟨чъу⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">t͡sʷ</a> ⟨цу⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">t͡ɕʷ</a> ⟨чъу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a> ⟨в⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a> ⟨в⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">t͡ɕʷʰ</a> ⟨чъʰу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">t͡ɕʷʰ</a> ⟨чъʰу⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">t͡ɕʷʰ</a> ⟨чъʰу⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">t͡sʷ</a> ⟨цу⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">t͡ɕʷ</a> ⟨чъу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a> ⟨ф⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a> ⟨ф⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a> ⟨дж⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a> ⟨дж⟩</td><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a> ⟨дж⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a> ⟨ж⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a> ⟨дж⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a> ⟨дж⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a> ⟨ж⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a> ⟨ч⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a> ⟨ч⟩</td><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a> ⟨ч⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a> ⟨ш⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a> ⟨дж⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a> ⟨дж⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a> ⟨ж⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate/XotLkK7g">t͡ʂ</a> ⟨чъ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate/XotLkK7g">t͡ʂ</a> ⟨чъ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a> ⟨ч⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate/XotLkK7g">t͡ʂ</a> ⟨чъ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative/qv1enYKj">ʂ</a> ⟨шъ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_affricate/5rkMgdGM">d͡ʐ</a> ⟨джъ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_affricate/5rkMgdGM">d͡ʐ</a> ⟨джъ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a> ⟨ж⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">t͡ʃʰ</a> ⟨чʰ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">ʃʰ</a> ⟨шʰ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">ʃʰ</a> ⟨шʰ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a> ⟨ш⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a> ⟨ч⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a> ⟨ч⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a> ⟨ш⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">t͡ʂʰ</a> ⟨чʰъ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">ʃʰ</a> ⟨шʰ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">ʃʰ</a> ⟨шʰ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a> ⟨ш⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate/XotLkK7g">t͡ʂ</a> ⟨чъ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate/XotLkK7g">t͡ʂ</a> ⟨чъ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a> ⟨ш⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">t͡ʃʼ</a> ⟨кӏ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">t͡ʃʼ</a> ⟨кӏ⟩</td><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">t͡ʃʼ</a> ⟨кӏ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative/EClVBDwt">ɕʼ</a> / <a href="/facts/Glottal_stop/Xfqy2ArP">ʔʲ</a> ⟨щӏ / ӏ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">t͡ʃʼ</a> ⟨кӏ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">t͡ʃʼ</a> ⟨кӏ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative/EClVBDwt">ɕʼ</a> ⟨щӏ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Retroflex_ejective_affricate/VaR8nQRk">t͡ʂʼ</a> ⟨чӏ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Retroflex_ejective_affricate/VaR8nQRk">t͡ʂʼ</a> ⟨чӏ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">t͡ʃʼ</a> ⟨кӏ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Retroflex_ejective_affricate/VaR8nQRk">t͡ʂʼ</a> ⟨чӏ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative/EClVBDwt">ɕʼ</a> / <a href="/facts/Glottal_stop/Xfqy2ArP">ʔʲ</a> ⟨щӏ / ӏ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Retroflex_ejective_affricate/VaR8nQRk">t͡ʂʼ</a> ⟨чӏ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Retroflex_ejective_affricate/VaR8nQRk">t͡ʂʼ</a> ⟨чӏ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative/EClVBDwt">ɕʼ</a> ⟨щӏ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_fricative/TtHwyzp6">z</a> ⟨з⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_fricative/TtHwyzp6">z</a> ⟨з⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_fricative/TtHwyzp6">z</a> ⟨з⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_fricative/TtHwyzp6">z</a> ⟨з⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_fricative/TtHwyzp6">z</a> ⟨з⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a> ⟨с⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a> ⟨с⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a> ⟨с⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a> ⟨с⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a> ⟨с⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative/03LloGUa">ʑ</a> ⟨жь⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative/03LloGUa">ʑ</a> ⟨жь⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a> ⟨ж⟩</td><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative/03LloGUa">ʑ</a> ⟨жь⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative/03LloGUa">ʑ</a> ⟨жь⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative/03LloGUa">ʑ</a> ⟨жь⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative/gwwPRsUU">ɕ</a> ⟨щ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative/gwwPRsUU">ɕ</a> ⟨щ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a> ⟨ш⟩</td><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative/gwwPRsUU">ɕ</a> ⟨щ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative/gwwPRsUU">ɕ</a> ⟨щ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative/gwwPRsUU">ɕ</a> ⟨щ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative/EClVBDwt">ɕʼ</a> ⟨шӏ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative/RK8KoBQS">ʃʼ</a> ⟨шӏ⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative/RK8KoBQS">ʃʼ</a> ⟨шӏ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative/EClVBDwt">ɕʼ</a> ⟨щӏ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative/EClVBDwt">ɕʼ</a> ⟨щӏ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʑʷ</a> ⟨жъу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʑʷ</a> ⟨жъу⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʑʷ</a> ⟨жьу⟩</td><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʐʷ</a> ⟨жъу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a> ⟨в⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a> ⟨в⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ɕʷ</a> ⟨шъу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ɕʷ</a> ⟨шъу⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ɕʷ</a> ⟨щу⟩</td><td colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʂʷ</a> ⟨шъу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a> ⟨ф⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a> ⟨ф⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ɕʷʼ</a> ⟨шӏу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʃʷʼ</a> ⟨шӏу⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʃʷʼ</a> ⟨шӏу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labiodental_ejective_fricative/ClE7ClY5">fʼ</a> ⟨фӏ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Labiodental_ejective_fricative/ClE7ClY5">fʼ</a> ⟨фӏ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a> ⟨ж⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a> ⟨ж⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a> ⟨ж⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a> ⟨ж⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a> ⟨ж⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative/03LloGUa">ʑ</a> ⟨жь⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_fricative/tfM7yN3u">ʐ</a> ⟨жъ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_fricative/tfM7yN3u">ʐ</a> ⟨жъ⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_fricative/tfM7yN3u">ʐ</a> ⟨жъ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_fricative/tfM7yN3u">ʐ</a> ⟨жъ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_fricative/tfM7yN3u">ʐ</a> ⟨жъ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative/03LloGUa">ʑ</a> ⟨жь⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a> ⟨ш⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a> ⟨ш⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a> ⟨ш⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a> ⟨ш⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a> ⟨ш⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative/gwwPRsUU">ɕ</a> ⟨щ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative/qv1enYKj">ʂ</a> ⟨шъ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative/qv1enYKj">ʂ</a> ⟨шъ⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative/qv1enYKj">ʂ</a> ⟨шъ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative/qv1enYKj">ʂ</a> ⟨шъ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative/qv1enYKj">ʂ</a> ⟨шъ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative/gwwPRsUU">ɕ</a> ⟨щ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">ʃʰ</a> ⟨шʰ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">ʃʰ</a> ⟨шʰ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">ʃʰ</a> ⟨шʰ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a> ⟨ш⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a> ⟨ш⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a> ⟨ш⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative/gwwPRsUU">ɕ</a> ⟨щ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">ʂʰ</a> ⟨шʰъ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">ʃʰ</a> ⟨шʰ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">ʃʰ</a> ⟨шʰ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a> ⟨ш⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative/qv1enYKj">ʂ</a> ⟨шъ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative/qv1enYKj">ʂ</a> ⟨шъ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative/gwwPRsUU">ɕ</a> ⟨щ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative/69Vsl5Dx">ɮ</a> ⟨л⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative/69Vsl5Dx">ɮ</a> ⟨л⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative/69Vsl5Dx">ɮ</a> ⟨л⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative/69Vsl5Dx">ɮ</a> ⟨л⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative/69Vsl5Dx">ɮ</a> ⟨л⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative/Vzem3juJ">ɬ</a> ⟨лъ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative/Vzem3juJ">ɬ</a> ⟨лъ⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative/Vzem3juJ">ɬ</a> ⟨лъ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative/Vzem3juJ">ɬ</a> ⟨лъ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative/Vzem3juJ">ɬ</a> ⟨лъ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative/KuJKR8Ur">ɬʼ</a> ⟨лӏ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative/KuJKR8Ur">ɬʼ</a> ⟨лӏ⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative/KuJKR8Ur">ɬʼ</a> ⟨лӏ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative/KuJKR8Ur">ɬʼ</a> ⟨лӏ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate/f6DqronT">t͡ɬʼ</a> ⟨тлӏ⟩</td><td><a href="/facts/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative/KuJKR8Ur">ɬʼ</a> ⟨лӏ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_fricative/ESy9fy1G">ɣ</a> ⟨г⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_fricative/ESy9fy1G">ɣ</a> ⟨г⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_fricative/ESy9fy1G">ɣ</a> ⟨г⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_fricative/ESy9fy1G">ɣ</a> ⟨г⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_fricative/ESy9fy1G">ɣ</a> ⟨г⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_fricative/mrKPhobk">x</a> ⟨х⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_fricative/mrKPhobk">x</a> ⟨х⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_fricative/mrKPhobk">x</a> ⟨х⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_fricative/mrKPhobk">x</a> ⟨х⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_fricative/mrKPhobk">x</a> ⟨х⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">xʷ</a> ⟨ху⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a> ⟨ф⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a> ⟨ф⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">xʷ</a> ⟨ху⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">xʷ</a> ⟨ху⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_fricative/EPs0IHK3">ʁ</a> ⟨гъ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_fricative/EPs0IHK3">ʁ</a> ⟨гъ⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_fricative/EPs0IHK3">ʁ</a> ⟨гъ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_fricative/EPs0IHK3">ʁ</a> ⟨гъ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiced_uvular_fricative/EPs0IHK3">ʁ</a> ⟨гъ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʁʷ</a> ⟨гъу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʁʷ</a> ⟨гъу⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʁʷ</a> ⟨гъу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʁʷ</a> ⟨гъу⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʁʷ</a> ⟨гъу⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_fricative/gncAMNne">χ</a> ⟨хъ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_fricative/gncAMNne">χ</a> ⟨хъ⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_fricative/gncAMNne">χ</a> ⟨хъ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_fricative/gncAMNne">χ</a> ⟨хъ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_fricative/gncAMNne">χ</a> ⟨хъ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">χʷ</a> ⟨хъу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">χʷ</a> ⟨хъу⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">χʷ</a> ⟨хъу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">χʷ</a> ⟨хъу⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">χʷ</a> ⟨хъу⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative/Y2qSAoED">ħ</a> ⟨хь⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative/Y2qSAoED">ħ</a> ⟨хь⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative/Y2qSAoED">ħ</a> ⟨хь⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative/Y2qSAoED">ħ</a> ⟨хь⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative/Y2qSAoED">ħ</a> ⟨хь⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a> ⟨м⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a> ⟨м⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a> ⟨м⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a> ⟨м⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a> ⟨м⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a> ⟨н⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a> ⟨н⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a> ⟨н⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a> ⟨н⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a> ⟨н⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">r</a> ⟨р⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">r</a> ⟨р⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">r</a> ⟨р⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">r</a> ⟨р⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">r</a> ⟨р⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a> ⟨у⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a> ⟨у⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a> ⟨у⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a> ⟨у⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a> ⟨у⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a> ⟨й⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a> ⟨й⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a> ⟨й⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a> ⟨й⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a> ⟨й⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Glottal_stop/Xfqy2ArP">ʔ</a> ⟨ӏ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Glottal_stop/Xfqy2ArP">ʔ</a> ⟨ӏ⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Glottal_stop/Xfqy2ArP">ʔ</a> ⟨ӏ⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Glottal_stop/Xfqy2ArP">ʔ</a> ⟨ӏ⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Glottal_stop/Xfqy2ArP">ʔ</a> ⟨ӏ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʔʷ</a> ⟨ӏу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʔʷ</a> ⟨ӏу⟩</td><td colspan="4"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʔʷ</a> ⟨ӏу⟩</td><td>*<a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʔʷ</a> ⟨ӏу⟩</td><td colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʔʷ</a> ⟨ӏу⟩</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Aspirated consonants to plain</h3> <p>In the Proto-Circassian there was a series of <a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonants/Kat42tA6">aspirated consonants</a> that survived in the Shapsug and Bzhedugh dialect while they became plain consonants in the other dialects. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">pʰ</a> ⟨пʰ⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a> ⟨п⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">tʰ</a> ⟨тʰ⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a> ⟨т⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">kʲʰ</a> ⟨кʰь⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a> ⟨ч⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">kʷʰ</a> ⟨кʰу⟩ → <a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">kʷ</a> ⟨ку⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">qʰ</a> ⟨кʰъ⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiceless_uvular_plosive/aKeHjs1N">q</a> ⟨къ⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">qʷʰ</a> ⟨кʰъу⟩ → <a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">qʷ</a> ⟨къу⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">t͡sʰ</a> ⟨цʰ⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate/YfPyNGjE">t͡s</a> ⟨ц⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">t͡ɕʷʰ</a> ⟨чʰу⟩ → <a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">t͡ɕʷ</a> ⟨чу⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">ʃʰ</a> ⟨шʰ⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a> ⟨ш⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">ʂʰ</a> ⟨шʰъ⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative/qv1enYKj">ʂ</a> ⟨шъ⟩</li></ul> <table><tbody><tr><th>Word</th><th>ProtoCircassian</th><th>ShapsugBzhedug</th><th>AbzakhChemgui</th><th>Kabardian</th></tr><tr><td>noise</td><td>pʰa ⟨пʰэ⟩</td><td>pʰa ⟨пʰэ⟩</td><td>pa ⟨пэ⟩</td><td>pa ⟨пэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>sharp</td><td>pʰaːɣa ⟨пʰагэ⟩</td><td>pʰaːɣa ⟨пʰагэ⟩</td><td>paːɣa ⟨пагэ⟩</td><td>paːɣa ⟨пагэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>pillow</td><td>ʂħaːntʰa ⟨шъхьантʰэ⟩</td><td>ʂħaːtʰa ⟨шъхьатʰэ⟩</td><td>ʂħaːnta ⟨шъхьантэ⟩</td><td>ɕħaːnta ⟨щхьантэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>wool</td><td>t͡sʰə ⟨цʰы⟩</td><td>t͡sʰə ⟨цʰы⟩</td><td>t͡sə ⟨цы⟩</td><td>t͡sə ⟨цы⟩</td></tr><tr><td>brother</td><td>t͡ʃʰə ⟨чʰы⟩</td><td>ʃʰə ⟨шʰы⟩</td><td>ʃə ⟨шы⟩</td><td>qʷaʃ ⟨къуэш⟩</td></tr><tr><td>lame</td><td>ɬaːʃʰa ⟨лъашʰэ⟩</td><td>ɬaːʃʰa ⟨лъашʰэ⟩</td><td>ɬaːʃa ⟨лъашэ⟩</td><td>ɬaːʃa ⟨лъашэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>thigh</td><td>kʷʰa ⟨кʰо⟩</td><td>kʷʰa ⟨кʰо⟩</td><td>kʷa ⟨ко⟩</td><td>kʷa ⟨куэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>grave</td><td>qʰa ⟨кʰъэ⟩</td><td>qʰa ⟨кʰъэ⟩</td><td>qa ⟨къэ⟩</td><td>q͡χa ⟨кхъэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>pig</td><td>qʷʰa ⟨кʰъо⟩</td><td>qʷʰa ⟨кʰъо⟩</td><td>qʷa ⟨къо⟩</td><td>q͡χʷa ⟨кхъуэ⟩</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Plain voiceless consonants to voiced</h3> <p>In the Proto-Circassian there was a series of <a href="/facts/Tense_consonant/S4IpbaVE">tense consonants</a> that became voiced in the eastern dialects. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a> ⟨п⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a> ⟨б⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a> ⟨т⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a> ⟨д⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate/YfPyNGjE">t͡s</a> ⟨ц⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_affricate/rKxCFyD1">d͡z</a> ⟨дз⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">t͡ɕʷ</a> ⟨цу⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a> ⟨в⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">kʲ</a> ⟨кь⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡʲ</a> ⟨гь⟩ / <a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a> ⟨дж⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">kʷ</a> ⟨ку⟩ → <a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ɡʷ</a> ⟨гу⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a> ⟨ч⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a> ⟨дж⟩ / <a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a> ⟨ж⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate/XotLkK7g">t͡ʂ</a> ⟨чъ⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiced_retroflex_affricate/5rkMgdGM">d͡ʐ</a> ⟨джъ⟩ / <a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a> ⟨ж⟩</li></ul> <table><tbody><tr><th>Word</th><th>ProtoCircassian</th><th>BzhedugChemgui</th><th>Baslaney</th><th>Kabardian</th></tr><tr><td>we</td><td>ta ⟨тэ⟩</td><td>ta ⟨тэ⟩</td><td>da ⟨дэ⟩</td><td>da ⟨дэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>leader</td><td>tħamaːta ⟨тхьэматэ⟩</td><td>tħamaːta ⟨тхьэматэ⟩</td><td>tħamaːda ⟨тхьэмадэ⟩</td><td>tħamaːda ⟨тхьэмадэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>fish</td><td>pt͡saʐəja ⟨пцэжъые⟩</td><td>pt͡saʐəja ⟨пцэжъые⟩</td><td>bd͡zaʐej ⟨бдзэжъей⟩</td><td>bd͡zaʑej ⟨бдзэжьей⟩</td></tr><tr><td>glass</td><td>aːpkʲ ⟨апкь⟩</td><td>aːpt͡ʃ ⟨апч⟩</td><td>ʔaːbɡʲ ⟨абгь⟩</td><td>ʔaːbd͡ʒ ⟨абдж⟩</td></tr><tr><td>chicken</td><td>kʲat ⟨кьэт⟩</td><td>t͡ʃatə ⟨чэты⟩</td><td>ɡʲad ⟨гьэд⟩</td><td>d͡ʒad ⟨джэд⟩</td></tr><tr><td>night</td><td>t͡ʃaɕ ⟨чэщ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃaɕə ⟨чэщы⟩</td><td>d͡ʒaɕ ⟨джэщ⟩</td><td>ʒaɕ ⟨жэщ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>village</td><td>t͡ʃəɮa ⟨чылэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃəɮa ⟨чылэ⟩</td><td>d͡ʒəɮa ⟨джылэ⟩</td><td>ʒəɮa ⟨жылэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>cow</td><td>t͡ʃam ⟨чэм⟩</td><td>t͡ʃamə ⟨чэмы⟩</td><td>d͡ʒam ⟨джэм⟩</td><td>ʒam ⟨жэм⟩</td></tr><tr><td>tree</td><td>t͡ʂəɣ ⟨чъыг⟩</td><td>t͡ʂəɣə ⟨чъыгы⟩</td><td>d͡ʐəɣ ⟨джъыг⟩</td><td>ʒəɣ ⟨жыг⟩</td></tr><tr><td>mouse</td><td>t͡səʁʷa ⟨цыгъо⟩</td><td>t͡səʁʷa ⟨цыгъо⟩</td><td>d͡zəʁʷa ⟨дзыгъуэ⟩</td><td>d͡zəʁʷa ⟨дзыгъуэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>short</td><td>kʲʼaːkʷa ⟨кӏьако⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼaːkʷa ⟨кӏако⟩</td><td>kʲʼaːɡʷa ⟨кӏьагуэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼaːɡʷa ⟨кӏагуэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>wheat</td><td>kʷat͡s ⟨коц⟩</td><td>kʷat͡sə ⟨коцы⟩</td><td>ɡʷad͡z ⟨гуэдз⟩</td><td>ɡʷad͡z ⟨гуэдз⟩</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Velar consonants to palato-alveolar</h3> <p>In the Proto-Circassian language there exist a palatalized <a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_stop/f6udTvfQ">voiced velar stop</a> [ɡʲ] ⟨гь⟩, a palatalized aspirated <a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_stop/dDppVb6e">voiceless velar stop</a> [kʲʰ], a palatalized <a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_stop/dDppVb6e">voiceless velar stop</a> [kʲ] ⟨кь⟩ and a palatalized <a href="/facts/Velar_ejective/lNW5fHwr">velar ejective</a> [kʲʼ] ⟨кӏь⟩. The consonants гь [<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡʲ</a>], кь [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">kʲ</a>] and кӏь [<a href="/facts/Velar_ejective_stop/lNW5fHwr">kʲʼ</a>] survive in the <a href="/facts/Shapsug_Adyghe_dialect/nJxlNboI">Shapsug dialect</a>, in the <a href="/facts/Besleney_language/xGp1775o">Besleney dialect</a> and in the Kabardian Uzunyayla dialect.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a> In other Circassian dialects they were merged with the <a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_consonant/J6UQAMW5">palato-alveolar</a> consonants дж [<a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a>], ч [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a>] and кӏ [<a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">t͡ʃʼ</a>] respectively.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a><a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡʲ</a> ⟨гь⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a> ⟨дж⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Aspirated_consonant/Kat42tA6">kʲʰ</a> ⟨кʰь⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a> ⟨ч⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">kʲ</a> ⟨кь⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a> ⟨ч⟩ / <a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡʲ</a> ⟨гь⟩ / <a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a> ⟨дж⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Velar_ejective_stop/lNW5fHwr">kʲʼ</a> ⟨кӏь⟩ → <a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">t͡ʃʼ</a> ⟨кӏ⟩</li></ul> <table><tbody><tr><th>Word</th><th>ProtoCircassian</th><th>Shapsug</th><th>BzhedugChemguiAbzakh</th><th>Baslaney</th><th>Kabardian</th></tr><tr><td>to cough</td><td>pskʲʰan ⟨пскʰьэн⟩</td><td>pskʲʰan ⟨пскʰьэн⟩</td><td>pst͡ʃan ⟨псчэн⟩</td><td>pskʲan ⟨пскьэн⟩</td><td>pst͡ʃan ⟨псчэн⟩</td></tr><tr><td>game</td><td>ɡʲaɡʷ ⟨гьэгу⟩</td><td>ɡʲaɡʷ ⟨гьэгу⟩</td><td>d͡ʒaɡʷ ⟨джэгу⟩</td><td>ɡʲaɡʷ ⟨гьэгу⟩</td><td>d͡ʒaɡʷ ⟨джэгу⟩</td></tr><tr><td>shirt</td><td>ɡʲaːna ⟨гьанэ⟩</td><td>ɡʲaːna ⟨гьанэ⟩</td><td>d͡ʒːna ⟨джанэ⟩</td><td>ɡʲaːna ⟨гьанэ⟩</td><td>d͡ʒːna ⟨джанэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>glass</td><td>aːpkʲ ⟨апкь⟩</td><td>aːpkʲ ⟨апкь⟩</td><td>aːpt͡ʃ ⟨апч⟩</td><td>ʔaːbɡʲ ⟨абгь⟩</td><td>ʔaːbd͡ʒ ⟨абдж⟩</td></tr><tr><td>chicken</td><td>kʲat ⟨кьэт⟩</td><td>kʲat ⟨кьэт⟩</td><td>t͡ʃatə ⟨чэты⟩</td><td>ɡʲad ⟨гьэд⟩</td><td>d͡ʒad ⟨джэд⟩</td></tr><tr><td>short</td><td>kʲʼaːkʷa ⟨кӏьако⟩</td><td>kʲʼaːkʷa ⟨кӏьако⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼaːkʷa ⟨кӏако⟩</td><td>kʲʼaːɡʷa ⟨кӏьагуэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼaːɡʷa ⟨кӏагуэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>rope</td><td>kʲʼaːpsa ⟨кӏьапсэ⟩</td><td>kʲʼaːpsa ⟨кӏьапсэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼaːpsa ⟨кӏапсэ⟩</td><td>kʲʼaːpsa ⟨кӏьапсэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼaːpsa ⟨кӏапсэ⟩</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Affricate to fricative</h3> <p>Historically, Proto-Circassian had 6 distinct consonants: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a> ⟨дж⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a> ⟨ч⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">t͡ʃʼ</a> ⟨кӏ⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">ɡʲ</a> ⟨гь⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">kʲ</a> ⟨кь⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">kʲʼ</a> ⟨кӏь⟩</li></ul> <p>Then, in the Abzakh and Kabardian dialects, the affricate <a href="/facts/Postalveolar_consonant/YUo5nJly">postalveolar consonants</a> became fricative: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a> ⟨дж⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a> ⟨ж⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a> ⟨ч⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a> ⟨ш⟩ / <a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a> ⟨ж⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">t͡ʃʼ</a> ⟨кӏ⟩ → <a href="/facts/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative/EClVBDwt">ɕʼ</a> ⟨щӏ⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate/XotLkK7g">t͡ʂ</a> ⟨чъ⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative/qv1enYKj">ʂ</a> ⟨шъ⟩ / <a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a> ⟨ж⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Retroflex_ejective_affricate/VaR8nQRk">t͡ʂʼ</a> ⟨чӏ⟩ → <a href="/facts/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative/EClVBDwt">ɕʼ</a> ⟨щӏ⟩</li></ul> <p>For example: </p> <ul><li>The Proto-Circassian word кӏэкӏьын "to come out from under" became щӏэкӏьын in Kabardian and ӏекӏьын in Abzakh.</li> <li>The Proto-Circassian word кӏэгъуэжьын "to regret" became щӏэгъуэжын in Kabardian & ӏегъуэжьын Abzakh.</li> <li>The Proto-Circassian word пакӏэ "mustache" became пащӏэ in both Kabardian & Abzakh.</li> <li>The Proto-Circassian word кӏалэ "boy; young man" became щӏалэ in Kabardian and ӏелэ in Abzakh.</li> <li>The Proto-Circassian word кӏымахуэ "summer" became щӏымахуэ in Kabardian and щӏымафэ in Abzakh.</li> <li>The Proto-Circassian word кӏэ "new" became щӏэ in both Kabardian & Abzakh.</li></ul> <p>But words like кӏьапсэ "rope", кӏьакуэ "short" & кӏьэ "tail" were still pronounced with <a href="/facts/Palatalization_(phonetics)/LXAIp4TB">kʲʼ</a>. </p><p>Later on, in the majority of Circassian dialects (both Adyghe and Kabardian dialects), the velar consonants гь [<a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡʲ</a>], кь [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">kʲ</a>] and кӏь [<a href="/facts/Velar_ejective_stop/lNW5fHwr">kʲʼ</a>] became <a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_consonant/J6UQAMW5">palato-alveolar</a> consonants дж [<a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a>], ч [<a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a>] and кӏ [<a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">t͡ʃʼ</a>] respectively. Now words like кӏапсэ "rope", кӏакуэ "short" & кӏэ "tail" were pronounced with <a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">t͡ʃʼ</a>. </p><p>For example, in the following table, you can see how the words "new" & "tail" are distinct in all dialects except Bzhedug & Chemgui. </p> <table><tbody><tr><th>Word</th><th>ProtoCircassian</th><th>Shapsug</th><th>BzhedugChemgui</th><th>Abzakh</th><th>Baslaney</th><th>Standard Kabardian</th><th>Some Kabardian dialects</th></tr><tr><td>tail</td><td>kʲʼa ⟨кӏьэ⟩</td><td>kʲʼa ⟨кӏьэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼa ⟨кӏэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼa ⟨кӏэ⟩</td><td>kʲʼa ⟨кӏьэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼa ⟨кӏэ⟩</td><td>kʲʼa ⟨кӏьэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>new</td><td>t͡ʃʼa ⟨кӏэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼa ⟨кӏэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼa ⟨кӏэ⟩</td><td>ʃʼa ⟨щӏэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼa ⟨кӏьэ⟩</td><td>ʃʼa ⟨щӏэ⟩</td><td>ʃʼa ⟨щӏэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>summer</td><td>t͡ʃʼəmaːxʷa ⟨кӏымахуэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼəmaːfa ⟨кӏымафэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼəmaːfa ⟨кӏымафэ⟩</td><td>ʃʼəmaːfa ⟨щӏымафэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼəmaːxʷa ⟨кӏымахуэ⟩</td><td>ʃʼəmaːxʷa ⟨щӏымахуэ⟩</td><td>ʃʼəmaːxʷa ⟨щӏымахуэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>mustache</td><td>paːt͡ʃʼa ⟨пакӏэ⟩</td><td>paːt͡ʃʼa ⟨пакӏэ⟩</td><td>paːt͡ʃʼa ⟨пакӏэ⟩</td><td>paːʃʼa ⟨пащӏэ⟩</td><td>paːt͡ʃʼa ⟨пакӏэ⟩</td><td>paːʃʼa ⟨пащӏэ⟩</td><td>paːʃʼa ⟨пащӏэ⟩</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The way the affricate <a href="/facts/Postalveolar_consonant/YUo5nJly">postalveolar consonants</a> became fricative in the Abzakh and the Kabardian dialects: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">d͡ʒ</a> ⟨дж⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a> ⟨ж⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">t͡ʃ</a> ⟨ч⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a> ⟨ш⟩ / <a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a> ⟨ж⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">t͡ʃʼ</a> ⟨кӏ⟩ → <a href="/facts/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative/EClVBDwt">ɕʼ</a> ⟨щӏ⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate/XotLkK7g">t͡ʂ</a> ⟨чъ⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative/qv1enYKj">ʂ</a> ⟨шъ⟩ / <a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative/Tb8XpRoS">ʒ</a> ⟨ж⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Retroflex_ejective_affricate/VaR8nQRk">t͡ʂʼ</a> ⟨чӏ⟩ → <a href="/facts/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative/EClVBDwt">ɕʼ</a> ⟨щӏ⟩</li></ul> <table><tbody><tr><th>Word</th><th>ProtoCircassian</th><th>BzhedugChemgui</th><th>Abzakh</th><th>Baslaney</th><th>Kabardian</th></tr><tr><td>fox</td><td>baːd͡ʒa ⟨баджэ⟩</td><td>baːd͡ʒa ⟨баджэ⟩</td><td>baːʒa ⟨бажэ⟩</td><td>baːd͡ʒa ⟨баджэ⟩</td><td>baːʒa ⟨бажэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>village</td><td>qʷaːd͡ʒa ⟨къуаджэ⟩</td><td>qʷaːd͡ʒa ⟨къуаджэ⟩</td><td>qʷaːʒa ⟨къуажэ⟩</td><td>qʷaːd͡ʒa ⟨къуаджэ⟩</td><td>qʷaːʒa ⟨къуажэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>village</td><td>t͡ʃəɮa ⟨чылэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃəɮa ⟨чылэ⟩</td><td>ʃəɮa ⟨шылэ⟩</td><td>d͡ʒəɮa ⟨джылэ⟩</td><td>ʒəɮa ⟨жылэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>night</td><td>t͡ʃaɕ ⟨чэщ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃaɕə ⟨чэщы⟩</td><td>ʃaɕə ⟨шэщы⟩</td><td>d͡ʒaɕ ⟨джэщ⟩</td><td>ʒaɕ ⟨жэщ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>cow</td><td>t͡ʃam ⟨чэм⟩</td><td>t͡ʃamə ⟨чэмы⟩</td><td>ʃamə ⟨шэмы⟩</td><td>d͡ʒam ⟨джэм⟩</td><td>ʒam ⟨жэм⟩</td></tr><tr><td>new</td><td>t͡ʃʼa ⟨кӏэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼa ⟨кӏэ⟩</td><td>ʃʼa ⟨шӏэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼa ⟨кӏэ⟩</td><td>ɕʼa ⟨щӏэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>winter</td><td>t͡ʃʼəmaːxʷa ⟨кӏымахо⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼəmaːfa ⟨кӏымафэ⟩</td><td>ʃʼəmaːfa ⟨шӏымафэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼəmaːxʷa ⟨кӏымахуэ⟩</td><td>ɕʼəmaːxʷa ⟨щӏымахуэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>young-man</td><td>t͡ʃʼaːɮa ⟨кӏалэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼaːɮa ⟨кӏалэ⟩</td><td>ʔʲaːɮa ⟨ӏелэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʃʼaːɮa ⟨кӏалэ⟩</td><td>ɕʼaːɮa ⟨щӏалэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>to sleep</td><td>t͡ʂəjan ⟨чъыен⟩</td><td>t͡ʂəjan ⟨чъыен⟩</td><td>ʂəjan ⟨шъыен⟩</td><td>d͡ʐajən ⟨джъеин⟩</td><td>ʒajən ⟨жеин⟩</td></tr><tr><td>tree</td><td>t͡ʂəɣ ⟨чъыг⟩</td><td>t͡ʂəɣə ⟨чъыгы⟩</td><td>ʂəɣə ⟨шъыгы⟩</td><td>d͡ʐəɣ ⟨джъыг⟩</td><td>ʒəɣ ⟨жыг⟩</td></tr><tr><td>to run</td><td>t͡ʂan ⟨чъэн⟩</td><td>t͡ʂan ⟨чъэн⟩</td><td>tʂan ⟨шъэн⟩</td><td>d͡ʐan ⟨джъэн⟩</td><td>ʒan ⟨жэн⟩</td></tr><tr><td>area</td><td>t͡ʂʼəpʼa ⟨чӏыпӏэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʂʼəpʼa ⟨чӏыпӏэ⟩</td><td>ʃʼəpʼa ⟨шӏыпӏэ⟩</td><td>t͡ʂʼəpʼa ⟨чӏыпӏэ⟩</td><td>ɕʼəpʼa ⟨щӏыпӏэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>iron</td><td>ʁʷət͡ʂʼə ⟨гъучӏы⟩</td><td>ʁʷət͡ʂʼə ⟨гъучӏы⟩</td><td>ʃʼəpʼa ⟨гъушӏы⟩</td><td>ʁʷət͡ʂʼə ⟨гъучӏы⟩</td><td>ɕʼəpʼa ⟨гъущӏы⟩</td></tr></tbody></table> <h3>Introduction of labiodental fricatives</h3> <p>Proto-Circassian had no labiodental fricatives: <a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">voiceless labiodental fricative</a> [f] and <a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">voiced labiodental fricative</a> [v]. Western Circassian received the labiodental fricatives from one source while Eastern Circassian received from another. </p><p>In Western: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">xʷ</a> ⟨ху⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a> ⟨ф⟩</li></ul> <p>In Eastern: </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">t͡ɕʷʰ</a> ⟨цу⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a> ⟨ф⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">t͡ɕʷ</a> ⟨цу⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a> ⟨в⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʑʷ</a> ⟨жъу⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a> ⟨в⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ɕʷ</a> ⟨шъу⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a> ⟨ф⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ɕʷʼ</a> ⟨шӏу⟩ → <a href="/facts/Labiodental_ejective_fricative/ClE7ClY5">fʼ</a> ⟨фӏ⟩</li></ul> <h4>Western</h4> <p>Proto-Circassian had a labialized <a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_fricative/mrKPhobk">voiceless velar fricative</a> [xʷ] which survived in the eastern dialects while it became a <a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">voiceless labiodental fricative</a> [f] in the western dialects. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">xʷ</a> ⟨ху⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a> ⟨ф⟩</li></ul> <table><tbody><tr><th>Word</th><th>ProtoCircassian</th><th>Western</th><th>Eastern</th></tr><tr><td>human</td><td>t͡sʼəxʷ ⟨цӏыху⟩</td><td>t͡sʼəf ⟨цӏыф⟩</td><td>t͡sʼəxʷ ⟨цӏыху⟩</td></tr><tr><td>white</td><td>xʷəʑ ⟨хужь⟩</td><td>fəʑə ⟨фыжьы⟩</td><td>xʷəʑ ⟨хужь⟩</td></tr><tr><td>hot</td><td>xʷaːba ⟨хуабэ⟩</td><td>faːba ⟨фабэ⟩</td><td>xʷaːba ⟨хуабэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>day</td><td>maːxʷa ⟨махо⟩</td><td>maːfa ⟨мафэ⟩</td><td>maːxʷa ⟨махуэ⟩</td></tr></tbody></table> <h4>Eastern</h4> <p>Proto-Circassian had a series of labialized <a href="/facts/Postalveolar_consonant/YUo5nJly">postalveolar consonants</a> (t͡ɕʷ, ʑʷ, ɕʷ and ɕʷʼ). These consonants survived in the western dialects while they became labiodental consonants in the eastern dialects. </p> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">t͡ɕʷʰ</a> ⟨цу⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a> ⟨ф⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">t͡ɕʷ</a> ⟨цу⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a> ⟨в⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ʑʷ</a> ⟨жъу⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a> ⟨в⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ɕʷ</a> ⟨шъу⟩ → <a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a> ⟨ф⟩</li> <li><a href="/facts/Labialization/gxgAWAQI">ɕʷʼ</a> ⟨шӏу⟩ → <a href="/facts/Labiodental_ejective_fricative/ClE7ClY5">fʼ</a> ⟨фӏ⟩</li></ul> <table><tbody><tr><th>Word</th><th>ProtoCircassian</th><th>Western</th><th>Eastern</th></tr><tr><td>ox</td><td>t͡ɕʷə ⟨цу⟩</td><td>t͡ɕʷə ⟨цу⟩</td><td>və ⟨вы⟩</td></tr><tr><td>shoe</td><td>t͡ɕʷaːqa ⟨цуакъэ⟩</td><td>t͡ɕʷaːqa ⟨цуакъэ⟩</td><td>vaːqa ⟨вакъэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>star</td><td>ʑʷaːʁʷa ⟨жъуагъо⟩</td><td>ʑʷaːʁʷa ⟨жъуагъо⟩</td><td>vaːʁʷa ⟨вагъуэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>stone</td><td>məʑʷa ⟨мыжъо⟩</td><td>məʑʷa ⟨мыжъо⟩</td><td>məva ⟨мывэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>narrow</td><td>zaʑʷə ⟨зэжъу⟩</td><td>zaʑʷə ⟨зэжъу⟩</td><td>zavə ⟨зэвы⟩</td></tr><tr><td>you (pl.)</td><td>ɕʷa ⟨шъо⟩</td><td>ɕʷa ⟨шъо⟩</td><td>fa ⟨фэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>honey</td><td>ɕʷaw ⟨шъоу⟩</td><td>ɕʷaw ⟨шъоу⟩</td><td>faw ⟨фо⟩</td></tr><tr><td>wife</td><td>ɕʷəz ⟨шъуз⟩</td><td>ɕʷəz ⟨шъуз⟩</td><td>fəz ⟨фыз⟩</td></tr><tr><td>black</td><td>ɕʷʼət͡sʼa ⟨шӏуцӏэ⟩</td><td>ɕʷʼət͡sʼa ⟨шӏуцӏэ⟩</td><td>fʼət͡sʼa ⟨фӏыцӏэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>fire</td><td>maːɕʷʼa ⟨машӏо⟩</td><td>maːɕʷʼa ⟨машӏо⟩</td><td>maːfʼa ⟨мафӏэ⟩</td></tr><tr><td>dirty</td><td>ɕʷʼajə⟨шӏои⟩</td><td>ɕʷʼajə⟨шӏои⟩</td><td>fʼaj ⟨фӏей⟩</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="grammar">Grammar</h2> <h3>Numbers</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th rowspan="2">English</th><th colspan="2">Proto-Circassian</th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Ubykh_language/y018mQRA">Ubykh</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Adyghe_language/Eamslo4k">Western Circassian</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Kabardian_language/a1Yv2tUX">Kabardian</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Besleney/xGp1775o">Baslaney</a></th></tr><tr><th>IPA</th><th>Cyrillic</th><th>IPA</th><th>Cyrillic</th><th>IPA</th><th>Cyrillic</th><th>IPA</th><th>Cyrillic</th><th>IPA</th><th>Cyrillic</th></tr><tr><td>One</td><td>zə</td><td>зы</td><td>za</td><td>зэ</td><td>zə</td><td>зы</td><td>zə</td><td>зы</td><td>zə</td><td>зы</td></tr><tr><td>Two</td><td>tʷʼə</td><td>тӏу</td><td>tʼqʷʼa</td><td>ткъӏуа</td><td>tʷʼə</td><td>тӏу</td><td>tʷʼə</td><td>тӏу</td><td>tʼəw</td><td>тӏу</td></tr><tr><td>Three</td><td>ɕə</td><td>щы</td><td>ʂa</td><td>шъа</td><td>ɕə</td><td>щы</td><td>ɕə</td><td>щы</td><td>ɕə</td><td>щы</td></tr><tr><td>Four</td><td>pt͡ɬʼə</td><td>птлӏы</td><td>pʼɬʼə</td><td>плӏы</td><td>pɬʼə</td><td>плӏы</td><td>pɬʼə</td><td>плӏы</td><td>pt͡ɬʼə</td><td>птлӏы</td></tr><tr><td>Five</td><td>txʷə</td><td>тху</td><td>ɕxə</td><td>щхы</td><td>tfə</td><td>тфы</td><td>txʷə</td><td>тху</td><td>txʷə</td><td>тху</td></tr><tr><td>Six</td><td>xə</td><td>хы</td><td>fə</td><td>фы</td><td>xə</td><td>хы</td><td>xə</td><td>хы</td><td>xə</td><td>хы</td></tr><tr><td>Seven</td><td>bɮə</td><td>блы</td><td>blə</td><td>бльы</td><td>bɮə</td><td>блы</td><td>bɮə</td><td>блы</td><td>bɮə</td><td>блы</td></tr><tr><td>Eight</td><td>jə</td><td>и</td><td>ʁʷa</td><td>гъуа</td><td>jə</td><td>и</td><td>jə</td><td>и</td><td>jə</td><td>и</td></tr><tr><td>Nine</td><td>bʁʷə</td><td>бгъу</td><td>bʁʲə</td><td>бгъьу</td><td>bʁʷə</td><td>бгъу</td><td>bʁʷə</td><td>бгъу</td><td>bʁʷə</td><td>бгъу</td></tr><tr><td>Ten</td><td>pʃʼə</td><td>пшӏы</td><td>ʑʷə</td><td>жъуы</td><td>pʃʼə</td><td>пшӏы</td><td>pɕʼə</td><td>пщӏы</td><td>pʃʼə</td><td>пшӏы</td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 id="schleichers-fable">Schleicher's fable</h2> <p><a href="/facts/Schleicher%2527s_fable/vT1dU3Em">Schleicher's fable</a> in Proto-Circassian: </p> <blockquote> <p>χʷǝ č́ʷara-gjǝ </p><p>χʷǝ ja laśʷam mә q́ˤ:an </p><p>č́ʷara pǝʎ́an; </p><p>mǝ χwanǝta k:ʷǝm q:irǝ, </p><p>mǝ čʷǝχʷa čʷam, </p><p>mǝ ć̣ǝm pasa mǝš́ʷrǝ. </p><p>χʷǝ č́ʷara q̇́ˤan: </p><p>"źǝʁʷǝ sā ǵʷǝ, </p><p>q:ać̣am ć̣arǝ č́ʷara ḳ́ʷarǝ." </p><p>č́ʷara q̇́ˤan: "q:́ˤʷa χʷǝ! </p><p>źǝʁʷǝ š́a ǵʷǝ ć̣arǝ, </p><p>q:ać̣a, ł́a, č́ʷara laśʷam </p><p>ʎ́ʷa ḳ́ač̣ʷǝm čǝ-wǝ, </p><p>χʷiara-gjǝ laśʷam mә q́ˤ:a." </p><p>nǝ q:́aˤʷasa χʷǝ rǝq:ʷada q:ˤʷan. </p> </blockquote> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <a href="/facts/Wiktionary/CkYghv2h">Wiktionary</a> has a list of reconstructed forms at <i>Appendix:Proto-Northwest Caucasian reconstructions</i> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Proto-Abazgi_language/pEvazFFP">Proto-Abazgi language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Proto-Northwest_Caucasian_language/vqQhMLfF">Proto-Northwest Caucasian language</a></li></ul> <ul><li>STAROSTIN, Sergei A.; NIKOLAYEV, Sergei L. (1994). A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary: <a href="http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/caucpref.pdf">Preface</a>.</li> <li>Common West Caucasian: The Reconstruction of its Phonological System and Parts of its Lexicon and Morphology. Leiden, The Netherlands : Research School CNWS, 1996; xxvi, 452 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 9073782732</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Консонантная система уляпского говора в сопоставлении с аналогами других диалектов адыгских языков (in Russian) <a href="https://www.academia.edu/1888554/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%81_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/1888554/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%81_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Палатализация (смягчение) и аффрикатизация согласных Archived 2015-07-13 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://adygeya-republic.info/adyghe-language/detalno/foneticheskie-izmenenija-soglasnykh/palatalizacija-smjagchenie-i-affrikatizacija-soglasnykh/" target="_blank">http://adygeya-republic.info/adyghe-language/detalno/foneticheskie-izmenenija-soglasnykh/palatalizacija-smjagchenie-i-affrikatizacija-soglasnykh/</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Переднеязычные мягкие шипящие аффрикаты дж, ч, к1 Archived 2015-07-13 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) <a href="http://adygeya-republic.info/adyghe-language/detalno/soglasnye-bukvy/smychnye-soglasnye/perednejazychnye-mjagkie-shipjashchie-affrikaty-dzh-ch-k1/" target="_blank">http://adygeya-republic.info/adyghe-language/detalno/soglasnye-bukvy/smychnye-soglasnye/perednejazychnye-mjagkie-shipjashchie-affrikaty-dzh-ch-k1/</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Studia Caucasologica I page 11 (in English) <a href="http://apsnyteka.org/file/smeets_ubykh_circassian.pdf" target="_blank">http://apsnyteka.org/file/smeets_ubykh_circassian.pdf</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>