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Wolio language
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<h2 id="phonology">Phonology</h2> <p>The five vowels are /i e a o u/. The consonant system is characterized by the presence of <a href="/facts/Prenasalized_stops/TR6JyXvU">prenasalized stops</a>, which are treated as a single sound in Wolio.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:8" href="#fn:8"><sup>8</sup></a> </p> Consonants<table><tbody><tr><th colspan="3"></th><th><a href="/facts/Labial_consonant/bv4MqTMf">Labial</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Alveolar_consonant/B6VkW2EX">Alveolar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Palatal_consonant/KLcKyXE8">Palatal</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Velar_consonant/blWClp79">Velar</a></th><th><a href="/facts/Glottal_consonant/rMdEdLxH">Glottal</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Nasal_consonant/m6D3cVhe">Nasal</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_nasal/1pd7NK2x">m</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_nasal/0CEs8314">n</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_nasal/dLa9YG49">ɲ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_nasal/r6v5q92L">ŋ</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="5"><a href="/facts/Plosive/okC9pztc">Plosive</a></th><th rowspan="2">voiceless</th><th>plain</th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive/w4M9Igp6">p</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive/1GaDe2Vy">t</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_palatal_plosive/nBqIqUIS">c</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_velar_plosive/dDppVb6e">k</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Glottal_stop/Xfqy2ArP">ʔ</a></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Prenasalized_consonant/TR6JyXvU">prenasalized</a></th><td>ᵐp</td><td>ⁿt</td><td>ᶮc</td><td>ᵑk</td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="3">voiced</th><th>plain</th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_plosive/6ReC9arR">b</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_plosive/A6hNvmCp">d</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_palatal_plosive/otrWQbpW">ɟ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_velar_plosive/f6udTvfQ">g</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Prenasalized_consonant/TR6JyXvU">prenasalized</a></th><td>ᵐb</td><td>ⁿd</td><td>ᶮɟ</td><td>ᵑg</td><td></td></tr><tr><th><a href="/facts/Implosive_consonant/Mx5sxUl9">implosive</a></th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_bilabial_implosive/WIkxarTP">ɓ</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_implosive/QV7zLYGN">ɗ</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th rowspan="2"><a href="/facts/Fricative/1FQuuhfX">Fricative</a></th><th colspan="2">voiceless</th><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative/dUkN8guL">f</a></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative/WLKtEYDe">s</a></td><td></td><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiceless_glottal_fricative/lfRB7CPW">h</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2">voiced</th><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_labiodental_fricative/v9lESng4">v</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Trill_consonant/GKS3ga4q">Trill</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_trill/rDplJobc">r</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3"><a href="/facts/Lateral_consonant/Mcyc1or8">Lateral</a></th><td></td><td><a href="/facts/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant/dgbHhqeK">l</a></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>/b, d, f/ are found in <a href="/facts/Loanword/PWGYczgY">loans</a>, mostly from <a href="/facts/Arabic_language/A1e66hVV">Arabic</a>.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:9" href="#fn:9"><sup>9</sup></a> </p><p>Stress is on the penultimate syllable, and only <a href="/facts/Open_syllables/Ylt7pyJe">open syllables</a> are allowed.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:10" href="#fn:10"><sup>10</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="grammar">Grammar</h2> <p>Wolio personal pronouns have one independent form, and three bound forms.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:11" href="#fn:11"><sup>11</sup></a> </p> Personal pronouns<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>independent</th><th>actor</th><th>object</th><th>possessive</th></tr><tr><th>1.sg.</th><td><i>iaku</i></td><td><i>ku-</i></td><td><i>-aku</i></td><td><i>-ngku</i></td></tr><tr><th>1.pl. incl.</th><td><i>ingkita</i></td><td><i>ta-</i></td><td><i>-kita</i></td><td><i>-ta</i></td></tr><tr><th>1.pl. excl.</th><td><i>ingkami</i></td><td><i>ta-</i></td><td><i>-kami</i></td><td><i>-mami</i></td></tr><tr><th>2.sg.</th><td><i>ingkoo</i></td><td><i>u-</i></td><td><i>-ko</i></td><td><i>-mu</i></td></tr><tr><th>2.pl.</th><td><i>ingkomiu</i></td><td><i>u-</i></td><td><i>-komiu</i></td><td><i>-miu</i></td></tr><tr><th>3.</th><td><i>incia</i></td><td><i>a-</i></td><td><i>-a/-ia</i></td><td><i>-na</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Number is not distinguished in third person. Optionally, plural number can be expressed by means of the plural-marker <i>manga</i>: <i>manga incia</i> 'they'.<a class="footnote-ref" id="fnref:12" href="#fn:12"><sup>12</sup></a> </p> <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Cia-Cia_language/sICGWXx2">Cia-Cia language</a></li> <li><a href="/facts/List_of_loan_words_in_Indonesian/fhys7a8l">List of loan words in Indonesian</a></li></ul> <h2 id="bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <ul><li><a href="/facts/Johannes_Cornelis_Anceaux/wPzpb4oA">Anceaux, Johannes Cornelis</a> (1988). <i>The Wolio Language</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004286320">10.1163/9789004286320</a>.</li> <li>Anceaux, Johannes Cornelis; Grimes, Charles E.; van den Berg, René (1995). "Wolio". In Tryon, Darrell T. (ed.). <i>Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies</i>. Trends in Linguistics. Documentation. Vol. 10. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 573–584. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110884012.1.573">10.1515/9783110884012.1.573</a>. <a href="/facts/ISBN_(identifier)/15AdSPa9">ISBN</a> 978-3-11-088401-2. <a href="/facts/OCLC_(identifier)/Yqad8waq">OCLC</a> <a href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/896406022">896406022</a>.</li> <li>Donohue, Mark (2004). "The pretenders to the Muna-Buton group". In Bowden, J.; Himmelmann, N. (eds.). <i>Papers in Austronesian subgrouping and dialectology</i>. Pacific Linguistics 563. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 21–36. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-563.21">10.15144/PL-563.21</a>. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F146183">1885/146183</a>.</li> <li>Mead, David (2003). "Evidence for a Celebic supergroup". In Lynch, John (ed.). <i>Issues in Austronesian historical phonology</i>. Pacific Linguistics 550. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 115–141. <a href="/facts/Doi_(identifier)/muM9Etpq">doi</a>:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-550.115">10.15144/PL-550.115</a>. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F146173">1885/146173</a>.</li></ul> <h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2> <ul><li>Wolio - Indonesian Dictionary <a href="https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/2958/1/kamus%20wolio%20indonesia%20%20%20%20%20205.pdf">https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/2958/1/kamus%20wolio%20indonesia%20%20%20%20%20205.pdf</a> (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424000859/https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/2958/1/kamus%20wolio%20indonesia%20%20%20%20%20205.pdf">Archive</a>)</li> <li>Mead, David; Smith, Joanna. "The voice systems of Wotu, Barang-barang and Wolio: Synchronic and diachronic perspectives". In Malcolm D. Ross; I Wayan Arka (eds.). <i>Language Change in Austronesian languages: papers from 12-ICAL, Volume 3</i>. Asia-Pacific linguistics 018 / Studies on Austronesian languages 004. pp. 51–78. <a href="/facts/Hdl_(identifier)/rdebSxmC">hdl</a>:<a href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F13386">1885/13386</a>.</li> <li>van den Berg, René (2008). "Notes on the historical phonology and classification of Wolio". In Yury A. Lander; Alexander K. Ogloblin (eds.). <i>Language and Text in the Austronesian World: Studies in honor of Ülo Sirk</i>. München: Lincom. pp. 89–113.</li></ul> <h2 id="references">References</h2> <ol> <li id="fn:1"><p>Donohue (2004), p. 33. - Donohue, Mark (2004). "The pretenders to the Muna-Buton group". In Bowden, J.; Himmelmann, N. (eds.). Papers in Austronesian subgrouping and dialectology. Pacific Linguistics 563. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 21–36. doi:10.15144/PL-563.21. hdl:1885/146183. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-563.21" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-563.21</a> <a href="#fnref:1" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:2"><p>Mead (2003), p. 135. - Mead, David (2003). "Evidence for a Celebic supergroup". In Lynch, John (ed.). Issues in Austronesian historical phonology. Pacific Linguistics 550. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 115–141. doi:10.15144/PL-550.115. hdl:1885/146173. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-550.115" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-550.115</a> <a href="#fnref:2" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:3"><p>Anceaux (1988), pp. 1. - Anceaux, Johannes Cornelis (1988). The Wolio Language. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004286320. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004286320" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004286320</a> <a href="#fnref:3" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:4"><p>Anceaux, Grimes & van den Berg (1995), pp. 574. - Anceaux, Johannes Cornelis; Grimes, Charles E.; van den Berg, René (1995). "Wolio". In Tryon, Darrell T. (ed.). Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies. Trends in Linguistics. Documentation. Vol. 10. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 573–584. doi:10.1515/9783110884012.1.573. ISBN 978-3-11-088401-2. OCLC 896406022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110884012.1.573" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110884012.1.573</a> <a href="#fnref:4" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:5"><p>Anceaux, Grimes & van den Berg (1995), pp. 573. - Anceaux, Johannes Cornelis; Grimes, Charles E.; van den Berg, René (1995). "Wolio". In Tryon, Darrell T. (ed.). Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies. Trends in Linguistics. Documentation. Vol. 10. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 573–584. doi:10.1515/9783110884012.1.573. ISBN 978-3-11-088401-2. OCLC 896406022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110884012.1.573" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110884012.1.573</a> <a href="#fnref:5" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:6"><p>Visser, Leontine E. (2019), "The Historical Paths of Sahu Ceremonial Textiles", Archipel. Études interdisciplinaires sur le monde insulindien, 98: 121–150, doi:10.4000/archipel.1560, ISSN 0044-8613, OCLC 8599457798, The island was their "market" or butu in Ternate language. Thus the island became known as Buton. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" target="_blank">/wiki/Doi_(identifier)</a> <a href="#fnref:6" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:7"><p>Visser, Leontine E. (1989), "Foreign Textiles in Sahu Culture", in Gittinger, Mattiebelle (ed.), To Speak with Cloth: Studies in Indonesian Textiles, Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, University of California, pp. 80–90, ISBN 978-0-930741-17-4, OCLC 20970370, Because of its strategic geographical position, Buton served as a major stopping place for military and merchant vessels, whence it got the name of "market" after the Ternate word butu for marketplace. <a href="978-0-930741-17-4" target="_blank">978-0-930741-17-4</a> <a href="#fnref:7" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:8"><p>Anceaux (1988), pp. 4–5. - Anceaux, Johannes Cornelis (1988). The Wolio Language. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004286320. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004286320" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004286320</a> <a href="#fnref:8" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:9"><p>Anceaux (1988), p. 6. - Anceaux, Johannes Cornelis (1988). The Wolio Language. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004286320. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004286320" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004286320</a> <a href="#fnref:9" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:10"><p>Anceaux (1988), p. 9. - Anceaux, Johannes Cornelis (1988). The Wolio Language. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004286320. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004286320" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004286320</a> <a href="#fnref:10" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:11"><p>Anceaux (1988), pp. 25, 27, 34, 36, 42. - Anceaux, Johannes Cornelis (1988). The Wolio Language. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004286320. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004286320" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004286320</a> <a href="#fnref:11" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> <li id="fn:12"><p>Anceaux (1988), p. 36. - Anceaux, Johannes Cornelis (1988). The Wolio Language. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004286320. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004286320" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004286320</a> <a href="#fnref:12" class="footnote-back-ref">↩</a></p></li> </ol>