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Kafa language
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<h2 id="phonology">Phonology</h2> <h3>Consonants</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" rowspan="2"></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Labial_consonant/bv4MqTMf">Labial</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">Alveolar</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Palatal_consonant/KLcKyXE8">Palatal</a></th><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Velar_consonant/blWClp79">Velar</a></th><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Glottal_consonant/rMdEdLxH">Glottal</a></th></tr><tr><th>plain</th><th><a href="/facts/Gemination/SWW77Fxw">gem.</a></th><th>plain</th><th><a href="/facts/Gemination/SWW77Fxw">gem.</a></th><th>plain</th><th><a href="/facts/Gemination/SWW77Fxw">gem.</a></th><th>plain</th><th><a href="/facts/Gemination/SWW77Fxw">gem.</a></th></tr><tr><th rowspan="3"><a href="/facts/Plosive/okC9pztc">Plosive</a>/<a href="/facts/Affricate/Fn2y7FIA">Affricate</a></th><th>voiceless</th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">pː</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">tː</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">tʃ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate/14FYMJvN">tʃː</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">kː</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Glottal_stop/Xfqy2ArP">ʔ</a></td></tr><tr><th>voiced</th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">bː</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">dː</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">dʒ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate/o7oYJUqz">dʒː</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">g</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">ɡː</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>ejective</th><td><a href="/facts/Bilabial_ejective_stop/xrN47eFU">pʼ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Bilabial_ejective_stop/xrN47eFU">pːʼ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_stop/ea7ahEWx">tʼ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Alveolar_ejective_stop/ea7ahEWx">tːʼ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">tʃʼ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate/TABCQBJI">tʃːʼ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Velar_ejective_stop/lNW5fHwr">kʼ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Velar_ejective_stop/lNW5fHwr">kːʼ</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Fricative/1FQuuhfX">Fricative</a></th><th>voiceless</th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">sː</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative/enUwqS2w">ʃ</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_glottal_fricative/lfRB7CPW">h</a></td></tr><tr><th>voiced</th><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_fricative/TtHwyzp6">z</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Nasal_consonant/m6D3cVhe">Nasal</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">mː</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">nː</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Rhotic_consonant/tcAGzjfP">Rhotic</a></th><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps/EvQ781EU">ɾ</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/facts/Approximant/SXrlw7zY">Approximant</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_labial%25E2%2580%2593velar_approximant/HLDqbrvr">w</a></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">lː</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_approximant/v0NVCbUh">j</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/f/ may also be heard as [ɸ] in free variation.</li> <li>/b/ can be heard as a bilabial approximant [β̞] in intervocalic positions.</li> <li>/t/ can be realized as [ts] in word-final position.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:2" href="#fn:2"><sup>2</sup></a></li></ul> <h3>Vowels</h3> <table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><a href="/facts/Front_vowel/htKQs3AT">Front</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Back_vowel/gyHoGCH0">Back</a></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Close_vowel/Ne6tHQHR">Close</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Length_(phonetics)/B6uqVN0j">i iː</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Length_(phonetics)/B6uqVN0j">u uː</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Mid_vowel/uzjGLRhf">Mid</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Length_(phonetics)/B6uqVN0j">ɛ ɛː</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Length_(phonetics)/B6uqVN0j">ɔ ɔː</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Open_vowel/roS0Y7lA">Open</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Length_(phonetics)/B6uqVN0j">a aː</a></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/a/ may also have an allophone of [ə].<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:3" href="#fn:3"><sup>3</sup></a></li></ul> <h2 id="manjo">Manjo</h2> <p>Within the Kafa culture there is a <a href="/facts/Caste/J2qr75PV">caste</a> of traditional hunters called the Manja/Manjo 'hunters'. They may once have spoken a different language. However, Leikola has shown that currently they speak Kafa with a number of distinctive words and constructions that they use, reinforcing the distinctions between themselves and the larger Kafa society.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:4" href="#fn:4"><sup>4</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Brockelmann, Carl (1950): Zur Grammatik der Kafa-Sprache. in: Brockelmann, Carl (ed.): <i>Abbessinische Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften</i>. Leipzig. pp 40–60.</li> <li><a href="/facts/Enrico_Cerulli/GmD7hNXj">Cerulli, Enrico</a> (1951), <i>Studi etiopici</i>. Vol. IV: <i>La lingua Caffina</i>. Roma: Istituto Per L'oriente.</li> <li>Fleming, Harold C. (1976), "Kefa (Gonga) Languages", in <i>The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia</i>. Bender, M. L. (ed.)</li></ul> <h2 id="external-links">External links</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/World_Atlas_of_Language_Structures/tr1XE2nG">World Atlas of Language Structures</a> information on <a href="http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_kef">Kefa</a></li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>2012. Functions and Formal and Stylistic Features of Kafa Proverbs: Functional and Structural Approach. Lambert Academic Publishing. <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Theil, Rolf (2007). Kafa phonology. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics, Vol. 28, No. 2: DeGruyter Mouton. pp. 193–216.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Theil, Rolf (2007). Kafa phonology. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics, Vol. 28, No. 2: DeGruyter Mouton. pp. 193–216.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) <a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" target="_blank">/wiki/Template:Cite_book</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Leikola, Kirsi. 2014. Talking Manjo: Linguistic repertoires as means of negotiating marginalization. University of Helsinki: PhD dissertation. <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>