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<h2 id="astronomy">Astronomy</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Richard_Tolman/sp2g2uPf">Richard Tolman</a> shows that <a href="/facts/Black-body/f0fHghDy">black-body</a> radiation in an expanding universe cools but remains thermal.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Georges_Lema%25C3%25AEtre/odTWjQY1">Georges Lemaître</a> interprets the <a href="/facts/Cosmological_constant/bjMksSA2">cosmological constant</a> as due to a <a href="/facts/Vacuum_energy/BypQLKqJ">vacuum energy</a> with an unusual perfect fluid <a href="/facts/Equation_of_state/tLILkepz">equation of state</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="chemistry">Chemistry</h2> <ul><li>The <a href="/facts/Mulliken_scale/H7Vq7Uah">Mulliken scale</a> of <a href="/facts/Chemical_element/0jducgWD">chemical element</a> <a href="/facts/Electronegativity/H7Vq7Uah">electronegativity</a> is developed by <a href="/facts/Robert_S._Mulliken/l17P0TBQ">Robert S. Mulliken</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Norman_Haworth/RJNvWK00">Norman Haworth</a> and <a href="/facts/Edmund_Hirst/m35fLJAG">Edmund Hirst</a> report the first synthesis of <a href="/facts/Vitamin_C/IA2f1fTm">vitamin C</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:1" href="#fn:1"><sup>1</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/J._D._Bernal/Cpg8NvuW">J. D. Bernal</a> and <a href="/facts/Dorothy_Hodgkin/vjsD4zQS">Dorothy Crowfoot</a> first successfully apply the technique of <a href="/facts/X-ray_crystallography/WtI0F5DN">X-ray crystallography</a> to analysis of a biological substance, <a href="/facts/Pepsin/pELlV241">pepsin</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li> <li>The first commercial <a href="/facts/Heavy_water/3dbSrTw5">heavy water</a> plant is built at <a href="/facts/Vemork/fsg4tojV">Vemork</a> in Norway; production also starts this year at <a href="/facts/Dnepropetrovsk/tbWRkq3g">Dnepropetrovsk</a> in the Soviet Union.</li></ul> <h2 id="history-of-science-and-technology">History of science and technology</h2> <ul><li>January 18 – <a href="/facts/The_Iron_Bridge/NRPylF35">The Iron Bridge</a> in <a href="/facts/Shropshire/6JcmluAA">Shropshire</a>, dating from the <a href="/facts/Industrial_Revolution/B6E3Fasm">Industrial Revolution</a> period, becomes an officially <a href="/facts/Scheduled_monument/oydnJuhQ">scheduled monument</a> in England.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Lewis_Mumford/Hr5GNH1A">Lewis Mumford</a> publishes <i><a href="/facts/Technics_and_Civilization/3LwMVhyr">Technics and Civilization</a></i>.</li></ul> <h2 id="mathematics">Mathematics</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Penrose_triangle/A3UK4ov2">Penrose triangle</a> devised.</li></ul> <h2 id="physics">Physics</h2> <ul><li>March 25 – <a href="/facts/Enrico_Fermi/cmYcY15H">Enrico Fermi</a> publishes his discovery of <a href="/facts/Neutron_activation/FXwq3HUs">neutron activation</a> of <a href="/facts/Radioactive_decay/Ya6FVjt4">radioactive decay</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Sonoluminescence/BIXNbsGX">Sonoluminescence</a> is discovered at the <a href="/facts/University_of_Cologne/PrcKaGv2">University of Cologne</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Gregory_Breit/FQWwQEgv">Gregory Breit</a> and <a href="/facts/John_A._Wheeler/I1A5t0Fd">John A. Wheeler</a> describe the <a href="/facts/Breit%25E2%2580%2593Wheeler_process/Xma5K2bH">Breit–Wheeler process</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Henri_Coand%25C4%2583/ID5lWhoC">Henri Coandă</a> obtains his first patent, in France, on the <a href="/facts/Coand%25C4%2583_effect/q68Mm4PM">Coandă effect</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="physiology-and-medicine">Physiology and medicine</h2> <ul><li>March 8 – <a href="/facts/Sodium_thiopental/gMH3jfAz">Sodium thiopental</a>, the first intravenous <a href="/facts/Anesthetic/0xG7I2ou">anesthetic</a>, synthesized by <a href="/facts/Ernest_H._Volwiler/w88f5KuA">Ernest H. Volwiler</a> with Donalee L. Tabern of <a href="/facts/Abbott_Laboratories/G0uWjHK9">Abbott Laboratories</a>,<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> is first administered to human subjects.</li> <li>November 1 – <a href="/facts/William_F._Wells/BPzQhE76">William F. Wells</a> publishes the <a href="/facts/Wells_curve/uf05nT3t">Wells curve</a> (or Wells evaporation falling curve of droplets) giving an explanation of the behavior of exhaled <a href="/facts/Respiratory_droplets/oMugYAEa">respiratory droplets</a> and their influence on the transmission of infectious respiratory diseases.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:5" href="#fn:5"><sup>5</sup></a></li> <li>Outbreak of "atypical poliomyelitis", strongly resembling what would later be called <a href="/facts/Chronic_fatigue_syndrome/UwTEusF5">chronic fatigue syndrome</a>, affects a large number of medical staff at the <a href="/facts/Los_Angeles_County-USC_Medical_Center/TnLYQLE1">Los Angeles County Hospital</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:6" href="#fn:6"><sup>6</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/George_de_Hevesy/UIENAaSm">George de Hevesy</a> uses <a href="/facts/Heavy_water/3dbSrTw5">heavy water</a> in one of the first biological <a href="/facts/Radioactive_tracer/0210Jncn">tracer</a> experiments, to estimate the rate of turnover of water in the human body.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:7" href="#fn:7"><sup>7</sup></a></li> <li>Austrian biochemist <a href="/facts/Regina_Kapeller-Adler/R1dAEoE7">Regina Kapeller-Adler</a> develops an innovative early <a href="/facts/Pregnancy_test/fcM4u3Dg">pregnancy test</a> based on the presence of <a href="/facts/Histidine/le7781NF">histidine</a> in urine.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Tudor_Thomas/kCLCwxxx">Tudor Thomas</a>' work on <a href="/facts/Corneal_graft/KbY9cpmr">corneal grafting</a> restores the sight of a man who had been nearly blind for 27 years.</li></ul> <h2 id="technology">Technology</h2> <ul><li>April 3 – <a href="/facts/Percy_Shaw/kFR1P4uV">Percy Shaw</a> <a href="/facts/Patent/LjT2bG3A">patents</a> the <a href="/facts/Cat%2527s_eye_(road)/0herm3F9">cat's eye</a> road-safety device in Britain.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a></li> <li>April 18 – <a href="/facts/Citro%25C3%25ABn_Traction_Avant/tMke3JdS">Citroën Traction Avant</a> introduced, the world's first <a href="/facts/Front-wheel_drive/oHf6A9z0">front-wheel drive</a> <a href="/facts/Monocoque/JmP1Dltq">monocoque</a> (welded steel unit body) production <a href="/facts/Automobile/I1IsH8IK">automobile</a>, designed by <a href="/facts/Andr%25C3%25A9_Lef%25C3%25A8bvre/xe1gusbs">André Lefèbvre</a> and <a href="/facts/Flaminio_Bertoni/lP6psCSm">Flaminio Bertoni</a>.</li> <li>April 24 – <a href="/facts/Laurens_Hammond/hMqw0VQp">Laurens Hammond</a> patents the <a href="/facts/Hammond_organ/1Xr2Ia2c">Hammond organ</a> in the United States.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a></li> <li>The <a href="/facts/135_film/UWGpI8k5">135 film</a> cartridge is introduced in Germany and the United States with the Kodak Retina camera, making 35mm film easy to use.</li> <li>The first commercial electronic <a href="/facts/Television_set/8moTsqhB">television sets</a> with <a href="/facts/Cathode-ray_tube/8NVGx5C7">cathode-ray tubes</a> are manufactured by <a href="/facts/Telefunken/y3fA4t3J">Telefunken</a> in Germany.</li></ul> <h2 id="publications">Publications</h2> <ul><li>Samuel C. Bradford proposes <a href="/facts/Bradford%2527s_law/oIbFoyHr">Bradford's law</a> of scattering, an example of <a href="/facts/Pareto_distribution/PgMDbLrR">Pareto distribution</a> applicable in the <a href="/facts/Bibliometrics/PaWjjRuW">bibliometrics</a> of scientific literature and beyond.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Karl_Popper/RpLqMrz5">Karl Popper</a> publishes <i><a href="/facts/The_Logic_of_Scientific_Discovery/H1GX1YL0">Logik der Forschung</a></i>.</li></ul> <h2 id="awards">Awards</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize/3z1Y3oFL">Nobel Prize</a> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Physics</a>: not awarded</li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry/8Nb8Ajjy">Chemistry</a>: <a href="/facts/Harold_Clayton_Urey/j1bPXfDz">Harold Clayton Urey</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Physiology or Medicine</a>: <a href="/facts/George_Hoyt_Whipple/oHjXtgn3">George Hoyt Whipple</a>, <a href="/facts/George_Richards_Minot/aIITrgeG">George Richards Minot</a>, <a href="/facts/William_Parry_Murphy/njY5jhDp">William Parry Murphy</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h2 id="births">Births</h2> <ul><li>February 15 – <a href="/facts/Niklaus_Wirth/krsLUB11">Niklaus Wirth</a> (died <a href="/facts/2024_in_science/SGBFFyBW">2024</a>), Swiss computer scientist.</li> <li>March 4 – <a href="/facts/Janez_Strnad/0n7rKMQm">Janez Strnad</a>, Slovenian physicist.</li> <li>March 5 – <a href="/facts/Daniel_Kahneman/YnI99yAy">Daniel Kahneman</a> (died 2024), <a href="/facts/Israel/dEe3IcaY">Israeli</a>-American <a href="/facts/Psychologist/J4l4QdX2">psychologist</a>, winner of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences/8BBwNwre">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a>.</li> <li>March 6 – <a href="/facts/Milton_Diamond/ATu9D2B0">Milton Diamond</a>, American sexologist and professor of anatomy and reproductive biology.</li> <li>March 9 – <a href="/facts/Yuri_Gagarin/ucwoarjc">Yuri Gagarin</a> (died <a href="/facts/1968_in_science/M8FtD5wF">1968</a>), Russian <a href="/facts/Astronaut/HB1bd6Lz">cosmonaut</a>, the first man in <a href="/facts/Outer_space/R3LRKyFs">space</a>.</li> <li>March 14 – <a href="/facts/Eugene_Cernan/yePYCwlv">Eugene Cernan</a> (died <a href="/facts/2017_in_science/qFe0XI9H">2017</a>), <a href="/facts/Americans/srd9GJ5U">American</a> <a href="/facts/Astronaut/HB1bd6Lz">astronaut</a>, the last man to walk on the Moon (1972)</li> <li>March 23 – <a href="/facts/Ludvig_Faddeev/gR8t21SP">Ludvig Faddeev</a> (died 2017), Russian mathematician and theoretical physicist.</li> <li>March 31 – <a href="/facts/Carlo_Rubbia/NPBPzHNV">Carlo Rubbia</a>, Italian winner of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics/o6w1nCbr">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>.</li> <li>April 2 – <a href="/facts/Paul_Cohen/wMLaE3Vz">Paul Cohen</a> (died <a href="/facts/2007_in_science/whoJWyrv">2007</a>), American mathematician, winner of the <a href="/facts/Fields_Medal/khFmkEnm">Fields Medal</a>.</li> <li>April 3 – <a href="/facts/Jane_Goodall/WQ1qPTXX">Jane Goodall</a>, English <a href="/facts/Primatology/BmS9LAqK">primatologist</a>.</li> <li>April – <a href="/facts/Dona_Strauss/fwzrxnCB">Dona Strauss</a>, South African-born mathematician.</li> <li>May 21 – <a href="/facts/Bengt_I._Samuelsson/s1zRDXCA">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a>, Swedish biochemist, winner of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>.</li> <li>May 23 <ul><li><a href="/facts/Robert_Moog/IcaxADgA">Robert Moog</a> (died <a href="/facts/2005_in_science/WSWthHoB">2005</a>), American pioneer of <a href="/facts/Electronic_music/zfGNfUvR">electronic music</a>.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Willie_Hobbs_Moore/NpnvDBdA">Willie Hobbs Moore</a> (died <a href="/facts/1994_in_science/UcXgTVYC">1994</a>), <a href="/facts/African_American/pTgcAdo8">African American</a> engineer.</li></ul></li> <li>May 30 – <a href="/facts/Alexei_Leonov/m410Rt3D">Alexei Leonov</a> (died <a href="/facts/2019_in_science/kw3fMjnA">2019</a>), Russian cosmonaut, the first man to walk in space.</li> <li>July 7 – <a href="/facts/Robert_McNeill_Alexander/5HVP6tVh">Robert McNeill Alexander</a> (died <a href="/facts/2016_in_science/xaChyHmT">2016</a>), British zoologist, authority on animal locomotion.</li> <li>September 21 – <a href="/facts/David_J._Thouless/MXUFHRlW">David J. Thouless</a> (died 2019), Scottish-born winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.</li> <li>November 9 – <a href="/facts/Carl_Sagan/HhdhTggo">Carl Sagan</a> (died <a href="/facts/1996_in_science/zqglTHCW">1996</a>), American <a href="/facts/Astronomer/ronF8j4a">astronomer</a>.</li> <li>November 27 – <a href="/facts/Gilbert_Strang/bbzaoPsm">Gilbert Strang</a>, American mathematician.</li></ul> <h2 id="deaths">Deaths</h2> <ul><li>January 6 – <a href="/facts/Fernand_Lataste/3cUUBk4N">Fernand Lataste</a> (born <a href="/facts/1847_in_science/lyIk6dUF">1847</a>), French zoologist.</li> <li>January 14 – <a href="/facts/Ioan_Cantacuzino/mtPL4SEg">Ioan Cantacuzino</a> (born <a href="/facts/1863_in_science/ISd4glP4">1863</a>), <a href="/facts/Romanians/CzdFLDpf">Romanian</a> <a href="/facts/Microbiologist/cqEyJwNK">microbiologist</a>.</li> <li>January 29 – <a href="/facts/Fritz_Haber/cj5QTJKT">Fritz Haber</a> (born <a href="/facts/1868_in_science/K35shjPr">1868</a>), German <a href="/facts/Chemist/N09K7Bdm">chemist</a>.</li> <li>February 25 – <a href="/facts/Elizabeth_Gertrude_Britton/QdbKCQNM">Elizabeth Gertrude Britton</a> (born <a href="/facts/1858_in_science/bxUykk1b">1858</a>), American <a href="/facts/Botanist/PaIRoxnb">botanist</a>.</li> <li>April 9 – <a href="/facts/Oskar_von_Miller/IaMVe1Hb">Oskar von Miller</a> (born <a href="/facts/1855_in_science/TjMx5LHR">1855</a>), German electrical engineer and founder of the <a href="/facts/Deutsches_Museum/mJjeyT05">Deutsches Museum</a>.</li> <li>April 10 – <a href="/facts/Cecilia_Grierson/oDKsmt8X">Cecilia Grierson</a> (born <a href="/facts/1859_in_science/t8oVY6aT">1859</a>), Argentine physician and reformer.</li> <li>April 21 – <a href="/facts/Carsten_Borchgrevink/ftGTrShk">Carsten Borchgrevink</a> (born <a href="/facts/1864_in_science/D2UQhK5F">1864</a>), <a href="/facts/Norwegians/K7PdhVMG">Norwegian</a> <a href="/facts/Antarctic/xPPVrxBE">Antarctic</a> explorer.</li> <li>July 4 – <a href="/facts/Marie_Curie/EGjeuJ14">Marie Curie</a> (born <a href="/facts/1867_in_science/W9300Kyo">1867</a>), Polish-born French <a href="/facts/Physicist/cQcgvSIm">physicist</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a></li> <li>October 17 – <a href="/facts/Santiago_Ram%25C3%25B3n_y_Cajal/EUCn9yFv">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a> (born <a href="/facts/1852_in_science/BSfIEwWG">1852</a>), Spanish winner of the <a href="/facts/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine/rlnpJX84">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>.</li> <li>September 27 – <a href="/facts/Ellen_Willmott/vvhgB15g">Ellen Willmott</a> (born <a href="/facts/1858_in_science/bxUykk1b">1858</a>), English <a href="/facts/Horticulturist/m8qBLuT3">horticulturist</a>.</li> <li>November 16 – <a href="/facts/Carl_von_Linde/MAvgBfTM">Carl von Linde</a> (born <a href="/facts/1842_in_science/cTr4lNw4">1842</a>), German refrigeration engineer.</li> <li>November 20 – <a href="/facts/Willem_de_Sitter/R7dTG4a3">Willem de Sitter</a> (born <a href="/facts/1872_in_science/FKlXmmJ5">1872</a>), <a href="/facts/Dutch_people/QhHtJ2WK">Dutch</a> <a href="/facts/Mathematician/eaFSR8Fx">mathematician</a>, <a href="/facts/Physicist/cQcgvSIm">physicist</a> and <a href="/facts/Astronomer/ronF8j4a">astronomer</a>.</li> <li>December 2 – <a href="/facts/T._H._E._C._Espin/633rRQnr">T. H. E. C. Espin</a> (born <a href="/facts/1858_in_science/bxUykk1b">1858</a>), English astronomer, scientist and clergyman.</li> <li>December 10 – <a href="/facts/Theobald_Smith/xe8euNvV">Theobald Smith</a> (born <a href="/facts/1859_in_science/t8oVY6aT">1859</a>), American <a href="/facts/Bacteriologist/Xk70D2YU">bacteriologist</a>.</li> <li>December 31 – <a href="/facts/Cornelia_Clapp/qNwgQYuW">Cornelia Clapp</a> (born <a href="/facts/1849_in_science/mmaQsEug">1859</a>), American marine biologist<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/facts/William_Hoskins_(inventor)/QlkNId3x">William Hoskins</a> (born <a href="/facts/1862_in_science/QgMtveLf">1862</a>), American <a href="/facts/Inventor/P3LdUHBY">inventor</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Davies, Michael B.; Austin, John; Partridge, David A. (1991). Vitamin C: Its Chemistry and Biochemistry. London: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-85186-333-7. <a href="978-0-85186-333-7" target="_blank">978-0-85186-333-7</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>"Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, OM". Archived from the original on 2012-01-12. Retrieved 2012-01-13. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112214431/http://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/hodgkin.html" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20120112214431/http://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/hodgkin.html</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Fermi, Enrico (1934-03-25). "Radioattività indotta da bombardamento di neutroni". La Ricerca Scientifica. 1 (5): 283. Archived from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2013-10-20. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224071249/https://www.phys.uniroma1.it/DipWeb/museo/collezione%20Fermi/documento2.htm" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20210224071249/https://www.phys.uniroma1.it/DipWeb/museo/collezione%20Fermi/documento2.htm</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Tabern, D. L.; Volwiler, E. H. (1935). "Sulfur-containing barbiturate hypnotics". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 57 (10): 1961–3. doi:10.1021/ja01313a062. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society" target="_blank">/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Wells, W. F. (1934). "On Air-Borne Infection". American Journal of Epidemiology. 20 (3): 611–618. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118097. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/20/3/611/280025" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/20/3/611/280025</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Patarca-Montero, R. (2004). Medical Etiology, Assessment, and Treatment of Chronic Fatigue and Malaise. New York: Haworth Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-7890-2196-0. <a href="978-0-7890-2196-0" target="_blank">978-0-7890-2196-0</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>von Hevesy, G.; Hofer, E. (1934). "Die Verweilzeit des Wassers im Menschlichen Körper. Untersucht mit Hilfe von "schwerem" Wasser als Indicator". Klinische Wochenschrift. 13: 1524. doi:10.1007/BF01779120. S2CID 23696178. <a href="/wiki/Klinische_Wochenschrift" target="_blank">/wiki/Klinische_Wochenschrift</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Challoner, Jack, ed. (2009). 1001 Inventions That Changed the World. London: Cassell. pp. 634–5. ISBN 978-1-84403-611-0. <a href="978-1-84403-611-0" target="_blank">978-1-84403-611-0</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>US patent 1956350, Laurens Hammond, "Electrical Musical Instrument", issued 1934-04-24 <a href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US1956350" target="_blank">https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US1956350</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Bradford, Samuel C. (1934-01-26). "Sources of Information on Specific Subjects". Engineering. 137: 85–86. <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>"BBC – History – Marie Curie". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 20 January 2020. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/curie_marie.shtml" target="_blank">https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/curie_marie.shtml</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Reynolds, Moira Davison (2004). American Women Scientists: 23 Inspiring Biographies, 1900-2000. Jefferson NC: McFarland. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-78642-161-9. <a href="978-0-78642-161-9" target="_blank">978-0-78642-161-9</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>