The term is also used in reference to attacks on non-Jewish ethnic minorities, and accordingly, some scholars do not include antisemitism as the defining characteristic of pogroms. Reviewing the word's uses in scholarly literature, historian Werner Bergmann proposes that a pogrom should be "defined as a unilateral, nongovernmental form of collective violence that is initiated by the majority population against a largely defenseless minority ethnic group, and occurring when the majority expect the state to provide them [sic] with no assistance in overcoming a (perceived) threat from the minority". However, Bergmann adds that in Western usage, the word's "anti-Semitic overtones" have been retained. Historian David Engel supports this view, writing that while "there can be no logically or empirically compelling grounds for declaring that some particular episode does or does not merit the label [pogrom]," the majority of the incidents which are "habitually" described as pogroms took place in societies that were significantly divided by ethnicity or religion where the violence was committed by members of the higher-ranking group against members of a stereotyped lower-ranking group with which they expressed some complaint, and where the members of the higher-ranking group justified their acts of violence by claiming that the law of the land would not be used to prevent the alleged complaint.
There is no universally accepted set of characteristics which define the term pogrom. Klier writes that "when applied indiscriminately to events in Eastern Europe, the term can be misleading, the more so when it implies that 'pogroms' were regular events in the region and that they always shared common features." Use of the term pogrom to refer to events in 1918–19 in Polish cities (including the Kielce pogrom, the Pinsk massacre and the Lwów pogrom) was specifically avoided in the 1919 Morgenthau Report; the word "excesses" was employed instead because the authors argued that the use of the term "pogrom" required a situation to be antisemitic rather than political in nature, which meant that it was inapplicable to the conditions which exist in a war zone. Media use of the term pogrom to refer to the 1991 Crown Heights riot caused public controversy. In 2008, two separate attacks in the West Bank by Israeli Jewish settlers on Palestinian Arabs were characterized as pogroms by then Prime Minister of Israel Ehud Olmert.
Werner Bergmann suggests that all such incidents have a particularly unifying characteristic: "By the collective attribution of a threat, the pogrom differs from other forms of violence, such as lynchings, which are directed at individual members of a minority group, while the imbalance of power in favor of the rioters distinguishes pogroms from other forms of riots (food riots, race riots or 'communal riots' between evenly matched groups); and again, the low level of organization separates them from vigilantism, terrorism, massacre and genocide".
There is some disagreement about the level of planning from the Tsarist authorities and the motives for the attacks.
Large-scale pogroms, which began in the Russian Empire several decades earlier, intensified during the period of the Russian Civil War in the aftermath of World War I. Professor Zvi Gitelman (in A Century of Ambivalence, originally published in 1988) estimated that only in 1918–1919 over 1,200 pogroms took place in Ukraine, thus amounting to the greatest slaughter of Jews in Eastern Europe since 1648. The Kiev pogroms of 1919, according to Gitelman, were the first of a subsequent wave of pogroms in which between 30,000 and 70,000 Jews were massacred across Ukraine; although more recent assessments[by whom?] put the Jewish death toll at more than 100,000.[verify]
Gergel's overall figures, which are generally considered conservative, are based on the testimony of witnesses and newspaper reports collected by the Mizrakh-Yidish Historiche Arkhiv which was first based in Kiev, then Berlin and later New York. The English version of Gergel's article was published in 1951 in the YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science titled "The Pogroms in the Ukraine in 1918–1921".
In the early 20th century, pogroms broke out elsewhere in the world as well. In 1904 in Ireland, the Limerick boycott caused several Jewish families to leave the town. During the 1911 Tredegar riot in Wales, Jewish homes and businesses were looted and burned over a period of a week, before the British Army was called in by the then Home Secretary Winston Churchill, who described the riot as a "pogrom".
In the worst incident of anti-Jewish violence in Britain during the interwar period, the "Pogrom of Mile End", that occurred in 1936, 200 Blackshirt youths ran amok in Stepney in the East End of London, smashing the windows of Jewish shops and homes and throwing an elderly man and young girl through a window. Though less serious, attacks on Jews were also reported in Manchester and Leeds in the north of England.
Following the initial riot incidents, there were further outbreaks of violence in Ahmedabad for three months; statewide, there were further outbreaks of violence against the minority Muslim population of Gujarat for the next year.
On 26 February, 2023, violent riots broke out from Israeli settlers in Huwara after two Israelis were shot and killed by a Palestinian gunman there earlier that afternoon. The rioters killed one Palestinian, 37-year-old Sameh Aqtash, and wounded dozens, while torching houses and cars.
Some sources from in Israel and in the Jewish diaspora have specifically objected to the characterisation of 7 October as a pogrom, saying the events on 7 October do not resemble the original historical pogroms in Russia. The Jerusalem Post described the 7 October attacks as "historically unique", as well as "foreseeable" and "expected". Judith Butler, controversially described the attacks as an "act of armed resistance".
In 2024 there were pogroms against Syrian refugees in Turkey.
Scope: This is a partial list of events for which one of the commonly accepted names includes the word pogrom. Inclusion in this list is based solely on evidence in multiple reliable sources that a name including the word pogrom is one of the accepted names for that event. A reliable source that merely describes the event as being a pogrom does not qualify the event for inclusion in this list. The word pogrom must appear in the source as part of a name for the event.
UK: /ˈpɒɡrəm/ POG-rəm, US: /ˈpoʊɡrəm, ˈpoʊɡrɒm, pəˈɡrɒm/ POH-grəm, POH-grom, pə-GROM; Russian: погро́м, pronounced [pɐˈɡrom]. /wiki/British_English
Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica; et al. (2017). "Pogrom". Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica.com. (Russian: "devastation" or "riot"), a mob attack, either approved or condoned by authorities, against the persons and property of a religious, racial, or national minority. The term is usually applied to attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. https://www.britannica.com/topic/pogrom
Brass, Paul R. (1996). Riots and Pogroms. New York University Press. p. 3. Introduction. ISBN 978-0-8147-1282-5. 978-0-8147-1282-5
Atkin, Nicholas; Biddiss, Michael; Tallett, Frank (23 May 2011). The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-9072-8. Retrieved 15 February 2015. 978-1-4443-9072-8
Klier, John (2011). Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881–1882. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-521-89548-4. By the twentieth century, the word "pogrom" had become a generic term in English for all forms of collective violence directed against Jews. The term was especially associated with Eastern Europe and the Russian Empire, the scene of the most serious outbreaks of anti-Jewish violence before the Holocaust. Yet when applied indiscriminately to events in Eastern Europe, the term can be misleading, the more so when it implies that "pogroms" were regular events in the region and that they always shared common features. In fact, outbreaks of mass violence against Jews were extraordinary events, not a regular feature of East European life. 978-0-521-89548-4
Bergmann, Werner (2003). "Pogroms". International Handbook of Violence Research. pp. 352–55. doi:10.1007/978-0-306-48039-3_19. ISBN 978-1-4020-3980-5. 978-1-4020-3980-5
Dekel-Chen, Jonathan; Gaunt, David; Meir, Natan M.; Bartal, Israel, eds. (26 November 2010). Anti-Jewish Violence. Rethinking the Pogrom in East European History. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00478-9. Engel states that although there are no "essential defining characteristics of a pogrom", the majority of the incidents "habitually" described as pogroms "took place in divided societies in which ethnicity or religion (or both) served as significant definers of both social boundaries and social rank. 978-0-253-00478-9
Weinberg, Sonja (2010). Pogroms and Riots: German Press Responses to Anti-Jewish Violence in Germany and Russia (1881–1882). Peter Lang. p. 193. ISBN 978-3-631-60214-0. Most contemporaries claimed that the pogroms were directed against Jewish property, not against Jews, a claim so far not contradicted by research. 978-3-631-60214-0
Klier, John D.; Abulafia, Anna Sapir (2001). Religious Violence Between Christians and Jews: Medieval Roots, Modern Perspectives. Springer. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-4039-1382-1. The pogroms themselves seem to have largely followed a set of unwritten rules. They were directed against Jewish property only. 978-1-4039-1382-1
Klier, John (2010). "Pogroms". The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. The common usage of the term pogrom to describe any attack against Jews throughout history disguises the great variation in the scale, nature, motivation and intent of such violence at different times. /wiki/John_Klier
"World War II: Before the War". The Atlantic. 19 June 2011. Windows of shops owned by Jews which were broken during a coordinated anti-Jewish demonstration in Berlin, known as Kristallnacht, on November 10, 1938. Nazi authorities turned a blind eye as SA stormtroopers and civilians destroyed storefronts with hammers, leaving the streets covered in pieces of smashed windows. Ninety-one Jews were killed, and 30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps. https://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/06/world-war-ii-before-the-war/100089/
Berenbaum, Michael; Kramer, Arnold (2005). The World Must Know. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 49. /wiki/Michael_Berenbaum
Gilbert, Martin (1986). The Holocaust: the Jewish tragedy. Collins. pp. 30–33. ISBN 978-0-00-216305-7. 978-0-00-216305-7
Bedi, Rahul (1 November 2009). "Indira Gandhi's death remembered". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 November 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009. The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8306420.stm
"The Soul-Wounds of Massacre, or Why We Should Not Forget the 2002 Gujarat Pogrom". The Wire. 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2024. This article is extracted and adapted from the author's book Between Memory and Forgetting: Massacre and the Modi Years in Gujarat, Yoda Press, 2019. https://m.thewire.in/article/communalism/2002-gujarat-anti-muslim-pogrom
Koutsoukis, Jason (15 September 2008). "Settlers attack Palestinian village". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023. 'As a Jew, I was ashamed at the scenes of Jews opening fire at innocent Arabs in Hebron. There is no other definition than the term "pogrom" to describe what I have seen.' https://www.smh.com.au/world/settlers-attack-palestinian-village-20080915-gdsuyu.html
"Six months since the brutal attacks by Hamas on October 7: article by the Foreign Secretary" (Press release). Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. 7 April 2024. Archived from the original on 10 April 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240410071943/https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/six-months-since-the-brutal-attacks-by-hamas-on-october-7-article-by-the-foreign-secretary
"Opinion | Hamas Puts Its Pogrom on Video". The Wall Street Journal. 27 October 2023. https://www.wsj.com/articles/israel-hamas-video-screening-gaza-tsach-saar-31ed88ab
Oxford English Dictionary, December 2007 revision. See also: Pogrom at Online Etymology Dictionary. /wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary
International handbook of violence research. Vol. 1. Springer. 2005. ISBN 978-1-4020-3980-5. The word "pogrom" (from the Russian, meaning storm or devastation) has a relatively short history. Its international currency dates back to the anti-Semitic excesses in Tsarist Russia during the years 1881–1883, but the phenomenon existed in the same form at a much earlier date and was by no means confined to Russia. As John D. Klier points out in his seminal article "The pogrom paradigm in Russian history", the anti-Semitic pogroms in Russia were described by contemporaries as demonstrations, persecution, or struggle, and the government made use of the term besporiadok (unrest, riot) to emphasize the breach of public order. Then, during the twentieth century, the term began to develop along two separate lines. In the Soviet Union, the word lost its anti-Semitic connotation and came to be used for reactionary forms of political unrest and, from 1989, for outbreaks of interethnic violence; while in the West, the anti-Semitic overtones were retained and government orchestration or acquiescence was emphasized. 978-1-4020-3980-5
Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica; et al. (2017). "Pogrom". Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica.com. (Russian: "devastation" or "riot"), a mob attack, either approved or condoned by authorities, against the persons and property of a religious, racial, or national minority. The term is usually applied to attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. https://www.britannica.com/topic/pogrom
Atkin, Nicholas; Biddiss, Michael; Tallett, Frank (23 May 2011). The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-9072-8. Retrieved 15 February 2015. 978-1-4443-9072-8
Klier, John (2011). Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881–1882. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-521-89548-4. By the twentieth century, the word "pogrom" had become a generic term in English for all forms of collective violence directed against Jews. The term was especially associated with Eastern Europe and the Russian Empire, the scene of the most serious outbreaks of anti-Jewish violence before the Holocaust. Yet when applied indiscriminately to events in Eastern Europe, the term can be misleading, the more so when it implies that "pogroms" were regular events in the region and that they always shared common features. In fact, outbreaks of mass violence against Jews were extraordinary events, not a regular feature of East European life. 978-0-521-89548-4
Abramson, Henry (1999). A prayer for the government: Ukrainians and Jews in revolutionary times, 1917–1920. Harvard University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-916458-88-1. The etymological roots of the term pogrom are unclear, although it seems to be derived from the Slavic word for "thunder(bolt)" (Russian: grom, Ukrainian: hrim). The first syllable, po-, is a prefix indicating "means" or "target". The word therefore seems to imply a sudden burst of energy (thunderbolt) directed at a specific target. A pogrom is generally thought of as a cross between a popular riot and a military atrocity, where an unarmed civilian, often urban, population is attacked by either an army unit or peasants from surrounding villages, or a combination of the two. 978-0-916458-88-1
Bergmann, Werner (2003). "Pogroms". International Handbook of Violence Research. pp. 352–55. doi:10.1007/978-0-306-48039-3_19. ISBN 978-1-4020-3980-5. 978-1-4020-3980-5
International handbook of violence research. Vol. 1. Springer. 2005. ISBN 978-1-4020-3980-5. The word "pogrom" (from the Russian, meaning storm or devastation) has a relatively short history. Its international currency dates back to the anti-Semitic excesses in Tsarist Russia during the years 1881–1883, but the phenomenon existed in the same form at a much earlier date and was by no means confined to Russia. As John D. Klier points out in his seminal article "The pogrom paradigm in Russian history", the anti-Semitic pogroms in Russia were described by contemporaries as demonstrations, persecution, or struggle, and the government made use of the term besporiadok (unrest, riot) to emphasize the breach of public order. Then, during the twentieth century, the term began to develop along two separate lines. In the Soviet Union, the word lost its anti-Semitic connotation and came to be used for reactionary forms of political unrest and, from 1989, for outbreaks of interethnic violence; while in the West, the anti-Semitic overtones were retained and government orchestration or acquiescence was emphasized. 978-1-4020-3980-5
Dekel-Chen, Jonathan; Gaunt, David; Meir, Natan M.; Bartal, Israel, eds. (26 November 2010). Anti-Jewish Violence. Rethinking the Pogrom in East European History. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00478-9. Engel states that although there are no "essential defining characteristics of a pogrom", the majority of the incidents "habitually" described as pogroms "took place in divided societies in which ethnicity or religion (or both) served as significant definers of both social boundaries and social rank. 978-0-253-00478-9
Dekel-Chen, Jonathan; Gaunt, David; Meir, Natan M.; Bartal, Israel, eds. (26 November 2010). Anti-Jewish Violence. Rethinking the Pogrom in East European History. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00478-9. Engel states that although there are no "essential defining characteristics of a pogrom", the majority of the incidents "habitually" described as pogroms "took place in divided societies in which ethnicity or religion (or both) served as significant definers of both social boundaries and social rank. 978-0-253-00478-9
Bergmann writes that "the concept of "ethnic violence" covers a range of heterogeneous phenomena, and in many cases there are still no established theoretical and conceptual distinctions in the field (Waldmann, 1995:343)" Bergmann then goes on to set out a variety of conflicting scholarly views on the definition and usage of the term pogrom.
Klier, John (2011). Russians, Jews, and the Pogroms of 1881–1882. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-521-89548-4. By the twentieth century, the word "pogrom" had become a generic term in English for all forms of collective violence directed against Jews. The term was especially associated with Eastern Europe and the Russian Empire, the scene of the most serious outbreaks of anti-Jewish violence before the Holocaust. Yet when applied indiscriminately to events in Eastern Europe, the term can be misleading, the more so when it implies that "pogroms" were regular events in the region and that they always shared common features. In fact, outbreaks of mass violence against Jews were extraordinary events, not a regular feature of East European life. 978-0-521-89548-4
Dekel-Chen, Jonathan; Gaunt, David; Meir, Natan M.; Bartal, Israel, eds. (26 November 2010). Anti-Jewish Violence. Rethinking the Pogrom in East European History. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00478-9. Engel states that although there are no "essential defining characteristics of a pogrom", the majority of the incidents "habitually" described as pogroms "took place in divided societies in which ethnicity or religion (or both) served as significant definers of both social boundaries and social rank. 978-0-253-00478-9
Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1 November 1997). Poland's Holocaust. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2913-4. Retrieved 15 February 2015. 978-0-7864-2913-4
Pease, Neal (2003). "'This Troublesome Question': The United States and the 'Polish Pogroms' of 1918–1919". In Biskupski, Mieczysław B.; Wandycz, Piotr Stefan (eds.). Ideology, Politics, and Diplomacy in East Central Europe. Boydell & Brewer. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-58046-137-5. 978-1-58046-137-5
Mark, Jonathan (9 August 2011). "What The 'Pogrom' Wrought". The Jewish Week. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2015. A divisive debate over the meaning of pogrom, lasting for more than two years, could have easily been ended if the mayor simply said to the victims of Crown Heights, yes, I understand why you experienced it as a pogrom. https://web.archive.org/web/20121024224338/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/new_york/what_pogrom_wrought
New York Media, LLC (9 September 1991). New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. p. 28. Retrieved 15 February 2015. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DukCAAAAMBAJ
Conaway, Carol B. (Autumn 1999). "Crown Heights: Politics and Press Coverage of the Race War That Wasn't". Polity. 32 (1): 93–118. doi:10.2307/3235335. JSTOR 3235335. S2CID 146866395. /wiki/Polity_(journal)
Koutsoukis, Jason (15 September 2008). "Settlers attack Palestinian village". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023. 'As a Jew, I was ashamed at the scenes of Jews opening fire at innocent Arabs in Hebron. There is no other definition than the term "pogrom" to describe what I have seen.' https://www.smh.com.au/world/settlers-attack-palestinian-village-20080915-gdsuyu.html
"Olmert condemns settler 'pogrom'". BBC News. 7 December 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2015. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7770384.stm
Bergmann, Werner (2003). "Pogroms". International Handbook of Violence Research. pp. 352–55. doi:10.1007/978-0-306-48039-3_19. ISBN 978-1-4020-3980-5. 978-1-4020-3980-5
Codex Judaica: chronological index of Jewish history; p. 203 Máttis Kantor – 2005 "The Jews were savagely attacked and massacred, by sometimes hysterical mobs."
John Marshall John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture; p. 376 2006 "The period of the Black Death saw the massacre of Jews across Germany, and in Aragon, and Flanders,"
Anna Foa The Jews of Europe after the black death 2000 p. 13 "The first massacres took place in April 1348 in Toulon, where the Jewish quarter was raided and forty Jews were murdered in their homes. Shortly afterwards, violence broke out in Barcelona." /wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)
Durant, Will (1953). The Renaissance. Simon and Schuster. pp. 730–731. ISBN 0-671-61600-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) 0-671-61600-5
Newman, Barbara (March 2012). "The Passion of the Jews of Prague: The Pogrom of 1389 and the Lessons of a Medieval Parody". Church History. pp. 1–26. https://www.academia.edu/1470909
Herman Rosenthal (1901). "Chmielnicki, Bogdan Zinovi". Jewish Encyclopedia. /wiki/Herman_Rosenthal
Historians, who put the number of killed Jewish civilians at between 40,000 and 100,000 during the Khmelnytsky Pogroms in 1648–1657, include:
Naomi E. Pasachoff, Robert J. Littman (2005). A Concise History Of The Jewish People, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-4366-8, p. 182.
David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos (2002). A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-20616-7, p. 68.
Micheal Clodfelter (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–1999, McFarland, p. 56: estimated at 56,000 dead.
/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Pogrom
Historians estimating that around 100,000 Jews were killed include:
Cara Camcastle. The More Moderate Side of Joseph de Maistre: Views on Political Liberty And Political Economy, McGill-Queen's Press, 2005, ISBN 0-7735-2976-4, p. 26.
Martin Gilbert (1999). Holocaust Journey: Traveling in Search of the Past, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-10965-2, p. 219.
Manus I. Midlarsky. The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-521-81545-2, p. 352.
Oscar Reiss (2004). The Jews in Colonial America, McFarland, ISBN 0-7864-1730-7, pp. 98–99.
Colin Martin Tatz (2003). With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide, Verso, ISBN 1-85984-550-9, p. 146.
Samuel Totten (2004). Teaching about Genocide: Issues, Approaches and Resources, Information Age Publishing, ISBN 1-59311-074-X, p. 25.
Mosheh Weiss (2004). A Brief History of the Jewish People, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-4402-8, p. 193.
/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)
Historians who estimate that more than 100,000 Jews were killed in Ukraine in 1648–1657 include:
Meyer Waxman (2003). History of Jewish Literature Part 3, Kessinger, ISBN 0-7661-4370-8, p. 20: estimated at two hundred thousand Jews killed.
Micheal Clodfelter (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–1999, McFarland, p. 56: estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000 Jewish victims.
Zev Garber, Bruce Zuckerman (2004). Double Takes: Thinking and Rethinking Issues of Modern Judaism in Ancient Contexts, University Press of America, ISBN 0-7618-2894-X, p. 77, footnote 17: estimated at 100,000–500,000 Jews.
The Columbia Encyclopedia (2001–2005), "Chmielnicki Bohdan", 6th ed.: estimated at over 100,000 Jews.
Robert Melvin Spector (2005). World without Civilization: Mass Murder and the Holocaust, History and Analysis, University Press of America, ISBN 0-7618-2963-6, p. 77: estimated at more than 100,000.
Sol Scharfstein (2004). Jewish History and You, KTAV, ISBN 0-88125-806-7, p. 42: estimated at more than 100,000 Jews killed.
/wiki/Meyer_Waxman
Stampfer, Shaul (2003). "[No title found]". Jewish History. 17 (2): 207–227. doi:10.1023/A:1022330717763. Retrieved 26 April 2025. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1022330717763
Elon, Amos (2002). The Pity of It All: A History of the Jews in Germany, 1743–1933. Metropolitan Books. p. 103. ISBN 0-8050-5964-4. 0-8050-5964-4
Davies, Norman (2005). "Rossiya: The Russian Partition (1772–1918)". God's Playground: a history of Poland. Clarendon Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-0-19-925340-1. Volume II: Revised Edition. 978-0-19-925340-1
"Shtetl". Encyclopaedia Judaica. The Gale Group – via Jewish Virtual Library. Also in: Rabbi Ken Spiro (9 May 2009). "Pale of Settlement". History Crash Course #56. Aish.com. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/shtetl
Löwe, Heinz-Dietrich (Autumn 2004). "Pogroms in Russia: Explanations, Comparisons, Suggestions". Jewish Social Studies. New Series. 11 (1): 17–. doi:10.1353/jss.2005.0007. S2CID 201771701. Retrieved 14 November 2023. 'Pogroms were concentrated in time. Four phases can be observed: in 1819, 1830, 1834, and 1818-19.'[failed verification] https://muse.jhu.edu/article/179974
John Doyle Klier; Shlomo Lambroza (2004). Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History. Cambridge University Press. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-521-52851-1. Also in: Omer Bartov (2013). Shatterzone of Empires. Indiana University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-253-00631-8. Note 45. It should be remembered that for all the violence and property damage caused by the 1881 pogroms, the number of deaths could be counted on one hand. For further information, see: Oleg Budnitskii (2012). Russian Jews Between the Reds and the Whites, 1917–1920. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 17–20. ISBN 978-0-8122-0814-6. 978-0-521-52851-1978-0-253-00631-8978-0-8122-0814-6
Henry Abramson (10–13 July 2002). "The end of intimate insularity: new narratives of Jewish history in the post-Soviet era" (PDF). Acts. /wiki/Henry_Abramson
Zaretsky, Robert (27 October 2023). "Why so many people call the Oct. 7 massacre a 'pogrom' — and what they miss when they do so". The Forward. Retrieved 6 June 2024. Thanks to the work of the historian John Klier, we also know that the Czarist authorities neither choreographed nor encouraged the pogroms. Instead, they were mostly spontaneous and perhaps as much about managing social status as they were about murdering Jews. https://forward.com/culture/567188/pogrom-october-7-massacre-israel-yerushalmi/
Rosenthal, Herman; Rosenthal, Max (1901–1906). "Kishinef (Kishinev)". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9350-kishinef-kishinev
Joseph, Paul (2016). The SAGE Encyclopedia of War. SAGE Publications. p. 1353. ISBN 978-1-4833-5988-5. 978-1-4833-5988-5
Sergei Kan (2009). Lev Shternberg. U of Nebraska Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-8032-2470-4. 978-0-8032-2470-4
Lambroza, Shlomo (1993). "Jewish self-defence". In Strauss, Herbert A. (ed.). Current Research on Anti-Semitism: Hostages of Modernization. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1256, 1244–45. ISBN 978-3-11-013715-6. 978-3-11-013715-6
Joseph, Paul (2016). The SAGE Encyclopedia of War. SAGE Publications. p. 1353. ISBN 978-1-4833-5988-5. 978-1-4833-5988-5
Lambroza, Shlomo (1993). "Jewish self-defence". In Strauss, Herbert A. (ed.). Current Research on Anti-Semitism: Hostages of Modernization. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1256, 1244–45. ISBN 978-3-11-013715-6. 978-3-11-013715-6
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"'Pogrom' in Amsterdam: Netanyahu sends planes to save Jews; 10 injured, 3 missing". Jewish News Service. 8 November 2024. https://www.jns.org/netanyahu-sends-planes-to-amsterdam-to-rescue-jews-from-pogrom/
Owen Jones (18 November 2024). Amsterdam Mayor: I REGRET Claiming Pogrom And Not Denouncing Tel Aviv Thugs' Violence. Retrieved 19 November 2024 – via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4H_ozYgHpoM&ab_channel=OwenJones
"'Amsterdam riots were not pogrom,' mayor says, defending Muslim population". The Jerusalem Post. 18 November 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2024. https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-829656
"Amsterdam Mayor admits 'Israeli football riots were not a pogrom'". Middle East Monitor. 20 November 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2024. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20241120-amsterdam-mayor-admits-israeli-football-riots-were-not-a-pogrom/
Amsterdam riots: what really happened | Media Watch. ABC News. 18 November 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2024 – via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQ0MJr6v0bI&ab_channel=ABCNewsIn-depth
Israeli Soccer Attacks: Amsterdam Photographer on What Really Happened. Zeteo News. 12 November 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2024 – via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZjoQkPXA_us&list=TLPQMjExMTIwMjSR6ohstOylZw&index=6&ab_channel=Zeteo
"Racist Israeli Football Thugs RAMPAGE In Amsterdam - And Media LIES". Owen Jones. 8 November 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2024 – via YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clHlvgOPrWY&list=TLPQMjExMTIwMjSR6ohstOylZw&index=9&ab_channel=OwenJones
"'They shouted Jewish, IDF': Israeli football fans describe attack in Amsterdam". BBC News. 8 November 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2024. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ckgv4mdr9y8o
"Israeli hooligans provoke clashes in Amsterdam after chanting anti-Palestinian slogans". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 14 November 2024. https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/israeli-hooligans-provoke-clashes-amsterdam-after-chanting-anti
"Israeli football fans clash with protesters in Amsterdam". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 November 2024. Amsterdam city council member says 'Maccabi hooligans' instigated violence and attacked Palestinian supporters. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/8/israeli-football-fans-clash-with-protesters-in-amsterdam
Riel, Roos van; Herter, Anna (9 November 2024). "Beelden harde kern Maccabi schuren: 'Ze trapten tegen onze deur en probeerden ons huis binnen te komen'". Het Parool (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 November 2024. https://www.parool.nl/amsterdam/beelden-harde-kern-maccabi-schuren-ze-trapten-tegen-onze-deur-en-probeerden-ons-huis-binnen-te-komen~bd3cb6e2/
"Emergency measures in Amsterdam over attacks on Israeli football fans after Palestinian flags torn down". Sky News. Retrieved 8 November 2024. https://news.sky.com/story/israel-says-it-will-deploy-rescue-mission-after-violent-incident-targeting-israeli-citizens-in-amsterdam-13250370
"Israeli football fans clash with protesters in Amsterdam". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 November 2024. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/8/israeli-football-fans-clash-with-protesters-in-amsterdam
"Israeli soccer fans attacked in Amsterdam". NBC News. 8 November 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2024. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israeli-soccer-fans-attacked-amsterdam-maccabi-tel-aviv-ajax-rcna179262
Willem, Feenstra; Haro, Kraak; Mark, Misérus; Loes, Reijmer; Marjolein van, de Water (8 November 2024). "Hoe de oorlog in het Midden-Oosten Amsterdam in geweld onderdompelde" [How the Middle East War Engulfed Amsterdam in Violence]. De Volkskrant (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 November 2024. https://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/hoe-de-oorlog-in-het-midden-oosten-amsterdam-in-geweld-onderdompelde~b7d4494b/
Rayner, Gordon; Stringer, Connor (8 November 2024). "Revealed: How Pro-Palestinian mob organised via WhatsApp to 'Hunt Jews' across Amsterdam". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 9 November 2024. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/11/08/jewish-maccabi-tel-aviv-fans-attacked-in-amsterdam/
Verlaan, Daniël (9 November 2024). "'Wees daar strijders!': zo werden de aanvallen op Israëlische supporters georganiseerd". RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). https://www.rtl.nl/nieuws/artikel/5479449/geweld-aanvallen-israeliers-amsterdam-snapchat-oproep-social-media
Regions:
Americas
Europe (including Russia)
Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
Pacific
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
/wiki/Americas
Prof. Sandra Gambetti: "A final note on the use of terminology related to anti-Semitism. Scholars have frequently labeled the Alexandrian events of 38 C.E. as the first pogrom[citation needed] in history and have often explained them in terms of an ante litteram explosion of anti-Semitism. This work [The Alexandrian Riots] deliberately avoids any words or expressions that in any way connect, explicitly or implicitly, the Alexandrian events of 38 C.E. to later events in modern or contemporary Jewish experience, for which that terminology was created. ... To decide whether a word like pogrom, for example, is an appropriate term to describe the events that are studied here, requires a comparative re-discussion of two historical frames—the Alexandria of 38 C.E. and the Russia of the end of the nineteenth century."[160] /wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed
Aulus Avilius Flaccus, the Egyptian prefect of Alexandria appointed by Tiberius in 32 CE, may have encouraged the outbreak of violence in which Jews were pushed out of the city of Alexandria and blockaded into a Jewish "ghetto". Those trying to escape the ghetto were killed, dismembered, and some burnt alive.[161] Philo wrote that Flaccus was later arrested and eventually executed for his part in this event. Scholarly research around the subject has been divided on certain points, including whether the Alexandrian Jews fought to keep their citizenship or to acquire it, whether they evaded the payment of the poll-tax or prevented any attempts to impose it on them, and whether they were safeguarding their identity against the Greeks or against the Egyptians.
/wiki/Aulus_Avilius_Flaccus
A mob stormed the royal palace in Granada, which was at that time in Muslim-ruled al-Andalus, assassinated the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacred much of the Jewish population of the city. /wiki/Granada
Peasant crusaders from France and Germany during the People's Crusade, led by Peter the Hermit (and not sanctioned by the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, attacked Jewish communities in the three towns of Speyer, Worms and Mainz. /wiki/Peasant
John Klier: "upon the death of the Grand Prince of Kiev Sviatopolk, rioting broke out in Kiev against his agents and the town administration. The disorders were not specifically directed against Jews and they are best characterized as a social revolution. This fact has not prevented historians of medieval Russia from describing them as a pogrom."[162] Klier also writes that Alexander Pereswetoff-Morath has advanced a strong argument against considering the Kiev riots of 1113 an anti-Jewish pogrom. Pereswetoff-Morath writes in "A Grin without a Cat" (2002) that "I feel that Birnbaum's use of the term "anti-Semitism' as well as, for example, his use of 'pogrom' in references to medieval Rus are not warranted by the evidence he presents. He is, of course, aware that it may be controversial."[162] George Vernadsky: "Incidentally, one should not suppose that the movement was anti-Semitic. There was no general Jewish pogrom. Wealthy Jewish merchants suffered because of their association with Sviatopolk's speculations, especially his hated monopoly on salt."[163] /wiki/John_Klier
John Klier: "upon the death of the Grand Prince of Kiev Sviatopolk, rioting broke out in Kiev against his agents and the town administration. The disorders were not specifically directed against Jews and they are best characterized as a social revolution. This fact has not prevented historians of medieval Russia from describing them as a pogrom."[162] Klier also writes that Alexander Pereswetoff-Morath has advanced a strong argument against considering the Kiev riots of 1113 an anti-Jewish pogrom. Pereswetoff-Morath writes in "A Grin without a Cat" (2002) that "I feel that Birnbaum's use of the term "anti-Semitism' as well as, for example, his use of 'pogrom' in references to medieval Rus are not warranted by the evidence he presents. He is, of course, aware that it may be controversial."[162] George Vernadsky: "Incidentally, one should not suppose that the movement was anti-Semitic. There was no general Jewish pogrom. Wealthy Jewish merchants suffered because of their association with Sviatopolk's speculations, especially his hated monopoly on salt."[163] /wiki/John_Klier
A rebellion which was sparked by the death of the Grand Prince of Kiev, in which Jews who participated in the prince's economic affairs were some of the victims.[citation needed]
/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed
this massacre coincided with the persecution of Jews during the Black Death.
/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death
A series of massacres and forced conversions beginning on 4 June 1391 in the city of Seville before they extend to the rest of Castile and the Crown of Aragon. It is considered one of the Middle Ages' largest attacks on the Jews, and were ultimately expelled from the Iberian Peninsula in 1492.
/wiki/Seville
After an episode of famine and bad harvests, a pogrom happened in Lisbon, Portugal,[164] in which more than 1,000 "New Christian" (forcibly converted Jews) people were slaughtered or burnt by an angry Christian mob, in the first night of what became known as the "Lisbon Massacre". The killing occurred from 19 to 21 April, almost eliminating the entire Jewish or Jewish-descended community in that city. Even the Portuguese military and the king himself had difficulty stopping it. Today the event is remembered with a monument in S. Domingos' church.
John Klier: "Russian armies led by Tsar Ivan IV captured the Polish city of Polotsk. The Tsar ordered drowned in the river Dvina all Jews who refused to convert to Orthodox Christianity. This episode certainly demonstrates the overt religious hostility towards the Jews which was very much a part of Muscovite culture, but its conversionary aspects were entirely absent from modern pogroms. Nor were the Jews the only heterodox religious group singled out for the tender mercies of Muscovite religious fanaticism."[162] /wiki/John_Klier
Following the fall of Polotsk to the army of Ivan IV, all those who refused to convert to Orthodox Christianity were ordered drowned in the Western Dvina river.
/wiki/Western_Dvina
Eastern Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Cossack riots, aka pogroms, aka uprisings included massive atrocities committed against Jews in what is today Ukraine, in numbers (conservatively estimated here by Veidlinger, Ataskevitch & Bemporad). They resulted in the creation of a new Hetmantate.
/wiki/Cossack
The Greeks of Odessa attacked the local Jewish community, in what began as economic disputes.
Following accusations of Jews having conspired to murder a Christian monk for culinary purposes, the local population attacked Jewish businesses and committed acts of violence against the Jewish population.
A large-scale wave of anti-Jewish riots swept through south-western Imperial Russia (present-day Ukraine and Poland from 1881 to 1884 (in that period over 200 anti-Jewish events occurred in the Russian Empire, notably the Kiev, Warsaw and Odessa pogroms)
/wiki/Imperial_Russia
Three days of rioting against Jews, Jewish stores, businesses, and residences in the streets adjoining the Holy Cross Church.
A mob attacked the Jewish shops, killing fourteen Jews and one gendarme. The Russian military brought to restore order were stoned by mob.
/wiki/Gendarmerie
A much bloodier wave of pogroms broke out from 1903 to 1906, leaving an estimated 2,000 Jews dead and many more wounded, as many Jewish residents took arms to defend their families and property from the attackers. The 1905 pogrom against the Jewish population in Odessa was the most serious pogrom of the period, with reports of up to 2,500 Jews killed.
/wiki/Odessa
Three days of anti-Jewish rioting sparked by antisemitic articles in local newspapers.
Two days of anti-Jewish rioting beginning as political protests against the Tsar.
Following a city hall meeting, a mob was drawn into the streets, proclaiming that "all Russia's troubles stemmed from the machinations of the Jews and socialists."
/wiki/Jews
An attack organized by the Russian secret police Okhrana . Antisemitic pamphlets had been distributed for over a week and before any unrest begun, a curfew was declared.
/wiki/Okhrana
Israeli ambassador to Ireland, Boaz Moda'i: "I think it is a bit over-portrayed, meaning that, usually if you look up the word pogrom it is used in relation to slaughter and being killed. This is what happened in many other places in Europe, but that is not what happened here. There was a kind of boycott against Jewish merchandise for a while but that's not a pogrom."[165] /wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Israel_relations
An economic boycott waged against the small Jewish community in Limerick, Ireland, for over two years.
A massacre of Armenians in the city of Adana amidst the government upheaval resulted in a series of anti-Armenian pogroms throughout the district.
/wiki/Adana
Davies, David (16 January 2015). "Should Texas Remember Or Forget The Slocum Massacre?". Texas Public Radio. Retrieved 17 November 2021. But there was some follow-up reporting that there was a Texas Rangers investigation and indictments of the white men who led the Slocum pogrom. /wiki/David_Martin_Davies
Madigan, Tim (16 January 2016). "Texas marks racial slaughter more than a century later". The Washington Post. Texas. Retrieved 17 November 2021. For more than a century, that was how one of the nation's worst racial pogroms in post-Civil War history was kept alive... /wiki/Tim_Madigan
A massacre of African Americans living in Slocum, Texas, organized by white mobs after rumors of a Black uprising began to spread. White people throughout Anderson County gathered guns, ammunition, and alcohol to prepare. District Judge Benjamin Howard Gardner attempted to stop the massacre by closing all saloons, gun stores, and hardware stores, but it was too late. The massacre lasted 16 hours, with white mobs killing any Black people they saw. As a result of the massacre, half of Slocum's Black population had left or been killed by the next census.
/wiki/Slocum,_Texas
Occurred shortly after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.[168] /wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand
During the Polish-Ukrainian War over three days of unrest in the city, an estimated 52–150 Jewish residents were killed and hundreds more were injured by Polish soldiers and civilians. Two hundred and seventy Ukrainians were also killed during this incident. The Poles did not stop the pogrom until two days after it began.
/wiki/Polish-Ukrainian_War
The pogrom was initiated by Ivan Samosenko following a failed Bolshevik uprising against the Ukrainian People's Republic in the city.[169] The massacre was carried out by Ukrainian People's Republic soldiers of Samosenko. According to historians Yonah Alexander and Kenneth Myers the soldiers marched into the centre of town accompanied by a military band and engaged in atrocities under the slogan: "Kill the Jews and save Ukraine." They were ordered to save the ammunition in the process and use only lances and bayonets.[170]
/wiki/Ivan_Samosenko
A series of anti-Jewish pogroms in various places around Kiev carried out by White Army troops
/wiki/Kiev
Carole Fink: "What happened in Pinsk on April 5, 1919 was not a literal "pogrom" – an organized, officially tolerated or inspired massacre of a minority such as the massacre which occurred in Lemberg – instead, it was a military execution of a small, suspect group of civilians. ... The misnamed "Pinsk pogrom", a plain, powerful, alliterative phrase, entered history in April 1919. Its importance lay not only in its timing, during the tensest moments of the Paris Peace Conference and the most crucial deliberations over Poland's political future: The reports of Pinsk once more demonstrated the swift transmission of local violence to world notice and the disfiguring process of rumor and prejudice on every level."[171] /wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919
Mass execution of 35 Jewish residents of Pinsk in April 1919 by the Polish Army, during the opening stages of the Polish–Soviet War
/wiki/Jew
As Polish troops entered the city, dozens of people connected with the Lit-Bel were arrested, and some were executed.
/wiki/Lit-Bel
Economic and social tension against Black community in Greenwood.
During the 1929 Palestine riots, sixty-seven Jews were killed as the violence spread to Hebron, then part of Mandatory Palestine, by Arabs incited to violence by rumors that Jews were massacring Arabs in Jerusalem and seizing control of Muslim holy places.
/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots
"1934: A Rare Kind of Pogrom Begins, in Turkey". Haaretz. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2023. On June 5, 1934, violent actions against Jews of several towns in the Turkish region of Thrace began. Although no Jews were killed, the extensive destruction of property, and the very fact of the attacks in a country that was always known for its hospitality to Jews, led to many of them moving from Thrace, or emigrating from Turkey altogether. Recent historical research has led some scholars to conclude that this was the goal of the government in the actions it took in the weeks prior to the pogroms... https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2014-06-05/ty-article/.premium/1934-a-rare-kind-of-pogrom-begins-in-turkey/0000017f-e60b-dea7-adff-f7fbbe590000
It was followed by the vandalizing of Jewish houses and shops. The tensions started in June 1934 and spread to a few other villages in Eastern Thrace region and to some small cities in Western Aegean region. At the height of the violent events, it was rumoured that a rabbi was stripped naked and was dragged through the streets shamefully while his daughter was raped. Over 15,000 Jews had to flee from the region.[173][174]
Some of the Jewish residents gathered in the town square in anticipation of the attack by the peasants, but nothing happened on that day. Two days later, however, on a market day, as historians Martin Gilbert and David Vital state, peasants attacked their Jewish neighbors.
/wiki/Martin_Gilbert
Coordinated attacks against Jews throughout Nazi Germany and parts of Austria, carried out by SA paramilitary forces and non-Jewish civilians. Accounts from the foreign journalists working in Germany sent shock waves around the world. /wiki/Nazi_Germany
Romanian military units carried out a pogrom against the local Jews, during which, according to an official Romanian report, 53 Jews were murdered, and dozens injured.
One of the most violent pogroms in Jewish history, launched by governmental forces in the Romanian city of Iași (Jassy) against its Jewish population.
/wiki/Jewish_history
One of the few pogroms of Belgian history. Flemish collaborators attacked and burned synagogues and attacked a rabbi in the city of Antwerp
/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belgium
As the privileges of the paramilitary organisation Iron Guard were being cut off by Conducător Ion Antonescu, members of the Iron Guard, also known as the Legionnaires, revolted. During the rebellion and pogrom, the Iron Guard killed 125 Jews and 30 soldiers died in the confrontation with the rebels.
/wiki/Iron_Guard
Mass murder of Jewish residents of Tykocin in occupied Poland during World War II, soon after Nazi German attack on the Soviet Union.
/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland
The local rabbi was forced to lead a procession of about 40 people to a pre-emptied barn, killed and buried along with fragments of a destroyed monument of Lenin. A further 250–300 Jews were led to the same barn later that day, locked inside and burned alive using kerosene.
/wiki/Rabbi
180 Jews were killed and over 1,000 injured in attacks on Shavuot following British victory in the Anglo-Iraqi War.
/wiki/Shavuot
Massacres of Jews by the Ukrainian People's Militia and a German Einsatzgruppe. /wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Militia
Violence amid rumors of kidnappings of children by Jews.
A frenzy instigated by the crowd's libelous belief that some Jews had made sausage out of Christian children.
Riots started as demonstrations against economic hardships and later became antisemitic.
Violence against the Jewish community centre, initiated by Polish Communist armed forces LWP, KBW, GZI WP and continued by a mob of local townsfolk. /wiki/Jews
Organized mob attacks directed primarily at Istanbul's Greek minority. Accelerated the emigration of ethnic Greeks from Turkey (Jews were also targeted in this event).[175][176]
/wiki/Angry_mob
1956 anti-Tamil pogrom or Gal Oya massacre/riots were the first ethnic riots that targeted the minority Tamils in independent Sri Lanka.
1958 anti-Tamil pogrom also known as 58 riots, refer to the first island wide ethnic riots and pogrom in Sri Lanka.
/wiki/Sri_Lanka
Ethnic tension between Kurds and Turkmen.
A series of massacres directed at Igbo and other southern Nigerian residents throughout Nigeria before and after the overthrow (and assassination) of the Aguiyi-Ironsi junta by Murtala Mohammed. /wiki/Igbo_people
6 Catholics were killed, 4 by state force & 2 by anti-Catholic mob.
Along with the 6 murders, 500 Irish Catholics were injured by the state forces and anti-Catholic mob, 72 of those injured were injured from gun shot wounds, also 150+ Catholic homes and 275+ businesses had been destroyed – 83% of all buildings destroyed were owned by Catholics. Catholics generally fled across the border into the Republic of Ireland as refugees. After Belfast the other areas that saw violence were Newry, Armagh, Crossmaglen, Dungannon, Coalisland and Dungiven.
The bloodiest clashes were in Belfast, where seven people were killed and hundreds wounded, in what some viewed as an attempted pogrom against the Catholic minority. Protesters clashed with both the police and with loyalists, who attacked Catholic districts. Scores of homes and businesses were burnt out, most of them owned by Catholics, and thousands of mostly Catholic families were driven from their homes. In some cases, RUC officers helped the loyalists and failed to protect Catholic areas.
/wiki/Belfast
The 1977 anti-Tamil pogrom followed the 1977 general elections in Sri Lanka where the Sri Lankan Tamil nationalistic Tamil United Liberation Front won a plurality of minority Sri Lankan Tamil votes in which it stood for secession. /wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_Nationalism
Yücel, Hakan (25 December 2021). "ŞİDDET OLAYLARININ ALEVİ TOPLUMU ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ" (in Turkish). Alevi Düşünce Ocağı. https://aleviocagi.org/siddet-olaylarinin-alevi-toplumu-uzerindeki-etkisi
Sönmez, Seyit (19 December 2020). "Maraş pogromu". T24 (in Turkish). https://t24.com.tr/yazarlar/seyit-sonmez/maras-pogromu,29112
Over seven days mobs of mainly Sinhalese attacked Tamil targets, burning, looting and killing.
Sikhs were targeted in Delhi and other parts of India during a pogrom in October 1984.[103][104][105]
/wiki/Sikhs
"Anti-Sikh riots a pogrom: Khushwant". Rediff. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2009. http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/09sikh.htm
Mobs made up largely of ethnic Azeris formed into groups that went on to attack and kill Armenians both on the streets and in their apartments; widespread looting and a general lack of concern from police officers allowed the situation to worsen.
Ethnic Azeris attacked Armenians throughout the city.
Seven-day attack during which Armenians were beaten, tortured, murdered and expelled from the city. There were also many raids on apartments, robberies and Parsons.
Media use of the term pogrom to refer to the 1991 Crown Heights riot caused public controversy.[29][27] For example, Joyce Purnick of The New York Times wrote in 1993 that the use of the word pogrom was "inflammatory"; she accused politicians of "trying to enlarge and twist the word" in order to "pander to Jewish voters".[179] /wiki/Crown_Heights_riot
A three-day riot that occurred in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, New York. The riots incited by the death of the seven-year-old Gavin Cato, unleashed simmering tensions within Crown Heights' black community against the Orthodox Jewish community. In its wake, several Jews were seriously injured; one Orthodox Jewish man, Yankel Rosenbaum, was killed; and a non-Jewish man, allegedly mistaken by rioters for a Jew, was killed by a group of African-American men.[180][181]
/wiki/Riot
The Srebrenica massacre, also known as the Srebrenica genocide, was the July 1995 killing of more than 8,000 Bosniak Muslim men and boys in and around the town of Srebrenica, during the Bosnian War. The killings were perpetrated by units of the Bosnian Serb Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) under the command of Ratko Mladić. The Scorpions, a paramilitary unit from Serbia, who had been part of the Serbian Interior Ministry until 1991, also participated in the massacre.[182]
/wiki/Bosniaks
"The Soul-Wounds of Massacre, or Why We Should Not Forget the 2002 Gujarat Pogrom". The Wire. 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2024. This article is extracted and adapted from the author's book Between Memory and Forgetting: Massacre and the Modi Years in Gujarat, Yoda Press, 2019. https://m.thewire.in/article/communalism/2002-gujarat-anti-muslim-pogrom
790 Muslims and 254 Hindus (official)1,926 to 2,000+ total (other sources)[183][184][185]
Over 4,000 Serbs were forced to leave their homes, 935 Serb houses, 10 public facilities and 35 Serbian Orthodox church-buildings were desecrated, damaged or destroyed, and six towns and nine villages were ethnically cleansed.
"Al-Natour, Ryan --- "'Of Middle Eastern Appearance' is a Flawed Racial Profiling Descriptor" [2017] CICrimJust 17; (2017) 29(2) Current Issues in Criminal Justice 107". https://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/CICrimJust/2017/17.html
Muslims in Australia and Arab Australians and people misidentified as belonging to those groups. /wiki/Muslims_in_Australia
Dr. Shaikh Mujibur Rehman (1 November 2023). "Violence against Muslims: A Case of Muzaffarnagar Pogrom 2013 and its Aftermath". Tufts University. Retrieved 20 July 2024. https://tufts.app.box.com/s/0k6h37jcybsgx6ooe2stlx5ab4d6xotk
Dr. Shaikh Mujibur Rehman (1 November 2023). "Academics, Lectures & Seminars: Violence against Muslims: A Case of Muzaffarnagar Pogrom 2013 and its Aftermath". Tufts University. Retrieved 20 July 2024. https://events.tufts.edu/?trumbaEmbed=view%3Devent%26eventid%3D170272419%26view%3Devent%26eventid%3D170272419
"Expecting justice for Muslim victims of 2013 Muzaffarnagar pogrom is ludicrous". People's Review. 20 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2024. https://www.peoplesreview.in/politics/2019/07/expecting-justice-for-muslim-victims-of-2013-muzaffarnagar-pogrom-is-ludicrous/
"The Rohingya pogrom". The Jerusalem Post. 11 September 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2024. https://www.jpost.com/opinion/the-rohingya-pogrom-504814#google_vignette
McIntyre, Juliette; Simpson, Adam (26 May 2022). "A tale of two genocide cases: International justice in Ukraine and Myanmar". Retrieved 2 July 2024. https://eastasiaforum.org/2022/05/26/a-tale-of-two-genocide-cases-international-justice-in-ukraine-and-myanmar/
Facebook was accused of inciting mob violence.[119]
/wiki/Facebook
Levy, Gideon (4 March 2023). "Shock, rage and despair in Hawara in wake of settler pogrom". Haaretz. Retrieved 25 May 2024. Photo caption: A building set on fire during the Hawara pogrom. Credit: Majdi Mohammed/AP https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/twilight-zone/2023-03-04/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/shock-rage-and-despair-in-hawara-in-wake-of-settler-pogrom/00000186-a298-d6e6-a3af-fbdc8e1b0000
homes demolished and communities depopoulated by intimidation[120]
Oren Ziv (אורן זיו) (28 March 2024). תחקיר: ההרוג בפוגרום חווארה נורה כנראה על ידי מתנחלים [Investigation: The person killed in the Huwara pogrom was probably shot by settlers]. local call (שיחה מקומית) (in Hebrew). Retrieved 20 July 2024. תחקיר: ההרוג בפוגרום חווארה נורה כנראה על ידי מתנחלים
Levy, Gideon (4 March 2023). "Shock, rage and despair in Hawara in wake of settler pogrom". Haaretz. Retrieved 25 May 2024. Photo caption: A building set on fire during the Hawara pogrom. Credit: Majdi Mohammed/AP https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/twilight-zone/2023-03-04/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/shock-rage-and-despair-in-hawara-in-wake-of-settler-pogrom/00000186-a298-d6e6-a3af-fbdc8e1b0000
Salameh, Rula (18 March 2023). "I Witnessed a Shocking Attack on Palestinian Civilians. What I Saw May Be a Sign of What's to Come". TIME. Retrieved 26 May 2024. This pogrom on Huwara was far from isolated. Settlers, backed by the Israeli military, have attacked Palestinians communities for years, violence which has been rapidly spiraling. https://time.com/6264116/west-bank-attack-palestinian-civilians/
Oren Ziv (אורן זיו) (28 March 2024). תחקיר: ההרוג בפוגרום חווארה נורה כנראה על ידי מתנחלים [Investigation: The person killed in the Huwara pogrom was probably shot by settlers]. local call (שיחה מקומית) (in Hebrew). Retrieved 20 July 2024. תחקיר: ההרוג בפוגרום חווארה נורה כנראה על ידי מתנחלים
Aytekin, Ayse Betul. "Israeli settlers kill Palestinian man who helped quake victims in Türkiye". TRT. Retrieved 20 July 2024. https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/israeli-settlers-kill-palestinian-man-who-helped-quake-victims-in-t%C3%BCrkiye-65719